SCHOOL OF BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

UNIT – I – Building Automation Systems – SAR1615

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INTRODUCTION
Definition : Building automation is the automatic centralized control of a building's heating,
ventilation and air conditioning, lighting and other systems through a building management
system or building automation system (BAS).

The term building automation system, loosely used, refers to any electrical control system
that is used to control a buildings heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system.
Modern BAS can also control indoor and outdoor lighting as well as security, fire alarms, and
especially everything that is electrical in the building.
A building controlled by a BAS is often referred to as an intelligent building, "smart
building", or (if a residence) a "smart home".
What is the function of a BAS?
The primary function of a BAS is to provide control of heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting
and other critical building systems.
However, it also monitors individual components to alert building managers about detected
problems because it has access to a full range of building data.
For example, BAS tracks temperature data which is critical for proper climate control and
occupant comfort. It can use pressure and chemical sensors to uncover air quality issues in
mechanical aspects of the building.
A building‟s security system relays data to the BAS to indicate potential intruders.
WHAT IS AN INTELLIGENT BUILDING?
A building incorporating :
-information systems that support the flow of information
-Allowing business automation
-Monitoring management and maintenance
-Ensuring flexibility ,simplicity and economy ……......IS AN INTELLIGENT
BUILDING

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Origin & History of intelligent building

“A building which provides a productive and cost-effective environment through

optimization of four basic elements: structure, systems, services and management, and the
interrelationship between them.” -Intelligent Buildings Institute
• The term “intelligent building” has been in use since the early 1980s .
• Although several organizations have attempted to establish a universal definition,
there are a multitude of definitions with different levels of detail and varying degrees of
emphasis on various aspects of building intelligence.
• According to the initial definition, an intelligent building is one that optimally
matches its four elements to the users‟ needs with an emphasis on the technology that makes
the interrelationship between the element possible.
• As intelligent buildings began to take hold around the world in the late 1980s and
1990s, many competing definitions were put forward.
Origin & History of intelligent buildings
• In Europe, the European Intelligent Buildings Group coined a new definition stating
that an intelligent building “creates an environment which maximizes the effectiveness of the
building‟s occupants while at the same time enabling efficient management of resources with
minimum life-time costs of hardware and facilities,” tilting the spotlight towards the
occupant‟s needs to be served by technology.
• In Asia, the definitions focused on the role of technology for automation and control
of building functions.
• In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the intelligent building spotlight tilted towards
energy efficiency and sustainability with the introduction of the BREEAM code (1990) and
the LEED program (2000).
• In the late 2000s, given the increasing convergence of intelligence and sustainability,
a Frost and Sullivan research paper commissioned by the Continental Automated Buildings

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Association, coined the term “Bright Green Buildings” for buildings that are both intelligent
and green.

Today, major shifts are occurring in the way buildings are designed, operated and used.
Corporate real estate, facilities and IT departments stand to benefit greatly from the use of
building intelligence in order to meet space optimization, energy efficiency and connectivity
challenges at a time when changing workplace demographics come with increasing occupant
expectations of modern and flexible space design, improved comfort, productivity, and
pervasive connectivity.
Defining an intelligent building
“A building equipped with lighting, heating, and electronic devices that can be controlled
remotely by Smartphone or computer.” Most commercial products can provide only the
ability to use a remote control and predefine behaviour of different engineering systems. It
has been shown that there is no any intelligence in such Systems.
"Instead of being programmed to perform certain actions, the house essentially programs
itself by monitoring the environment and sensing actions performed by the inhabitants”(e.g.,
turning lights on and off, adjusting the thermostat), observing the occupancy and behaviour
patterns of the inhabitants, and learning to predict future states of the house.

• Inhabitants comfort: "Smart" buildings learn from inhabitants behaviour and tries to
maximize their comfort.
• Energy savings: "Smart" buildings can significantly reduce energy consumption. It is
profitable for building owners as it leads to costs cut.
• Time saving: "Smart" buildings can save a lot of time by automating daily routines.
• Safety: "Smart" buildings can detect fire, water and gas leaks. "Smart" buildings have
a self-diagnostic system and warns inhabitants when equipment becomes faulty or
performance starts to decrease.

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• Health and care: In all "smart" buildings decisions health of inhabitants has the
highest priority. It is reflected in appropriate temperature, light intensity, air condition
parameters, etc.
• Assistive domotics: "Smart" homes can improve the quality of life of the elderly and
the disabled living alone by providing a safe and comfortable environment. Homes assist in
daily routines, alerts social services and relatives. if emergency help is required, reduce a
sense of isolation by connecting with other people through the internet and so on.
Intelligent building is the one which helps business owners, property managers and occupants
to realize their goals in the areas of cost, comfort, convenience, safety, long-term flexibility
and marketability
In a simple and clear term, one can summarise these definitions and explanations thus:
An intelligent building is a computer aided (automated) building that is designed and
centrally managed to ensure safety, comfort and productivity for its occupants as well as
energy efficiency, through sensing and communication devices, thereby enhancing long-term
sustainability at minimal running cost.
Other terms which could be interchangeably used to describe intelligent buildings are Smart
Buildings and Automated buildings
Pneumatics
 Pneumatics is the application of pressurized gases to create mechanical motion of
some sort
 Prior to electrical and digital control, pneumatics were the primary means for
controlling building HVAC systems
 Very reliable systems if routinely calibrated and if air supply maintained properly
 Difficult to maintain tight control
 Limited system access / Difficult to modify control sequences
 Many existing buildings still have at least some pneumatics

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Electric Controls:
 Electric controls utilize relays, time delays, clocks, thermostats, actuators, and
various other basic electrical devices to maintain building space comfort
 Electric control systems gained popularity in the 1970s and 1980s and began
replacing pneumatic control components in buildings
 Less component calibration required
 Tighter control possible
 Easier to modify control sequences

Direct Digital Controls:

Direct Digital Controls is the application of microprocessor- based, networked distributed
controllers to make control responses to changing systems parameters
 Less moving parts within the control syste
 More accurate control
 Better access to system information / trending capabilities
 Easier to modify control sequences
 Ability to route alarm conditions to multiple locations
 Simple to make scheduling changes

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The first digital control systems for commercial buildings were developed in the 1960s.The
Honeywell 16 Series was one of the first (pdf packet).In the late 1980s, DDC systems began
gaining wide acceptance in commercial buildings. The 1990s saw the emergence of standard
industry protocols for communication (BACnet / LonWorks). In the last 10 years, integration
between various manufacturers has intensified (Tridium
Modern Building Automation Systems
 HVAC / Lighting / Access / Energy Tracking Often Combined
 Integration with fire alarm, security, renewable energy systems
 Integration between equipment manufacturers
 Modern BAS systems serve as the central point of control and monitoring of the
facilities‟ most important and complex systems- IBMS
What are the components of BAS?
BAS is a structural system and generally consists of five components: sensors, controllers,
output devices, communication protocols and a terminal or user interface.
1.Sensors: These devices track temperature, humidity, the number of people in a room, the
lighting level, and other values. The sensors transmit this information to centralized
controllers.
2. Controllers: Act as the “brain” of the BAS. They collect data from sensors and then send
commands to operating systems like HVAC units, the building‟s lighting systems, security
alarms and other connected parts.
3. Output devices: Once the controller sends out a command, actuators and relays go into
action to follow the requirements. For example, they can reduce or increase the heating in a
particular part of the building, dim lights in unused offices, or turn on the air conditioning
before people come to work.
4.Communication protocols: The BAS uses a specific language that‟s understood by the
system‟s individual components to modify settings or execute commands. BACnet and
Modus are the most commonly used options in communication protocols.
5. Terminal interface: Building and facility managers interact with the BAS through a
terminal or user interface. It presents information in a way that a user can monitor the
condition of the building and choose to override settings manually.
Direct Digital Control (DDC)
• In a basic control loop; a sensor, controller & controlled device interact to control a
medium.
• Here, the controller is a distinct piece of hardware.
• In a Direct Digital Control (DDC) system, controller function takes place in software.

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Hardware
"smart" buildings need an ability to recognize what's happening with an environment (inside
and outside a building), something like human senses. For this purpose "smart" buildings are
equipped with sensors and meters. So, a building can determine rooms' occupation, light
intensity, inside and outside temperature, carbon dioxide level, noise level, detect a gas leak
and so on.
Besides observing the environment, a building also should be able to change its state. For this
purpose "smart“ buildings are equipped with devices and actuators that can control various
engineering systems like lighting, heating, air conditioning, entertainment system and so on.

Noise sensors

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Hardware

WEATHER SENSORS –
Measured parameters
• Air temperature
• Relative humidity
• Air pressure
• Wind velocity
• Wind direction
• Precipitation amount, intensity and type
• UV index
• Sun direction
• Brightness and twilight
• Global radiation.

Software
Sensors and meters provide only raw information. A "smart" building needs to extract useful
information, learn from this information, make decisions and even predict future state of
environment and people activities. It is done by special software which is an artificial
intelligence of a building. One of the most widely used techniques is a machine learning.

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Machine learning is a part of all modern developments of "smart" buildings.

Network
To allow the building to act as a whole- a communication network is required. It connects all
devices between each other and with the artificial intelligence component. It is the nervous
system of a building.

