Cities Peru 1

Cities of
First National Report of Urban

Indicators 2018
With a focus on sustainability and resilience
Trujillo Cusco
Arequipa
Puno
Lima
Huánuco
Iquitos
Ayacucho
Chiclayo
Pucallpa Huancayo
Callao
Cities of
Peru
First National Report of
Urban Indicators 2018
Developed by
In partnership with
With the support of

General Edition
PERIFERIA, Territorios Vivos
Calle Chorrillos 150,
Chorrillos, Lima, Peru
Tel. +51 945 091 025
Mail: info@periferia.pe
www.periferia.com.pe
With the support of

Grupo Gea
Konrad Adenauer
Universidad Científica
Project management and coordination

Mariela Cánepa
Daniela Freundt
Anna Zucchetti
Authors
Anna Zucchetti-PERIFERIA
Daniela Freundt-WWF Perú
Co-authors and general supervision

Mariela Cánepa-WWF Perú
Alessandra Carranza-WWF Perú
Research assistants
Lorena Montellanos-WWF Perú
Evelin Raico-Grupo GEA
Design, layout and photography

Wust ediciones
Printing
Ediciones Nova Print S.A.C.
Av. Ignacio Merino 1546
Lince, Lima, Peru
Tel. 285 8834
First edition
Lima, Peru
January 2019
Print run: 1,000 copies
Legal Deposit made at the National Library of Peru Nº 2019-00271

Printed in Lima, Peru
The opinions expressed in this book are the responsibility of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the
opinion of the institutions, the partners or the reviewers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank the following professionals
who contributed with scientific guidance and the
validation of the indicators: Jorge Abad, Mariana
Alegre, Javier Bouby, José Cabrera, Ricardo Fort, Julio
García, Maria Jara, Liliana Miranda, Bertha Ormeño,
Ana Luz Ramirez, Jeremy Robert, Luis Rodríguez and
Juan Carlos Ruiz.
Furthermore, we wish to thank the institutions that

have supported us in the compilation, guidance and
analysis of the information in the present report:
Association of Municipalities of Peru (AMPE), Grupo
GEA, National Institute of Statistics and Information
(INEI), Round Table for the Fight against Poverty
(MCLCP), Ministry of the Environment (MINAM),
Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation
(MVCS), Presidency of the Council of Ministers (PCM),
Supervisory Body for Investment in Energy and Mining
(OSINERGMIN), Environmental Evaluation and Control
Agency (OEFA) and the National Superintendence of
Service and Sanitation (SUNASS). We also wish to
thank Quavii and Naturgy, as well as Francisco Costa
Aponte, Head of INEI, Juana Kuramoto, Secretary of
Decentralization of the PCM, Ana Luz Ramírez of
Grupo GEA, Luis Ibañez of the General Directorate of
Environmental Quality of the MINAM, Ana Vergara and
Óscar Angúlo, of the Commission for Tariff Regulation
of the SUNASS, Luis Acosta, of the Commission for
Decentralization of the SUNASS, Javier Florez, of the
Municipality de San Isidro, Mónica Muñoz Najar,
Director of Environmental Information and Research
of the MINAM, Pedro Gamio, of the Latin American
Platform for Renewable Energies, and Luis Grajeda
Puelles, manager of the Electrical Division of the
OSINERGMIN.
We would also like to thank the group of volunteers

led by Alessandra Carranza and comprising Evelin
Raico, Marcial Silva, Daysi Salvatierra and Joseph
Erribarren who accompanied us all the way; likewise,
Anthony Quiroz, Milagros Rojas, Joel Camaze, Elsa
Arrázola, María Del Carmen Jamjachi, Katherine More,
Henry Huiza and Cristián Cornejo for their timely
contributions.
Finally, we wish to thank Grupo GEA, the Regional

Program for Energy Security and Climate Change in
Latin America of the the Konrad Adenauer
Foundation, and the Universidad Científica for putting
their trust in the preparation of the present Report.
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AMPE: Association of Municipalities of Peru
CENEPRED: National Center for Disaster Risk Assessment, Prevention and Reduction
CEPLAN: National Center for Strategic Planning
CONAM: National Council for the Environment
DIGESA: General Directorate for Environmental Health
ECA: Environmental Quality Standard
EPS: Sanitation Service Provider
GHG: Greenhouse Gases
Gg CO2e: Gigatons of Carbon Equivalent
EPS: Service Provider Company
ICES: Consortium for Economic and Social Research
IDB: Inter-American Development Bank
IFN: Natural Infrastructure
INEI: National Institute for Statistics and Informatics
MCLCP: Round Table for the Fight Against Poverty
MEF: Ministry of Economy and Finance
MINSA: Ministry of Health
MINAM: Ministry of the Environment
MVCS: Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation
NA: Not applicable
ND: Not available
OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OEFA: Environmental Evaluation and Control Agency
OSINERGMIN: Supervisory Body for Investment in Energy and Mining
PAL: Local Environmental Policy
PAT: Land Use Plan
PEIR: Pressure, State, Impact and Response
PDU: Urban Development Plans
PIGARS: Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan
PLANEFA: Annual Environmental Audit Plan
SDG: Sustainable Development Goals
SEDAPAR: Water and Sewerage Services of Arequipa
SENAMHI: National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru
SINIA: National Environmental Information System
SUNASS: National Superintendence of Services and Sanitation
UNEP: United Nations Environment Program
WHO: World Health Organization
ZAP: Area for Priority Attention
ZEE: Ecological-Economic Zoning
Prologues 7
Chapter 1. The need to measure our cities 11
Chapter 2. The National Report of Urban Indicators:

an approach to our cities 15
Chapter 3. The state of our cities 52
Chapter 4. Conclusions and recommendations 129
Table of Contents
8 • Cities of Peru
Prologues
T
his Report is almost a provocation. A provocation to all Peruvians but,
above all, to our authorities, to look at the cities, study the cities,
discuss the cities, understand the cities and (re-) design the cities of
our beloved Peru.
But in order to understand and design, first of all measures have to be

made; this is what we set out for ourselves with this first National Report of
Indicators of Sustainable and Resilient Cities.
The Report is a first snapshot of the 25 capital cities of the country’s

regions and of some emerging cities, using a set of indicators that have
been chosen based on international benchmarks and refined according to
the availability and accessibility of official information.
As with any snapshot, the Report is a partial glimpse of the cities and of the
historical moment in which we are living. It is, furthermore, a photograph
taken through the special interest lens of its authors: environmental
sustainability.
And so, albeit partial, the Report is of great value: it reveals – indirectly –
the huge debt and challenges that we, as a society, face in the
construction of homes for the majority of Peruvians. Because today, 8
out of every 10 Peruvians are living in cities and the game of
sustainability in Peru is played – to a very large extent – on urban
ground.
Prologue •
11
The value of this report is also that it reveals the dire need for a National
Information System of Cities that will allow us to take photographs more
systematically and from many other angles and to measure urban quality,
sustainability and competitiveness in all its complexity. Only in this way can
we design better urban policies, measure their effectiveness and guarantee
equal access to public property. Because, as collective constructs, cities are
essentially public property that need to be of the same quality for
everyone.
The Report aims to start building this National System of Indicators and
Standards for quality of urban life which we put to the consideration of the
relevant authorities, particularly the Ministry of Housing, Construction and
Sanitation (MVCS), the Ministry of the Environment (MINAM), the National
Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI) and the National Center for
Anna Zucchetti. Director
Strategic Planning (CEPLAN) as rectors of the Urban System, the National

PERIFERIA, Living Territories
System of Environmental Information (SINIA), the Statistical System and the

National Planning System.
We hope, with this Report, to have sown the seed for this.
10 • Sustainable and resilient cities in Peru
W
e, as Peruvians, are proud of our natural and cultural heritage. We
experience it in the highlands of the Andes, in the Amazon
rainforests, in the Pacific Ocean. We have hundreds of languages,
dishes, customs and philosophies. The cities are the force where all
this comes together.
It is in the cities and their constant changes that geography is transformed.

The city itself, of course, urbanizes land in order to accommodate its
inhabitants. The way in which the city adjusts itself to provide goods and
services and to discharge its waste results in a better or worse quality of life
for its inhabitants. It also results in greater or lesser impact on our precious
natural legacy. The Peru of today does not do this very well. Cities grow
with little planning and scant attention to its engineering.
The first Report of Urban Indicators 2018 presents data and information on
30 cities (25 regional capitals and 5 emerging cities) with regard to
integrated solid waste management, air and soil quality, energy use,
protection of water sources, transport, progress in environmental
governance and the elements that influence the reduction of greenhouse
gas emissions (GHG). In terms of cities, these are the main environmental
elements that have an impact on the quality of life of their inhabitants.
Prologue •
1
This First Report is, without doubt, a valuable contribution to the regional
and municipal authorities for 2019-2022. We hope it will help to guide the
prioritization of the items on the sustainable urban agenda. We hope it will
help lead local authorities towards scenarios of sustainability and resilience
in Peru. We hope it will convince them to opt for actions that reduce the
impacts of climate change and our vulnerability in the face of natural
phenomena such as flooding.
We hope also that it will contribute to the road map for the Bicentenary Plan,
to the process of incorporating Peru into the Organization for Economic
Kurt Holle. Country Director
Cooperation and Development (OECD) and to Peru’s implementation of its

commitments to the United Nations Development Goals, in accordance with
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
and the AICHI goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Finally, I would like to highlight and thank the joint work of Periferia and
WWF Peru, and the support of the Association of Municipalities of Peru
(AMPE). This is a commitment towards the construction of a holistic,
WWF Peru
integrated and committed vision of sustainable cities.

12 • Ciudades del Perú
First National Report of Urban Indicators 2018 • 13
1. The Need to
Measure our Cities
T
he sustainability of cities is one of the greatest present-day challenges:
at a global level, 54% of the population lives in cities and, in Peru, this
figure reaches 78.2%1. Cities occupy 2% of the territory, consume 78% of
t energy and generate 70% of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG).2

The poor planning and management of Peruvian cities generates an
unsustainable urban development that is characterized by disorganized
and predominantly informal growth, a large percentage of unsafe self-
constructed dwellings, precarious public services, chaotic and polluting
traffic, contamination of rivers and water sources, degradation of the urban
eco systems, among other symptoms of the modern urban disease.
In Peru, the generation, systematization and analysis of information on the

current state of cities is in its infancy; it is for this reason that this National
Report of Urban Indicators has collected and analyzed the data and
statistics on Peruvian cities. Even though there is acknowledgement of the
importance of cities as driving forces of local, regional and national
development, it is also recognized that there is a lack of instruments for
analyzing, measuring and interpreting them.
With the start of a new cycle of municipal management 2019-2022, which

will include a national milestone, the celebration of the Bicentenary of
Peruvian Independence, comes the opportunity to present indicators of the
resilience and sustainability of Peruvian cities, to highlight the issue of
urban management based on existing statistics and to build forums for
dialogue that will enrich the discussions on urban sustainability. In
particular, with the obvious impact of the recent El Niño phenomenon and
climate change, there is an increasing need for city planning and
management that bears in mind the perspective of sustainability and
resilience.
1
INEI, 2018. National Census of 2017.
2
Available at: http://www.c40.org/why_cities
First National report of Urban Indicators 2018 • 15
In this framework, PERIFERIA and WWF Peru – in partnership with the

Association of Municipalities of Peru (AMPE) – have prepared this First
Report, which is the foundation for building Cities of Peru, the Platform for
Sustainable and Resilient Cities. The aim is to set up a space for research
and the systematization of information on Peruvian cities, the diffusion of
good practices in sustainable urban development and the generating of
debate on local and national policies. Cities of Peru is thus conceived as a
“hub” of cities, aimed at authorities and professionals in urban development
and sustainability, as well as at citizens who wish to know about the
current state of their city, through an online platform
(www.ciudadesdelperu.pe).
This National Report is the first work of the platform and it gives authorities
and public opinion a baseline on the state of 30 cities in the country
(including 25 regional capitals and 5 emerging cities) on issues regarding
urban development with a focus on sustainability in categories as diverse
as land, open spaces, energy, mobility, water, solid waste, urban resilience,
among other aspects that are relevant to the competitive and sustainable
development of our cities.
This Report was prepared with the aim of answering two questions:
In what state are the cities of Peru? How is the implementation of various
national and international objectives progressing, among them the SDG
2030 (specifically the SDG 11) and how closely aligned are they to the
climate commitments (NDC)?
A third question that arose during the preparation of the Report and one
that needs to be tackled is: What data is available on cities and how are we
doing in its collection and systematization?
With this initiative, we aim to contribute to the identification of the big

challenges in the policies and management of the cities in this country, but
above all to contribute to defining the goals and indicators that are suitable
for measuring the future evolution of national and local urban policies.
16 • Ciudades del Perú
2. The National
Report of Urban
Indicators: an
approach to our
cities
2.1 BACKGROUND AND RELEVANT INITIATIVES

There are a number of initiatives throughout the world that collect and
analyze information about the condition of cities, with a focus on
sustainability. These initiatives have various aims: to generate rankings and
position cities within the global context, comply with international
agreements or follow up public policies on urban planning and
management.
The initiatives were reviewed in order to understand the approach, identify

common indicators, build on the learning of other countries and make
shortcuts for generating a proposal of basic indicators for our cities (Table
1).
Thus, there are many methodological resources available for the

assessment and analysis of urban indicators. In recent years, in addition to
the traditional dimensions of quality of life and competitiveness, there has
been a sharp rise of interest in issues relating to environmental balance and
sustainability of cities, as well as governance.
Particularly useful for establishing the starting point for the selection and
prioritization of indicators, were the recent initiative of Emerging and
Sustainable Cities (ICES) by the IDB, and the GEO Cities project by
ONUENVIRONMENT (ex UNEP), which had already been applied in various
Peruvian cities. The former has a holistic approach and includes 3 large
categories for analysis: environmental, urban development and fiscal and
governance. The latter sets out the approach by the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OCDE): its richness is in the
analysis of simple indicators of the driving forces behind change, as well as
the situation of the urban environment and of the policy responses to
address them (norms, regulations, instruments of engagements, among
others). It therefore allows an analysis of the typologies of indicators for
understanding the urban-environmental dynamics.
Finally, as further described below the indicators of the 2030 Agenda and
its Sustainable Development Goals were also used as a reference, as well as
the indicators proposed by the governance agenda of the Round Table for
the Fight against Poverty (MCLCP).
Table 1. Most relevant initiatives on urban indicators
Name of
Main focus Nº of Application
Institution the
indicators in Peru
initiative
The SDG 11 on
They have been
Sustainable
ratified in Peru
Cities and
UN, 2015 and the follow-up
Communities
is done by the
has 10 goals
https://www.un.org/ Agenda SDG 11. Ensure that Indicator
with 15
sustainabledevelopment/ 2030 for cities and human Monitoring and
indicators.
es/2015/09/la-asamblea- Sustainable settlements are Follow-up System
Other SDGs
general-adopta-la- Developmen inclusive of the ODS of
have indicators
agenda- 2030-para-el- t INEI.
that are
desarrollo- sostenible/
relevant to this
Report (see
(https://ods.inei.gob.
below)
pe/ods/)
Six dimensions of
prosperity:
productivity,
Measure urban
development of
development, provide
urban
UN Habitat metrics and an
infrastructure,
2012 Initiative for instrument for policy
quality of life, Applied in Lima
Prosperous dialogue, which offers
social equality and in 2014.
https://es.unhabitat. Cities (ICP) cities in developed
inclusion,
org/iniciativas-urbanas/ and developing
environmental
iniciativas- countries the
sustainability,
programas/cpi/ possibility of creating
governance. 36
benchmark indicators
basic indicators.
and data.
. 30 extended
indicators.
It is mentioned that
the Millennium
Development Goals Both the Agenda
UN Habitat
Measure urban and the Habitat 2030 and the New
2013 Global Urban
development based on Agenda are used as Urban Agenda were
Observatory
two pillars of analysis: a basis, adapted to signed by Peru.
https://es.unhabitat.org/ (GUO)
The ODSs and the the conditions and
conocimiento-
New Urban Agenda. needs of each
urbano/guo/
place.
ICES Methodology
that selects indicators
IADB Initiative for It was applied in
in three dimensions:
2012 Emerging Peru in the
Environmental
and 127 following cities:
Sustainability and
https://www.iadb.org/es/ Sustainable Trujillo, Huancayo,
Climate Change;
ciudades Cities. Cusco.
Urban Sustainability;
(ICES) Fiscal Sustainability
and Governance.
GEO Cities and 5 components with Applied in 5 cities:
Indicators of 51 basic indicators. Lima and Callao
UNEP Driving Forces, Focused on the They can be (2005),
Pressure, environmental stress extended according Arequipa (2005),
http://www.pnuma.org/ Impact and inherent in the to the needs of the Chiclayo (2008),
deat1/metodologia.html Response dynamics of urban country/city. Trujillo (2011).
(FMPEIR) development.
The initiatives were reviewed in order

to understand the approach, identify
common indicators, build on the
learning of other countries and make
shortcuts for generating a proposal of
basic indicators for our cities.
United Nations Economic

Commission for Latin Application of
Indicators of urban
America and the indicators of
sustainability based on
Caribbean (CEPAL). urban 42
verification of the No
sustainability
advantages of a compact
https://repositorio. to social
city.
cepal.org/bitstream/ housing.
handle/11362/36654/1/
S2014040_es.pdf
Define cities that “work”,
World Bank BIRF-AIF Planning,
that are ecological,
connecting,
inclusive, resilient and
http://documents. and financing
competitive and are 276 No
worldbank.org/curated/ cities-now:
supported by solid urban
en/512131468149090268/ priorities for
systems and good
pdf/NonAsciiFileName0.pdf city leaders
governance.
Siemens
Measure and classify the
https://www.siemens. European Applied in Lima,
environmental
com/entry/cc/features/ Green City 30 Peru.
performance of 30
greencityindex_ Índex
leading cities of 30
international/all/en/pdf/
European countries3.
report_en.pdf
Index of
Sustainable
Cities for
Arcadis View, balancing
2016 the
economic, Ranking of world capital
https://www.arcadis. social and cities for global 20 Yes
com/es-cl/chile/nuestras- environ- positioning.
perspectivas/2016/indice- mental
ciudades-sostenibles- needs of the
2016/ world’s main
cities.
European Environmental
Agency, 1999 A city is “sustainable”
“Models and
when it seeks to improve
Indicators for
https://www.academia. the quality of life of its
More 31 No
edu/8339461/Modelos_e_ inhabitants, taking into
Sustainable
Indicadores_para_ account the load-bearing
Cities”
ciudades_m%C3%A1s_ capacity of nature.
sostenibles?auto=download
Copenhagen, Stockholm, Oslo, Vienna, Amsterdam, Zurich, Helsinki, Berlin, Brussels, Paris, London, Madrid, Vilna, Rome, Riga,
3
Warsaw, Budapest, Lisbon, Ljubljana, Bratislava, Dublin, Athens, Tallinn, Prague, Istanbul, Zagreb, Belgrade, Bucharest, Sofia, Kiev.
2.2 FOCUS OF THE REPORT

The focus on urban sustainability and resilience were adopted as the basic
guidelines of the report: the message we want to transmit, which is in line
with the New Urban Agenda (NUA) of ONUHABITAT (Habitat III, 2016), is
that cities are the geographical spaces in which many dysfunctions of the
current model of development manifest themselves – many of them
related to the “environment” – but in which opportunities for positive
changes are also concentrated.
We adopted the broad definitions by WWF and ONUHABITAT, and mapped

the desired city model like an unfinished jigsaw puzzle of many pieces, (Figure
1). The model simplifies the challenge for educational purposes, but does not
shy away from showing the complexity of sustainability, in all its dimensions.
Urban Sustainability
Sustainable cities allow people to prosper, respecting the ecological limits of our
one and only planet.
Source: WWF, ONE PLANET CITIES
Urban Resilience
The capacity of a city that is exposed to threat to resist, absorb, adapt and
recuperate from its effects in a timely and efficient manner, conserving and
restoring its basic structures and functions.
Source: CEPAL-ONU HABITAT, 2014
We all know that cities are centers of resource consumption, focal points for
population density and growth and for economic, social and cultural
development and, as such, generate major impacts, among them those of
climate change. Urban centers are also places in which our vulnerability is
most dramatically in evidence, since they concentrate a country’s population,
infrastructure and the ability to generate wealth: for this reason, the focus on
resilience allows us to consider the threats and identify the capacities to deal
with them.
But cities are not only the cause of many present-day challenges, they can
also be the place and source of solutions. As the New Urban Agenda points
out: “If it is well planned and well managed, urbanization can be a powerful
Figure 1. Conceptual model of sustainable and resilient cities
PLANS ITS UNIVERSAL WATER

PREPARED FOR
GROWTH AND AND SEWAGE
RISKS
DEVELOPMENT SERVICES
PROMOTES
ALTERNATIVE
MANAGES ITS
SAFE AND TRANSPORT
TERRITORY
DECENT SYSTEMS
EFFICIENTLY
HOUSING
RESPECTS
HEALTHY
AGRICULTURAL
LAND
CONSUMES ITS REDUCES,