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Building automation systems rely on standardized network protocols, the most commonly
used of which are:
-BAC-net
- LonWorks
-KNX/EIB
-Internet based–wired and wireless
BACnet
BACnet (Building Automation and Control Networks) is a high-order protocol for building
automation. It was developed in 1995, in conjunction with ASHRAE (the American Society
of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers). The aim was to create a
manufacturer-independent communication protocol for intelligent components and systems
in building automation.
BACnet allows automation stations from various manufacturers to exchange information with
each other without incurring any licence costs for special data transfer hardware. BACnet is
therefore used if several different manufacturers need to be linked in a network via a
protocol.
The Network of BAS:
 Field Level
 Automation/ Application Level
 Management Level
The field level involves the design of all functions and measurement and reporting of data.
This data comes from sensors (for example temperature sensors, air quality sensors,
luminosity sensors, movement detectors, window contacts, wind speed sensors, rainfall
sensors) and actuators (servomotors for valves and flaps, switch and dimming equipment for
the lighting, drives for sun shades, windows and doors) and other buttons and switches.
The application level concerns the collation and evaluation of information. Switch and
positioning commands are sent back to field level. They can also be transferred to all of the
other levels in the command level, however.
The management level monitors the system and optimises its mode of operation using special
software, i.e. a building management system. The software visualises and saves information
and data.
To transfer information from the sensors or positioning commands to actuators, the devices
need to be linked in a shared network

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An Intelligent building is one that is responsive to the requirements of occupants,
organisations and society. It is sustainable in terms of energy and water consumptions
besides being lowly polluting in terms of emissions and waste: healthy in terms of well-being
for the people living and working within it; and functional according to the user needs.
Difference between Automated and Intelligent buildings:
Automation – Automatically controlled operation of an apparatus, process, or system by
mechanical or electronic devices that take the place of human labor.
Intelligence –
(1): the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations
(2): the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one‟s environment or to think abstractly as
measured by objective criteria (such as tests).
Building automation systems help a facility owner save energy and optimize performance
through things like scheduling, controlling output based on occupancy, and more.
However, the capabilities of a traditional BAS stop there.
The major difference between a BAS and an intelligent building is the ability for an
intelligent building to analyze data from multiple sources.
The control of our facility assets becomes „intelligent‟ through the facility‟s ability to learn
from that data and change operations accordingly.
A Building Automation system is essentially a self-contained system that is not always
connected to the internet. They exist primarily for the benefit of the building owner or the

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management of that space. Their sought for benefits were reduced energy consumption, cost
and maintenance.
Intelligent buildings go far beyond those building automation systems that primarily focus on
energy savings. Intelligent Building has sensors and devices that allows us to represent
physical objects, systems and spaces in a digital way. The data collected by IoT devices
enable us to optimise the function of the building‟s systems and spaces within the building.

Lighting Controls
In BAS Lighting control systems can operate by a schedule (i.e., – turn off automatically at
10 pm and turn on automatically at 7 am), change their output based on occupancy or the
presence of daylight in the space, and can have their programming changed through a
software interface.
In an intelligent building, your facility will analyze occupancy data in each lighting zone and
change your programming automatically. For example, if the historical data from one
department shows that no one arrives before 8 am, your program will adjust so that the lights
remain off until 7:30 am. At 7:30, they will turn on to 20% output and then ramp up to full
output on detection of occupancy. Similarly, through a connection to your company‟s
calendar, the facility can detect events like key customer visits and change the light output in
specific departments or throughout the facility automatically before the customer arriving
onsite. This data driven decision and operation within the system is Enterprise Management,
which leads to intelligent building.ntelligent building / Responsive building.
Kinetic Façades in Responsive buildings:
A kinetic façade is one that changes dynamically rather than being static or fixed, allowing
movement to occur on a building‟s surface.. A kinetic façade can be used to manage light,
air, energy, and even information. They can act to reduce solar gain as well as allowing the
passage of fresh air into the building, helping to alter the interior environment. The
moving elements of the façade can be programmed to respond to climatic or
other environmental factors, time, levels and type of occupancy and so on to
improve performance and efficiency.
With advances in sensors, materials and building management technology, designers are
increasingly able to consider kinetic components as design solutions.
The Al Bahr Towers in Abu Dhabi has a computer-controlled facade made of umbrella-like
panels. These panels open and close throughout the day in response to the sun‟s movement,
giving optimal shading and allowing light to enter the building as required.

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BENEFITS OF SMART BUILDINGS:
Inhabitants comfort: "Smart" buildings learn from inhabitants behaviour and tries to
maximize their comfort.

Energy savings: "Smart" buildings can significantly reduce energy consumption. It is

profitable for building owners as it leads to costs cut.

Time saving: "Smart" buildings can save a lot of time by automating daily routines.
Safety: "Smart" buildings can detect fire, water and gas leaks. "Smart" buildings have a self-
diagnostic system and warns inhabitants when equipment becomes faulty or performance
starts to decrease.
Health and care: In all "smart" buildings decisions health of inhabitants has the highest
priority. It is reflected in appropriate temperature, light intensity, air condition parameters,
etc.
Assistive domotics: "Smart" homes can improve the quality of life of the elderly and the
disabled living alone by providing a safe and comfortable environment. Homes assist in
daily routines, alerts social services and relatives. if emergency help is required, reduce a
sense of isolation by connecting with other people through the internet and so on.
Case studies:
Capital Tower is home to several intelligent energy efficiency systems, inclusive of an energy
recovery wheel system in its air-conditioning unit; allowing cool air to be recovered to
maintain the chillers‟ efficiency. Capital Tower is fitted with motion detectors within the lift
lobby and toilets to conserve energy To create a reduction in water usage, the building utilises
condensation from the air handling unit, while specific devices monitor the carbon dioxide
and carbon monoxide, ensuring optimal air quality and distribution. This building is an
exceptional example of intelligent workplaces, which are designed to reduce their carbon
footprint by addressing sustainable solutions for the impact of employee working habits and
needs, and the natural climate

Burj Khalifa,
Dubai

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Burj Khalifa, Dubai
The Burj Khalifa team partnered with Honeywell Building Solutions to pilot Honeywell‟s
Outcome Based Service (OBS) solution across the mechanical components of the heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system.
The OBS software as a service solution involves collating real-time field data, pushing this
data to the Honeywell Sentience IoT Platform, identifying anomalies, and running smart
algorithms for predictive and prescriptive maintenance of the building‟s mechanical assets.
This service has enabled Burj Khalifa‟s maintenance team to transform from a traditional
planned and preventative maintenance regime to a predictive maintenance program for
mechanical systems, which is also known as a Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)
approach. The RCM approach At the core of OBS is Honeywell Sentience, a cloud-based IoT
platform that delivers secure big data capabilities for all of Honeywell‟s connected solutions.
The platform allows Burj Khalifa‟s facility managers to use building data analytics for
predictive and prescriptive maintenance.
Honeywell highlighted that the pilot has resulted in a significant reduction in preventative
mechanical maintenance tasks and an overall 40% reduction in total maintenance hours for
mechanical assets, while improving the availability to 99.95%, enabling a significant
reduction of unplanned reactive maintenance. Burj Khalifa also uses Honeywell‟s EBI
system, a technology that provides a unified view of building systems and increases the
connectivity of smart devices to improve efficiency, increase responsiveness and maximize
operational control.
With access to real-time facility data, Burj Khalifa‟s facility management team is now able to
detect incidents faster, respond more quickly and mitigate any impact, more cost
effectively.optimizes maintenance costs and increases asset reliability,

CALCULATION OF VENTILTION IN BUILDINGS

Air changes per hour
Abbreviated ACPH or ACH, or air change rate is a measure of the air volume added to or
removed from a space (normally a room or house) divided by the volume of the space. If the
air in the space is either uniform or perfectly mixed, air changes per hour is a measure of how
many times the air within a defined space is replaced.
In many air distribution arrangements, air is neither uniform nor perfectly mixed. The actual
percentage of an enclosure's air which is exchanged in a period depends on the airflow
efficiency of the enclosure and the methods used to ventilate it. The actual amount of air
changed in a well mixed ventilation scenario will be 63.2% after 1 hour and 1 ACH. In order
to achieve equilibrium pressure, the amount of air leaving the space and entering the space
must be the same.

Where:

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ACPH = number of air changes per hour; higher values correspond to better
Q = Volumetric flow rate of air in cubic feet per minute (cfm), if using Imperial units, or
cubic meters per minute
if using SI
Vol = Space volume( L × W × H) , in cubic feet if using Imperial units, or cubic meters if
using SI
The conversion between air changes per hour and ventilation rate per person is as follows:

Where:
Rp = ventilation rate per person (CFM per person, L/s per person)
ACPH = Air changes per hour
D = Occupant density (square feet per occupant, square meters per occupant)
h = Ceiling height (ft, meters)

Ventilation rates are often expressed as a volume rate per person (CFM per person- Cubiq
feet per minute , L/s per person).
1. FOR GENERAL MECHANICAL VENTILATION
ventilation rate (cubiq m /s) = air change rate X room volume/ 3600
2. FOR FRESH AIR RATE CALCULATION
fresh air rate (cubiq m / s) = fresh air rate per person(litres per second per person) X no. of
occupants

The table gives ventilation rates required to limit CO2 concentration where the
type of activity is known.
Table 3.2 CIBSE Guide B2 (2001) ventilation rates

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Table 3.1 CIBSE Guide B2 (2001) Air changes required based on function of the space.
* Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE)

CALCULATING INDOOR WIND VELOCITY

Rate of ventilation airflow (Q)
Q = H/(60 * CP * ρ * Δt)
= H/1.08 * Δt
Where
H = heat removed in Btu/hr
Δt = indoor outdoor temperature difference (0F)
CP = 0.245 Btu/lb/0F ρ = 0.075 lb/ft3

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Infiltration calculation
Q = C* (ΔP)n
Where
Q = volume flow rate of air ft3/min
C = flow coefficient (volume flow rate per unit length of crack or unit area at a unit pressure
difference)
ΔP = pressure difference
n = flow exponent 0.5-1 normally 0.65

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 SCHOOL OF BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

UNIT – II – Building Automation Systems – SAR1615

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ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND SERVICES
Demands on building:
 Illumination- daylight / artificial
 Thermal comfort- ventilation , air flow
 Heat reduction- wall, roof , shadow analysis
 Indoor air quality- air changes
 Continuous power supply
 Reduced enregy consumption- cut in energy bill
 Reduced maintanence charges
Demands in services:
 Mechanical:
 Optimised energy consumption
 Recycling techniques
 Minimal maintanence
 Minimal fuel consumption
Electrical:
 Even distribution of power
 Low transmission loss
 Optimised consumption
 Integrated with alternative-solar
 Efficient enrgy consumption-led
 Cut in cost
Plumbing:
 Reduction in wastage- supply and distribution
 Leakage detection
 Optimised water consumption
 Optimal power consumption
 Recycling options
ENERGY AUDIT:
An energy audit is an inspection survey and an analysis of energy flows
for energy conservation in a building. It may include a process or system to reduce the
amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output.
An energy audit is an assessment of the energy consumed in a given location which is used to
find the inefficiencies.

The first step to an energy audit is evaluating how much energy is being used so homeowners
can identify the improvements that need to be made in order to increase energy efficiency.
Only once the faults in the energy system are recognized, can they be corrected.
This leads to saving energy which ends up a decreased energy bill and improved efficiency.

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Energy Management:
Energy management is the process of monitoring, controlling, and conserving energy in a
building or organization. The energy management process starts with an energy audit of a
given location. The goal is to find opportunities to improve efficiency. energy management
involves taking the energy audit and putting it into action with a number of strategies.

For example, installing lights on a timer to turn off automatically at night.

After action is taken, tracking the progress of the changes made is the most important part.
Eventually this cycle starts over, resulting in another energy audit. Building Energy Audit- a
systematic, one-time procedure

Building Energy Management- a long-term strategy dedicated to continuous improvement

and energy efficiency. Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) are integrated,
computerised systems for monitoring and controlling energy-related building services plant
and equipment such as heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, lighting,
power systems and so on.

Building Management Systems can be used to monitor and control a wide range of building
systems, including fire, smoke detection and alarms, motion detectors, CCTV, security and
access control, lifts and so on. Building Energy Management Systems relate specifically to
energy-related systems.
BEMS provide real-time remote monitoring and integrated control of a wide range of
connected systems, energy use, environmental conditions and so on to be monitored and
allowing hours of operation, set points and so on to be adjusted to optimise performance and
comfort.

Records maintained for historical data on performance, enable benchmarking of

performance against other buildings or sites and may help automate report writing.
Maintenance is also necessary to ensure systems continue to operate correctly, for example,
replacing sensors and batteries, checking connections, checking the operation of dampers and
valves, upgrading software and so on.

BEMS may have remote outstations that can be interrogated locally, or may
be accessible from mobile devices. Cloud-based analytics, and the ability to access and
manage multiple buildings remotely. The ability to access live analytics, or receive alarm
notifications from hand-held devices has great potential benefits.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT
1 .Lighting
Lighting can be turned on, off, or dimmed with a building automation or lighting control
system based on time of day, or on occupancy sensor, photo sensors and timers.
One typical example is to turn the lights in a space on for a half-hour since the last motion
was sensed. A photocell placed outside a building can sense darkness, and the time of day,
and modulate lights in outer offices and the parking lot.
Lighting is also a good candidate for demand response, with many control systems providing
the ability to dim (or turn off) lights to take advantage of DR incentives and savings.

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Intelligent lighting energy management system is combined with six lighting control
functions i.e.
 occupancy control,
 time scheduling,
 daylight control,
 task control,
 personal control and
 variable power shedding.
There are two modes in this lighting management system, which are the automatic and the
personal control. Users can also control the system through the lighting management program
and an internet web server. The lighting management system utilizing both natural and
artificial light consists of the hardware, which is microcontroller and Raspberry Pi, and the
software, which controls and manages the system.
Two basic criteria -efficiency in performance and effectiveness in light energy conservation.
This system can be used to avoid energy waste, and saving energy consumption by a
maximum of 68% in both switching and dimming control during typical days.
In newer buildings, the lighting control can be based on the Digital Addressable Lighting
Interface (DALI). Lamps with DALI ballasts are fully dimmable. DALI can also detect lamp
and ballast failures on DALI luminaries and signals failures.

The main power consumers in most buildings are lighting and the heating, ventilation and air-
conditioning systems.
2.Cooling load
The first step in energy savings on HVAC systems is to reduce the cooling load. The amount
of electricity air-conditioning systems use also depends on the cooling load – the amount of
heat the system has to remove. There are several steps to reduce cooling load.HVAC loads
vary at different times and in different parts of a building throughout the day. Well set time
and occupancy controls should ensure that systems only operate when and where required
during core business hours.
Installing a building energy management system (BMS or BEMS) which offers close control
and monitoring of building services performance, including HVAC, allows automatic control
of the HVAC system.

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BEMS can reduce energy costs by allowing system performance to be monitored and settings
to be changed
 Insulate the cooled space
 Minimise the use of appliances and lighting
 Variable speed drives on HVAC fans and pumps
 This allows motor-driven loads such as fans and pumps to operate in response to
varying load requirements instead of simply operating in “on/off” mode.
 Large energy savings can be made by fitting Schneider Altivar 212 variable speed
inverter drives to fan and pump applications particularly where valves or dampers are
employed.
 Most new build is optimised, but thee are significant opportunities with fast pay-back
times for existing buildings.
 According to estimates, motors consume 70% of the energy used by European
industry. Therefore, using variable speed drives within HVAC systems is a major
component of the energy-efficiency and cost-savings game.

The energy savings opportunities of variable speed drives in HVAC systems is an

understanding of the operating cycle of the system versus the heating and cooling needs
actually required. Most HVAC systems are designed to keep the building cool on the hottest
days and warm on the coldest days. Therefore, the HVAC system needs to work at full
capacity only on the 10 or so hottest days and the 10 or so coldest days of the year.
On the other 345 days, the HVAC system can operate at a reduced capacity.
This is where a variable air volume system with variable speed drives (also called variable
frequency drives, or VFDs) can be used to match air flow to actual heating and cooling
demands. The VFD can reduce the motor speed when full flow is not required, thereby
reducing the power and the electrical energy used.

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3. Air Handling units
Most air handlers mix return and outside air so less temperature/humidity conditioning is
needed. This can save money by using less chilled or heated water (not all AHUs use chilled
or hot water circuits). Some external air is needed to keep the building's air healthy. To
optimize energy efficiency while maintaining healthy indoor air quality (IAQ), demand
control (or controlled) ventilation (DCV) adjusts the amount of outside air based on measured
levels of occupancy.
Analog or digital temperature sensors may be placed in the space or room, the return and
supply air ducts, and sometimes the external air. Actuators are placed on the hot and chilled
water valves, the outside air and return air dampers. The supply fan (and return if applicable)
is started and stopped based on either time of day, temperatures, building pressures or a
combination.

Demand Control Ventilation is recognized as a method of ensuring a building is ventilated,

cost effectively, while maximizing indoor air quality. Generally, sensors are used to
continuously measure and monitor ambient conditions in the conditioned space and provide
real time feed back to the space controls which adjust dampers and in many cases, the fan
speed by modulating the ventilation rate to match the specific use and occupancy of the
building.

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Building ventilation systems often operate at constant or pre-determined ventilation rates
regardless of the occupancy level of the building. Ventilation rates are normally based on
maximum occupancy levels resulting in consequent energy wastage. The energy wastage is
not only due to the fan operation, but also includes the energy used to condition the air,
whether in heating or cooling mode. Significant energy savings are made by effective DCV
which ensures that the ventilation rate continuously matches the current occupancy rate and
varying ambient conditions.
VFD in Chiller plant
It is used in secondary chilled water pumps which circulates water to AHUs, FCUs, FAHUs
or other building air conditioning equipment like CCUs. The purpose of the VFD installed on
secondary chilled water pump/motor is to increase or decrease the speed of motor in order to
control(increase or decrease) water flow rate. This increase or decrease in motor speed and
accodingly flow rate is governed by means of pressure sensors(pressure transducers).

3. Chilled water systems

Chilled water is often used to cool a building's air and equipment. The chilled water system
will have chiller(s) and pumps. Analog temperature sensors measure the chilled water supply
and return lines. The chiller(s) are sequenced on and off to chill the chilled water supply.
A chiller is a refrigeration unit designed to produce cool (chilled) water for space cooling
purposes. The chilled water is then circulated to one or more cooling coils located in air
handling units, fan-coils, or induction units.

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Chiller Plant with BMS sensor
Heat Recovery and application
Carrier chillers with heat reclaim capabilities produce chilled water controlled to the
necessary temperature while generating hot water as a by-product of the chilled water system.
During cooling only operation, the chiller produces a controlled source of chilled water
leaving the evaporator while dissipating heat through the condenser and ultimately to the
environment. When there is a simultaneous need for chilled water and hot water, these
chillers have the capability to operate in heat recovery mode. The recovered heat can be
redirected for various heating applications, which saves energy while maintaining conditions.
4. Condenser water system
Cooling towers and pumps are used to supply cool condenser water to the chillers. Because
the condenser water supply to the chillers has to be constant, variable speed drives are
commonly used on the cooling tower fans to control temperature. Proper cooling tower
temperature assures the proper refrigerant head pressure in the chiller. The cooling tower set
point used depends upon the refrigerant being used. Analog temperature sensors measure the
condenser water supply and return lines.
5. Hot water system
The hot water system supplies heat to the building's air-handling unit or VAV box heating
coils, along with the domestic hot water heating coils .The hot water system will have a
boilers and pumps. Analog temperature sensors are placed in the hot water supply and return
lines. Some type of mixing valve is usually used to control the heating water loop
temperature. The boilers and pumps are sequenced on and off to maintain supply.
Ventilation
Ventilation moves outdoor air into a building or a room, and distributes the air within the
building or room. The general purpose of ventilation in buildings is to provide healthy air for
breathing by both diluting the pollutants originating in the building and removing the
pollutants from it.

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Types of Ventilation
• Natural ventilation
• Mechanical ventilation
• Mixed mode ventilation
• Infiltration

Importance of good ventilation in buildings:

1. Control impurities
A good ventilation system will help expel a build up of pollutants, bacteria, moisture and
odours.
2. Air regulation & energy consumption
Without a ventilation system in place, there is no control of the air flow in a building. Too
much fresh air can cost high energy bills, which is why devising a good ventilation system is
important
3. Prevent condensation
Condensation can lead to mould and rotten surfaces .Damp conditions and condensation can
cause health issues such as allergic reactions and respiratory problems for many people. Good
ventilation will help reduce these risks.
4. Improve occupant comfort
When lots of people are in confined space, the environment can become hot and sultry. A
ventilated room will provide an elevated level of human comfort - making for a more
productive workplace.
5. Health & wellness
Indoor air pollution coupled with bad ventilation can lead to a number of health problems
including headaches, allergies, asthma, rashes and sinusitis. Overall health and wellbeing of
the occupants is directly related to ventilation provided in a building.