RESOURCES RESPECTS REUSES AND
EFFICIENTLY NATURE RECYCLES ITS
WASTE
LOOKS AFTER
WATER AND AIR LOOKS
VALUES ITS
AFTER ITS
CULTURAL FLORA AND
DIVERSITY FAUNA
instrument for achieving sustainable development, in both developing and

developed countries”4.
This report is based on the fundamental belief that cities can and should
spearhead a new developmental model, based on taking care of the planet;
and that taking care of the planet does not mean becoming paralyzed, but
rather learning how to do things differently, under the parameter of looking
after all resources: natural, cultural and spiritual.
2.3 DEFINITION AND SELECTION OF CITIES

The Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation, governing body of
the National System for Population Centers (SINCEP), defines a city as “an
urban population center with more than 5,000 inhabitants. It plays an
urban role in planning and has basic services and urban equipment for
education, health, recreation, as well as areas for housing and commercial,
industrial or service activities” 5. The SINCEP also categorizes Peruvian cities
according to their size and their functional role in the national territory.
4
ONU HABITAT, 2017. New Urban Agenda. Available at: http://habitat3.org/wp-content/
uploads/NUA-Spanish.pdf
5
D.S. 022-2016-Housing. Regulation for Land Use and sustainable urban development- -
RATDUS.
i. National Metropolis (1st Rank): Comprising the province of Lima, which

includes the Capital of the Republic and the Constitutional Province of Callao.
The conurbation is ranked first in the SINCEP.
ii. Regional Metropolis (2nd Rank): Urban population center that, as head of the
Macrosystem, plays the role of departmental or regional capital and arises from
the growth and physical integration of two or more cities, transcending policy-
administrative boundaries. Its geo-economic area is functionally defined on the
basis of a main center or metropolitan center that, due to its large population, its
activities (social, economic, political, administrative and cultural), as well as its
level of equipment, services and market behavior, has a strong influence on
populated areas and centers with which it exchanges population flows, goods
and services. Comprises: Piura, Chiclayo-Lambayeque, Trujillo, Iquitos (Northern
Macrosystem); Huancayo, Pucallpa (Central Macrosystem); Cusco (Central
Southern Macrosystem); y Arequipa (Southern Macrosystem).
iii. Main Large City (3rd Rank): More than 250,000 inhabitants.
iv. Large City (4th Rank): From 100,001 to 250,000 inhabitants.
v. Main Intermediate City (5th Rank): From 50,001 to 100,000 inhabitants.
vi. Intermediate City (6th Rank): From 20,001 to 50,000 inhabitants.
vii. Main Small City (7th Rank): From 10,001 to 20,000 inhabitants.
viii. Small City (8th Rank): From 5,001 to 10,000 inhabitants. This is a secondary
center that provides support services to local production and complementary
functions to the population centers of the district it belongs to.
For the purposes of collecting the information of this Report, the following
were chosen: (i) the 23 regional capitals; (ii) Callao, which is a constitutional
province; (iii) the city of Lima, province of Lima, as the National metropolis;
and (iv) 5 emerging cities, because of their proximity to large investment
projects or dynamic economic corridors, including the town of Huacho,
which is the headquarters of the Regional Government of Lima (Figure 2).
It should be noted that the definition of “city” in this report is not based on a
political-administrative division, but rather on the size of its population and
its functional role in the territory. This is important for the purpose of
information gathering, since the National Institute of Statistics and
Informatics (INEI) compiles information regarding the political-
administrative divisions (districts, provinces, regions or departments). Thus,
all cities analyzed in this First Report are under the administration of the
Provincial Municipalities that cover territorial areas that exceed the actual
Figure 2. Cities evaluated by the Report
25 CAPITAL CITIES
5 EMERGING CITIES
TUMBES IQUITOS
PIURA
MOYOBAMBA
CHICLAYO
CHACHAPOYAS
CAJAMARCA
TRUJILLO PUCALLPA
HUÁNUCO
HUARAZ
HUACHO CERRO DE PASCO
HUANCAYO
CALLAO
LIMA METROPOLITANA
PUERTO MALDONADO
HUANCAVELICA
CUSCO
PISCO
ICA QUILLABAMBA
AYACUCHO
PUNO
ANDAHUAYLAS
ABANCAY MOQUEGUA
MOLLENDO
TACNA
AREQUIPA
area to include rural territories and population centers. For this reason, the
Report shows indicators relating to the city only when the sources are given or
when the information was collected in this way; and it reports on indicators
from the departmental area when there are no urban indicators, such as in the
case of income level, rate of vehicle penetration, among others.
In specific cases, such as access to drinking water or sewerage, we have

consigned indicators applied to the area under the administration of the Service
Provider Company (EPS) that manages the service, reported by the National
Superintendence of Sanitation Services (SUNASS), and which may exceed the
area of the city.
Finally, it should be noted that all the cities analyzed, as provincial

jurisdictions, generally comprise more than one district (Table 4). Therefore,
as applicable, the indicators were obtained at a provincial level or they
were prepared based on integrated information from the district
jurisdictions that make up the city or “urban area” and in which the city
blocks are continuous (Figure 3). This is the case of various socio-
economic indicators that have recently been systematized by the
Presidency of the Council of Ministers (PCM, 2017) at a district level
throughout the country.
Thus, for each indicator, we have identified the area to which the
collected information belongs and this should be taken into account
when analyzing the information.
Below, we present a list of the cities considered for the first phase of the
information gathering (Table 2 and Figure 4).
Figure 3. Example of “urban area” and district divisions: the cities of

Quillabamba and Chiclayo
CHICLAYO
From the satellite images it can be seen
that the city is made up of the
following districts:
- Chiclayo
LAMBAYEQUE - José Leonardo Ortiz
- La Victoria
- Pimentel
- Lambayeque
- Pomalca
SANTA ANA
QUILLABAMBA
JOSÉ LEONARDO ORTIZ
The city of
Quillabamaba is
POMALCA made up of the
CHICLAYO district of:
PIMENTEL - Santa Ana
LA VICTORIA
0 25 5 10
Urban area as seen from satellite images Km
Table 2. List and category of analyzed cities, according to SINCEP
022-2016-Housing)
Number of districts
that make up the
city according to
Typology of the
categorization
Districts that
make up the
Municipality
inhabitants 7
Department
household 8
dwellingss 9
Number of
Number of
Number of
MVCS (D.S
Provincial
city 6
City
city
Apurímac
Abancay
Abancay
Main
1 2 72,277 21,414 23,370 Intermediate
City
Andahuaylas*
Andahuaylas
Apurímac
Main
2 3 58,416 16,803 18,207 Intermediate
City
Mariano Melgar
Regional
Arequipa
Arequipa
Arequipa
3 17 1,009,132 301,570 360,770 Metropolis

Southern
Macrosystem
Bustamante
y Rivero
Yura
Huamanga
Ayacucho
Ayacucho
Bautista
4 5 216,444 58,714 65,989 Large City
Nazareno
Avelino Cáceres
Dorregaray
Cajamarca
Cajamarca
Cajamarca
5 2 201,329 54,290 54,743 Large City

Callao
Callao
Callao
Legua Reynoso National

6 7 994,494 266,228 282,407
Metropolis
Main
Pasco
Pasco
Pasco
Cerro
de
7 3 58,899 16,959 24,588 Intermediate

City
Chachapoyas
Chachapoyas
Amazonas
Intermediate
8 9,379
City
Districts that
make up the
6
City
city
022-2016-Housing)
Number of districts
that make up the
city according to
Typology of the
categorization
Districts that
make up the
Municipality
inhabitants 7
Department
household 8
dwellingss 9
Number of
Number of
Number of
MVCS (D.S
Provincial
city 6
City
city
Lambayeque
Regional
Chiclayo
Chiclayo
Ortiz Metropolis
9 5 552,508 148,484 160,706
Northern
Macrosystem
Regional
Cusco
Cusco
Cusco
10 5 428,450 121,273 118,754 Metropolis

Northern
Macrosystem
Lima Región
Huacho
Huaura
Carquín
11 5 156,790 45,953 57,041 Large City
Huancavelica
Huancavelica
Huancavelica
Intermediate
12 2 49,570 14,392 17,997
City
Huancayo
Huancayo
Regional
Junín
13 4 465,834 108,258 117,276 Metropolis

Northern
Macrosystem
Huánuco
Huánuco
Huánuco
14 3 196,627 52,972 57,080 Large City

Áncash
Huaraz
Huaraz
15 2 118,836 32,986 35,349 Large City

Independencia
Ica
Ica
Ica
16 6 289,861 82,429 98,723 Main Large City
Bautista
Regional
Maynas
Iquitos
Loreto
Metropolis
17 4 377,609 85,494 93,317
Northern
Bautista Macrosystem
19
21
18
20
Moyobamba Moquegua Mollendo* Lima City
Mariscal Provincial
Moyobamba Islay Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima
Nieto Municipality
San Martin Moquegua Arequipa Lima Department

Ate
Districts that
del Mar
del Mar
make up the
de Surco
de Porres
Miraflores
city 6
del Triunfo
Lurigancho
Moyobamba
Independencia
Punta Hermosa
Number of districts
1
1
2
43
that make up the
city
Number of
inhabitants 7
50,073
69,882
23,886
8,574,974
Number of
household 8
16,113
23,970
22,099
2,351,814
Number of
dwellingss 9
18,462
25,759
30,539
2,608,570
Typology of the
City
City
City
Main
Main
city according to
National
categorization
Metropolis
MVCS (D.S
Intermediate
Intermediate
Intermediate
022-2016-Housing)
022-2016-Housing)
Number of districts
that make up the
city according to
Typology of the
categorization
Districts that
make up the
Municipality
inhabitants 7
Department
household 8
dwellingss 9
Number of
Number of
Number of
MVCS (D.S
Provincial
city 6
City
city
Main
Pisco*
Pisco
Ica
22 2 73,592 23,970 30,539 Intermediate
City
Regional
Metropolis
Piura
Piura
Piura
23 3 473,025 93,982 103,504 Northern

Macrosystem
Regional
Pucallpa
Coronel
Ucayali
Portillo
Metropolis
24 3 327,568 69,774 91,862
Central
Macrosystem
Tambopata
Maldonado
Madre de
Main
Puerto
Dios
25 85,024 23,225 27,413 Intermediate

City
Puno
Puno
Puno
26 1 128,637 38,785 48,135 Large City

La Convención
Quillabamba*
Cusco
Intermediate
27 4,693 8,034
City
La Alianza
Tacna
Tacna
Tacna
28 6 286,240 88,042 112,616 Main Large City

Gregorio
Albarracín
Lanchipa
La Libertad
Regional
Trujillo
Trujillo
de Mora Metropolis
29 6 919,899 22,3877 24,2789
Northern
Macrosystem
Herrera
Tumbes
Tumbes
Tumbes
Main
30 1 96,946 27,667 34,018 Intermediate
City
6
The list of districts that make up the cities was determined based on the urban area, taking the continuation of city
blocks as reference.
7
INEI (2018). National Census 2017: XII of Population and VII of Housing. https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/
publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1530/libro.pdf. For emerging cities, we used the information provided directly by INEI in an email dated
October 18, 2018.
8
INEI (2018). National Census 2017: XII of population, VII of housing and III of indigenous communities. Database Consultation
System. http://censos2017.inei.gob.pe/redatam/. The number of households of the urban population of the districts that make up the
city has been taken into account.
9
INEI (2018).National Census 2017: XII of population, VII of housing and III of indigenous communities. Database Consultation
System. http://censos2017.inei.gob.pe/redatam/. The number of houses of the urban population of the districts that make up the city
has been taken into account.
Figure 4. Population of the cities

according to the SINCEP
LARGE
CITY
MAIN LARGE
CITY
INTERMEDIATE
REGIONAL
CITY
METROPOLIS
NATIONAL
METROPOLIS
To avoid confusion, it is important to emphasize once more that this Report:
• Does not cover all Peruvian cities.
• Does not cover the 30 biggest cities in Peru, but rather 25 capital cities
and 5 emerging cities, the latter prioritized for their proximity to large
investment projects (Mollendo-Tía María; Andahuaylas-Las Bambas;
Quillabamba-Southern Gas Pipeline; Pisco-new port and industrial zone;
Huacho-new port and logistics mega-terminal). Thus, this project does
not include some large cities with an important role in the National
Urban System, such as Chimbote, Ilo, Juliaca, Lambayeque, among
others, which we hope to include in future research.
• Does not include indicators for some large urban conurbations and
agglomerations such as Chiclayo-Lambayeque, since only capital cities
have been prioritized.
2.4 THE SELECTION OF INDICATORS

None of the international systems of indicators we have analyzed reflects
the peculiarities of Peru and Peruvian cities. Each country and each context
needs to define its own parameters and metrics in accordance with the
aim of the measurements. Nevertheless, there are basic or “primary”
indicators that reflect the international consensus on measuring quality of
urban life in its fundamental dimensions, and most measuring systems
have these in common.
Given that this Report is not intended to be an academic paper, but rather a
first input for opening the debate and triggering broader and more in-
depth research, the final selection of indicators was defined by five key
criteria.
2.4.1 Selection and prioritization of indicators

A total of 108 indicators were selected for collection in the 30 cities, taking
into account the following criteria:
a) Universality: the indicators must be available for all cities and must be in
line with the most common international indicators.
b) Utility: the indicators must permit comparative analysis to be made on
the state of cities and policy responses, allowing identification of future
trends.
c) Diversity and complexity: the indicators must be representative of the
diversity and complexity of the urban system.
d) Availability: the indicators must be available as secondary
information or be collected in a simple way, as primary information.
e) Sustainability: the indicators must have as their main focus
sustainability and resilience.
These 108 indicators were chosen based on the experience of PERIFERIA in

urban-environmental planning and management, and of WWF Peru in the
mainstreaming of environmental management, especially of climate
change in local government management. A preliminary selection resulted
in a long list of indicators, which went through an initial process of
prioritization and validation with the support of a scientific committee
comprised of experts in various fields of urban, environmental and public
administration.
The final list of indicators was further reduced for operational reasons or
due to the quality/accessibility of the information. It should be noted that
the indicators allow a first glimpse of the cities’ challenges and, when
compared with national average values or with national or international
standards (if available), they make it possible to define the state of each
item. But the aim of the indicators is not to recognize specific problems
within each item nor to propose solutions, but rather to build an initial
baseline from which to: (1) Measure the progress in compliance with the
indicators and standards defined in national policies and international
obligations; (2) Propose a more comprehensive System of Urban Indicators
for the future, with a focus on sustainability and resilience.
2.4.2 Categories of indicators

The 108 indicators were grouped into 10 categories or sets of indicators, in
accordance with the subject matter to which they belong (Figure 5). All
categories contain indicators of condition and response that measure the
political intention of the authorities in dealing with the various aspects of
urban management and can belong to one or more of the 10 categories.
Annex 1 of the Report (available at www.ciudadesdelperu.pe) contains the

fact sheets of the indicators and relationship to the SDG, while below we
present a list of prioritized and compiled indicators that were analyzed for
this Report.
Figure 5. Categories and prioritized indicators by category analyzed
• Population • Poblation with at least one

• Waste generation per capita • Generation of organic waste
• Intercensal growth unfulfilled basic need (NBI)
• Total waste generation • Landfill
• Avarage income per inhabitant • Human Development Index (IDH)
• Generation of plastic waste • Approved PIGARS
• Total incidence of monetary • No. of households
• Household waste collection
poverty
SOCIOECONOMIC WASTE
• Surface area of the jurisdiction • Surface area of new urban land • Public water supply coverage • Water consumption per capita
• Surface area of urban area • Gross population density • Drainage/sewage network • Fee for Payment
• Urban employment of the jurisdiction • Gross housing density • Waste warter treatment Mechanisms for
• Land consumption rate • Population in overcowded • Water treatment plant Ecosystemic Services (MRSE)
• Population living in slums housing operational
• Number of dwellings • Tools: ZEE, PDU, PAT, POT
LAND WATER
• Dwellings with electrical lighting • Inventory of GEIa

• Volume of GEI emissions
• Average domestic electricity
• Provision of public green areas per cápita
consumption
• Climate Change Strategy
• Domestic natural gas connections
or Plan
GREEN AREAS CLIMATE AND ENERGY
• Vehicle Penetration • Accident Rate • Númber of deaths; directly and • Disaster risk
• Household has: car, pickup • Death Rate due to indirectly affected people management instruments
• Household has: motorbike traffic accident • Implementation of the Policy • Budget implementation
• Househood has: speedboat, motor • Extent of cycle lanes, and National Disaster Risk of the PPR0068
boat or motorized canoe, canoe • Mobility Plan Management Plan
RISKS
MOBILITY
• Environmental Policy in force • Environmental functions integrated

• Air quality monitoring network • The city still sells diesel fuel
• Environmental plan or Agenda into the Municipal ROF
• Shortfall of monitoring stations (with more than 50 ppm SO2)
in force • Budget assigned to the sector
• Vehicle inspection stations in • Fixed sources of pollution • Instruments: transparency,
operation • Noise control regualtions portal, environmental,
observatory
AIR GOVERNANCE
It should be noted that this Report – for strictly operational reasons – does
not analyze the problem of housing, one of the key issues of urban quality
and sustainability. The only indicators it reports, for analytical purposes, are
the total number of dwellings in the city, and the percentage of dwellings
that are overcrowded. Analysis of the subject of housing will remain
pending for future updates of the report.
A. Social-economic Indicators
This group of indicators focuses on the social and economic aspects of the
urban population: the size of the population, its growth rate, educational level,
income or poverty level, among others. Therefore, it allows, in subsequent
analyses, correlation of the “level of social-economic development” with
physical indicators or indicators of environmental and urban management.
The indicators of this category allow a better understanding of the level of

development of a city, since they allow an understanding of the basic
parameters of health, such as infant mortality rate; of education, such as
the percentage of the population over the age of 15 that did not finish
secondary level or lower; of economic growth, such as average income
per inhabitant.
The indicators relating to population and annual growth rate are key for
public policy makers, since they make it possible to establish how a
population is growing, and therefore, to determine if the city is prepared to
accommodate this growth. From the growth dynamics of a particular
territory, it is possible to formulate policies and plans that guide the
development of a city towards sustainability.
Table 3. Social-economic indicators
Nº Indicator Unit Area Source

1 Population Number of inhabitants City INEI
2 Total household Number City* INEI
Annual growth rate
3 % City INEI
(intercensal)
Average
4 Soles/inhabitant/month Departament INEI
income/inhabitant
Population with at least
5 one unfulfilled basic %(NBI) Departament INEI
need
Total indicence of
6 % City* PCM
monetary poverty
Total number of
7 Number City* INEI
dwellings
8 Overcrowded housing No. and % City* PCM
Incidence of extreme
9 % City* PCM
monetary poverty
10 Illiteracy rate % City* PCM
Percentage of
population living with
11 % City* PCM
children who do not go
to school
Percentage of
population over 15 with
12 % City* PCM
primary education or
lower
Percentage of
population over 15 that
13 % City* PCM
did not finish secondary
or lower
Percentage of
14 population without % City* PCM
health insurance
Chronic malnutrition in
15 % City* PCM
children under five
16 Infant mortality rate Number City* PCM
Percentage of
population between 15
17 % City* PCM
and 25 years old
without work
Reported crimes
18 registered with the Number of reports City* INEI
police
19 Internet coverage % City* INEI
Index of Human
20 IDH Province INEI
Development (IDH)
*Calculation based on the urban population of the districts that make up the urban area.
Source: Prepared by the authors
Indicator that could not be collected Indicator that was collected

Table 4. Concordance with SDG Targets and Indicators
SDG 1.4. By 2030, ensure that all men

and women, in particular the poor and
the vulnerable, have equal rights to
economic resources, as well as access
1.4.1. Proportion of the population
to basic services, ownership and
living in households with access
control over land and other forms of
to basic services.
property, inheritance, natural
resources, appropriate new
technologies and financial services,
including microfinance.
SDG 8.5. By 2030, achieve full and productive 8.5.1. Average hourly earnings of
employment and decent work for all women female and male employees, by
and men, including for young people and occupation, age and persons with
persons with disabilities, and equal pay for disabilities.
work of equal value.
SDG 9.c. Significantly increase access to

information and communications
9.c.1. Proportion of the population
technology and strive to provide
covered by a mobile network, by
universal and affordable access to the
technology.
Internet in least developed countries by
2020.
B. Land indicators
This group of indicators covers the physical-spatial aspects of urban
development. They refer to Urban Density and Compactness, two of the
basic principles of sustainability, as well as the existence of physical risks, a
basic variable when evaluating urban vulnerability and therefore also
resilience.
The indicators analyzed in the Land category give an account of the scope
of municipal management and the urbanized area. In this first phase of
research, they allow only an initial approach to the problem of land
management in the city, since there are no official sources available that
are duly standardized and systematized. The indicators for housing and
habitability have also been included: slum dwellings and overcrowded
housing; in addition to gross housing density. We have strived to identify
the existence of key instruments of land management in various spatial and
jurisdictional areas, such as Economic-Ecological Zoning, Plans for Land
Management and Land Use and Urban Development Plans.
Table 5. Land Indicators
1 Total Surface area of jurisdiction Hectares Province INEI
Google Earth
Urban área with
2 Surface área of mair urban area Ha.and % 2008 and 2018.
contin. Of city blocks
Prep. By authors
Growth of the main urban area