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Natural ventilation:
Natural ventilation harnesses naturally available forces to supply and remove air in an
enclosed space. There are three types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind
driven ventilation, pressure-driven flows, and stack ventilation.
The ability for a system to remove pollution is described as its "ventilation effectiveness".
However, the overall impacts of ventilation on indoor air quality can depend on more
complex factors such as the sources of pollution, and the ways that activities and airflow
interact to affect occupant exposure.
 Techniques and architectural features used to ventilate buildings and structures
naturally include
 Operable windows Pressurised air pumps Night purge ventilation
 Clerestory windows and vented skylights Building orientation
 Wind capture façades
Mechanical ventilation
Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV)
Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV, also known as Demand Control Ventilation) makes it
possible to maintain air quality while conserving energy. In a DCV system, CO2 sensors
control the amount of ventilation. During peak occupancy, CO2 levels rise, and the system
adjusts to deliver the same amount of outdoor air as would be used by the ventilation-rate
procedure. However, when spaces are less occupied, CO2 levels reduce, and the system
reduces ventilation to conserves energy.
Personalized ventilation
Personalized ventilation is an air distribution strategy that allows individuals to control the
amount of ventilation received. The approach deliver fresh air more directly to the breathing
zone and aims to improve air quality of inhaled air.
Personalized ventilation provides a much higher ventilation effectiveness than conventional
mixing ventilation systems by displacing pollution from the breathing zone far less air
volume. Beyond improved air quality benefits, the strategy can also improve occupant's
thermal comfort, perceived air quality, and overall satisfaction with the indoor environment.
Individual's preferences for temperature and air movement are not equal, and so traditional
approaches to homogeneous environmental control have failed to achieve high occupant
satisfaction.
Displacement ventilation (DV)
It is a room air distribution strategy where conditioned outdoor air is supplied at a low
velocity from air supply diffusers located near floor level and extracted above the occupied
zone, usually at ceiling height. A typical displacement ventilation system, such as one in an
office space, supplies conditioned cold air from an air handling unit (AHU) through a low
induction air diffuser.
The cool air accelerates because of the buoyancy force, spreads in a thin layer over the floor,
reaching a relatively high velocity before rising due to heat exchange with heat sources (e.g.,

10
occupants, computers, lights).Absorbing the heat from heat sources, the cold air becomes
warmer and less dense. The density difference between cold air and warm air creates upward
convective flows known as thermal plumes.
Instead of working as a stand-alone system in interior space, displacement ventilation system
can also be coupled with other cooling and heating sources

Local exhaust ventilation

Local exhaust ventilation addresses the issue of avoiding the contamination of indoor air by
specific high-emission sources by capturing airborne contaminants before they are spread
into the environment. This can include water vapour control, lavatory bio effluent control,
solvent vapours from industrial processes, and dust from wood- and metal-working
machinery. Air can be exhausted through pressurized hoods or through the use of fans and
pressurizing a specific area.

Mixed-mode ventilation
Refers to a hybrid approach to space conditioning that uses a combination of natural
ventilation from operable windows (either manually or automatically controlled), and
mechanical systems that include air distribution equipment and refrigeration equipment for
cooling. A well-designed mixed-mode building begins with intelligent facade design to
minimize cooling loads. It then integrates the use of air conditioning when and where it is

11
necessary, with the use of natural ventilation whenever it is feasible or desirable, to maximize
comfort while avoiding the significant energy use and operating costs of year-round air
conditioning.

Infiltration
It is the uncontrolled flow of air from outdoors to indoors through leaks (unplanned openings)
in a building envelope. It is unintentional and uncontrolled entry of outdoor air into an
enclosed space.
Infiltration occurs through cracks in the building envelope and due to pressure differences
between inside and outside. The outdoor air entering through open doors and windows is
considered infiltration although the purpose of opening the door or window might be
ventilation. Infiltration occurs mainly in winter when the air outside is colder and heavier
than the air inside. It depends on wind velocity, wind direction and the air-tightness of the
building envelope. In the case of high-rise buildings the stack effect
also causes infiltration

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Factors affecting energy use in building:
Various factors, including climate, building envelope and energy services systems, operation
and maintenance, indoor comfort conditions, and occupant behaviour, affect energy use in
buildings.
Five important factors related to energy consumption of buildings that
need to be considered:
Heat loss by conduction through building envelope
• Energy used by ventilation systems
• Savings from ventilation air heat recovery
• Air tightness of building envelope
• Impact of the occupants

Factors affecting energy use in buildings

FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY

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Fenestration Design for optimal Day lighting:

Clerestory -upper part of an interior wall, containing openings for daylighting of interiors.
Lightshelf - an exterior horizontal shelf positioned (usually above eye level) to reflect
daylight onto the ceiling and to shield direct glare from the sky.Lightwell- , is a shaft and
open roof space provided within the volume of a large building to allow light and air to reach
what would otherwise be a dark or unventilated area.

Skylight - A relatively horizontal glazed roof aperture for the admission of daylight.

 Integrating with BAS, BEMS

 Positioning sensors based on the
sources of daylighting…
 Creating a Daylight model
 Daylight Simuation Model

Daylight Modelling

NORESCO successfully integrates innovative daylighting techniques and strategies into

buildings to reduce electrical and mechanical energy consumptionUsing TracePro® and
Radiance software, two of the most advanced lighting/daylighting analysis tools available, to
evaluate and refine daylighting design solutions.Working from 2-D or 3-D CAD or
Autodesk® Revit® files provided by the design team , a geometrically accurate
representation of the space including glazing properties, surface reflectance, furniture layout,
shading, and light distribution strategies are created.

Daylighting analysis results include average illuminance throughout the daylit space,
illuminance on work surfaces, and surface luminance ratios. Renderings of the daylit space
help the design team determine whether the daylight and lighting design criteria have been
achieved, and whether further design refinements are necessary.

Integrating with BAS, BEMS

Incorporating the electric lighting system into the daylight model using the fixtures’
photometric files to accurately represent light distribution characteristics.

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The model calculates the integrated day lighting and electric lighting performance under
both daytime and night time design conditions

Positioning sensors based on the sources of daylighting

Daylight Simuation Model

Daylighting simulation tools -The daylighting programs on the other hand were mostly
concerned with accuracy. Most of these programs initially did not output any rendered
images of the scene, giving only numerical or iso-lumen output. Computer rendering
programs usually give a photo-realistic output,

The latest generation of these programs is attempting to bridge the gap between lighting
simulation and photo-realistic rendering. Three types of design tools have been used to
predict

- interior daylight illumination:

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- physical scale models,

graphic techniques and calculations

1) Simplified Calculation Programs

2) Computer Simulation Programs

DAYSIM

DAYSIM is a validated daylighting analysis software that calculates the annual daylight

availability in arbitrary buildings based on the RADIANCE backward raytracer.

It uses the Lightswitch occupant behavior model to mimic occupant use of personal

controls such as light switches and venetian blinds and to predict energy savings from

automated lighting controls such as occupancy sensors and photocell controlled diming
systems.

IES Virtual Environment (IESVE)-

IESVE is an in-depth suite of integrated analysis tools for the design and retrofit of buildings.
It is an essential digital construction tool for top architects, engineers and contractors.

16
 SCHOOL OF BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

UNIT – III– Building Automation Systems – SAR1615

1
KEY ISSUES FOR INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS

 Multiple Activity Settings- O&M

 Space Utilisation Analysis- Investment
 Shared Space Use model- Space planning
 Design Briefing Process- IDP
 Building Life Cycle - FM
 Issues related to Site, Shell, Skin
Multiple Activity Settings:
During the operation of the building, the building technology systems are integrated
horizontally among all subsystems as well as vertically—that is subsystems to facility
management systems to business systems—allowing information and data about the
building's operation to be used by multiple individuals occupying and managing the building.

Integrated Building Management System (IBMS)- is a centralized system will enable real
time centralized monitoring and control of Infrastructure systems such as building systems
(HVAC equipment, Thermostats, Lighting, Life Safety & Security Systems, Physical
Security, Elevators, Meters – Energy, Water and Gas, Sewer etc.).

2
- It will be a comprehensive, standards based, communications network-based solution for
intelligent building automation and enterprise management.

-Using advanced software tools, the IBMS provides a smart building the long term
capabilities needed to save costs, efficiently manage and optimize building operations and
ensure long term sustainability.
-Combining Multiple Systems-
Typically, an IBMS can monitor and manage every data point from every building system.
-The integration of all the data points of all the building subsystems relatively new
and has great potential to monitor and manage a building’s performance.

IBMS systems will incorporate all the traditional building management functions such as
document management, trending, system scheduling and data archiving.

-However, in addition there is integration into the Facility Management (FM) systems such
as work orders, asset management, inventory, and maintenance. -Further integration with the
Building Information Management (BIM) systems of the building will map the building, its
systems and components in 3D. BIM 4D, 7D,11D.This will allow for a truly integrated and
optimized building where in an alarm in the IBMS triggers the FM system and the BIM
system provides a real time 3-D view of the situation, its location and possible fix. This
creates a ―meta‖ building database to help improve building operations and engineering.

IBMS system include performance analytics which tie in automatic fault detection and
diagnostic (FDD) applications to optimize the performance of the building systems. It
provides on-going commissioning, keeping the largest energy consumption system at optimal
performance.

Analytics

A state of the art smart building typically will have analytics as part of the software suite
along with the IBMS and dashboards. Once data is available in a building, the next step is to
analyze the data and then determine how to improve the building performance using that
data.

This analysis is achieved through dedicated analytics software. Such software will help
organize, manage, analyze data collected from various building systems and present them in a
clear and concise manner via the dashboard. This provides a good insight into the operational

3
performance of the building. Analytics provide results that show how the building actually
operates versus how it was either designed to operate or expected to operate.

Examples of benefits include immediate notification of system anomalies for proactive

maintenance, building equipment lifecycle extension, reduction in energy consumption,
identification of energy savings opportunities, and validation of energy savings

Research based Models:

The scheduling-based control models have been implemented in many home automation
systems. In an automation system has been built based on user schedule using a wireless
sensor actuator network (WSAN) in an office environment.

The scheduling-based control model has been also developed with smart meeting scheduling
and monitoring and controlling systems in an office environment to minimize operational
costs. The meeting scheduling algorithm in the room has made the automation system aware
of energy consumption because is able to automate meeting scheduling based on the time and
space capacity .

Meeting scheduling algorithm

Monitoring and control of devices using operating schedules within buildings have been able
to perform energy efficiency in accordance with user-defined policies to minimize operating
costs of devices in an office environment

The remote control system of electrical devices using user schedules in office environments
have been providing convenience to users in controlling devices anywhere to improve energy
efficiency

4
Control design based on multi-user preference and activity

The concept of controlling in the smart building based on user preferences, user location
activity, and detection of occupancy-HAR. Then the device will operate in accordance with
the user location and preference users and will not be based on maximum occupancy. This
differs from the scheduling-based control model where occupancy in the room is considered
maximum and ignore user preferences even though the device operation is based on the user
schedule.
The model of the control device on the smart building by utilizing multi-user preference is
supported by three systems which include occupancy detection, indoor localization, and
activity recognition. The mechanism of presence systems works through presence sensors
(e.g., radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and reader’s sensors). RFID tags are worn by
the user. When the user enters the room, the RFID tag transmits signals that are read by the
RFID reader installed in the room.
The localization system aims to estimate the location obtained from measured data values
collected in a vector and received from a mobile device. Bluetooth, RFID, Zigbee, UWB and
IEEE 802.1x are examples of technologies applied for indoor localization.

Activity recognition can be performed by utilizing the built-in camera sensor, wearable
sensors, or object sensors. Furthermore, the activity recognition algorithm will perform the
detection process to inform the system regarding user activity .