City-Urban área with
3 Surface area in the last decade Ha. And % Prep, by authors
contin.of city blocks
(2008-2018)
Inhabitants
4 Gross population density City Prep, by authors
per hectare
Houses per
5 Gross housing density City Prep, by authors
hectare
Surface area of urbanized land in Hectares and

6 ND ND
risk areas %
Number of
Existence of Economic-Ecological districts in
7 Region CENEPRED
Zoning (ZEE) urban area
with ZEE
Number of
districts in
8 Land Management Plan (POT) Province CENEPRED
urban area
with POT
Existence of a Land Use Plan (PAT)

9 Y/N Province Municipality/MSCS
in force
Existence of an Urban
10 Y/N Province Municipality/MSCS
Development Plan in Force
Dwelling/
11 Gross housing density Prep, by authors
hectare
12 Number of dwellings Number City* INEI
13 Overcrowded housing Number City* PCM
14 Slum dwellings % Department INEI
Urban occupation of the

15 % Province Prep, by authors
jurisdiction
16 Rate of Land Consumption Prep, by authors
17 Surface area of new urban land Hectare/year Prep, by authors

Table 6. Concordance with ODS Targets and Indicators
SDG 11.1. By 2030, ensure access for all to

11.1.1. Proportion of the urban population
adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic
living in slums, informal settlements or
services and upgrade slums.
inadequate housing.
11.a.1. Proportion of population living in cities

SDG 11.a. Support positive economic, social and
that implement urban and regional
environmental links between urban, peri-urban
development plans integrating population
and rural areas by strengthening national and
projections and resource needs, by size of city.
regional development planning.
11.3.1 Ratio of land consumption rate to

SDG 11.3. By 2030, enhance inclusive and population growth rate.
sustainable urbanization and capacity for
participative, integrated and sustainable human 11.3.2. Percentage of cities with a direct
settlement planning and management in all participation structure of civil society in urban
countries. planning and management that operates
regularly and democratically.
C. Indicators of Open Spaces and Natural Infrastructure (IFN)

Open spaces play important social, environmental and economic roles in
the urban area: they improve urban climate, capture air pollutants, are
recreational areas for the city inhabitants and provide other eco-systemic
services such as erosion control, regulation of climate and hydrological
flows, landscape conservation, production of foodstuff, among others.
This group of indicators focuses on determining whether a city has enough

green areas with public access, in addition to identifying productive
agricultural areas within the city limits, and protected ecosystems. These
indicators are also related to a city’s resilience, that is, its capacity to resist
external effects and recuperate its functionality. In accordance with the
criteria of availability and accessibility, 3 indicators were prioritized in this
category, and only one of these could be collected.
Table 7. Indicators of Open Spaces and Natural Infrastructure

1 Provision of public green spaces m /inhab
2
City INEI
2 Surface area of protected urban Hectares Province Municipalities

ecosystems
Surface area aimed at urban or

3 Hectares City and Municipalities
peri-urban agriculture
Province

Table 8. Concordance with ODS Targets and Indicators
SDG 11.7. By 2030, provide universal

11.7.1. Average share of the built-up
access to safe, inclusive and accessible
area of cities that is open space for
green and public spaces, in particular for
public use for all, by sex, age and
women and children, older persons and
persons with disabilities.
persons with disabilities
15.9.1. Progress towards national targets

SDG 15.9. By 2020, integrate ecosystem
established in accordance with Aichi
and biodiversity values into national and
Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic
local planning, development processes,
Plan for Biological Diversity 2011-2020.
poverty reduction strategies and
accounts.
C. Indicators of Mobility
Mobility is a structuring factor of the city and a basic service for all citizens.
The ability to move easily and quickly from one place to another improves
the citizens’ quality of life, enabling them to reach their educational
centers, work places, medical center, among others. A transport system
focused on the private vehicle is not sustainable over time, since the
number of vehicles becomes unmanageable. Thus, the greatest problems
generated by inadequate management of a city’s transport are traffic
congestion, manifesting itself in loss of time and high levels of stress
among the population; lack of road safety, leading to a higher number of
accidents; pollution, that increases the number of people with respiratory
problems; and greenhouse gases emissions, that generate global warming.
A sustainable city opts for mobility that prioritizes the pedestrian and
the cyclist, in addition to an adequate mass public transport system that
guarantees the right to the city and minimizes greenhouse gas
emissions (GHG), the cause of global warming.
Unfortunately, information on urban mobility is almost inexistent in Peru.

Therefore, the analyzed indicators are very limited.
Table 9. Indicators of Mobility

Rate of vehicle Number of vehicles/
1 Departmental INEI
penetration 1,000 inhab.
2 Trips by Mass Public % ND ND

Transport -TPM
3 Average time per trip Number of hours/day ND

ND
Available
for
4 Extent of cycle lanes Km City
selected
cites
Initiatives for sustainable
mobility implemented or
ongoing (SIT, Municipal
5 Yes/No Variable
pedestianization, webs
rationalization of routes or
of taxis, etc.)
Household has: car,
6 % City* INEI
pickup
7 Household has: motorbike % City* INEI
Your household has:
8 speed boat, motorboat or % City* INEI
motorized
Number of
9 Accident rate Province INEI
accidents/100,000 inhab
Existence of an up-to-date
10 Y/N Variable Variable
Mobility Plan in force
Death rate from traffic Number of death/100,000

11 Province INEI
accidents inhab
SDG 11.2. By 2030, provide access to safe,

affordable, accessible and sustainable
transport systems for all, improving road 11.2.1. Proportion of population
safety, notably by expanding public transport, that has convenient access to
with special attention to the needs of those in public transport, by sex, age and
vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities.
persons with disabilities and older persons.
E. Indicators of Air and Noise

Air quality is directly related to the health of the inhabitants of a place. Poor
air quality (with concentrations of particles and gases above the
permissible level) can lead to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular conditions
and allergies, affecting people’s productivity and, as a result, urban
competitiveness.
In Peru, responsibility for air quality evaluation is shared - in practice –

between the General Directorate of Environmental Health (DIGESA),
attached to the Ministry of Health; as well as the National Service of
Meteorology and Hydrology (SENAMHI) and the Environmental Evaluation
and Control Agency (DIRESA); nevertheless, those in charge of continuing
with the monitoring actions and improving air quality are the sub-national
authorities (local municipalities).
The indicators in this category are aimed at knowing the concentration of

prioritized particles and gases. Since many Peruvian cities do not have
adequate monitoring networks, we have gathered information from three
indirect indicators that give us clues to the air quality in the urban area: a)
whether there are vehicle technical revision plants; and b) whether dirty
fuels with sulfur concentration higher than 50ppm are sold; c) whether
there are significant fixed sources of atmospheric pollution (industry,
foundries, brickworks, etc.).
In the case of noise pollution, a serious environmental and public health

problem in many Peruvian cities, only one indicator was identified. Below
we present the indicators of the category.
Table 11. Indicators of Air and Noise
MINAM, MINSA,
1 Concentration of PM10 ug/m 3 Airshed
SENHAMI or other
MINAM, MINSA,
2 Concentration of PM2.5 ug/m 3 Airshed
SENHAMI or other
MINAM, MINSA,
3 Concentration of SO2 ug/m 3
Airshed SENHAMI or other
MINAM, MINSA,
4 Concentration of NOX ug/m 3 Airshed
SENHAMI or other
Network of air monitoring

5 Yes/No City MINAM
stations
There is a vehicle technical

6 Yes/No Province MTC
revision plant
City sells diesel fuel with

7 Yes/No Province MEN/MINAM
more than 50 ppm of SO2
There are significant fixed

Yes/Type
8 sources or air pollution in Province MINAM
of source
the urban basin
Average levels of noise

9 pollution based on noise Decible City Municipalities
maps
There are municipal

10 regulations on noise Yes/no Province Municipalities
pollution/noise control
Monitoring and compliance

11 with noise control Yes/No Province Municipalities/OEFA
regulations
SDG 11.6. By 2030, reduce the adverse per

capita environmental impact of cities, 11.6.2. Annual mean levels of fine
including by paying special attention to air particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in
quality and municipal and other waste cities (population weighted).
management.
F. Indicators of Solid Waste

Waste generation and disposal is one of the most obvious environmental
problems in many cities of developing countries, and Peru is no exception.
The volume of solid waste we generate increases every day and our cities
are the main focal point of waste production. This category of indicators
allows us to know how much domestic waste we produce per person
every year and what the coverage of waste collection and its final
discharge is, a service under municipal responsibility; it also identifies
whether there is a system of garbage separation and recycling in operation.
Finally, it indicates how much plastic waste is generated by each city per
year; because of its slow degradability, plastics seriously affect life in
aquatic ecosystems (rivers, lakes and oceans) and probably, through micro-
plastics, also affect public health. Plastics have become the worldwide
symbol of unsustainability and environmental malpractice.
Table 13. Indicators of Solid Waste
Waste generation per capita kg/inhab/day

1 City* MINAM
and total Tons/day
2 Coverage of domestic % City* MINAM

collection
Existence of an on-site
waste separation program
3 Yes/No City* MINAM
(incentive program of the
MEF)
4 Waste disposal in landfills % ND ND
5 Recycled organic waste % ND ND
6 Recycled inorganic waste % ND ND
7 Existence of a landifill Yes/No Province-district MINAM
Tons/year
8 Generation of plastic waste City* MINAM
Kg/year/inhab
Generation of organic
9 % City MINAM
waste
Existence of an integrated
Environmental Solid Waste
10 Y/N Province Municipalities
Management Plan (PIGARS)
in force

SDG 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per

11.6.1 Proportion of urban solid waste
capita environmental impact of the cities,
regularly collected and with adequate
including by paying special attention to air
final discharge out of total urban solid
quality and municipal and other waste
waste generated, by cities.
management.
12.5.1. National recycling rate, tons of

SDG 12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce
recycled material.
waste generation through prevention,
reduction, recycling and reuse.
G. Water Indicators
Water is a vital resource for the health and life of citizens and for the
functioning of the city’s economic activities. Many inhabitants of
Peruvian cities still have no access to an adequate water supply (in
quantity and quality), or can only obtain it from precarious systems and
at a high price, such as with the tanker trucks. Having adequate systems
of sanitation and water treatment is also decisive for public health and
urban quality, including the health of ecosystems.
This category reports traditional sectorial indicators linked to water and

sewerage coverage and integrates indicators linked to water management
in the city. Indeed, the traditional focus of water management for the
provision of water and sanitation services has evolved towards water
security: to ensure that there is water for people, for production and for
ecosystems, managing the risks within an adequate framework of
governance. Urban water security is, therefore, the new goal and this
implies complex challenges such as protecting the cities’ water sources,
making efficient use of the resource, recuperating rivers that for years have
been the sewers of our cities, safeguarding the infrastructure against
possible flooding, among others. Therefore, we report indicators of water
consumption per inhabitant in each city (efficiency) and the existence of
new Payment Mechanisms of Eco-systemic Services (MERESE) to protect
the cities’ water sources.
Table 15. Water Indicators
Public network water City and area of

1 % SUNASS
coverage % the EPS
City and area of

2 Drainage system coverage % SUNASS
the EPS
City and area of

3 Waste water treatment % SUNASS
the EPS
Water consumption per

4 L/inhab/day Area of EPS SUNASS
capita
MVCS-
5 Drainage system Yes/No City
Municipalities
Continuity of drinking water

6 supply-water every day of % City* INEI
the week
Existence of a landifill for

investment in Payment
7 Mechanisms of Eco- Yes/No Area of the EPS MINAM
systemic Services
(protection of sources)
8 PTAR Yes/No Area of the EPS SUNASS
SDG 1.4. By 2030, guarantee that all men and women, in

particular the poor and vulnerable, have equal rights to
1.4.1. Proportion of
economic resources, as well as access to basic services,
population living in
ownership and control over land and other forms of
households with
property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new
access to basic
technologies and financial services, including
services.
microfinance.
6.1.1. Proportion of the
SDG 6.1. By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to population using safely
sage and affordable drinking water for all. managed drinking water
services.
SDG 6.3. By 2030, improve water quality by reducing

pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release
of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the 6.3.1. Proportion of
proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially wastewater safely treated.
increasing recycling and safe reuse globally.
6.4.1 Change in water-use

efficiency over time.
SDG 6.4. By 2030, substantially increase water-use
efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable
withdraws and supply of freshwater to address water 6.4.2. Level of water stress:
scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people freshwater withdrawal as a
suffering from water scarcity. proportion of available
freshwater resources.
H. Indicators of Energy and Climate Change

Global warming, and its associated climate change, is the enormous
challenge of our time and our civilization. Peru is one of the countries that
is most vulnerable to this phenomenon and is one of the signatories of the
Paris Agreement, which has very concrete goals in emission reduction by
2030. This group of indicators includes two sub-categories: Climate
Change and Energy.
The indicators of energy seek to know the current state of energy

consumption and supply in cities, as well as the sources of energy; while
the indicators of climate change identify the efforts a city makes to quantify
the sources of greenhouse gas emissions using an emission inventory and
identify the actions being taken for their progressive reduction. Information
on these issues, by cities, is still very limited in Peru.
Table 17. Indicators of Energy
% of dwellings with electric

Dwellings with electric
1 lighting from public network City* INEI
lighting
2 Electricity consumption Kwh/inhab/year City* OSINERGMIN
Natural gas
Residential natural gas Number of connections suppliers,
3 City
connections and % of dwellings OSINERGMIN,
connected MEM
Energy produced from
4 renewable sources (hydro, Kw/year and % City MEM
solar, wind, biogas)
Existence of renewable
5 energy initiatives for MEM,
urban use Yes/No City Municipality
SDG 1.4. By 2030, guarantee that all men and women,

in particular the poor and vulnerable, have equal rights
to economic resources, as well as access to basic 1.4.1 Proportion of population living in
services, ownership and control over land and other households with access to basic
forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, services
appropriate new technologies and financial services,
including microfinance.
7.1.2. Proportion of population

SDG 7.1. By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, with primary reliance on clean
reliable and modern energy services. fuels and technology.
SDG 7.2. By 2030, increase substantially the share of 7.2.1. Renewable energy share in the
renewable energy in the global energy mix. total final energy consumption.
Table 19. Indicators of Climate Change

Existence and monitoring of
Yes/No and Municipality,
1 an inventory of greenhouse City
tonCO2eq/year BID, CAF.
gases (GEI)
Municipality,
2 Volume of GEI emissions per capita TCO2eq/year/inhab City
BID, CAF
Existence of a climate change

3 mitigation and adaption Plan or Yes/No City Municipality
Strategy.
Existence of Reserve Fund for Risk

Management and Adaptation to Area of
4 Yes/No SUNASS
Climate Change in the city’s EPS. the EPS
SDG 9.4. By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit

industries to make them sustainable, with increased
resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean 9.4.1. CO2 emissions
and environmentally sound technologies and per unit of value
industrial processes, with all countries taking action in added.
accordance with their respective capabilities.
13.3.1. Number of countries

SDG 13.3. Improve education, awareness-raising and that have integrated mitigation
human and institutional capacity on climate change adaptation, impact reduction
mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early and early warning into primary,
warning. secondary and tertiary
curricula.
I. Indicators of Risk
The dramatic impacts of the phenomenon of El Niño in 2016 on large
Peruvian cities such as Piura, Trujillo, Chiclayo and Lima, remind us of the
importance of adequate disaster risk management. In order to make
contingency plans and significantly reduce the risks, we need to
understand clearly what we are facing and have the adequate instruments
for dealing with it.
This category brings together indicators that can determine what

percentage of housing and population are in a vulnerable situation. It also
identifies indicators that will tell us whether cities are analyzing and
evaluating risks as a requirement for taking informed decisions, prioritizing
projects and planning measures for reducing risks in accordance with the
analysis of their vulnerabilities. Finally, it tells us the municipal budget
assigned to disaster risk management and its implementation level for 2018
in each city.
Table 21. Indicators of Risk
1 Precarious housing % City Municipality
Housing at risk due to City

inadequate construction or
2 % Municipality
location in risk areas that
can not be mitigated
Event/time and no. of Province
3 Incidence of disaster Municipality
affected people/event
Implementation of the
National Disaster Risk
4 % of compliance Province CENEPRED
Management Policy and
Plan
Existence of an Disaster Risk
Number of districts of the
5 Prevention and Reduction Province CENEPRED
urban area that has it
Plan
Existence of an Early Number of districts of the

6 City* CENEPRED
Warning System urban area that has it
Existence of a Map Number of districts of the

7 City* CENEPRED
identifying High Risk Areas urban area that has it
Existence of a Map Number of districts of the

8 City* CENEPRED
identifying flood Areas urban area that has it
Municipalities without Number of districts of the

9 Instrumentsn for Disaster urban area that does not City* CENEPRED
Risk Management have it
Assigned/executed budget
10 S./year Province MEF
for Disaster
SDG 11.1. By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and 11.1.1. Proportion of urban population living in
affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums. slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing.
SDG 11.5. By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the
number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct
11.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and
economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by
persons affected by disaster per 100,000 people.
disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting
the poor and people in vulnerable situations.
11.b.1. Proportion of local governments that adopt

SDG 11.b. By 2020, significantly increase the number of cities and human
and implement local disaster risk reduction
settlements that adopt and implement policies and comprehensive plans
strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for
to promote inclusion, the efficient use of resources, mitigation of climate
Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
change and adaptation to it and resilience in the face of disasters, and
develop and put into practice, in accordance with the Sendai Framework
11.b.2 Number of countries with national and local
for Disaster Risk Reduction, the integrated management of disaster
disaster risk reduction strategies.
risks at every level.
SDG 13.1. Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate- 13.1.1. Number of countries with national and local
related hazards and natural disasters in all countries. disaster risk reduction strategies.
SDG 13.3. Improve education, awareness-raising and human and 13.3.1. Number of countries that have integrated
institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact mitigation adaptation, impact reduction and early
reduction and early warning. warning into primary, secondary and tertiary
curricula.
J. Indicators of Governance and Environmental Management

This group of indicators is focused on identifying the existence of norms
and plans at a local (urban) level relating to environmental management; it
analyses the level of environmental institutions and the existence of
mechanisms of citizen participation in the management, such as Municipal
Environmental Commission (CAM) or the Environmental Observatory; it
also explores the existence of tools of good governance and transparency,
and the commitment expressed in the budget assigned to environmental
management.
The instruments of environmental management are Local Environmental

Policy (PAL), the Environmental Action Plan (PAAL), the Local
Environmental Agenda (AAL) and the Environmental Evaluation and
Control Plan (PLANEFA). The basic institution for environmental
governance involves having a management office, a deputy management
office or at least clear competences and responsibilities integrated into
Regulation of Organization and Responsibilities (ROF) of the municipality,
with a relevant budget assigned to the sector.
Table 23. Indicators of Governance and Environmental Management
There is a local environmental policy Province

1 Yes/No Municipality
in force
There is an environmental Plan or Province

2 Agenda with reports of Yes/No Municipality
progress/results
There is an Environmental Evaluation Province

3 and Control Plan (PLANEFA) approved Yes/No OEFA
and in force
There is an environmental
4 management or deputy management Yes/No Province Municipality
office
There is an Environmental
5 Observatory or a monitoring system Yes/No Province Municipality
report of indicators
The Municipal Environmental

6 Yes/No Province Municipality
Commission is set up
Budget of the Environmental sector S/. / Year

7 Province MEF
assigned and executed (2017)
Environment budget in relation to

8 % Province MEF
local budget
9 Municipal transparency Portal active Si/No Province Municipality

SDG 11.a. Support positive economic,

11.a.1. Proportion of population living in cities
social and environmental links
that implement urban and regional
between urban, peri-urban and rural
areas by strengthening national and
regional development planning.
SDG 11.3. By 2030, enhance inclusive

and sustainable urbanization and 11.3.2. Proportion of cities with a direct
capacity for participatory, integrated participation structure of civil society in urban
and sustainable human settlement planning and management that operate regularly
planning and management in all and democratically.
countries.
11.4.1 Total expenditure (public and private)

per capita spent on the preservation,
protection and conservation of all cultural
and natural heritage, by type of heritage
SDG 11.4. Strengthen efforts to (cultural, natural, mixed and World Heritage
protect and safeguard the world’s Center designation), level of government
cultural and natural heritage. (national, regional and local/municipal), type
of expenditure (operating
expenditure/investments) and type of
private funding (donations in kind, private
non-profit sector and sponsorship).
SDG 13.3. Improve education,

13.3.2. Number of countries that have
awareness-raising and human and
communicated the strengthening of institutional,
institutional capacity on climate
systemic and individual capacity-building to
change mitigation, adaptation, impact
implement adaptation, mitigation and technology
reduction and early warning.
transfer, and development actions.
16.6.1. Primary government expenditures as a

SDG 16.6. Develop effective,
proportion of original approved budget, by
accountable and transparent
sector (or by budget codes or similar).
institutions at all levels.
K. Indicators of Response
Indicators of response are a reflection of the actions implemented by local
governments and seek to measure political intention for dealing with
various aspects of urban management, in this case, associated with
sustainability and resilience. Below is a summary of these indicators
(already presented in each category above).
Table 25. Indicators of Response
Category* Nº Indicator of Response Unit
SU 1 Economic-Ecological Zoning (region) Yes/No
SU 2 Urban Development Plan (PDU) approved Yes/No
SU 3 Land-Use Plan approved (PAT) Yes/No
SU 4 Land Management Plan approved (POT) Yes/No
GOB 5 Mobility Plan in force Yes/No
IFN 6 Environmental Plan or Agenda in force Yes/No
Environmental Evaluation and Control Plan Yes/No

AIR 7
(PLANEFA) in force
Existence of an Integrated Waste Management Plan Yes/No
RES 8
(PIGARS) in force
RES 9 Existence of an on-site segregation program Yes/No
AIR 10 Noise Control Ordinance Yes/No
Fund for payment of eco-systemic services Yes/No

AGU 11
(MERESE) – Tariff approved by SUNASS
Reserve Fund for Risk Management and Climate Yes/No
CC 12
Change Adaptation – Tariff approved by SUNASS
ENE, CC, Yes/No
13 Climate Change Plan or Strategy
GRD
Progress in the
GRD 14 Disaster Risk Prevention and Reduction Plan implementation
*SU: Land; IFN: Natural Infrastructure and Green Areas; ENE: Energy; GRD: Risks; MOV: Mobility;
AIR: Air and Noise; AGU: Water; RES: Waste; CC: Climate Change; GOB: Governance Source:
Prepared by the authors
2.4.3 Collection and validation of the indicators

In order to have a reliable set of indicators that are representative of the
reality of the cities – always considering the focus on sustainability and
resilience – a scientific committee of experts on various subjects was
formed who took part in the validation of the indicators, the final
determination of the categories and the final analysis.
• Luis Rodríguez: architect and city planner, specialist in urban

development, planning and slums
• Gonzalo Flores: environmental engineer, specialist in environmental
management systems
• Liliana Miranda: architect, specialist in cities and climate change
• María Jara: lawyer, specialist in transport
• Ricardo Fort: economist, specialist in urban-rural economy
• Ana Luz Ramírez: environmental engineer, specialist in waste and local

environmental management
• Jeremy Robert: geographer, specialist in land management
• Mariana Alegre: lawyer, specialist in citizenship and citizens’ perception
• Jorge Abad: civil engineer, specialist in water engineering
• José Cabrera: psychologist, specialist in social psychology
• Bertha Ormeño: information systems administrator, specialist in
governance
• Juan Carlos Ruiz: sociologist, journalist, specialist in public policy
management and crisis management
• Julio García: architect, specialist in climate change and risk management
Opportunities for information exchange and dialogue with experts from

institutions from the public and private sector and civil society were
organized. These meetings had the following objectives: (i) to train the
technical team and volunteer group responsible for the information
gathering; (ii) compare the indicators chosen for a specific category with
the information managed by the competent sector; and (iii) provide access
to databases not available on the web.
• Socio-economic indicators from the national census: Francisco Costa

Aponte, head of INEI and his technical team
• Socio-economic indicators: Juana Kuramoto, economist,
secretary of Decentralization, PCM
• Land: Rosa Cáceres, architect, National Directorate of Policies in
Housing and City Planning, MCVS
• Waste management: Ana Luz Ramírez, engineer; Marcos Alegre, engineer,
GEA Group
• Air quality: Luis Ibañez, engineer, General Directorate of Environmental
Quality, MINAM
• Climate Change: Mariela Cánepa, Policy Director WWF
• Water: Ana Vergara and Óscar Angulo, Tariff Regulation
Management, SUNASS
• Mobility: Javier Florez, architect, Deputy Management of Mobility,
Municipality of San Isidro
• National System of Environmental Information (SINIA), Mónica Muñoz
Najar, director of Environmental Information and Research, MINAM.
• Energy: Pedro Gamio, Latin American Platform for Renewable
Energy (PLESE)
2.5 METHODOLOGY USED

The second stage refers to the process of information gathering. This was
carried out by WWF Peru and Periferia, together with a group of volunteers,
between May and September 2018.
2.5.1 Matrix of collection of indicators

For the gathering of information, a matrix was used with tables for each
category of indicator in an excel file. Each of the 30 cities has an independent
matrix that ensures that the gathering of information is uniform and easy for
the volunteers. It contains the list of each one of the indicators per category,
their description and the units by default, as well as the relevant area or
jurisdiction (district, province, urban area, department, other) (Figure 6).
Each data analyzed includes the official source of information: INEI, MEF,
MINAM, MVCS, OSINERGMIN, SUNASS, PCM, the municipalities, among
others.
Figure 6. Example of information gathering matrix for

the category Natural Infrastructure
2.5.2 Volunteers
The recruited volunteers were graduates or university students in their last
year of studies in architecture, city planning and environmental
engineering. Periferia and WWF Peru’s technical team guided and provided
technical advice throughout the process, identifying and managing access
to information sources. Weekly or fortnightly meetings were organized in
order to review the progress of each of the cities and train the volunteers
in various issues relating to urban sustainability.
2.5.3 Sources of Information

The information on the 30 cities was gathered through research work into
“official” information sources. These sources were municipal technical
documents (i.e. Urban Development Plan-PDU, Integrated Plan for Solid
Waste management (PIGARS), statistical information from the INEI,
information on environmental management from the National System of
Environmental Information-SINIA, from MINAM, among others).
For particular indicators, specific information was requested from the

official bodies:
a) Local governments: letters were sent to the 30 provincial municipalities,

requesting basic information in accordance with a standard Form (Annex 2,
www.ciudadesdelperu.pe). Although the response level to the letters was
low (31%), it was possible to make ad hoc consultations on the relevant
information.
b) SUNASS: provided information, gave training to the volunteers and

collaborated in the setting up of the most suitable indicators for the
category Water.
c) Presidency of the Council of Ministers (PCM): information was requested

for various socio-economic indicators from most parts of the country, to
complement the indicators from INEI.
d) INEI: given that the results of the 2017 National Census were available
during the process of information gathering, specific information was
requested on some indicators, such as population, districts making up the
city, among others.
e) OSINERGMIN: a request was made to obtain data on the average

residential electricity consumption.
f). Companies distributing and selling natural gas: given that the
information on some of these companies was not updated on the
platforms of OSINERGMIN, contact was made with representatives of
Gases del Pacífico SAC Quavii, responsible for the northern zone, and of
Naturgy Perú S.A., responsible for the southern zone.
g) MINAM: various consultations and requests for information were made

via the transparency portal and directly with the Directorate of
Environmental Research and Information.
2.5.4 Methodology for gathering of indicators

The methodology for gathering of indicators is presented in each
indicator’s descriptive File, Annex 1, available at www.ciudadesdelperu.pe.
2.5.5 Process of review and quality control of the indicators

Once the information on the 30 cities had been gathered, it was necessary
to have a quality assurance process in order to ensure that the gathered
information was accurate and came from official and reliable sources. To
do this, a cross-check was made between the volunteer group and the
Platform’s technical team, who reviewed the data given in the matrices,
standardizing the units, the sources and the study scale criteria for each
indicator. In some cases, a cross analysis between various sources was
required (e.g. INEI vs. SUNASS).
2.5.6 Analysis of the indicators

The quality having been assured, the indicators were tabulated and charted
in tables, graphs, maps and infographics, in order to make a comparative
analysis of the cities. National and/or international standards were used to
evaluate the condition or performance level of the selected cities.
54••Cities
54 of Peru
Ciudades del Perú
The State of
our Cities
3.1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS

The analysis of the state of the cities begins with a first glance at their basic
social and economic characteristics through indicators such as population,
intercensal rate, education and poverty levels, etc. Through this category,
the aim is to understand the socio-economic context and to obtain some
useful indicators for the analysis of other categories (water, energy,
mobility, etc.). Above all, the aim is to show some specific indicators
relating to the geographical space “city”, a rarely used category in national
statistical analysis.
The population of the 30 evaluated cities shows that Lima and Callao
exceed 9 million Peruvians in their metropolitan area; Callao, Arequipa and
Trujillo have close to one million inhabitants, while 4 cities have nearly
500,000 inhabitants (Chiclayo, Piura, Huancayo and Cusco). The regional
capitals of Peru with the fewest ammount of Peruvians are Chachapoyas
and Huancavelica, with less than 50,000 Peruvians. Quillabamba and
Mollendo are the emerging cities with fewest inhabitants of the evaluated
group, with less than 24,000 inhabitants (Figure 7).
The Report shows that:

Regarding population growth expressed by the intercensal growth rate, 5
out of the 30 cities grew more than 3% annually during the intercensal
period: Puerto Maldonado, Ayacucho Abancay, Chachapoyas and
Moquegua. There are 8 cities that grew between 2% and 3%, while 4 cities
decreased in size, presenting negative percentages that reach -1.26%: the
populations of Quillabamba, Cerro de Pasco and Andahuaylas decreased
and Mollendo maintained a slightly negative growth rate. These are all
intermediate or main intermediate cities. The negative rates of Mollendo
and Quillabamba can probably be explained by the nature of centrality of
the nearby departmental capitals ((Arequipa and Cusco, respectively); Cerro
de Pasco decreased due to the reduction of the fertility rate, the lack of
economic diversification and the appalling conditions of urban habitation,
which expel population (Figure 8)10.
10
Vega Centeno, 2007. Cerro de Pasco. Boom and crisis of an urban mining model. Paper
prepared within the framework of the Fifth European Congress CEISAL. www.
http://repositorio.pucp.edu. pe/index/handle/123456789/28684?show=full
Figure 7. Urban population (number of inhabitants in city, 2017)
CHACHAPOYAS MOYOBAMBA
32,026 50,0 73
CAJAMARCA IQUITOS
201,329 377,609
TUMBES
96,946
PIURA
473,025
CHICLAYO
552,508 HUÁNUCO
196,627
TRUJILLO
919,899 PUCALLPA
HUARAZ 326,040
118,836 CERRO DE PASCO
58,899
HUACHO
QUIL LABAMBA
156,790
23,585
CALLAO
PUERTO MALDONADO
994,494
85, 024
LIMA METROPOLI TANA CUSCO
8’574,9 74 428,450
PISCO ABANCAY
73,592 72,277
ICA PUNO
282,407 128,637
HUANCAYO TACNA
456,250 286,240
HUANCAVELICA MOQU EGUA
49, 570 69,882
AYACUCHO AREQUIPA
216,444 1’ 008,290
ANDAHUAYLAS MOLLENDO
58, 416 23,886
LEGEND
Number of inhabitants
(Provincial level)
National Matropoli (>900,000)

Main Large City (250,000-899,999)
Large City (100,000-249,999 inhab)
Main intermediate city (50,000-99,999 inhab)
Intermediate city (20,000-49,999 inhab)
Source: INEI, 2018

The range of growth in the remaining cities was very variable, from the
minimum rate of Iquitos, 0.3%, to the maximum of Puerto Maldonado, 4.1%
(Figure 8). All cities of the rainforest, except Iquitos, increased above the
national average. Twenty-one of the 30 cities evaluated (70%) grew above
the national urban-rural average of 1% and 18 of the 30 (60%) grew above
the national urban average of 1.6% per year, indicating that population
growth in Peru is clearly an urban phenomenon.
Figure 8. Intercensal growth rate (%)
Puerto Maldonado
Ayacucho
Abancay
Chachapoyas
Moquegua
Huánuco
Moyobamba
Piura
Arequipa
Huancavelica
Cajamarca
Cusco
Ica
Trujillo
Pucallpa
Huaraz
Huancayo
Tacna
Callao
(E) Pisco
Lima
(E) Huacho
Puno
Tumbes
Chiclayo
Iquitos
(E) Mollendo
(E) Andahuaylas
Cerro de Pasco
urban-rural average
(E) Quillabamba
urban average
-2 -1 0 1 1.6 2 3 4 5
Coast Mountain Rain forest (E) = Emerging city

Source: INEI, 2018 Legend for all other figures
In order to obtain a panorama of the economic conditions of the urban

inhabitants, three indicators were used: average monthly income per
inhabitant, population with at least one Unfulfilled Basic Need (NBI) and the
total level of monetary poverty. For the first two, no data was found at a city
level, only by department.
In total, 8 departments of the analyzed cities have an average monthly

income of less than 1,000 soles (6 of these in the mountains) and only 6 of
them exceed the national average of S/. 1,376.80 / month for 2018.
Regarding income levels, the departments of Huancavelica, Puno,
Cajamarca, Andahuaylas and Abancay have an average that is lower than
the Minimum Living Wage. It should be noted that the highest average
income is found in the capital city (Lima-Callao) and the cities of the South
(Arequipa, Moquegua and Mollendo), as well as Puerto Maldonado.
Figure 9. Average monthly income per inhabitant (soles),

department and natural region, 2017
National average
S/. 1,376.8
Huancave lica
Puno
Cajamarca
Andahuaylas
Abancay
Ayacucho
Huánuco
Chachapoyas
Piura
Cerro de Pasco
Quillabamba
Cusco
Huaraz
Moyobamba
Huancayo
Pucallpa
Iquitos
Huacho
Trujillo
Chiclayo
Tumbes
Tacna
Pisco
Ica
Mollendo
Arequipa
Callao
Puerto Maldonado
Moquegua
Lima
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800 .00 1,000.00 1,200.00 1,400.00 1,600.00 1,800.00 2,000.00
Fuente: INEI, 2017

The incidence of Total Monetary Poverty (reported at city level) has a

correlation with Levels of Income (Figure 10). It shows that Andahuaylas is
the city with the highest incidence of monetary poverty at 34.04% of the
population, followed by Cerro de Pasco and Moyobamba with more than
25%. Lima, Tacna and Chiclayo have almost 15%. Puerto Maldonado has the
lowest incidence of monetary poverty (2.9%).
Figure 10. Total Incidence of Monetary Poverty (%), city,

2013 and average income per inhabitant, 2017
S/. %
2,500.00 40.00
35.00
2,000.00
30.00
25.00
1,500.00
20.00
1,000.00
15.00
10.00
500.00
5.00
0.00 0.00
Huancavelica
Abancay
Ayacucho
Puno
Cajamarca
Huánuco
Chachapoyas
Piura
Cusco
Huaraz
Moyobamba
Huancayo
Pucallpa
Iquitos
Chiclayo
Trujillo
Tumbes
Tacna
Ica
Arequipa
Callao
Moquegua
Lima
(E) Quillabamba
(E) Andahuaylas
(E) Huacho
(E) Pisco
(E) Mollendo
Puerto Maldonado
Cerro de Pasco
Average income/inhab Total Incidence of Monetary Poverty
Source: PCM, 2018; INEI, 2017
Finally, it should be noted that there is no apparent relationship between level

of income/incidence of monetary poverty and population with NBI: the
departments with lowest levels of income and monetary poverty (Figures 9
and 10) do not coincide with the departments with highest percentage of NBI
(Figure 11). There are 3 departments in which more than 40% of the
population has at least one Unfulfilled Basic Need (NBI). The rain forest is the
leader in this precarious situation with the department of Loreto. It is followed
by the departments in the highlands of Peru. Lima and Callao have the lowest
percentage of the population with at least one NBI (8%), together with the
departments and cities of the Central-Southern coast of Peru.
Figure 11. Population with at least 1 NBI (%), Department,

2015 Average income per inhabitant (soles/month),
Department, 2017 Total Incidence of Monetary Poverty (%),
City, 2013
TUMBES IQUITOS
S/. 1,260.84
S/. 1,167.29
12.3 %
20.74 %
PIURA
S/. 1,047.49
19.95 %
MOYOBAMBA
CHICLAYO S/. 1,128.75
S/. 1,256.47 CHACHAPOYAS 26.20 %
15.40 % S/. 967.10
CAJAMARCA 12.30 %
S/. 843.34
22.70 % TRUJILLO PUCALLPA
S/. 1,256.47 S/. 1,166.85
16.49 % 9.13 %
HUÁNUCO
S/. 913.13
HUARAZ 18.40 %
S/. 1,256.47 CERRO DE PASCO
16.49 % S/. 1,051.09
HUACHO
27.54 %
S/. 1,175.42
CALLAO HUANCAYO
11.56 %
S/. 1,598.429 S/. 1,135.65
20.86 % 7.02 %
LIMA METROPOLITANA PUERTO MALDONADO
S/. 1,921.11 S/. 1,169.27
15.15 %
HUANCAVELICA
2.90 %
S/. 709.05 CUSCO
17.49 %
PISCO S/. 1,064.71
S/. 1,363.68 4.54 %
5.98 %
ICA QUILLABAMBA
S/. 1,363.68 S/. 1,064.71
4.98 % 7.29 %
AYACUCHO
S/. 902.22 PUNO
24.14 % S/. 818.76
ANDAHUAYLAS
9.05 %
S/. 900.81
34.07 % ABANCAY MOQUEGUA
S/. 900.81
S/. 1,689.68
21.23 % MOLLENDO 9.00 %
TACNA
S/. 1,545.02
10.20 % S/. 1,354.23
LEGEND
15.33 %
0-14.9 % AREQUIPA
Percentage of population S/. 1,545.02
15-29.9% with at least one NBI
7.86 %
30-49.9% (Departmental level)
< 50%
S/. 1,000.00 Average income / inhab
1.00 % Incidencia de Pobreza Monetaria total
Source: INEI, 2017; PCM, 2018

Lastly, regarding the Human Development Index (HDI) calculated based on

the new methodology of the UNDP11, 13 provinces have an IDH that exceeds
the national average (0.5058). The provinces of Moyobamba, Quillabamba,
Andahuaylas and Huancavelica have a HDI lower than 0.4, considered very
low according to the scales of the UNDP (Figure 12).
Figure 12. Human Development Index (Provinces, 2012)
Nacional IDH
0.5058
Moquegua
Lima
Cusco
Arequipa
Callao
Tacna
Trujillo
Puerto Maldo nado
Ica
(E) Mollendo
(E) Huacho
Tumbes
Huancayo
Chiclayo
(E) Pisco
Huaraz
Piura
Puno
Cerro de Pasco
Pucallpa
Iquitos The ranges of IDH of
the provinces of Peru
Cajamarca are based on a
comparison made
Abancay between indexes, and
Huánuco not a comparison
with other countries.
Chachapoyas
Ayacucho
Moyobamba
(E) Quillabamba
(E) Andahuaylas
Huancavelica
0 0.10 0.20 0.3 0 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1
Very High (0.5626-0.6400)

High(0.4851-0.5625)
Low (0.4076-0.4850)
Source: PNUD, 2012 Very Low (0.3300-0.4075)
11
Available at a provincial and district level for 2012, see www.pe.undp.org/content/.../
pe.Indice%20de%20Desarrollo%20Humano%20Perú.xlsx. It should be noted that the HDI
here presented is that reported by the PNUD according to the new adjusted methodology
that integrates the levels of inequality.
Other urban indicators of education, health and nutrition, employment and

security are reported in the digital version of the Report
(www.ciudadesdelperu.pe.).
3.2 LAND
Land is one of the strategic environmental resources for urban
development and is a non-renewable limited resource12. In cities, its
consumption and occupation depend as much on the population growth rate
as on the patterns of settlement, occupation of territory and exploitation of
resources. The New Urban Agenda (NUA) advocates that cities grow in a
compact manner, rather than in extension: they recommend prioritizing
urban renovation, compact design and the integration of new
neighborhoods into the urban fabric, avoiding expansion and the creation
of slums. Compact cities are more economically and environmentally
efficient, and emit fewer greenhouse gases.
How do our cities grow? How much do our cities grow and with what
dynamic? How is land occupied and consumed?
Peru does not have a system offering the metadata available on urban
growth at the physical-spatial level. The INEI gathers information,
calculates and disseminates statistics on population growth in cities, based
on the census; nevertheless, we lack more specific and systematic
measurements, of a quantitative nature, on the growth dynamics of urban
land at a national level.
The Report considered the following indicators for obtaining a first

approximation of the data on urban growth and land consumption in
cities:
Surface area of the jurisdiction

Urban surface area
Urban surface area of the city vs. surface area of the jurisdiction
Intercensal growth rate As base indicators for understanding the dimensions
of urban phenomena in a territory
Total number of dwellings
Growth of urban surface area
Ratio between land consumption rate and intercensal For estimating land consumption and comparing
growth rate (Meta 11.3.1. ODS 11) ourselves internationally with ODS indicator 11.3.1.
Gross population density
For estimating how compact or extensive the city is
Gross construction density (housing/urban surface area)
Existence of Economic and Ecological Zoning
Existence of a Land Management Plan
For identifying the availability of up-to-date
Existence of a Land Use Plan instruments for land management and urban
Existence of an Urban Development Plan in force development
12
According to FAO, land is a non-renewable resource since its loss and degradation are not
recoverable within a human’s lifetime. http://www.fao.org/soils-2015/news/news-detail/
es/c/276277/
The Report reveals that:

All cities, except Callao, have jurisdiction over territories significantly
beyond their urban limits, which they must handle and manage (Figures 13
and 14). Of the 30 cities evaluated, those with the greatest extension of
land as provincial jurisdiction are in the rainforest: Iquitos, with the
province of Maynas; Puerto Maldonado, with the province of Tambopata;
and Pucallpa, with the province of Coronel Portillo (Figure 13). The
extension of the urban surface area (extension of the urban area of cities) is
directly related to the population and, as one would expect, is greater for
the more populated cities (Lima, Arequipa, Callao and Trujillo, Figure 15).
Figure 13. Total surface area of the provincial jurisdiction (ha), 2017
Iquitos
Pucallpa
Puerto Maldonado
(E) Quillabamba
Puno
Arequipa
Moquegua
Tacna
Ica
Piura
Cerro de Pasco
Huancavelica
(E) Huacho
(E) Andahuaylas
(E) Pisco
(E) Mollendo
Moyobamba
Huánuco
Huancayo
Abancay
Chachapoyas
Chiclayo
Ayacucho
Cajamarca
Lima
Huaraz
Tumbes
Trujillo
Cusco
Callao
0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000
Source: INEI, 2017

Figure 14. Urban surface area (ha), 2018
Lima Metropolitana
Arequipa
Callao
Trujillo
Pucallpa
Tacna
Piura
Chiclayo
Cusco
Huancayo
Ica
Iquitos
Ayacucho
Huánuco
Cajamarca
Puerto Maldonado
Puno
Moquegua
(E) Huacho
(E) Pisco
Tumbes
Huaraz
Moyobamba
Cerro de Pasco
(E) Andahuaylas
Abancay
Chachapoyas
Huancavelica
(E) Mollendo
(E) Quillabamba
800.000
600.000
900.000
200.000
400.000
500.000
700.000
300.000
1,000.000
100.000
The land that is strictly speaking urban is only a minimum part of the
territory administered by provincial and district municipalities; nevertheless,
it is often the focal point of municipal management (Figure 15).
Who manages the city’s land?