5
One of the key issues related to any intelligent building is that on-going maintenance of the
facility is absolutely critical to maintaining the benefits of building intelligence. While most
intelligent buildings will operate using less energy and water, equipment throughout the
building needs constant maintenance to ensure that optimal performance is maintained. The
key is also to ensure that sensors are cleaned and calibrated on a regular schedule. Poorly
performing sensors can be one of the main reasons that an investment in building intelligence
does not result in reductions in energy and water usage.

Analysis of Space Utilisation

Office space is one of the largest investment that a company makes. With today's soaring
costs for real estate property acquisition and maintenance, it can pay big dividends to
improve control over your facility expenses through accurate space requirements analysis and
utilization improvements. it is important to effectively and efficiently use the space you
already have.

What is space utilization? Space utilization defines how available corporate real estate, be it
workspace, meeting rooms, or other assets, are being used. Analyzing data from a space
utilization analysis can be used to calculate metrics like actual use of space (AUS) and
utilization rate. It is extremely important for business operations that facilities managers and
space planners be able to accurately calculate actual use of space (AUS). Actual use of space
data from a space utilization analysis can help organizations reach cost management and
sustainability goals.

Space utilization analysis

Desks or Workspaces: The number of individual total seats (whether private offices or open
workstations)

Occupancy: The percentage of desks that are assigned to a person or dedicated to a function

Utilization: The percentage of occupied desks (or conference room seats) that are ―in use‖ at
any moment during the workday

Head Count: The number of people to be accommodated, but not necessarily at same time

Capacity: The seat count or number of people that a space can support at one time

Worker-to-Workspace Ratio: The number workspaces to the total number of employees who
may need to use them at any time

6
A software delivers actual use of space data on a daily basis and assesses human presence
events throughout the organization, badge swipe data from the front door, turnstile data from
the street entrance, login events and virtual private network (VPN) packets from the network,
keyed entry from VOIP phones, and more.

Criteria for space utilisation

Thermal Comfort and Temperature

office space must have the right combination of airflow, temperature, and humidity.

Access to Daylight, Nature, and Views

People love working in areas surrounded by nature. They also need to spend some time
outside during the day and break away from fluorescent lighting.

Sensory Change and Variability

Include visual stimulations through window views and access to daylight. You can also use
natural materials like plants, natural fibers, and wood. Others ideas include colours, graphics,
patterns, art, and texture changes.

Colour

Choose your colours wisely and strategically when designing different workspaces. For
example, blue can be used for focus areas since it’s calming and it promotes clarity and
mental control. Red is ideal for common rooms since it enhances strength and energy.

Noise Control

Some employees thrive in noisy environments, while others dread them. Separate noisy
places from quiet spaces

Workplace Psychology

Workplace psychology focuses on workplace safety, ergonomics, product design, human

error reduction, human-computer interaction, and human capability

Choice and Employee Engagement

Adopt a working space where employees can choose their workplaces depending on their
needs. Also, engage employees to ensure satisfaction, innovation, and productivity.

7
Benefits of Space Utilisation Analysis

1.Cost Control

-Office spaces contribute to a high percentage of office expenses.

-Conducting an office space utilisation study helps a company determine if they are using the
right premises and whether they need all the space they are currently using or not.

The study gives you precise data and helps you scale office space correctly.

2. Change Management

-The study is designed to gather data on employee working habits.

-Their individual work, their collaboration, and their meetings.

-After the study, you have all the insights you need to decide whether change is necessary or
not.

-This will also improve communication between personnel and management.

3. Helps Create Work Profiles

Work profiles help you determine what kind of workstations you need. They help in planning
space, knowing what IT requirements are needed where, and in understanding the remote
working practices of employees. A space utilisation study also sheds light on how much time
an individual employee spends in the office and when they spend it at their workstation.

4. Easily Determine Space Requirements

IoT Space has an Office Occupancy Measurement System that allows you to review the
efficiency of your office space. IoT Space can help you save up to half the rent you are
currently paying by optimising your space and providing the right insights into how your
current space is actually used.

5. Determine if the Changes You Made Have Actually Achieved Their Target

A space utilisation study will help you analyse whether you have managed to save on cost
and whether the changes have improved employee working habits. You can use the results of
the study to plan your future expansion or go even deeper with optimisation

8
6. Identify Areas for Development in Activity Based Working Spaces

-Activity based working offices have designated areas for quiet working, shared workplaces,
conference rooms, and break rooms. Employees choose their workspace depending on the
tasks they are assigned. Measuring space utilisation helps identify areas that need change and
areas that can be further developed.

A space utilisation study can identifies the shortcomings of your office space setup.
Consequently, it enables the company to correct certain situations before they affect the
productivity of employees.

7. Save on Energy

-Remote working has made it possible for people to work away from the office.

-The space utilisation study will help you recognise the days or months your personnel
typically chooses to work remotely.

8. Encourage Strategic Decision Making

-The workplace analysis helps the company collect data on work patterns, preferences, and
communication methods. This information can help in strategic decision making that takes
into account cost control, productivity and employee satisfaction.

9. Improve the Work Environment

Adapting apps help a company integrate data on work activities with data from the study.
These apps help employees find and book free workspaces, locate colleagues, and share
information. Briefly put, they help improve work environments for both employees and
employers.

Five space utilization metrics every facility manager (FM) should know:

1. Capacity and occupancy.

Capacity and occupancy dictate how many people a space supports and how many people are
using it at a given point in time. A collaborative space may have a capacity of 10, but only
four people occupying it right now. Tomorrow, eight people might use it. Capacity never
changes; occupancy does.

9
Measuring capacity gives FMs a sense of how many people can feasibly use a workspace at
any given time. Looking at the total capacity of all workspaces determines overall workplace
capacity, which is useful for other metrics like utilization. Meanwhile, looking at occupancy
trends—by the hour, day of the week, or over a longer period of time—shows usage trends.

Capacity and occupancy are the core building blocks for most space utilization metrics.

2. Overall/space-specific utilization

Overall office space utilization is a simple equation: Number of employees divided by total
workplace capacity. If you have 75 employees in a space designed for 100, you’re utilization
is 75%. This metric doesn’t show space efficiency, but does paint a clear picture of the
workspace as a whole.There’s more opportunity to glean information from space-specific
metrics. These can include point-in-time trends, peak usage data, areas of underutilization,
and workstation occupancy calculations. Understanding total workplace utilization and
individual workspace use drives greater efficiency and productivity.

3. Density

-Density is a more granular utilization metric—one that’s useful in looking at departments,

floors, and business segments. Density data shows when a group has outgrown its space or
when business demands outstrip available workspace types.

Example:A Marketing has 20 people. Utilization statistics show their demand for conference
rooms is exceedingly high—as many as 14 department members may be in project meetings
at any given time. But Marketing only has access to two conference rooms with a total
capacity of 10 seats. This is an example of density benchmarking at work. It shows not just
demand for space, but demand for specific space by a specific group for a specific purpose.

4. Cost per head/seat

Utilization is more than balancing the number of employees and types of workspaces offered.
It’s also about cost control and creating a floor plan that accommodates everyone—without
hampering the balance sheet.Calculating cost per head/seat breaks the fixed lease down to a
granular figure that helps FMs understand the cost of housing employees within available
space. This data helps project the cost of facility growth, model productivity of a workspace,
and highlight inefficiencies in particular desking arrangements. Everything in business comes

10
back to numbers, which makes cost per head an essential utilization metric for quantifying
the workplace.

5. Mobility ratios

The workplace is far from static. Accounting for workforce mobility is important in
measuring true space utilization. How many remote workers do you have? How many part-
time vs. full-time employees are on the payroll? How many visitors do you average on a day
or week? These people may not need a desk every day, but they impact utilization. Measuring
the variable demands of a mobile workforce is separate from general utilization and
occupancy metrics.

Your workplace may have 100 seats and 75 regularly occupied desks (75% utilization), but
what about those 25 part-time and remote employees? Can your workplace function at 100%
total capacity in the unlikely event that everyone in the office at the same time? Factoring in
mobility ratios—different groups with variable desking needs—is an important extension in
understanding total workplace utilization.

A shared workspace‖ vs. ―a collaborative workspace‖

The biggest misconception about shared workspace is that it’s shared by many people at the
same time. This is actually what’s referred to as ―collaborative space.‖ Understanding the
difference means understanding the qualifiers: shared workspace vs. collaborative
workspace. A shared workspace is shared by many people at different times. The workplace
is static; the occupants are dynamic. In a collaborative workspace many people use at the
same time for the purpose of working together.A shared workspace implies an individual
occupant using space for a limited time. When they leave, that workspace will become
occupied by someone else, instead of sitting idle.

Co-working spaces

Coworking spaces are generally ideal for start-up businesses and entrepreneurs looking for a
better alternative to working from home. These spaces are often home to freelancers, some of
whom are just getting their name out and are not tied to any specific business or
industry.The benefits to these spaces is that they afford start-ups with an opportunity to stay
lean, an inexpensive avenue for community and collaboration, as well as a lively and
dynamic atmosphere that inspires productivity.

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Shared workspaces vs Coworking spaces

A shared workspace differs in that they usually cater to and house more established
businesses. They often provide more traditional amenities to meet the needs of their
clientele.While corporate coworking is on the rise, shared office spaces are more focused on
having more equipment such as fax machines, copiers, audio-visual equipment, as well as
professional looking office furniture. Some shared offices operate as executive suites, with
amenities such as full reception services, a kitchen, as well as private offices cut off from the
rest of the space. In contrast, Coworking spaces will have a coffee shop only.Coworking
spaces usually l ase to members for a period of 3-to-6 months whereas Shared office spaces
such as executive suites usually lease for a period of 12 months.

Collaborative workspace: maintain the space in-house, allowing you to use it however best
suits your company’s current needs. collaborative workspaces used to stage a big project,
ping-pong ideas back and forth, meet with high-profile clients, teach a seminar, or any other
task that involves multiple people in the same accommodating space.

Shared workspace: Employees without a permanent desk get access to an individual space
where they can work supported on an ongoing or as-needed basis. They get the freedom to
use the workspace on their terms, while companies unburden themselves of costly
commercial leases

Coworkingspace: Startups and agile companies without the need for permanent office space
can keep overhead costs low, while still utilizing a traditional workplace setting. They also
get access to workplace resources and a professional setting that’s useful for meeting with
clients or collaborating on large initiatives.

Briefing Process:

Briefing is the process by which client requirements are investigated, developed and
communicated to the construction industry. Briefing of some kind always occurs during a
project, though the quality can vary considerably. Good briefing is not easy to achieve, yet a
number of studies have suggested that improvements to briefing lead to clients getting better
buildings. A design brief is a document for a design project developed by a person or team
(the designer or design team) in consultation with the client/customer. They can be used for

12
many projects including those in the fields of architecture, interior design and industrial
design.