It is the local governments that should manage the land and territories of their jurisdiction, within
the framework of the Regional Development Plans and Economic-Ecological Zoning which, in turn,
should be made compatible with the National Development Policy. For this, they have instruments
such as the Land Management Plan (POT) and the Land Use Plan (PAT), at a provincial level.
Meanwhile, at a provincial and district level, there are the Urban Development Plans. This is how the
urban land is managed, be it building land or green belt. Local governments approve the Zoning of
Land Use and exercise urban control, in order to ensure compliance with the specifications of the
Urban Development Plan.
Source: DS 004-2011-VIVIENDA. Prepared by the

authors
Figure 15. Urban occupation of the jurisdiction

(% urban land over total of province), 2018
Callao 70.83
Lima Metropolitana 32.13
Cusco 6.76
Trujillo 4.65
Arequipa 1.51
Chiclayo 1.44
Huancayo 1.11
Ayacucho 0.89
Tacna 0.86
Piura 0.84
Cajamarca 0.78
Huánuco 0.73
Tumbes 0.61
Ica 0.43
Huaraz 0.35
(E) Huacho 0.34

(E) Pisco 0.28
Moyobamba 0.21
Pucallpa 0.20
Moquegua 0.18
Abancay 0.18
(E) Andahuaylas 0.17
Puno 0.15
Chachapoyas 0.13
Cerro de Pasco 0.13
(E) Mollendo 0.10
Huancavelica 0.10
Puerto Maldonado 0.06
Iquitos 0.04
(E) Quillabamba 0.01
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100

In absolute terms, the cities with the largest population urbanized greater
extensions of non-urban land between 2009 and 2018: Lima grew by 907
ha/year in the period 2009-2018; Arequipa 549 ha/year (2008-2018); Callao
150 ha/year (2009-2018). Pucallpa and Tacna also urbanized significant surface
areas (248 y 292 ha/year in the periods 2009-2018 and 2010-2018
respectively) (Figures 16, 17 and 18).
With respect to land consumption rate13, the target indicator of SDG 11, 18 of
the 30 cities are above the average values for the Latin American region,
while almost half of the cities (14 out of 30) consume land at a higher rate
than the global average, in relation to their population growth rate (Figure
19). Tumbes consumes 5 times more land than the global average, in relation
to its population growth rate. Iquitos, Tacna, Pisco, Cajamarca, Huacho and
Chachapoyas also urbanized land at rates substantially higher than the
international and Latin American averages.
13
https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-11-03-01.pdf
Figure 16. Surface area of the urban area (ha), 2018
QUILLABAMBA MOLLENDO HUANCAVELICA CHACHAPOYAS ABANCAY ANDAHUAYLAS

375 ha 405 ha 419 ha 429 ha 610 ha 694 ha
HUARAZ TUMBES PISCO HUACHO MOQUEGUA PUNO

869 ha 1,094 ha 1,111 ha 1,402 ha 1,597 ha 1,730 ha
HUÁNUCO AYACUCHO IQUITOS ICA HUANCAYO

2,623 ha 2,768 ha 3,263 ha 3,374 ha 3,967 ha
PIURA TACNA PUCALLPA TRUJILLO CALLAO

5,130 ha 6,974 ha 7,287 ha 8,212 ha 10,410 ha
Lima alone has an urban

surface area equivalent to
the sum of the surface area
CERRO DE PASCO MOYOBAMBA
725 ha 775 ha of the 18 regional capitals
that follow it in size.
PUERTO MALDONADO CAJAMARCA

2,208 ha 2,324 ha
CUSCO CHICLAYO
4,174 ha 4,730 ha
LIMA METROPOLITANA
85,853 ha
AREQUIPA
15,785 ha 10km
Figure 17. Surface area of new urban land (ha/year)
Lima Metropolitana
Arequipa
Pucallpa
Tacna
Piura
Callao
Puerto Maldonado
Trujillo
Huánuco
Cajamarca
Cusco
Ica
Moquegua
Ayacucho
Iquitos
Tumbes
Chiclayo
Huancayo
Moyobamba
(E) Pisco
(E) Huacho
(E) Andahuaylas
Chachapoyas
Puno
Abancay
(E) Quillabamba
Huaraz
Huancavelica
Cerro de Pasco
(E) Mollendo
0 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00 1,000.00
Figure 18. Polygons of urban areas of Arequipa, Pucallpa and Tacna, 2008 and 2018
Figure 19. Coefficient SDG 11.3 (Land consumption rate vs population growth rate)
World (2000-2014) LAC (2000-2014)

1.28 1.02
10.00
6.81
4.55
5.00 2.68 2.52 2.16 2.09 1.92 1.86 1.82 1.74 1.74 1.64 1.49 1.31 1.26 1.25 1.21 1.19 0.97 0.93 0.83 0.67 0.66 0.46 0.44 0.40
0.00
Tumbes
Iquitos
Pucallpa
Tacna
(E) Pisco
Cajamarca
Arequipa
Huánuco
(E) Huacho
Chachapoyas
Piura
Moyobamba
Chiclayo
Ica
Moquegua
Puno
Callao
Cusco
Trujillo
Huancavelica
Huaraz
Ayacucho
Huancayo
Abancay
Puerto Maldonado
Lima Metropolitana
Cerro de Pasco
(E) Quillabamba
-5.00
-10.00
(E) Mollendo
-15.00
-1.70
-2.16
-20.00
-9.26
-25.00
-30.00
-35.00
-36.87
-40.00
(E) Andahuaylas
Source : Prepared by the authors with formula from UNSTATS, 2018.
With regard to gross population density, this ranges from less than 50
inhab/ha to more than 100 inhab/ha (Figure 20). Metropolitan cities do not
have the greatest population density and there is no direct proportional
relationship between SINCEP’s category of city and population density.
Regarding gross housing density, the range of dwellings per hectare is

between 12.42 and 42.95, which correspond to Puerto Maldonado and
Huancavelica, respectively. The city with least housing density is Puerto
Maldonado and it is also the city with the lowest population density.
Housing density is not related to SINCEP’s category of cities (Figure 21).
In summary, for all Peruvian cities, the average density (population as well
as housing) is still low compared to what would be desirable for compact
cities. It is also a costly density14.
14
There are conflicting opinions regarding the real values of population density in
Peruvian cities: the calculations of gross density here reported would merit being
complemented with net density calculations (number of persons on urbanized surface
area who are residents) which goes beyond the scope of this Report. For a
complementary analysis of this subject, we suggest reviewing “¿Lima Metropolitana
Poco Densa? Una versión diferente del proceso de urbanización de Lima” by Liliana
Miranda. In Actualidad gubernamental, 2016.
Figure 20. Gross Population Density (2018)
38.51 41.04 43.76 44.74 58.98
QUILLABAMBA AREQUIPA MOYOBAMBA PISCO PUNO

62.89 63.88 64.61 66.24 74.36
CHACHAPOYAS HUÁNUCO AYACUCHO CERRO DE PASCO ICA

74.65 74.96 78.20 81.24 83.70
ANDAHUAYLAS CAJAMARCA TUMBES PIURA CALLAO

84.17 86.63 88.62 92.21 95.53
TRUJILLO HUANCAYO
LIMA CUSCO HUACHO
112.02 115.01
99.88 102.65 11.183
ABANCAY HUARAZ
IQUITOS CHICLAYO HUANCAVELICA 118.49 136.75
115.72 116.81 118.31
Source: Prepared by the authors.

Figure 21. Gross Housing Density (2018)
Huancavelica
(E) Huacho
Huaraz
Abancay
Cerro de Pasco
Tumbes
Chiclayo
Lima Metropolitana
Trujillo
Huancayo
Ica
Piura
Iquitos
Cusco
Puno
Callao
Andahuaylas
(E) Mollendo
Ayacucho
Moyobamba
Cajamarca
(E) Pisco
Arequipa
Chachapoyas
Huánuco
(E) Quillabamba
Moquegua
Tacna
Pucallpa
Puerto Maldonado
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Fuente: Elaboración propia con datos de INEI, 2017 y Google Earth, 2018.
It should be noted that density does not express the intensity of

occupation within a housing unit; this is, instead, expressed through the
indicator of overcrowding15 (Figure 22).
15
Overcrowding refers to the percentage of the population that lives in households with more than 3.4 members per room (without counting
bathroom, kitchen, corridor or garage) in contrast to a “slum”, which refers to the conditions of the dwelling’s occupation, having a higher
number of occupants than is permitted within the regulations, to the age of construction, the degradation of its building materials and the lack of
sanitation that also characterize it as uninhabitable.
Figure 22. Population in overcrowded housing (%), city, 2013
National average
Huancavelica
(E) Quillabamba
Puerto Maldonado
Pucallpa
Iquitos
Abancay
(E) Andahuaylas
Ayacucho
Cerro de Pasco
Cajamarca
Huaraz
Moyobamba
Puno
Cusco
Ica
Huancayo
Arequipa
(E) Pisco
Chachapoyas
Chiclayo
Tacna
Moquegua
Tumbes
Lima
Piura
(E) Mollendo
Trujillo
Huánuco
(E) Huacho
Callao
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Source: PCM, 2018
With regard to instruments of land planning and management, Figure 24 shows the state of the 30
cities analyzed. Only 7 cities (23%) have all the instruments required by the regulation; while 5 cities
do not have any of the instruments, including Metropolitan Lima16. It should be noted that goal 11.a.1
of SDG 11 measures the “proportion of population living in cities that implements urban and regional
development plans integrating population projections and resource needs”, according to the United
Nations17. This analysis merits an evaluation of the quality and implementation of the plans, which
goes beyond the scope of this Report.
16
Metropolitan Lima has indefinitely extended the term of the Metropolitan Lima-Callao Development Plan - 2010 (Plan
MET), in accordance with Ordinance 1702-2013-MML.
17
UN, 2018. Tracking Progress Towards Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable Cities and Human Settlements, 2018. Report ODS 11.
Figure 24. Instruments of land management, various years
TUMBES IQUITOS
PIURA
MOYOBAMBA
CHICLAYO
CHACHAPOYAS
CAJAMARCA
TRUJILLO PUCALLPA
HUÁNUCO
HUARAZ
CERRO DE PASCO
HUACHO
CALLAO HUANCAYO
LIMA METROPOLITANA PUERTO MALDONADO

HUANCAVELICA
CUSCO
PISCO
ICA QUILLABAMBA
AYACUCHO
PUNO
ANDAHUAYLAS
ABANCAY MOQUEGUA
LEGEND MOLLENDO
TACNA
Regions with ZEE in intial phase
Regions with ZEE in process

Regions with ZEE approved AREQUIPA
With Urban Development Plan in forcé (PDU)
With Land Use Plan (PAT)
With Land Management Plan (POT)
Source: Prepared by the authors with data from MVCS; Observatory of Cites. Cenepred. 2018
3.3 PUBLIC SPACES AND GREEN AREAS

Public spaces are a tool for improving urban functionality and
promoting health and productive urban ecosystems, improving quality
of life for the residents. Public spaces are closely associated with
benefits such as increased safety and social cohesion, greater equality
and improvement in health and wellbeing. Property values increase, as
do commercial activity, housing stock value and the attractiveness of the
city. They also contribute to greater efficacy and efficiency of transport and
mobility. A prosperous city is inclusive and provides areas for cohesion,
recreation and the development of vulnerable groups through the
provision of suitable and well designed public spaces (SDG 11.7,
ONUHABITAT, 2018).
Furthermore, ecological or natural infrastructure is a recent concept that is

becoming integrated into urban planning and design, and which comes
from the concern and the opportunity to integrate natural ecosystems
(with all their value and services) as part of the city’s system of -
overwhelmingly public - open spaces18.
In Peru, information on public spaces and natural infrastructure at an urban

level is very limited and generally itemized in the Urban Development
Plans. The only organized data on this subject is that reported by the INEI,
under provision of public green areas, contained in the National Register of
Municipalities (declared by its authorities). It is likely that this data is
gathered differently by each city, depending on the concepts and scope of
its Urban Plan and the methodology of data gathering.
Despite these limitations, we give here the officially registered provision,

and this show the enormous lack of green areas in our cities: only Lima,
Arequipa and Tacna have provisions that exceed 3 m2/inhab (considerably
less than the standard benchmark for sustainable cities of 9-12 m2/inhab),
while 8 of the 30 cities studied have less than 1m2/inhab of green area
within the urban fabric and 4 do not report any indicators (Figure 25).
All cities of the rainforest have minimum provision, which indeed is

probably compensated for by the presence of “natural infrastructure” in the
urban area or its surroundings, and which is as yet not classified as public
green area in the urban plans.
Plan of open spaces and ecological infrastructure of Lima. PEAIE. Park Services of Lima (SERPAR) and
18
Andean Development Corporation (CAF). 2014.

Who plans, looks after and manages the city’s public

spaces and natural infrastructure?
It is the local governments who should plan, look after and manage public spaces and the natural
infrastructure of the city, within the framework of their land management policies reflected in the
Urban Development Plans and other plans of a territorial and environmental nature (POT and
Environment Plan). According to the National Regulation on Buildings (RNE Norm G40), public
spaces are defined as an area for public use intended for movement and recreation.
This generic definition covers a wide range of spaces, from streets, sidewalks, squares and parks, to
river banks, beaches and other urban ecosystems intended primarily for public use and recreation.
The equal distribution of public spaces within the city is necessary for accessibility and general use.
This is also the case for the quality of the spaces.
Source: Prepared by the authors and UN, 2018
Figure 25. Provision of public green areas (m2/inhab), 2015
CHACHAPOYAS HUÁNUCO TUMBES PUNO CERRO DE PASCO HUARAZ HUANCAVELICA PTO. MALDONADO
0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.9
ABANCAY HUANCAYO PIURA IQUITOS AYACUCHO CHICLAYO MOQUEGUA MOYOBAMBA

1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.6
PUCALLPA CUSCO ICA TRUJILLO CAJAMARCA MOLLENDO CALLAO LIMA

1.7 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.3 3.5 3.9
TACNA AREQUIPA
3.7 3.6
Source: INEI, 2015

3.4 MOBILITY
There is international consensus that sustainable transport must be: safe,
economical, affordable, efficient, resilient and “sensitive to climate”.
Furthermore, it should be equitable in terms of access (ONUHABITAT, 2018).
The SDG 11, in its goal 11.2, establishes the need to ensure sustainable
transport for all by 2030, with special emphasis on vulnerable persons19.
Peruvian cities face enormous challenges, since their expansive growth has
not been accompanied by adequate transport planning. In general, public
policies have been aimed at building road infrastructure, at deregulating or
liberalizing urban transport services and at favoring private cars, more than
at organizing solutions centered on an intermodal system of sustainable
transport.
Therefore, we have cities with transport systems that offer precarious and
poor quality service, often informal, with inadequate infrastructure and
equipment, with a high accident rate and, generally, highly polluting. This
reality, however, is not expressed in the indicators of urban mobility, since
this information is very limited in Peru.
The United Nations is promoting globally an Index of Sustainable Urban

Transport20 in order to compare progress in the cities of all member
countries of the NAU and the SDG 2030. This index is based on 10 indicators
that cover the economic, social and environmental dimensions of transport
sustainability:
• The existence of urban planning that prioritizes public transport, inter-

modality and infrastructure for active modes of transport
• The intensity of public transport use
• Access to public transport service
• Quality and reliability of public transport
• Accident rate
• Affordability, in terms of transport costs as a percentage of income
• Operational costs of the public transport system
• Investment in sustainable transport systems
• Air quality expressed in concentration of PM10
• Greenhouse gas emissions relating to urban transport.
19
ODS 11.2 “By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport
systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special
attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with
disabilities and older persons”. Indicator 11.2.1 “Proportion of population that has convenient access
to transport, by sex, age and persons with disabilities”.
20
ESCAP, 2018. Tracking Progress Towards Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable Cities and
Human Settlements, SDG 11 Synthesis Report. High Level Political Forum 2018. United Nations.
Who is responsible for mobility in the city?

The Peruvian government is responsible for regulating the policies on national mobility and the
local municipalities are in charge of implementing, adapting and auditing the national
regulations in the specific contexts. This being so, it is the local governments that are responsible
for mobility in the cities through their urban transport management.
Source: MVCS, MTC, 2018

Information on urban mobility is very limited in Peru. The rate of vehicle
penetration is an indicator with data only at a departmental level. The
regions of Peru with the highest number of automobiles per 1000
inhabitants correspond to the cities of Trujillo (179.84/1,000 inhab), Lima
(175.48/1,000 inhab), Callao (135/1,000 inhab), Tacna (142.72/1,000 inhab) and
Arequipa (114.2/1,000 inhab). With the exception of Tacna, these are all
metropolitan cities; 3 are located on the coast. Huancavelica is the city of the
department with lowest rate of vehicle penetration (2.58/1,000 inhab), while the
Amazon cities have lower rates of vehicle penetration than cities of other
regions (Figure 26).
With respect to vehicle typology per city, the 2017 Census of INEI indicates
that in Arequipa, Mollendo, Lima, Cusco, Tacna and Moquegua, more than
20% of urban households own an automobile or pickup; while in all the
cities of the rainforest except Chachapoyas and Huánuco, almost half of all
households own a motorcycle (Figure 28). There seems to be a slight
correlation between income level and vehicle penetration rate (Figure 29).
There are 2,600,000 vehicles circulating in our country, with an average

age of 13 years, according to the APP. Studies demonstrate that Lima alone
needs 15,000 new buses in order to have a good transport system, less
than half of the existing 36,000 units, many of them old and small, that
cause heavy congestion.
Figure 26. Rate of vehicle penetration (number of vehicles/1,000 inhabitants),

department, 2016
Trujillo
(E) Huacho
Lima
Arequipa
Tacna
Callao
Moquegua
Cusco
Chiclayo
Huancayo
Ica
(E) Pisco
Puno
Piura
Huaraz
Cerro de Pasco
Huánuco
Pucallpa
Cajamarca
Moyobamba
Tumbes
Abancay
(E) Andahuaylas
Puerto Maldonado
Ayacucho
Chachapoyas
Iquitos
Huancavelica
(E) Mollendo*
(E) Quillabamba*
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Source: SINIA, 2016 *Information not available
It should be noted that the number of vehicles in Peru is very small in

comparison to neighboring countries (Figure 27).
Figure 27. Number of vehicles in South American countries, 2016
inhab. (million) veh. (million)

250 70
200 60
150 45
100 30
50 15
0 0
Argentina Chile Brasil Ecuador Venezuela Colombia Peru
Ratio inhab/veh. 3.08 3.37 3.38 7.04 7.29 10.11 11.94
Population 2016 Number of vehicles
Source: ALADDA/AAP, 2016
Regarding accident rate, the National Road Safety Council, the body
responsible for defining the internal policies of national road safety,
registers the proportion of traffic accidents occurring in both the urban
area as well as beyond it, observing that in the last 10 years, more than 95%
of said events occurred in the urban area 21 (Figure 30).
The information available shows us that the department of Lima has the
highest accident rate (642.4/100,000 inhab), followed by Puerto Maldonado
(575.1/100,000 inhab), Arequipa and Mollendo, both with 543.8/100,000
inhab. Iquitos comes top in the cities with low accident rate (68.2/100,000
hab), followed by Puno (111.3/100,000 inhab) (Figure 31).
In 2017, however, Puno was in second place in number of deaths from traffic
accidents with 326/100,000 inhab. Lima is at first place, with 378/100,000
inhab. And there were less than 50/100,000 inhab in Moquegua, Cerro de Pasco,
Pucallpa, Tacna, Iquitos, Chachapoyas, Huancavelica, Puno and Tumbes with
only 9/100,000 inhab (Figure 31).
21
Taken from https://www.mtc.gob.pe/cnsv/documentos/accidentesTransito_2006-2017.pdf
Figure 28. Type of vehicle by city (% households by type of vehicle), 2017
60.00
20.00
40.00
50.00
70.00
30.00
10.00
0.00
Abancay
(E) Andahuaylas
Arequipa
Ayacucho
Cajamarca
Callao
Cerro de Pasco
Chachapoyas
Chiclayo
Cusco
(E) Huacho
Huancavelica
Huancayo
Huánuco
Huaraz
Ica
Iquitos
Lima
(E) Mollendo
Moquegua
Moyobamba
(E) Pisco
Piura
Pucallpa
Puerto Maldonado
Puno
(E) Quillabamba
Tacna Household has