Design briefs are also used to evaluate the effectiveness of a design after it has been produced
and during the creation process to keep the project on track and on budget.They outline the
deliverables and scope of the project including any products or works (function and
aesthetics), timing and budget. Briefing process seeks to minimise the likelihood of a client
receiving an unsatisfactory building by ensuring that project requirements are fully explored
and communicated as clearly as possible to the client.Whilst good briefing cannot guarantee
that a building will be perfectly suited to its occupants, it can help avoid serious mistakes.

Two basic factors that contribute to cost and time overrun,

a)Variations in construction projects .

b) Design changes (which is as a result of changes made due to mistakes or client request).

The sources of variations and extra work can be classified into client initiated variations and
unforeseeable variations. The main reasons behind the higher percentages in variation and
design changes or extra work are identified as changes during the construction stage which
could arise as a result of improper management, ineffective communication and incorrect
assessment of the design brief.Importance of Briefing Process:

The RIBA plan of work limits brief development to the detailed proposal stage. Barrett
(1996) state that this approach has a number of problems.Barrett and Stanley (1999) defined
the briefing process as "the process running throughout the construction project by which
means the client's requirements are progressively captured and translated into effect".Many
clients are in a state of dynamic development; hence, their requirements may change during
the course of the project.

A static brief will prevent these changes from being accommodated. clients prefer to consider
the briefing process as extended until almost the final stage of construction to ensure that the
final product meets and fulfils their requirements and objectives.Dynamic Brief
Development definition assumes that the process is continuing until the client's requirements
are translated into effect (i.e. the final building) which suggests that the briefing process is
extended to the end of construction stage.This has the advantage of getting the requirements
of the clients at a relatively early stage and allows proceeding to the next stages with
confidence in the data/information gathered.

13
Briefing is often regarded as an early stage in the construction process during which the
client’s requirements are written down in a formal document called the brief. The brief then
provides a fixed reference for the subsequent design of the building. This traditional view of
briefing is highly constraining in many ways. The client, particularly the inexperienced
client, cannot be expected to know everything that will be required of the building at the
outset of the project. Requirements are only developed in detail as the project progresses.
This means the client cannot sit back after the initial brief has been written and expect a
satisfactory design to emerge without further effort. Full participation throughout the project
is important. Whilst a clear initial brief can be a great asset, it is not the end of the story.
The important thing is to make decisions appropriate to the particular stage of project
development. Strategic decisions will need to be made early on and the detail left until a
later stage. The client should not withdraw from the process once an initial brief has been
drawn up.

Integrated/ Collaborative Briefing process:

Redefine the process to be "the process running throughout a construction project by which
the requirements of the client and other relevant stakeholders are progressively captured,
interpreted, confirmed and then communicated to the design and construction team". This
definition is believed to be more suitable as it widens the customer base; emphasises the
cyclic nature of understanding what is really needed; and delineates briefing activity (which
must always involve deliberation of needs/requirements and therefore involve the
stakeholders in some way) from the design activity which produces potential solutions in
response to the brief .

Characteristics of the briefing process

The briefing stage is critical to the success of construction projects, but it is widely
recognized that improvements are needed in this process in order to reduce the cost and
optimize quality of buildings.The briefing process involves understanding the client's needs
and expressing them in a way that will ensure compatibility between the client's vision of the
project and the resulting product.There is little guidance and support for clients, whilst
designers have difficulties both in capturing clients’ needs and conveying conceptual design
options to them. There is a central difficulty, associated with language, communication and
the exchange of information between clients and design teams,

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In many situations, different parties are working simultaneously on the same piece of
information.Participants of the briefing process (i.e. client/user/brief-taker) are, in general,
experts in their own specialists but not experts in all fields related to the project and in many
cases have to make decisions in areas out of their speciality. Some parties of the briefing
process are neither familiar with engineering or construction terms nor able to read
engineering drawings and they need supporting aids to convey and clarify the technical terms.

All possible options should be comprehensively examined at this stage to ensure that no
potential alternatives have been missed. However, and due to the short time allocated for this
process, such examinations can not be in depth ,in detail. Many changes and revisions occur
during the briefing stage; critical changes which affect the decision making, should be
effectively reflected and monitored to all relevant partiesUnlike the design stage where most
of the design teams are located closely within the same geographical zone, the different
parties involved in the briefing process are geographically apart or located in different
.organisations.Regarding cost and work programme, the briefing stage is a very critical stage
– most decisions affect the total cost of the project and the work programme – any decision
has to be properly monitored and traced.

Very short time is, generally, allocated to the briefing process and the time to examine
details is very tight - previous experiences support and aid to avoid repeating work.Needs of
the client have opposite impacts (especially in large projects) on the design attributes.
Requirements need to be rated and ranked to identify the most important requirements to be
fulfilled (in case of contradictions) and, hence, maximise clients' satisfactions- Value
analysis.

COMMUNICATION OF IDEAS TO USER

Traditional forms of communications

 Verbal communications -such as conversations, meetings and presentations.

Significant verbal communications should always be confirmed in writing.
 Reports - Briefs, stage reports, feasibility studies, risk management, value
management, health and safety, cost plans .
 Drawings - Concept drawings or sketches, design intent drawings, general
arrangement
 drawings, technical drawings, working drawings.

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  Photography - Providing a visual record of status, progress, events or defects.
 Models, samples and mock ups - These can be easier for clients and other
stakeholders to understand than drawings.
 Specifications- Describing the materials and workmanship required for a
development.
 Tender documents - tenders (offers) from suppliers required to complete
construction works.
 Contract documents - Setting out the obligations and responsibilities of the parties to
the contract.
 Requests for information- A formal question asked by one party to a contract to the
other party.

As design projects have become more complex, technological developments have

revolutionized the means by which architects can draw, model, test and communicate.
Modern modes of architectural communication include:

 Computer aided design (CAD).

 Building information modeling (BIM).
 Fly-throughs and films.
 Virtual reality and augmented reality.
 3D printing.

BUILDING LIFE CYCLE:

Building life cycle refers to the view of a building over the course of its entire life. It not just
as an operational building, but also taking into account the design, construction, operation,
demolition and waste treatment.

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It is useful to use this view when attempting to improve an operational feature of a building
that is related to how a building was designed. For example, overall energy conservation.
Less effort is put into designing a building to be energy efficient and large inefficiencies are
incurred in the operational phase. Current research is ongoing in exploring methods of
incorporating a whole life cycle view of buildings, rather than just focusing on the
operational phase as is the current situation.

INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS:

The Integrated Design Process (IDP) is a method for realizing high performance buildings
that contribute to sustainable communities. It is a collaborative process that focuses on the
design, construction, operation and occupancy of a building over its complete life-cycle.
During the integrated design process, the time taken for the earlier design stages i.e.,
conceptual and schematic design, is inevitably longer than that of the conventional linear
design process. However, this additional time is made up for by the shorter coordinating time
at later design stages i.e., detailed design and documentation for construction.

Typical IDP elements include the following:

Inter-disciplinary work between architects, engineers, costing specialists, operations

,management and other relevant fields right from the beginning of the design
process;Discussion of importance of various performance issues and the establishment of a
consensus on this matter between client and designers; Budget restrictions applied at the

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whole-building level. ( For example ,extra expenditures for one system, e.g. for sun shading
devices, may reduce costs in another systems, e,g, capital and operating costs for a cooling
system);

Testing of various design assumptions through the use of energy simulations throughout the
process, to provide relatively objective information on this key aspect of
performance;Addition of subject specialists (e.g. for day lighting, thermal storage, comfort,
materials selection etc.) for consultations with the design team; Clear articulation of
performance targets and strategies, to be updated throughout the process by the design team.
Building life cycle & integrated design process – approaches Life cycle & IDP
The life cycle and integrated design process is a design process to deliver a building, in which
its relationship to the surrounding context, technical components and technologies are parts
of a whole system. This objective can be obtained once interdisciplinary professional team
members work collaboratively right from the inception and conceptual design to make
strategic decisions and address all design issues.In this way, energy efficient technologies
and strategies can be incorporated into the building design in a way that is integral to life
cycle considerations. Such results are often not achievable using a conventional linear design
process, which usually begins with the architect and the client agreeing on a design scheme.

Different approaches between Life cycle and IDP :

 Interdisciplinary and interactive approach.

 Lifecycle based decision making.
 Computer assisted design tools.
Interdisciplinary and interactive approach: An interdisciplinary team to be formed right from
the project’s inception. The involved parties, depending on the complexity of the project,
are the client, architect, engineers, quantity surveyor, energy consultant, landscape architect,
facility manager, contractor (builder) etc. The team members first establish a set of agreed
performance objectives, and work collaboratively to achieve these objectives.
Lifecycle based decision making: Decisions made during the design process, such as built
form, orientation, design features, building materials, structural systems, mechanical and
electrical equipments, should be based on a lifecycle assessment. The assessment should
take into account the products’ or systems’ embodied energy, performance, lifecycle cost,
lifespan and end-of-life.

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Life-cycle assessment or life cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle analysis)

For instance, in the case of a manufactured product, environmental impacts are assessed from
raw material extraction and processing (cradle), through the product's manufacture,
distribution and use, to the recycling or final disposal of the materials composing it (grave)
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the best mechanisms for allowing architects and other
building professionals to understand the energy use and other environmental impact
associated with all the phases of a building’s life cycle: procurement, construction, operation,
and decommissioning. The output of an LCA can be thought of as a wide-ranging
environmental footprint of a building — including aspects such as energy use, global
warming potential, habitat destruction, resource depletion, and toxic emissions.

Computer assisted design tools: . This approach includes the tools that simulate building
environmental performances, and calculate the energy required for cooling or heating, CO2
emissions, life cycle analyses and so on. Simulation tools predict building environmental
performance, usually for aspects such as sun path and sun shadow, daylight, computational
fluid dynamics for air movement, etc. The tools make design strategies visible through
graphic-based user interfaces.

Uses of Computer assisted tools :

Providing feedback to inform the design process. For example, a sun path analysis provides
outputs that allows the design team firstly to identify the areas requiring sun shading devices,
secondly to design the form and dimensions of sun shading devices for them to be effective,
and thirdly to simulate and verify the performance of sun shading devices on the building
model. Comparing different design options, strategies, and technologies to facilitate the
interdisciplinary team’s decision making process.

Example : Daylight simulation of various design options to facilitate decision making

process. Computational simulation technologies have also been rapidly developed to
facilitate decision making during the design process to enhance the environmental
performance and cost effectiveness of buildings. The five main areas for which
computational simulations are usually applied are listed below, with examples of software:

Sun path and sun shadow simulation: ECOTECT.

Daylight and glare simulation: Radiance, Daylight, DAYSIM Thermal simulation: TAS, IES

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Computational fluid dynamics (CFD): CONTAM, FLOVENT, FLUENT, IES Energy
demand and supply balance: Energy Plus, eQuest.

In recent years, individual computer assisted design tools have gradually been replaced by an
integrated, one-stop computational platform, that can serve as a drafting tool, visualisation
tool, simulation of various environmental performance, local code compliance checking tool,
and even a facility management tool.

An example is Bentley Tas Simulator software V8i.

The software provides:

 A design tool (to simulate natural ventilation, room loads, energy use, plant sizing,
CO2 emissions, and running costs).
 A compliance tool (i.e., simulation and calculation compliance with ISO and are
approved for calculation methods).
 A facility management tool (for computing detailed and accurate energy use
predictions, energy and cost savings for operational and investment options.

Computational simulations should not just be used at the end of the design stage for
verification and presentation purposes. They are particularly useful to simulate the
performance of various design strategies and technological systems for comparison.
Therefore, computational simulations should be deployed during the integrated design
process as a design assisted tool to provide feedback to the team for design improvement and
decision making. To be human resources- and time efficient, computational simulation can be
applied at the macro level at conceptual design stage to show general/overall building volume
for quick outcomes and overall direction. When moving to schematic and detailed design
stages, more detailed computational simulations are required to support design improvements
and fine tuning.

BIM in particular is intended to ensure the right people get the right information at the right
time so they are able to make effective decisions.

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Building Life Cycle – BIM

BIM software impacts each phase of Building Lifecycle Management.

Phase 1: PLAN

During the planning phase, all architects and designers have access to the same digital
models. This promotes coordination and communication between parties, so any issues or
inconsistencies can be worked out before you even break ground.Project management
strategies, scheduling, and budget information can be addressed during this phase with the
help of the BIM data.Design options, such as material choices, can be compared by viewing
them on the digital 3D model. For example, you could do a side-by-side comparison of two
deck or roofing materials, allowing you to visualize how each would affect the appearance
and feel of the finished project. This can potentially help with both cost control and long-term
maintenance concerns.Information about who held responsibility for each element of the
building design should be included in the BIM data during this phase, as well as up-to-date
contact information for those individuals.

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Phase 2: BUILD

Changes to the structure that come up during the construction phase will be: Reduced
significantly by planning and designing the structure using BIM software. Automatically
updated in the digital model so everyone involved in the project will be aware of the changes
Because the details of the project — think scope, budget, and schedule — were coordinated
during the planning phase and are updated as any tweaks are made, contractors can take
advantage of Just-in-Time delivery. This means building materials will be delivered only
when it’s time to install them, saving you money by eliminating the delivery of unnecessary
items and keeping materials from being destroyed or stolen while they sit around on the job
site.

Phase 3: USE

When the building is complete and the commissioning process begins, the BIM data is
transferred from the construction crew to the new facility management team. Important
information about the configuration of the building’s interiors is included in the updated
models. Details such as where cables and outlets are located may be included, as well as
where offices/units are located, so the space can be used to its full potential by its
occupants.Similar to the planning phase, information about who is responsible for the work
and completion of different parts of the building should be included here, as well as up-to-
date contact information for those individuals.

Phase 4: MAINTAIN

All operation and maintenance (O&M) documents can be included in, or at least referenced
from, the BIM model. Building maintenance that takes place — both planned and unexpected
— is updated in the BIM file. Including this type of information allows the site management
team to determine their own best practices for maintaining the structure. An added benefit: If
the structure is part of a larger complex, the teams from the different buildings can share
these best practices within the shared BIM information.

Phase 5: REPAIR and IMPROVE

Whenever a repair or improvement is made to the building, it is noted or updated within the
BIM model. This includes information about who completed the work, what was done and
when, and where the update or repair was located within the building. If changes were made
to the structure or function of the building, those alterations should be noted in the BIM

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software as well. If, down the road, it is discovered that part of the building was constructed
in a way that does not meet local standards or codes, or if the building is not performing to its
full potential, the current management team or occupants can refer to the BIM information to
find who designed, approved, supervised, executed, and inspected the building at different
stages. This allows for any disputes to be addressed with the appropriate contacts.

Phase 6: LEARN

Because the BIM data is saved within the software, people can use that information to make
informed decisions about the building over the course of its lifecycle. They can also use that
information for constructing similar structures. All the information the model contains — in
terms of building parts that needed to be replaced or repaired, modifications that were made
to the building, or long-term maintenance options that have worked or not worked — will
help create best practices for each structure and management team

Phase 7: DECOMMISSION

The decommission stage of a building’s lifecycle refers to when the structure is either
dramatically updated or renovated, or demolished. Often, the decision to change or tear down
is a difficult one to make, but it is made easier when you have the information at hand to
complete a thorough A-to-Z analysis of the building. Having all this information stored in the
BIM software makes coming to an educated decision much easier.Working with BIM
software from the onset of your project not only provides benefits during the design and
construction phases of your build, but throughout the structure’s entire lifecycle. Having easy
access to every piece of information about the building from start to finish is an invaluable
long-term asset and one that can be achieved through the innovative technology of BIM
software.

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 SCHOOL OF BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

UNIT – IV – Building Automation Systems – SAR1615

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INTELLIGENT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION:
Effective Space Utilisation
Space utilisation is a strategically important space management measure.
Utilisation studies provide information on how space is being used and help to inform
decisions about the type and scale of facilities needed.
Benefits of Space Management
Space is at the heart of facility management and effective space management is key to
professional facility management. Understanding the types of spaces within a real estate
portfolio and knowing how they are used is essential in a well-managed facility operation
A good space management system will provide three major benefits:
Efficiency: Reduce real estate expenses by understanding how your space is being used.
Effectiveness: Use your space better by getting a better fit between workstations and jobs or
locating departments better.
Foundation: Space is the foundation for many other things you want to do in facility
management such as move management, maintenance management, scenario planning, real
estate and leasing and list goes on–but it all starts with space, without it, you can’t do any of
these other things.
Office management software:
 Visualize occupancy and space utilization on real-time floor plan views
 Make informed space utilization decisions with real-time reports, customized to your
needs
 Leverage the power of scenarios and plan complex moves ahead in detail
 Maintain the quality of your seating data with editable management reports
Visual Directory for kiosks displays interactive maps of your facility on touchscreens
everyone can use.
o Changes display in real-time, meaning your people always have the right
information at their fingertips.
o See where coworkers are sitting
o Find and book meeting rooms and break-out rooms
o Track down resources like printers and medical equipment
o View changes to seating availability in real-time
OfficeSpace clients are using Distancing Planner to create a safe seating plan for employees.
This new feature uses AI technology to automatically create distanced seating configurations
that optimize your reduced workplace capacity.Use AI to develop a seating plan that
optimizes for capacity while maintaining appropriate distancing. Visualizes the physical
distancing radius around seats and easily determine which desks need to be made inactive.

2
Tracks seating capacity in real-time and understand the impact of different spacing
configurations. Takes action on safe selected seats - including converting them into bookable
desks
Visualize your data
OfficeSpace turns your floor plan into a powerful reporting tool. Search for people, rooms
and resources. Filter and visualize workplace data any way you like. Print customized views
of your floor plan that highlight exactly what you need to see. OfficeSpace is more than just
workplace management software
It’s a search engine for your workplace.
It’s insights that reduce real estate costs.
It’s a way to optimize your facility and engage employees.
OfficeSpace is the workplace management platform of choice for companies managing the
current disruption to the workplace. We simplify everything from desk booking to social
distancing – so you can create a better place for everyone.
Free addressing with sensors
Free addressing is a great way to increase desk availability without requiring your workplace
team to manually oversee the booking process. Sensors automatically monitor and update
free addressing desk availability on your floor plan in real-time.Anyone can see desk
availability in real-time. Employees can sit at any available desk without needing to check-in.
Sensors automatically update the floor plan to show which desks are available, soon to be
available, or occupied.
Integrated Workplace Management Software – IWMS
Integrated facilities management (IFM) is a method of consolidating many office-related
services and processes under one contract and management team.
IFM is all about integration, and technology is its foundation. Software solutions that support
IFM bring all the disparate components of facilities management onto one platform.There
are several kinds of facilities management software that support integration in the facilities
management industry, including Computer-Aided Facility Management (CAFM),
Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS), Enterprise Asset Management
(EAM), and perhaps the most all-encompassing, Integrated Workplace Management System
(IWMS).
IWMS is perhaps the most all-encompassing of these softwares. It can be described as a
combination of all the systems above, plus more. An IWMS like OfficeSpace will include
many of the features mentioned thus far, plus a host of other abilities that make it much easier
to manage the office environment. For example, a good IWMS can help employees find. For
example, a good IWMS can help employees find whatever resources they need—from printer
drivers to open seating. With an integrated Mobile Visual Directory, employees can use their
phones to find fellow employees and resources like copiers, while a mobile-friendly Request
Manager feature allows for quick submissions of work orders.Using an IWMS as a software
platform helps companies optimize the use of all the different elements of facilities
management in order to integrate all parts. This includes the optimization of workplace

3
resources, the management of a company’s real estate portfolio, plus building infrastructure
and facilities assets.
In the past, these elements have been siloed, but with the proliferation of technology, the
facilities management industry is now able to integrate them. An IWMS can help employees
find whatever resources they need—from printer drivers to open seating. With Mobile Visual
Directory, employees can use their phones to find co-workers and resources like copiers,
while a mobile-friendly Request Manager allows them to quickly submit work orders and
even attach images that highlight the relevant issue.
Space Management
Space management can be understood as various management tasks related to building space,
including spatial information management, lease management, and event management. GIS
and BIM are information technologies directly related to space. They can provide direct
carrier for space management. And through the association of spatial basic information, rental
information, and event information, a more convenient space management visualization tool
can be formed.
ENERGY CONSERVATION THROUGH-
 SITE SELECTION / SITING
 ORIENTATION
 SITE PLANNING
 BUILDING DESIGN
 INTEGRATING SITE AND BUILDING DESIGN FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY.
Site Planning and Orientation

Building orientation and site planning are amongst the important factor in determining the
building eco-friendliness Accordingly they can help the designers to determine which area
will be affected by receiving direct sunlight to the building façade or atrium design. An
important clue in developing energy efficient facades for energy efficient building is the
knowledge about the distribution of solar radiation due to orientation.