Automobile, pickup
Trujillo
Motorbike
Tumbes Speedboat, motorboat,

motorized canoe, canoe
Source: INEI, 2017

Figure 29. Level of Income and vehicle penetration (department, 2016)
S/. / inhab / month
200 2,500
160 2,000
120 1,500
80 1,000
40 500
0 0
Chachapoyas
Chiclayo
Tumbes
Moyobamba
Cajamarca
Huánuco
Tacna
Arequipa
Lima
Trujillo
Cerro de Pasco
Huaraz
Ica
Huancayo
Cusco
Huancavelica
Iquitos
Ayacucho
Pucallpa
Piura
Moquegua
Callao
Puerto Maldonado
(E) Andahuaylas
(E) Pisco
Abancay
Puno
(E) Quillabamba
(E) Mollendo
(E) Huacho
Vehicle penetration (Nº of veh./1000 inhab) Average Income per Inhabitant (soles/inhab/month)
Source: INEI, 2017; SINIA, 2016
Figure 30. Number of Traffic Accidents in accordance with area, national level, 2006-2017
National 77,840 79,972 85,337 86,026 83,653 84,495 94,923 102,762 100,104 95,532 89,304 88,168
Total
2,476 2,334
2,060 2,122
1,947 2,000 2,297 2,997 3,327
1,917 1,812
1,594
100,286 98,770
92,863 93,410
83,525 84,079 81,563 82,198 86,307 84,841
76,246 78,075
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Urban Roads Non-Urban Roads (highways)
Source: prepared by the authors

Figure 31. Accident rates and traffic accident death rate, 2017
Traffic Deaths in
Accidents traffic
accidents
700 40
600 35
500 30
25
400
20
300 15
200 10
100 5
0 0
Tumbes
Puerto Maldonado
Cusco
Puno
Cajamarca
Trujillo
Huancavelica
Huánuco
Arequipa
Lima
Pucallpa
Ayacucho
Piura
(E) Andahuaylas
(E) Huacho
Chachapoyas
Chiclayo
Huaraz
(E) Quillabamba
Moyobamba
Tacna
Iquitos
Cerro de Pasco
Callao
(E) Pisco
(E) Mollendo
Huancayo
Ica
Abancay
Moquegua
Traffic accident rate (each/100,000 inhab)
Traffic accident death rate (each/100,000 inhab)
Source: INEI-VI National Police Census, 2017
It should be noted that the level of accidents registered during this period in Lima puts Peru’s
capital city in the ranking of 100 most fatal cities for road accidents in Latin America22 (positioned
at number 76 in the list). It is, in part, this situation that explains the terrible perception of the quality of
the transport service (Figure 32). The capital city (which concentrates the largest part of the urban
population in the country) uses predominantly buses and “combis” as means of transport, both
of these modalities being the most poorly perceived in this area 23.
Figure 32. Perception of transport service of Lima (% of

people classifying it as good-very good, 2018)
70.0% 64.5% 64.9%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Taxi
Buses
Mototaxi
Metropolitano
Minibus or combi
Metro of Lima
Complemen. Corridors
Source: Lima Cómo Vamos, 2018
Taken from: http://seguridadvial.org.ve/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/CIUDADES-FATALES-FINAL.pdf

22
Taken from Survey on the Perception of quality of life in Lima and Callao (year 2018), conducted by “Lima
23
Cómo Vamos”.
This comes in addition to the impacts in environmental terms generated in

the provision of transport services. In this way, despite the efforts made to
replace the vehicles providing public transport services for units with better
environmental standards or a different kind of fuel, such as natural gas
instead of petroleum (as in the case of the Metropolitano or the
Complementary Corridors and their successive renewal processes of the
vehicle fleet), the projection of fuel consumption for 2025 shows that
public transport buses will consume nearly 70% of diesel or B524. It should
be noted that the transport sector is very energy intensive and that
according to INFOCARBONO24,, it is responsible for 10% of national
greenhouse gas emissions.
Natural gas provides an opportunity to reduce pollution caused by

transport, as well as being cheaper. Currently, only 7.9% of the public
transport fleet of Lima uses GNV, only 0.03% of trucks and only 12.7% of
light vehicles. Electric mobility is another opportunity to be embraced. It is
estimated that by 2030, 10% of the automotive fleet will be electric.
It is also worth pointing out that the statistics on fines for violating
regulations on vehicle pollutants imposed by the National Peruvian Police
(PNP) has been insignificant in relation to the number of vehicles in Lima
and Callao25.
With respect to other types of transport infrastructure and equipment, no

information was found on the extent of cycle lanes, except in 3
metropolitan cities: Callao (16.55 km), Lima (147.33 km) and Trujillo (9.12
km). Likewise, only 6 cities of the 30 evaluated have Urban Mobility Plans
and only two of these (Puno and Cusco) are recent (2018 and 2016
respectively) and provide up-to-date information on the urban dynamics of
mobility (Figure 33).
Given that there is no reliable information on air quality in Peruvian cities

(see Section on Air and Noise), it is not possible to establish a correlation
between vehicle penetration rate and air quality to date.
24
Journal Economía: http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/economia/article/view/19272/19417
http://infocarbono.minam.gob.pe/inventarios-nacionales-gei/intro/
25
The fines for violation of vehicle pollution regulation imposed by the National Peruvian Police (PNP)
correspond to violation M15, considered a very serious offence and grounds for vehicle detention by the
Superintendence of Municipal Tax Administration (SAT). Source: Doctoral Thesis by Gonzalo Flores, engineer.
Direct communication, 2018.
Figure 33. Cycle lanes and mobility Plans, 2018
LEYENDA
Cicle lane
Mobility Plan
TRUJILLO
CUSCO
CALLAO
LIMA
PUNO
AREQUIPA
MOQUEGUA
Source: prepared by the authors based on various sources. 2018

3.5 AIR AND NOISE

Local authorities have a fundamental role in dealing with air quality in
cities, reducing greenhouse gas emissions or mitigating their effect,
conducting air quality controls and implementing measures for its
improvement. Good transport management and a Mobility Plan that
prioritizes efficient public transport allows a reduction in particulate matter
(PM10 and PM2.5) and gaseous emissions; good urban planning and
control situates highly contaminating activities (refineries, foundries,
cement works etc.) far from the main urban area where people live, thus
reducing their impact; and good solid waste management (including the
ban on trash-burning) can also contribute to reducing levels of NO2,
particles and greenhouse gases.
Who manages air quality in the cities of Peru?

In Peru, the responsibility for the evaluation of Air Quality is shared – in practice – between
DIGESA, attached to the Ministry of Health and SENAHMHI, a body attached to MINAM. To these
are added the Regional Directorates of Environmental Health (DIRESA); however, it is the
municipalities who are in charge of conducting the monitoring activities and improving air
quality.
In 2001, the Regulation of National Standards of Environmental Air Quality was approved through
Supreme Decree N°074-2001-PCM which determined 13 Zones of Priority Attention (ZAP) in which
Technical Groups (zone GESTA) were established for Air: these were in charge of preparing the Action
Plan for the Improvement of Air Quality. In 2012 alone, 18 New Zones of Priority Attention were
determined. The standards of air quality in Peru have been recently updated (Supreme Decree N°003-
2017-MINAM).
Source: Ministry of the Environment (2014). National Report on Air Quality 2013-2014. Lima. P.12. http://www.minam.gob.pe/wp-
content/uploads/2016/07/Informe-Nacional-de-Calidad-del-Aire-2013-2014.pdf
3.5.1 Air
There is no information available that allows a comprehensive evaluation
of air quality in the cities of Peru, except in Lima-Callao and in some
specific cities such as Cajamarca, Tacna, Arequipa, Huaraz and Cusco.
There is only information on isolated monitoring campaigns that do not
allow evaluation of compliance with the ECA (OCDE, 2016).
The Report considered the following indicators in order to obtain an

evaluation of air quality management in cities:
Concentration of PM10; PM2.5; SO2; NOX, To evaluate the quality of the air we breathe
where there are reliable monitoring stations
Number of air monitoring stations To evaluate how far we have come in

implementing systems of monitoring and
surveillance.
Existence of a technical revision plant for
vehicles
To identify potential conditioning factors of
air quality: cities with the highest rate of
Selling of “dirty” diesel fuel, with more than vehicle penetration, without technical
50 ppm SO2 revision plants, with significant sources of
pollution and that still sell dirty diesel will be
Existence of significant sources of air at a higher risk of having “poor air quality”.
pollution
Vehicle penetration rate

Only 6 of the 30 cities analyzed (20%) have an air monitoring network: Lima, Callao, Arequipa,
Huaraz, Cusco and Tacna (Figure 34). According to information provided by MINAM, there is a
shortfall of 32 automatic monitoring stations in the cities evaluated in this Report (Table 27).
With the exception of Mollendo and Puerto Maldonado, all the cities studies have a vehicle technical
revision plant within the urban area of the city. If the technical revision plants were to operate
effectively, vehicle emissions would be considerably reduced.
In 6 of the 30 cities evaluated (20%) (Chachapoyas, Moyobamba, Tumbes, Iquitos, Piura and Pucallpa)
diesel fuel is still being sold with SO2 concentrations above 50ppm (Figure 35).
Figure 34. Air monitoring networks in the cities analyzed
CITIES WITH AIR

MONITORING NETWORK
Source: Prepared by the authors based on information from MINAM, 2018.

Table 27. Shortfall in air quality monitoring stations
Shortfa
Area of attention in N° of Parameters to
automatic prioritize
stations
Chachapoyas (Amazonas) 1 PM10 y PM2.5
Huaraz (Ancash) 1 PM10 y PM2.5
Abancay (Apurímac) 0 ---
Arequipa (Arequipa) 1 PM10 y PM2.5
Ayacucho (Huamanga) 0 ---
Cajamarca (Cajamarca) 2 PM10 y PM2.5
Cusco (Cusco) 2 PM10 y PM2.5
Huancavelica (Huancavelica) 0 ---
Huánuco (Huánuco) 0 ---
Ica (Ica) 2 PM10 y PM2.5
Pisco (Ica) 2 H2S, SO2, PM10 y PM2.5
Huancayo (Junín) 2 PM10, PM2.5 y O3
Trujillo (La Libertad) 3 PM10 y PM2.5
Chiclayo (Lambayeque) 3 PM10 y PM2.5
Lima - Callao 0 PM10 y PM2.5
Maynas (Loreto) 2 PM10 y PM2.5
Tambopata (Madre de Dios) 0 ---
Mariscal Nieto (Moquegua) 1 PM10 y PM2.5
Cerro de Pasco (Pasco) 2 PM10 y PM2.5
Piura (Piura) 3 PM10 y PM2.5
Puno (Puno) 2 PM10 y PM2.5
Moyobamba (San Martín) 1 PM10 y PM2.5
Tacna (Tacna) 1 PM10 y PM2.5
Tumbes (Tumbes) 1 PM10 y PM2.5
Source: MINAM, 2018.
In 12 of the 30 cities evaluated (40%) there are significant fixed sources of pollution (steelworks,
brickworks, fishmeal factories, quarries) that most likely affect the quality of air that their citizens
breathe (MINAM, 2018).
It is highly probable that in Lima and Callao, where significant sources of pollution are concentrated
(high vehicle penetration and fixed sources such as industries), the air quality is substantially worse
than the national average and may exceed the ECA for air in the key parameters. As can be seen in
Figure 35, in Tumbes, “dirty” diesel is sold and there are significant sources of pollution (burning
associated with rice cultivation close to the urban area); the departments in which Arequipa, Huacho,
Tacna and Trujillo are located have a vehicle penetration rate greater than 140 vehicles per 1,000
inhabitants, followed by Chiclayo, Cusco and Moquegua, that have vehicle penetration rates above 50
vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants; and the cities which are still selling diesel with high sulfur content are
Chachapoyas, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Piura and Moyobamba. Information on air quality in cities with
monitoring systems can be found online: http://www.senamhi.gob.pe/?p=calidad-de-aire.
Figure 35. Conditioning factors of air quality in the analyzed cities, 2018
TUMBES IQUITOS
PIURA
MOYOBAMBA
CHICLAYO
CHACHAPOYAS
CAJAMARCA
TRUJILLO PUCALLPA
HUÁNUCO
HUARAZ
CERRO DE PASCO
HUACHO
CALLAO HUANCAYO
LIMA METROPOLITANA
PUERTO MALDONADO
HUANCAVELICA
CUSCO
PISCO
ICA QUILLABAMBA
AYACUCHO
PUNO
ANDAHUAYLAS
ABANCAY MOQUEGUA
MOLLENDO TACNA
AREQUIPA
LEYENDA
Air monitoring station
Vehicle technical revision plant Provincial

Level
Sale and use of diesel fuel
(+50ppm SO2)
Significant fixed sources of atmospheric pollution

Vehicle penetration rate (Nº veh./1,000 inhab) > 100
Departamental
Vehicle penetration rate (Nº veh./1,000 inhab) between50-99 Level
Vehicle penetration rate (Nº veh./1,000 inhab) < 50
Fuente: prepared by the authors;; MINAM, 2018

3.5.2 Noise
Noise is one the most serious environmental problems in Peruvian
cities. The latest survey on perception of Lima Cómo Vamos (2018) says
that Lima residents consider noise as the third most significant
environmental problem of the capital, after air pollution and garbage.
Many cities with a high rate of vehicle penetration or with a large
number of motorcycles and moto-taxis also have very high levels of
noise.
MINAM established Environmental Quality Standards (ECA) for noise in

2003 (Supreme Decree Nº 085-2003-PCM). The ECA represent the
maximum environmental noise levels that, for the protection of human
health, should not be exceeded. Local governments are responsible for
evaluating, supervising, auditing and sanctioning issues referring to noise, in
accordance with the provisions of their respective municipal ordinances and
in compliance with the Noise ECA.
Who controls noise pollution in Peruvian cities?

Provincial and district municipalities work together to comply with the following functions: (a)
prepare and implement noise pollution prevention and control plans and the maximum permitted
limits of the activities and services under their jurisdiction; (b) Monitor compliance with the legal
provisions in force for noise pollution prevention and control; (c) Prepare, establish and implement
the sanction ladder for the activities regulated under their jurisdiction; (d) Issue regulations on noise
pollution prevention and control for commercial and domestic activities, as well as services.
Source: OEFA, 2015
How much have we progressed since 2003? Are the Municipalities doing
enough? It seems not.
Figure 36 shows the cities that have approved ordinances that regulate the
prevention, control and sanctioning of the generation of unwanted or harmful
noise: of the 30 cities analyzed, 23 have specific Ordinances. Huánuco, although it
has no ordinance, has established sanctions within the single table of
offences and administrative sanctions and reports control measures to the
OEFA.
Fig. 36 Cities with noise control ordinance
TUMBES IQUITOS
PIURA
MOYOBAMBA
CHICLAYO
CHACHAPOYAS
CAJAMARCA
TRUJILLO PUCALLPA
HUÁNUCO
HUARAZ
CERRO DE PASCO
HUACHO
CALLAO HUANCAYO
LIMA METROPOLITANA
PUERTO MALDONADO
HUANCAVELICA
CUSCO
PISCO
ICA QUILLABAMBA
AYACUCHO
PUNO
ANDAHUAYLAS
ABANCAY MOQUEGUA
MOLLENDO TACNA
LEYENDA AREQUIPA
Existence of Noise Control Ordinance
(Provincial level)
Yes
No
3.6 WASTE
This category of analysis is related to ODS 11 in its Goal 11.6 to “reduce
adverse environmental impact in cities by 2030, including paying special
attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management”. For
this, indicator 11.6.1 is proposed, which is the “proportion of urban solid
waste regularly collected and with adequate final discharge out of total
urban waste generated, by cities”.
In the context of this category, an overview is given of some key indicators

of solid waste management in cities, one of the biggest urban
environmental problems. Thus, there are indicators of generation,
collection, final discharge and recycling, in addition to plastic waste
generation. Much of the information was gathered from MINAM’s
Information System of Solid Waste Management (SIGERSOL), as well as
from the Integrated Solid Waste Management Plans (PIGARS) at a municipal
level.
Poor management of solid waste not only affects quality of urban life and
public health, but also generates greenhouse gases. According to MINAM,
greenhouse gas emissions from the Waste sector were 7,823.00 Gg CO2e in
2012, which represents 5% of emissions at a national level. The
decomposition of waste generates 77% of total emissions in this
sector (6,005.00 Gg CO2e, INFOCARBONO, 2018)26.

The 30 cities studied have a domestic waste generation per capita within
the average range established as acceptable by the MINAM27, being
between 0.36 and 0.70 kilograms per inhabitant per day. The city that
produces the greatest volume of domestic waste per capita is Pucallpa,
with 0.67 kilograms a day, followed by Cusco and Huancayo, both with 0.63
kilograms. The residents producing the least domestic waste per capita are
those from Tumbes, Moquegua, Huánuco and Cerro de Pasco, with 0.43 or
less kg/day/person (Figure 37). There is no evidence of a relation between
monetary poverty and waste production (Figure 38).
26
INFOCARBONO (2018). National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases 2012. Available at:
http://infocarbono.minam.gob.pe/inventarios-nacionales-gei/inventario-nacional-de-gases-
efectos-invernaderos-2010-2/
27
According to MINAM’s Fourth National Report of Municipal and non-Municipal Solid
Waste: Management 2010-2011, the acceptable range for this indicator is from 0.35 to 0.75
kg/inhab/ day: MINAM (2013). Fourth National Report of Municipal and non-Municipal Solid
Waste: Management 2010-2011. Available at: http://sinia.minam.gob.pe/download/file/fid/39726
Who manages and handles the city’s waste?

The new law on Integrated Solid Waste Management, D.L. 1278, states in article 22 that: “Provincial
municipalities, with respect to the central districts, and district municipalities, are responsible for the
management of household and hazardous waste, and similar, in the area of their jurisdiction” (…) as
well as the collection, transport and discharge services of municipal solid waste. The law also
provides that they are responsible for promoting and implementing progressive on-site separation
programs and selective waste collection.
Source: MINAM, 2018
Figure 37. Household waste generation (kg/per capita/day, city, 2017)
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Huancavelica
Huánuco
Chiclayo
Moquegua
Tumbes
Tacna
Chachapoyas
Arequipa
Huaraz
Trujillo
Ica
Cajamarca
Moyobamba
Puno
Iquitos
Abancay
Callao
Piura
Lima
Ayacucho
Huancayo
Cusco
Pucallpa
Puerto Maldonado
(E) Quillabamba
Cerro de Pasco
(E) Mollendo
(E) Huacho
Perú (promedio nacional)

(E) Andahuaylas
(E) Pisco
Source: MINAM, 2018
Figure 38. Relation between total monetary poverty (city, 2013) and household
waste generation per capita (City, 2017)
0.80 40
Household GPC (kg/inhab/day)
Total Monetary Poverty (% of population)

0.70 35
0.60 30
0.50 25
0.40 20
0.30 15
0.20 10
0.10 5
0.00 0
Huancavelica
Pucallpa
Cusco
Huancayo
Ayacucho
Piura
Chiclayo
Callao
Abancay
Iquitos
Puno
Moyobamba
Cajamarca
Ica
Trujillo
Huaraz
Arequipa
Chachapoyas
Tacna
Tumbes
Moquegua
Huánuco
Lima Metropolitana
Puerto Maldonado
(E) Quillabamba
(E) Pisco
(E) Andahuaylas
(E) Huacho
(E) Mollendo
Cerro de Pasco
Source: MINAM, 2018; INEI, 2017

Total incidence of monetary poverty (2013)
Domestic GPC (kg/inhab/day) (2017

The total generation of waste obviously depends on the per capita

generation and the size of the urban population: to this is added other
municipal and commercial waste, whose volume would vary according to
intensity of economic activity, density of commercial areas, floating
population, among others. Thus, a metropolis such as Lima has to handle
more than 5,500 tons of household waste per day, while a small city such as
Mollendo or Chachapoyas, handles as little as 10 tons a day (Figure 39). Of
these, more than 50% is organic waste and between 5-15% plastic waste.
Thus, we have a yearly generation of between 1 ton a day of plastic waste
for a city like Chachapoyas, to 465 tons for Lima. Thus, if we found the solution
to handling organic and plastic waste, we would be targeting the management of 70%
of Peru’s waste.
Figure 39. Generation of household waste per day

(tons/day, city, 2017)
Lima 5,553.90
Callao 625.71
Trujillo 455.68
Arequipa 449.24
Chiclayo 384.06
Cusco 272.02
Iquitos 249.83
Huancayo 237.22
Piura 220.74
Pucallpa 210.71
Ica 146.91
Tacna 133.08
Ayacucho 125.40
Cajamarca 115.21
(E) Huacho 84.04
Puno 76.14
Huánuco 72.87
Huaraz 60.86
Tumbes 48.96
Puerto Maldonado 39.34
(E) Pisco 37.37
Abancay 34.87
(E) Andahuaylas 33.68
Moyobamba 30.74
Moquegua 26.35
Cerro de Pasco 24.95
Huancavelica 23.95
(E) Quillabamba 17.08
Chachapoyas 13.26
(E) Mollendo 10.12
0.00 1000.00 2000.00 3000.00 4000.00 5000.00 6000.00
Source : MINAM, 2018
* It should be noted that each city, depending on the volume and type of waste it produces,
requires a specific technological package that addresses all components of public sanitation
services. Twelve of the 30 cities generate less than 50 tons/day, meaning they require
semimechanized landfills, while 18 generate more than 50 tons/day and require mechanized
landfills.
Figure 40. Generation of household plastic waste per year (tons, city, 2017)
80,000.00
60,000.00
20,000.00
40,000.00
50,000.00
70,000.00
30,000.00
10,000.00
Chachapoyas
Huaraz
Abancay
(E) Andahuaylas
Arequipa
(E) Mollendo
Ayacucho
Cajamarca
Cusco
(E) Quillabamba
Huancavelica
Huánuco
Ica
(E) Pisco
Huancayo
Trujillo
Chiclayo
Lima Metropolitana
Callao
(E) Huacho
Iquitos
Puerto Maldonado
Moquegua
Cerro de Pasco
Piura
PET plastic (tn/year)
Puno
Hard plastic (tn/year)
Bags (tn/year)
Moyobamba
Polystyrene and similar (tn/year)
Tacna Tetrabrik and others (tn/year)
Tumbes
Pucallpa
Source: SIGERSOL, 2015

Figure 41. Total generation of household waste, organic and plastic, city (2017 and 2015)
Pucallpa
Cusco
Huancayo
Ayacucho
(E) Quillabamba
Lima Metropolitana
Piura
Callao
Abancay
Chiclayo
Iquitos
(E) Pisco
(E) Andahuaylas waste per capita

(kg/inhab/day) (2015)
Puno
Moyobamba material (kg/inhab./day)

(E) Huacho Household GPC
Cajamarca (kg/inhab./day) (2017)
Ica
Trujillo
Huaraz
Puerto Maldonado
Huancavelica
(E) Mollendo
Arequipa
Chachapoyas
Tacna
Tumbes
Moquegua
Huánuco
Cerro de Pasco
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
The most common plastic waste is that of plastic bags, representing 38% of plastic waste generated
in 2015, in terms of weight. The cities that generate most plastic bags are Lima and Callao, with
68,297 and 12,441 tons/year respectively for 2015. The second category of household plastic waste,
based on weight, is that of hard plastic28, with 28%, Lima and Piura being the cities that generate most,
with 58,007 and 7,433 tons respectively.
28
According to the Report: Diagnosis of solid waste in Peru (MINAM, 2013. Available at: https://www.nefco.org/
sites/nefco.org/files/pdf-files/1_diagnostico_de_los_residuos_solidos_en_el_peru.pdf), hard plastics are PVC, PP, ABS. According
to Plastics Europe (https://www.plasticseurope.org/es/about-plastics/what-are-plastics/large-family), polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
is the third most produced synthetic plastic polymer in the world, after polyethylene and polypropylene, and is used for
coatings, pipes, hoses, among others. Polypropylene (PP) is the basic plastic with least density and is used in food packaging, candy
wrappings, kitchen utensils, among others. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a thermoplastic used for manufacturing
sports equipment, toys (for example, LEGO® bricks, and various automobile parts.
According to MINAM, urban household collection coverage exceeds 70% in

all cities, with the minimum in Moquegua (with 73.72%) and universal
coverage in Tumbes, Moyobamba, Puno, Mollendo, Andahuaylas and
Chachapoyas (Figure 42). The average of the 30 cities analyzed exceeds
the global average (74.2%) and that of Latin American cities (80.4%
according to the 2018 United Nations Report of SDG 1129). However, this
statistic does not necessarily account for the quality of service (frequency
of collection, schedule, treatment, etc.).
Figure 42. Coverage of household collection service (% of

urban population, city, 2017)
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
Latin America (urban average)
World (urban average)
Huancavelica
Chiclayo
Pucallpa
Ica
Ayacucho
Huancayo
Moquegua
Iquitos
Huánuco
Tacna
Trujillo
Cusco
Callao
Abancay
Piura
Arequipa
Huaraz
Lima
Cajamarca
Chachapoyas
Puno
Moyobamba
Tumbes
(E) Quillabamba
(E) Pisco
(E) Huacho
Puerto Maldonado
(E) Andahuaylas
(E) Mollendo
Peru (urban average)
Cerro de Pasco
Source: SIGERSOL, 2018; UN, 2018
According to the National Plan of Integrated Solid Waste Management

2016-2024 (MINAM, 2016), the main problem of solid waste handling in
Peru is the lack of adequate places for final disposal. According to the Plan,
“it is estimated that the country requires 190 infrastructures for the final
disposal of solid waste”.
Adequate final waste disposal is still a pending issue. Although Peru already
has 34 landfill sites30, only 8 of the 30 cities (23%) analyzed have a landfill
site (Figure 43).
29
United Nations, 2018. Tracking Progress Towards Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable Cities
and Human Settlements. SDG11 Synthesis Report. High Level Political Forum 2018.
30
MINAM, 2018. Personal communication.
Despite this, the existing landfills do not cover the total demand of the cities:
Ayacucho has a landfill site that provides service to 4 of the 5 districts that comprise
the city; in Cajamarca, the 2 districts that make up the city dispose of their
waste in landfills; in the city of Huaraz, the landfill site provides services to
one of its two districts, and in Ica, only 2 of its 5 districts have this service.
In Iquitos there is an authorized landfill site that provides service to 4
districts but has become over-burdened, while the city of Trujillo has a
brand-new landfill but the Municipality continues to use the old dump in
order not to affect the municipal finances. Only the landfill sites of Lima
and of Callao supply all neighborhoods of the two cities. The city of Cusco
has a dumping ground that has been converted into a landfill site in
recuperation, but it as yet does not have the corresponding authorization
from MINAM’s General Directorate of Solid Waste.
The MINAM and the Municipalities are currently in the process of

implementing a number of landfills, such as for Huacho, Moyobamba and
Iquitos, to be inaugurated in 2019; Moquegua and Tacna have investment
and pre-investment dossiers.
The Integrated Plans for Municipal Solid Waste Management (PIGARS) are
the basic planning instruments for the adequate management of waste in
cities: 100% of the Provincial Municipalities of the 30 cities studied have PIGARS
approved through Ordinances (Figure 44). The oldest PIGARS are those of
Huancayo, which were approved in 2011, followed by Chiclayo,
Moyobamba and Pucallpa, approved in 2012. The most recent Plans are
those of Quillabamba and Arequipa, from 2017; and Huaraz, whose PIGARS
were approved in 2018. If we consider that, according to the new Law of
Solid Waste (S.D. 013-2017-MINAM), the term of validity for a PIGARS is 5
years, 7 of the 30 cities studied (23%) will have to update this instrument
next year.
With respect to recycling, there is no reliable data on volumes of recycling

in the analyzed cities, but all the cities studied have systems of on-site
separation and selective collection of inorganic solid waste, as part of the
Incentive Program for the Improvement of Municipal Management (PI) of
the MEF in most of their districts: 28 cities (93.33%) have the program in all
districts that make up the urban area, while 2 cities (6.77%) have it in all
districts of the urban area except one. These cities are Arequipa, where the
district of Mollebaya does not report having an incentive program; and
Tacna, where the district of Calana does not have this program (Figure 44).
Figure 43. Landfill sites in the cities of Peru (2018)
IQUITOS
Nauta
Bagua
CAJAMARCA
TRUJILLO
Cajacay Llata
Carhuaz Ambo
HUARAZ
Oxapampa
Pozuzo
Chancay Concepción
CALLAO Tarma
LIMA METROPOLITANA Anta

Urubamba
Yauli
Ccochaccasa CUSCO*
Anco Huallo
Huancarama
ICA Chuquibambilla
AYACUCHO
Cora Cora
San Miguel
LEYENDA Hualla
Puquio
Landfills
Source: prepared by the authors based on information from MINAM. *Recovered dump
Figure 44. Cities with Integrated Solid Waste Plans (PIGARS) and
Program for Waste Separation
TUMBES 2016 2014 IQUITOS
PIURA 2016
2012 MOYOBAMBA
CHICLAYO 2012
2013 CHACHAPOYAS
CAJAMARCA 2015
TRUJILLO 2016 2012 PUCALLPA
2015 HUÁNUCO
HUARAZ 201
2015 CERRO DE PASCO

HUACHO 2014
CALLAO 2016
2011 HUANCAYO
LIMA METROPOLITANA 2014

2015 PUERTO MALDONADO
HUANCAVELICA 2016
2015 CUSCO
PISCO 2015
ICA 2016 2017 QUILLABAMBA
AYACUCHO 2013
2013 PUNO
ANDAHUAYLAS 2014
ABANCAY 2014 2015 MOQUEGUA
MOLLENDO 2015
TACNA
2014
AREQUIPA 2017
LEYENDA:
año Plan Integral de Gestion de Residuos Sólidos (PIGARS)
Programa de Segregación de Residuos

3.7 WATER
The indicators of this category are related to the compliance with ODS 6
“Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation
for all”. The SDG 6 establishes 2 main goals:
Goal 6.1. “By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and
affordable drinking water for all”.
Goal 6.2. “By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation
and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to
the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations”.
Access to water, sanitation and hygiene is a human right, yet thousands of

millions of people in the world continue to face enormous problems every
day in accessing the most elemental services. Peru is no exception in this;
the government is making a huge effort to increase the coverage and
quality of water and sanitation services, as well as protecting the sources of
drinking water. But it will take some years before a universal service of
quality and affordable price for all Peruvians will be reached.
The indicators of this category were mostly obtained directly from the
SUNASS31 and the data is directly gathered from the EPS, and for this reason
are subject to the territorial boundaries of the jurisdictions of these
companies. Thus, the available information is related to the place
administrated by the EPS, which in some cases coincides with the whole
city, and in others, supplies a greater population32. The Report considered
the following indicators in order to obtain a picture of water services from
the perspective of sustainability and resilience in cities:
Coverage of drinking water

service Coverage of drainage
service Treatment of waste water As indicators of basic services
Continuity of drinking water service
Water consumption per capita As an indicator of efficiency and to compare

us with the indicator of SDG 11.
Existence of a Payment Initiative for Eco-systemic To identify the existence of instruments for
Water Services (Tarif f approved by SUNASS) protecting water sources and regulating water
flows.
31
Communications through email with members of the Commission for Tariff Regulation-Area
of Macro-Regional Coordination, July-November 2018.
32
It should be noted that the team made an attempt to compile and analyze data from the
Census and the ENAHO of the ENEI, in relation to the category “Water”. But various
inconsistencies were found in the quality of the information and it was decided to report only the
data from SUNASS.
Regarding coverage of water from the public network33, according to

information from SUNASS, which considers the areas of the EPS, it ranges
from 47.07% for Pucallpa to 99.85%34 for Abancay, with a national urban
average of 94.4% (INEI, 2018)35.
A total of 21 cities (70%) have more than 90% drinking water coverage,
considered acceptable under the parameters of ICES BID36; 7 cities (23%)
are lagging behind and have drinking water coverage of between 75 and
90%, while 2 cities (7%) have a coverage of less than 75% and are in a
critical situation (Figure 45).
It is worth mentioning that having a water supply from a public network

does not guarantee water potability nor the quality of the service (for
example, measured by continuity). In 2017, only 42.3% of the national urban
population consumed water from a public network with adequate levels of
chlorine (≥0,5 mg/l) (INEI, 2018)37.
With regard to coverage of the sewage system38, the range goes from
between 47% for the city of Pucallpa and 97% for Huaraz, with a national
average for the period 2017 of 88.7% (INEI 2018). There are 24 cities (80%)
that have sewage system coverage greater that 75% which is considered
acceptable under the parameters of ICES BID39; 2 cities (7%) are lagging
behind and have a sewer system coverage of between 60 and 75%; while 4
cities (13%) have a less than 60% coverage, and are in a critical situation.
If we consider both coverage, by public network and sewerage, the city of

Pucallpa is clearly in a critical situation.
33
Water coverage by public network for the area of the EPS refers to the percentage of the
population served, in relation to the population of the area of the EPS. It considers the
connections inside the dwelling, outside the dwelling but inside the building or a public tap.
34
When the data comes from the EPS, it refers to the population within the coverage area of
the EPS, which may or may not coincide with the limits of the city itself. Even though the data
may not directly respond to the population within the cities with a public network water
supply, it does allow us to have an idea of the supply level of these cities.
35
INEI (2018). Peru: forms of access to water and basic sanitation. Available at: https://www.
inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/boletin_agua_y_saneamiento.pdf
36
In accordance with BID’s Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative, the indicators are
characterized by three colors (traffic light): (i) green, when the indicator is within the expected
parameters; (ii) amber, if the indicator shows a lagging behind and (iii) red, if the indicator
shows a critical situation (BID, 2016) . Under this system, the indicators used by the ICES for the
indicator of drinking water coverage show: green, more than 90%: amber, between 75 and 90%,
and red, less than 75%.
37
INEI (2018). Peru: forms of access to water and basic sanitation. Available at: https://www.
inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/boletin_agua_y_saneamiento.pdf
38
Sewerage coverage for the area of the EPS refers to the percentage of the population
served, in relation to the population of the area of the EPS.
39
In accordance with BID’s Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative, the parameters for
sewer coverage are: green, more than 75%: amber, between 60 and 75%, and red, less than 60%.
Figure 45. Coverage of water from public network (% population with connection inside or
outside the dwelling) and sewerage coverage (% population with connection inside or outside
the dwelling) 2017, area of the EPS40
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Quillabamba - EMAQ S.R.L.
Pucallpa - EMAPACOP S.A.
Cusco - SEDACUSCO S.A.

Trujillo - SEDALIB S.A.
Cajamarca - SEDACAJ S.A.
Huánuco - SEDAHUÁNUCO S.A.
Chiclayo - EPSEL S.A.
Ica - EMAPICA S.A.
Perú (promedio nacional urbano)
Pisco - EMAPISCO S.A.

Puno - EMSAPUNO S.A.
Chachapoyas - EMUSAP S.R.L.

Huancavelica - EMAPA HUANCAVELICA S.A.
Moquegua - EPS MOQUEGUA S.A.

Huancayo - SEDAM HUANCAYO S.A.
Ayacucho - SEDA AYACUCHO S.A.

Iquitos - EPS SEDALORETO S.A.
Huacho - EMAPA HUACHO S.A.

Andahuaylas - EMSAP CHANKA S.A.
Piura - EPS GRAU S.A.
Lima y Callao - SEDAPAL
Tacna - EPS TACNA S.A.
Moyobamba - EPS MOYOBAMBA S.A.
Huaraz - EPS CHAVÍN S.A.
Puerto Maldonado - EMAPAT S.A.
Abancay - EMUSAP ABANCAY S.A.C.

Tumbes - AGUAS DE TUMBES S.A.
Arequipa y Mollendo - SEDAPAR S.A.

Cerro de Pasco - EMAPA Pasco S.A.
Source: SUNASS, 2018 Coverage of water from public network (%)) Sewerage coverage (%)
With respect to waste water treatment, which also corresponds to the area
of the EPS for 2017, 12 are higher than 50%41. Considering the criteria of
ICES BID, 14 EPS (46.67%) report treatment higher than 60%, which is
considered acceptable42; one EPS is lagging behind and presents treatment
percentages of between 40 and 60%; one reports treatment below 40% and the
remaining 14 EPS (46.67%) report 0% of water treated.
40
For Lima and Callao, and Arequipa and Mollendo, the data is presented as one group, since the
EPS are the same: SEDAPAL for Lima and Callao, and SEDAPAR for Arequipa and Mollendo.
41
The percentage of waste water treatment refers to volume treated over volume collected.
42
In accordance with BID’s Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative, the parameters for
sewarage coverage are: green, more than 60%: amber, between 40 and 60%, and red, less than 40%.
Figure 46. Waste water treatment (% of water collected that is treated) 2017,
area of the EPS
100
80
60
40
20
0


Ica - EMAPICA S.A.





Cerro de Pasco - EMAPA Pasco S.A.
Source : SUNASS, 2018
According to an evaluation of the EPS made by SUNASS in 2014, only some

EPS have a Waste Water Treatment Plant -PTAR (Table 26). Furthermore, of
the available and operational PTAR, a few of them only carry out primary
treatments 43, meaning that the biodegradable material and the suspended
solids are not treated. It should be borne in mind that the discharge of
waste water into host bodies (rivers, lakes, dry streams or the ocean)
without previous treatment or with incomplete treatment is one of the
main polluting factors of water sources, both surface and subterranean
(SUNASS, 2016). Non-treated waters are discharged directly into the oceans,
rivers, lakes and dry steams, or are used to irrigate crops44.
43
Primary treatment removes the suspended material to a considerable extent, without
including colloidal or dissolved material. In primary treatment, organic sludge is produced,
which requires an additional (stabilizing) treatment (SUNASS, 2016).
44
OEFA (2014). Environmental Control of Waste Water. Available at: https://www.oefa.gob.
pe/?wpfb_dl=7827
Table 26. Operational, paralyzed and available PTAR, as at July 1, 2014
PTAR PTAR PTAR in

City-EPS
operational paralyzed construction
Abancay - EMUSAP ABANCAY S.A.C. 0 0 1

Andahuaylas - EMSAP CHANKA S.A. 0 0 0
Arequipa y Mollendo - SEDAPAR S.A.* 8 0 3
Ayacucho - SEDA AYACUCHO S.A.* ND ND ND
Cajamarca - SEDACAJ S.A. 0 0 2
Cerro de Pasco - EMAPA PASCO S.A. 0 0 1
Chachapoyas - EMUSAP S.R.L. 0 0 0
Chiclayo - EPSEL S.A.* 24 1 6
Cusco - SEDACUSCO S.A.* 1 0 0
Huacho - EMAPA HUACHO S.A. 0 0 0
Huancavelica - EMAPA HUANCAVELICA S.A. 0 0 0
Huancayo - SEDAM HUANCAYO S.A. 0 0 0
Huánuco - SEDA HUÁNUCO S.A.* 3 0 0
Huaraz - EPS CHAVIN S.A. 0 0 0
Ica - EMAPICA S.A.* 4 1 0
Iquitos - EPS SEDALORETO S.A. 1 0 0
Lima y Callao - SEDAPAL* 22 1 1
Moquegua - EPS MOQUEGUA S.A.* 3 0 1
Moyobamba - EPS MOYOBAMBA S.A. 0 0 0
Pisco - EMAPISCO S.A.* 2 0 0
Piura - EPS GRAU S.A.* 28 2 2
Pucallpa - EMAPACOP S.A.* 1 0 2
Puerto Maldonado - EMAPAT S.A. 0 0 0
Puno - EMSAPUNO S.A.* 3 0 0
Quillabamba - EMAQ S.R.L. 0 0 1
Tacna - EPS TACNA S.A.* 2 0 0
Trujillo - SEDALIB S.A.* 12 0 1
Tumbes - AGUAS DE TUMBES S.A.* 17 0 0
TOTAL 131 5 21
* EPS that report some percentage of waste water treatment according to SUNASS, 2018.
SOURCE: prepared by the authors based on SUNASS, 2016.
With respect to water consumption per capita, 19 cities report

consumption of between 120 and 200 liters/day/person45; 7 cities (23%) have
a consumption range of between 80 and 120 liters and between 200 and
250 liters; one city reports a consumption of less than 80 liters. 2 cities have a
consumption level greater than 250 liters. It is worth mentioning that one
of these is Quillabamba. Cerro de Pasco did not report this indicator.
45
In accordance with BID’s Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative, for the case of
consumption per person per day, the parameters managed by ICES are: green, between 120 and
200 liters; amber, between 80 and 120, or between 200 and 250; and red, if it is under 80 liters or
above 250
Figure 47. Water consumption per capita (l/day/inhabitant)46 2017, area of the EPS47