The site planning has a relationship with orientation of the building. The orientation of the
building should be accumulated with sun path. Sun path is the sun’s position on the sky
hemisphere .

It can be specified by two angles:

i. Solar altitude angle (y). e.i. the vertical angle at the point of observation between the
horizon plane and the line connecting the sun with the observer.

ii. Solar azimuth angle (a). e.i. the angle at the point of observation measured on a horizontal
plane between the northerly direction and a point on the horizon circle, where it is intersected

4
by the arc of a vertical circle, going through the zenith and the sun’s position. It frequently
happens that the geometry of the site does not coincide with sun path geometry.

In these cases, the other built elements may, if expedient for planning purposes, follow the
site geometry (for example, to optimize basement car-parking layouts). Typical floor window
openings should generally face the direction of least insulation (north and south in the
tropics). Cornershading adjustments or shaping may need to be done for sites further north or
south of the tropics or for non-conformity of the building plan to the solar path

Building orientation affects the air-conditioning or heating energy requirements in two

respects by its regulation of then influence of two distinct climatic factors .Solar radiation and
its heating effects on walls and rooms facing different directions .Ventilation effects
associated with the relation between the direction of the prevailing winds and the orientation
of the building. From the above two, solar influence on energy is the most significant in the
tropics and is extensively covered by many others.

Tools for Site selection:

A BIM model consists of the virtual equivalence of the actual building sections used to create
a building. These intelligent elements are the digital prototype of the physical elements, such
as walls, columns, windows, doors, and stairs. This prototype makes it possible to simulate
the building and understand its behavior before the actual construction begins. BIM models
contain more than architectural data since information about different engineering fields,
sustainability information, and other characteristics can be easily simulated well in advance
of the actual construction.

BIM is considered as one of the most effective tools for sustainable design.

It could be linked to the performance analysis tools to assess different sustainable design
alternatives and to choose the most efficient alternative at the pre-construction stage.

BIM has been used as a tool to achieve maximum sustainability on projects through energy
modelling.Today, sustainability considerations require that we determine the most efficient
and best methods for designing a building, including its mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
(MEP) systems.

5
BIM Use: Site Analysis

Site Analysis

Description:
A process in which BIM/GIS tools are used to evaluate properties in a given area to
determine the most optimal site location for a future project. The site data collected is used to
first select the site and then position the building based on other criteria.

Potential Value:

 Use calculated decision making to determine if potential sites meet the required
criteria according to project requirements, technical factors, and financial factors
 Decrease costs of utility demand and demolition
 Increase energy efficiency
 Minimize the risk of hazardous material
 Maximize return on investment

Resources Required:

 GIS software
 Design Authoring Software

Team Competencies Required:

-Ability to manipulate, navigate, and review a 3D model

-Knowledge and understanding of local authority’s system (GIS, database information

ArcGIS for AEC Site Selection-Simplify the design process with location intelligence.This
collection provides location intelligence for planning and site selection. Combine existing
conditions with demographic, lifestyle, and spending data with map-based analytics for
accurate site assessments and feasibility studies.

GIS technology has advantages in the analysis of commercial site selection.

By analyzing the overlapping of commercial data and spatial location in population,

passenger flow, transportation, market competition, etc., it forms a reference for site
selection, which can support the decision making for building operations such as distribution
planning and investment management in a visual way.

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Geographic information is an important component of the entire decision-making process in
construction and nothing else than a GIS can enable everyone involved to become spatially
aware most effectively. Using GIS enables people from different segments of the
construction lifecycle to share a common picture of the project, provided by the GIS-
generated maps. GIS must necessarily become the common visualization tool in the
development of sites. GIS extends the value of digital BIM through visualization. Integration
of BIM and GIS with time information, allows project participants to better understand the
impacts of decisions before, during and after the construction of a project.

Assessing project sites viability

Gain valuable insight into your proposed design by comparing thousands of variables
including demographics, traffic counts, and consumer spending—ultimately ensuring your
design best supports your stakeholders' needs.

 Validating design decisions

 Create comparison reports of demographics, consumer expenditure, and lifestyle
segments.
 Walkability and drive time reports ensure client success and allow you to design the
best site possible.
 Visualize and share conceptual models in context for better understanding to get
stakeholder buy-in.

Energy Analysis

BIM Use

Description

A process in the design phase which one or more building energy simulation programs use a
properly adjusted BIM model to conduct energy assessments for the current building design.

The core goal of this BIM use is to inspect building energy standard compatibility and seek
opportunities to optimize proposed design to reduce structure's life-cycle costs.

Potential Value

• Save time and costs by obtaining building and system information automatically from BIM
model instead of inputting data manually

7
• Improve building energy prediction accuracy by auto-determining building information
such as geometries, volumes precisely from BIM model

• Help with building energy code verification

• Optimize building design for better building performance efficiency and reduce building
life-cycle cost

Choose the materials that need to be applied in the construction, and then import the data
information into the simulation software for analysis, including the construction safety
inspection and building code inspection, such a simulation test or analysis, to enhance the
quality of the project to a great extent.

Resources Required

• Building Energy Simulation and Analysis Software(s)

• Well-adjusted Building 3D-BIM Model

• Detailed Local Weather Data

• National/Local Building Energy Standards (e.g. ASHRAE Standard 90.1)

Team Competencies Required

• Knowledge of basic building energy systems

• Knowledge of compatible building energy standard

• Knowledge and experience of building system design

• Ability to manipulate, navigate, and review a 3D Model

• Ability to assess a model through engineering analysis tools

BIM and energy efficiency

How does BIM allow us to achieve gains in energy efficiency?

Materials analysis, thermal simulation, equipment maintenance, and so on.

From the early design phase right through to maintenance of the completed build, the digital
avatar is used to collect precise measurements of thermal and energy performance. It provides
an accurate overview of the building and all of its technical characteristics for each different
stakeholder in the build process. Inarguably, BIM is a valuable support tool for the design

8
and decision-making processes, and is effective in reducing the carbon footprint of our
buildings.The relevance of this type of methodology will surely increase in step with the
emergence of connected buildings. The data collected by the different sensors in a smart
building will indeed give an even more detailed insight of a building’s lifecycle.

Additional tools within the AS+P BIM toolbox are virtual reality applications. The planning
becomes virtual reality: traceable, detectable and tangible. The client can move through his
future building, interact with it and orient himself. BIM can be augmented by emotions, such
as familiar background noise and personal or typical company equipment. Interactive
elements, such as accurate light direction or the future view from a window and much more
can be included in the digital building model. Thus a high degree of immersion can be
generated by very simple means, giving the client a comprehensive and intuitive image of his
future building.

Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Mixed Reality are similar but have different
capabilities.

VR:is the immersive, full-headset experience that most people associate with this technology.
―With virtual reality, you’re immersing yourself into a virtual environment and closing
yourself off completely from the outside world,‖ ……Enitrely Digital Environment

AR: With augmented reality, data and/or instructional information are animated over the real-
world view, often through smaller devices such as a mobile phone or tablet. Pokémon Go is a
popular consumer example of an augmented-reality app; a professional use case would be an
engineer remotely teaching a mechanic how to repair something.

MR: Mixing together aspects of VR and AR, MR takes virtual objects and overlays them
onto the real world. Two people (say, an architect and a structural engineer based in another
country) can be networked into a virtual world where they can interact together with a virtual
building on a real site.

9
Virtual reality replaces the real world with a simulated one whereas augmented reality takes
the real world and adds to it with—in the case of architecture—a 3D model of your design.
VR allows architects to experience their designs before they are built. This provides them,
and their clients, with a sense and feel of the space. With AR, designers are even able to see
their building designs in the exact location in which they will be built. This allows architects
to visualize their designs within the natural topography and provides them with data about the
site that wasn’t previously available to them.
Life cycle cost (LCC) is an approach that assesses the total cost of an asset over its life
cycle including initial capital costs, maintenance costs, operating costs and the asset's residual
value at the end of its life.
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) Method. The purpose of an LCCA is to estimate the
overall costs of project alternatives and to select the design that ensures the facility will
provide the lowest overall cost of ownership consistent with its quality and function.

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Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) Method:
The purpose of an LCCA is to estimate the overall costs of project alternatives and to select
the design that ensures the facility will provide the lowest overall cost of ownership
consistent with its quality and function.The LCCA should be performed early in the design
process while there is still a chance to refine the design to ensure a reduction in life-cycle
costs (LCC).
LCCA can be applied to any capital investment decision in which relatively higher initial
costs are traded for reduced future cost obligations. It is particularly suitable for the
evaluation of building design alternatives that satisfy a required level of building performance
but may have different initial investment costs, different operating and maintenance and
repair costs, and possibly different lives. LCCA provides a significantly better assessment of
the long-term cost-effectiveness of a project than alternative economic methods that focus
only on first costs or on operating-related costs in the short run.
LCC is a process that consists of three key steps:
 In a clear, structured cost analysis you can easily see what cost sources influence your
total cost of ownership the most.
 When the major expenditure sources are clear, you can quickly identify hotspots for
improvement in your baseline design and test different solutions for the existing
objectives.
 Knowing your alternatives, you can compare their benefits and accordingly relocate
the costs to gain maximum value out of your project.
 Therefore, LCC is an objective, down-to-earth approach. Obviously, the earlier is
performed the better the result, since it is easier to make changes in the design stage.

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  And the more options and freedom you have, the more value you can get from your
LCC analysis.
 The understanding of life cycle costs can lead to a drastic reduction of the total cost of
building ownership.
 LCC allows you to find the most optimal costing solution for your building project, to
compare between design alternative, and to choose the one that will boost your
project’s value.
Building efficiency:
Building efficiency must be considered as improving the performance of a complex system
designed to provide occupants with a comfortable, safe, and attractive living and working
environment.
BUILDING EFICIENCY AND LIFE CYCLE COSTS
Energy efficient approach in a commercial building as example:
In order to reduce LCC of building, energy consumption cost has been considered as key
component as this being major annual expenditure in commercial buildings.
Cost of energy consumption can be reduced by using renewable sources as well as by using
modern techniques. Renewable techniques Opted- Solar PVC Panels.
Results:
 Energy efficient approach with solar panel system requires initial investment in the
range of 1.3–16%.
 With minimum initial investment on solar power panel, 4.3% of total cost can be
saved over span of 30 years.
 With proposed solar power panel 54.64% of total cost can be saved over span of 25
years.
 Energy efficient approach using solar power panels can reduce LCC of existing
building effectively.

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