Ica - EMAPICA S.A.
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

Source : SUNASS, 2018
With regard to the protection of the cities’ water sources and remuneration
for eco-systemic services, 16 of the 30 cities evaluated already have a tariff
approved by SUNASS, and are in process of implementing investment
mechanisms (Figure 48). It should be noted that a further 16 cities at a
national level (beyond the scope of this Report) have this mechanism.
46
Calculated by the EPS as: Measure of invoiced volume*1000/365/ Average measure in
effectively served population.
47
For Lima and Callao, and Arequipa and Mollendo, the data is presented in one group since the EPS are the same: SEDAPAL for Lima
and Callao, and SEDAPAR for Arequipa and Mollendo.
Figure 48. Cities with approved tariff for investment in the remuneration of eco-systemic
services (existence of mechanism, 2018)
IQUITOS
MOYOBAMBA
CHICLAYO
CHACHAPOYAS
HUÁNUCO
HUARAZ
CERRO DE PASCO
HUANCAYO
LIMA METROPOLITANA Y CALLAO
PUERTO MALDONADO
CUSCO
ICA
AYACUCHO
ANDAHUAYLAS
ABANCAY MOQUEGUA
Source: prepared by the authors based on information from SUNASS, 2018

3.8 ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

The indicators of energy and climate change were gathered in a single
category because of their close relationship. At a global level, the
energy sector is the principal emitter of greenhouse gases, mainly due
to its dependence on fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and
petroleum. According to MINAM, greenhouse gas emissions originating
from the burning of fossil fuels for producing electricity generated
11,881 Gg CO2e, which is equivalent to 7% of total emissions for 2012
(INFOCARBONO, 2018)48.
The indicators presented here seek to identify the current state of energy
consumption and supply in cities, one of the key issues for the functioning
of urban services and the development of competitiveness.
The SDG 13 is related to Climate Action and establishes two key goals
related to this Report:
Goal 13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related

hazards and natural disasters in all countries.
Goal 13.2 Integrate climate change measure into national policies, strategies and
planning.
Who is responsible for regulating, supervising and implementing actions

aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions in cities?
According to the Framework Law on Climate Change, (Law N° 30754), MINAM defines the
national climate policy. In its article 8, it establishes the functions of all local governments, which
includes “incorporate measures of climate change mitigation and adaptation in their Territorial Plan,
Regional and Local Concerted Development Plan, Organizational Strategic Plan, Institutional
Operating Plan, Budgetary Programs and investments instruments”. The proposed regulation of the
Law indicates that “Local authorities are competent in the matter of climate change, and have the
following functions (…):
c) Design, approve, and implement their local plans in climate change, in coordination with the
local district governments and populated centers, in line with the Regional Strategy on Climate
Change (…).
e) Report yearly, to the respective regional government, on the level of implementation of their local
climate change plans from the previous year”.
Source: Project for the Regulation of the Law on Climate Change.: http://www.minam.gob.pe/cambioclimatico/ wp-
content/uploads/sites/127/2018/09/Documento-de-avance-con-fecha-30-de-agosto.pdf
It should be noted that the highest amount of greenhouse gas emissions at a national level
48
comes from the sector of Land Use, Change of Land Use and Forestry (USCUSS), with 86,742 Gg
CO2e, which represents 51% of the 2012 inventory. INFOCARBONO (2018). National Inventory of
Greenhouse Gases 2012. Available at: http://infocarbono.minam.gob.pe/inventarios-nacionales-
gei/inventario-nacional-de-gases-efectos-invernaderos-2010-2/
Peru tackles climate change by formulating adaptation goals and

mitigation options contained in the National Determined Contribution
(NDC)49, engaging sectors and players in society around common
objectives. Some of these measures will be developed in the cities, which
is why it is of key importance to involve local governments in their
implementation.
3.8.1 Energy

The percentage of dwellings with connection to electric lighting in the 30
cities analyzed varies between 89 and 98%, all above the national average
(urban and rural) of 87.7%. There are still urban sectors without this service,
generally located in unauthorized areas, informally occupied through land
invasions (Figure 49). According to the categorization of ICES BID50, 29
cities (96.67%) are within the acceptable range, while only one (3.33%) is
lagging behind. This latter is the city of Pucallpa, which is slightly below
90%.
It should be noted that not all cities have the same quality of service, as can
bee seen in the register of power outages; this affects quality of life in the
households and productivity in the production units.
The range of average residential consumption varies from between 44.37

kWh/month and 228.11 kWh/month for 2018, the national urban average
residential electricity consumption for 2016 being 110 kwh a month51 (Fig.
50). Lima reports the highest average consumption (228.11 kwh/month per
household), followed by Callao with 165.12, and Iquitos with 137.05. The
cities reporting the lowest consumption are Huancavelica, Cerro de Pasco
and Andahuaylas with 60.07, 50.47 and 44.37 kwh a month, respectively.
49
The NDC are part of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, ratified by Peru on July 22, 2016 and
entering into force on November 4 of the same year.
50
In accordance with BID’s Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative. For the percentage of
households with electricity connection, the parameters used by ICES are: green, between 90
and 100%; amber, between 70 and 90%; and red if it is below 70%.
51
OSINERGMIN (2016). Outcome Report of Residential Survey of Energy Use and Consumption. ERCUE 2016.
Figure 49. Homes with electrical lighting (%, City, 2017)
Urban and rural

national average
87.7%
Callao
Cusco
(E) Quillabamba
Chiclayo
Abancay
Huancayo
Moyobamba
Lima
Iquitos
Trujillo
Cajamarca
Huancavelica
Cerro de Pasco
Huaraz
Tumbes
(E) Mollendo
Arequipa
Ayacucho
Chachapoyas
(E) Huacho
(E) Pisco
Puno
Ica
Puerto Maldonado
Piura
Moquegua
(E) Andahuaylas
Huánuco
Tacna
Pucallpa
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
Source: INEI, 2018

If we consider the parameters of the ICES BID52, 3 cities (10%) are within the
acceptable range, while 21 cities (70%) are somewhat lagging behind. The
other 6 cities (20%) are in a critical situation, with average residential
consumption at less than 75 kwh/home/month. There is a relationship
between the average residential electricity consumption and the total
incidence of monetary poverty, although this is not a pattern for all cities
(Figure 50).
Figure 50. Relationship between average residential consumption in kwh/month/household

(January-August 2018) and Total Incidence of Monetary Poverty (% of the population, City 2013)
250.00 40
35
200.00
30
Total incidence of monetary poverty (%)

Res. elecricity consump. (Kwh/month)
25
150.00
20
100.00
15
10
50.00
0.00 0
Quillabamba
Huancavelica
Andahuaylas
Puno
Ayacucho
Moyobamba
Chachapoyas
Ica
Pucallpa
Abancay
Huaraz
Huancayo
Moquegua
Huánuco
Cajamarca
Tumbes
Mollendo
Cusco
Tacna
Pisco
Huacho
Arequipa
Piura
Chiclayo
Trujillo
Iquitos
Callao
Puerto Maldonado
Lima Metropolitana
Cerro de Pasco
Source: OSINERGMIN, 2018 and PCM, 2018 Average residential Total incidence of monetary
consumption (kw.h/month - 2018) poverty (2013)
In accordance with BID’s Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative. For the case of residential electricity consumption, the
52
parameters are kwh/household/year, which is why we have divided it by 12 in order to obtain the monthly correlative: green,
between 125 and 292 kwh/household/month; amber, if it is between 75 and 125, or between 292 and 417; and red if it is <75, or
>417 kwh/household/month.
It should be noted that the reduction of greenhouse gas generation is achieved through promoting
energy efficiency in the households, using LED equipment and light bulbs and encouraging lights and
equipment to be switched off when not in use.
The coverage of house connections to natural gas is another relevant indicator for evaluating
progress in matters of energy and climate policies in the country53. The cities with highest coverage
are Lima and Callao, with 687,358 connections, equivalent to 23.78% of households; Ica, with 23,293
connections or 23.54% of households; and Pisco, with 9,412 connections or 36.54% of households.
The remaining 7 cities have coverage of less than 5% of households.
Figure 51. Households with natural gas connection (%, city, 2018)
CHICLAYO
0.37%
CAJAMARCA
4.05%
TRUJILLO
3.04%
HUARAZ
1.22%
CALLAO
23.78%
LIMA METROPOLITANA
23.78%
PISCO
36.54%
ICA
23.54%
MOQUEGUA
1.58%
TACNA
2.02%
AREQUIPA
LEGEND 2.20%
Percentage of housing with connection to natural gas
(Provincial level)
% connections
Source: OSINERGMIN, 2018; Natural gas companies, 2018.
53
OSINERGMIN (2018). Widespread Increase of Natural gas in Peru. Legal Framework. Available at:
http://srvgart07.osinerg.gob.pe/webdgn/ contenido/cult004b.html. The widespread increase of natural gas is a State policy, enshrined in
Law 29969-2012. Currently, four companies distribute and sell natural gas through networks in 11 cities in Peru: Calidda, for Lima and
Callao; Contugas, responsible for the region of Ica; Naturgy (previously Gas Natural Fenosa), responsible for Arequipa, Moquegua and
Tacna; and Quavii Gases del Pacífico, responsible for Cajamarca, Lambayeque, La Libertad and Áncash. The original target had been
to connect more than one million homes by 2021, a derisory goal with respect to the potential national demand. With the Fund for
Energy Social Inclusion-FISE, called Bono Gas, the expansion of this service is facilitated. Currently, Bono Gas only operates in Lima,
Callao and Ica.
It should be noted that natural gas is cleaner fuel than other fossil fuels, since it does not contain
sulfur nor lead and generates fewer greenhouse gases. In Lima alone, Calidda estimates that the
residential sector reduced emissions by 43 mil TCO2e through the substitution of liquefied petroleum
gas (GLP) by natural gas; while the introduction of natural gas into the transport sector prevented
more than 1 million TCO2e in 2017, in addition to the economic savings and prevention of respiratory
diseases54. It is regrettable that the new five year plan for mass use of the gas has reduced the
coverage targets by 50%55.
In the electricity sector, almost 50% of the electricity supply for cities is served by hydroelectricity, but
only 4% by non-conventional renewable energies, such as solar, wind and bio-energy sources56. It
should be noted that there has been a delay in the approval of the regulation of distributed
generation, which would allow the use of renewable technologies in cities, thus decreasing the use
of fossil fuels and reducing emissions. The regional electric power companies may be the first to
benefit from the use of renewable technologies in their area of concessions. Furthermore, the
distributors of public service electricity need a regulation that remunerates energy efficiency and not
greater consumption by the users or clients. It is worth mentioning an example of good practices in
the city of Arequipa where, without there being a public regulation or norm driving it, they have
achieved widespread distribution of solar energy through the use of solar thermal technology. It is
estimated that this reaches 45,000 homes, meaning a saving of 13,500 US$ in the useful life of each
thermal panel, as well as reduced emissions due to reduced electricity consumption.
3.8.2 Climate change

With regard to measuring urban emissions of greenhouse gases, only 4 of the 30 cities studied
(13%) have an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions: Trujillo57, Cusco58, Huancayo59 and Lima60.
Although these inventories have used different methodologies for the measurement of
emissions and are not comparable, the information they provide allows us to identify the most
polluted sectors and prioritize mitigation measures61.
If we consider total greenhouse gas emissions, Lima is at the top of the list with more than 15 million
tons of CO2 equivalent (2012), while Huancayo is the city that generated fewest emissions, with
almost 934 thousand tons (2013). Trujillo has the highest emissions per capita (2.022 TCO2e/ year),
while Huancayo has the lowest emissions per resident (1.40 TCO2e/year). With per capita emissions
lower than 5 TCO2 eq/year, the 4 cities are within the acceptable range in terms of greenhouse gas
emissions per capita (ICES BID62, Table 27).
54
Study of greenhouse gas emissions gap, 2017. Available at: https://www.calidda.com.pe/
transparencia/Politicas%20Corporativas/Reporte%20de%20Sostenibilidad%202017.pdf
55
Pedro Gamio, Direct communication.
56
BID. Trujillo Action Plan. Available at: https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/653 http://www.urbandashboard.org/iadb/ index_city.html?id=TRU&lang=ES
57
In accordance with Legislative Decree 1002, every 5 years there should be an increase in the participation rate of non-
conventional renewable energies. This rate has remained frozen at 5%. The first opportunity for increase was in 2013. The Ministry of
Energy recently announced it would set a target of 15% for 2030. But this has yet to be made official through a regulation.
58
BID (2017). Cusco Action Plan.
59
BID. Huancayo Action Plan. Available at: https://issuu.com/imagen/docs/01huancayo_alta_web_20ene
http://www.urbandashboard.org/iadb/index_city.html?id=HUA&lang=ES
60
CAF (2018). Footprints of Cities. Available at: http://www.huelladeciudades.com/dashboard.html
61
It should be noted that in November 2018, the outcome of the measurement of greenhouse gas emissions at a departmental level was
presented as part of the SEEG Peru project. SEEG (2018). System for estimation of greenhouse gas emissions. Available at:
http://pe.seeg.world/
62
In accordance with BID’s Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative. For greenhouse gas emissions per capita, the parameters
are: green <5 tons; amber, if between 5 and 10; y red, if >10 tons of CO2eq per inhabitant.
Table 27. Greenhouse gas emissions of 4 cities
Total Greenhouse gas

City Year Framework Project
greenhouse emission per capita
gas emission tonCO2eq/inhab/year
tonCO 2eq/year
Trujillo 2012 1,686,661.00 2.022 ICES BID
Cusco 2014 789,882 1.47 ICES BID
Huancayo 2013 933,953 .00 1.40 ICES BID
Footprints of cities
Lima 2012 15,432,105.00 1.50
(CAF/HELVETAS)
Sources: Prepared by the authors, based on reports by BID and CAF.
Finally, with regard to the instruments of climate management, while regional governments are
under the obligation to prepare Regional Strategies on Climate Change, (ERCC)63, the Provincial and
District Municipalities still do not have the obligation to have a Plan on Climate Change. Despite this,
some cities have already made some progress in the preparation of this instrument. An example is
Lima, which has a Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Action Strategy, called C.Lima,
approved in December 201464. Trujillo, within the framework of the ICES BID project, also developed
the “Sustainable Trujillo: Action Plan”65 and has a climate strategy integrated into the Plan.
At a regional level, we appreciate that there are Regional Adaptation Strategies in Arequipa and
Cusco (Figure 52). Furthermore, some districts are carrying out initiatives or projects related to
climate change. One example is the Adaptation Project of water resource management in urban
areas with the participation of the private sector-ProACC. In the framework of this project, 8 district
municipalities of Lima and Callao have documents on the “Proposal for Measures for Climate Change
Adaptation” (ANA, 2018)66.
63
Organic Law of Regional Governments (Law 27867) and its amendment (Law 27902), which provides that every Regional
Government should formulate and implement its ERCC. According to MINAM, as at April 1, 2018, there were 22 ERCC in the country. See:
MINAM (2018). Computer graphics ERCC. Available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/gobpe-
production/uploads/document/file/27735/Infograf%C3%ADa_de_las_ Estrategias_Regionales_de_Cambio_Clim%C3%A1tico.pdf
64
MML (2014). C.Lima. Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Mitigation Actions of Lima province. Available at:
https://pruebafuerzasocial.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/estrategia-de-adaptacic3b3n-y-mitigacic3b3n-de-la-provincia-de-lima- al-
cambio-climc3a1tico.pdf.
Municipal Ordinance Nº 1836. Available at: http://sinia.minam.gob.pe/normas/aprueban-estrategia-adaptacion-acciones-
mitigacion-provincia-lima-cambio
65
BID (2012). Sustainable Trujillo: action plan. Available at: https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/653
66
ANA (2018). Water Observatory Chillón, Rímac, Lurín. Follow-up actions by local governments. Available at: http://
observatoriochirilu.ana.gob.pe/acciones-de-respuesta/gobiernos-locales
Figure 52. Regions and Cities with Climate Change Strategies
TRUJILLO
LIMA METROPOLITANA
LEGEND:
ERCC in preparation
ERCC being updated
ERCC approved
With CC plans
Source: prepared by the authors based on MINAM, 2018 and other sources
3.9 RISK
This category groups together indicators that seek to determine what percentage of households and
populations are in a vulnerable situation and to what extent cities have progressed in preparing
instruments for managing the risks at an urban level, from an international and national context, and
what budget they have implemented for this matter.
There are a multitude of natural hazards or threats in Peru that condition the development actions
promoted in the country and constitute a parameter that must be considered in the development of
our cities.
As can be seen in the Hazard Map of Peru (PREDES, 2018) and which does not consider the possible
impact of a tsunami caused by a magnitude 8.5 earthquake on the central coastal area of the country
(IGP, 2018), it is clear that almost the entire national territory is affected by at least 2 hazards, meaning
that 11 of the 25 regions have human vulnerability in face of critical and very critical climate multi
hazards67. Approximately 30% of the total national population presents critical human vulnerability in
the face of climate multi hazards.
Similarly, it is estimated that 35% (44’915,800.3 ha.) of national territory is under conditions of Very
High susceptibility; and 22.4% (28’684,167.2 ha.) is under High susceptibility (MINAM, 2011).
These territorial conditions, combined with the deficits in human development and high levels of
poverty, informality and deinstitutionalization, form a scenario of risk and affectation that put at risk
the sustainability and viability of our development, in a country that is predominantly urban (75%).
This context, which in addition has impacts at a global level, has been a driving force for the
integration of various instruments of international development, each of which should be present in
Who is responsible for regulating, supervising and implementing Disaster

Risk Management of cities?
Law Nº 29664 creates the National System of Disaster Risk Management -SINAGERD. The National Policy of
Disaster Risk Management provides that public entities at all level of government are responsible for implementing
the guidelines of National Policy within their planning processes.
The National Plan of Disaster Risk Management is one of SINAGERD’s main instruments. The
PLANAGERD 2014-2021 contains specific actions to be undertaken by local governments. Action
5.1.2., for example, states “Strengthen the inclusion of the GRD in the (…) strategic and operating plans
(concerted development plans, sector strategic plans, institutional strategic plans) as well as the
adjustment of institutional management instruments (ROF, MOF, POI, among others) for the
implementation of the GRD at the institutional level”.
The CENEPRED and the INDECI are responsible for carrying out actions of technical support for the entities of
SINAGERD in order to ensure the implementation of the PLANAGERD. Local and regional governments, in addition
to being responsible for the implementation of the GRD in the area of their competence, are in charge of its auditing
and control, with the support of the scientific bodies, the organizations of civil society and the population in general.
Source: CENEPRED, 2016
67
Climate Change in Peru: An analysis of vulnerability and recommendations for adaptation
measures and strategies (Preliminary version, Libélula 2010)
68
Present description of the map of physical vulnerability of Peru: tool for risk management. At: http://bvpad.indeci.gob.
pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc1851/doc1851.htm
their various levels of management, even though the independence and

goals of what are known as the SDG, the UNFCCC and the Sendai
Framework are maintained, the coordination and articulation of their
respective objectives should be facilitated, with the subsequent saving of
time, money and the avoidance of the dissipation of efforts directed
towards the common goal of societies.
In this way, and as seen in Figure 53, the synergistic element that may
effectively contribute to reaching the various development goals is
precisely the process of reducing vulnerability and strengthening resilience,
which will allow development to be sustainable by ensuring the benefits
this provides over time.
Figure 53. Hazard map of Peru
LEYENDA
Areas affected by seismic activity

Areas of regular droughts
Areas affected by flooding and rains
during El Niño phenomenon 1997/98
Areas of Coastal flooding
Areas of Rainforest flooding
Areas of landslides and mudslides
Probability of landslides and floods due
to presence of glaciers and lagoons
Figure 54. Integrating agendas of sustainable development, disaster risk

reduction and climate change
Climate change
adaptation
UNFCC
Reducing
Sustainable
Development
Goals
Source: Opportunities and options for integrating climate change adaptation with the Sustainable Development Goals and the Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, UNFCCC Technical Paper.
In particular, the SDG 11 and 13 are related to risk management,

compatible with the Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction, the
following 4 goals being the most relevant:
Goal 11.5. By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the
number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic
losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters,
including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and
people in vulnerable situations.
Goal 11.b. By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human
settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards
inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change,
resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk
management at all levels.
Goal 13.1. Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards

and natural disasters in all countries.
Goal 13.3. Improve education, awareness-raising and institutional capacity

on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early
warning.
In the same vein, the Sendai Framework indicates 7 goals and various
indicators that should be taken into consideration as an effective way of
measuring progress in disaster risk reduction and its impacts69, while at a

national level, the National Agreement established various policies in
relation to urban aspects of our development, such as housing
infrastructure development, disaster risk management, water resources,
land management, among others70.
It should be noted that, according to INDECI, disasters caused economic

losses of up to $6,500 million in the last decades. The 2017 Coastal El Niño
alone directly and indirectly affected 1,782,316 people71; and a total of
413,983 homes were destroyed or affected, while the total amount of
investment estimated by the National Authority for Reconstruction with
Changes in dealing with the aforementioned impacts are S/.
19,759,212,09772 (approx. US $ 5,900 million).
Furthermore, INDECI projects that in the next 50 years, disasters will

generate losses and affect property to the value of US$ 458,234 million73
equivalent to more than 2 years of the national GDP from 201774.

The province with the greatest number of deaths and directly or indirectly
affected people for the period 2000-2013 was Ica, due to the 2007
earthquake, as shown in Figure 55 (Desinventar, 2016)75, followed by
Iquitos (flooding of 2012) y Arequipa (successive earthquakes).
69
http://eird.org/americas/17/docs/DIRD2017-nota-conceptual.pdf . Such as, for example, reduce
significantly the number of persons affected worldwide by 2030, and achieve a reduction in the
global average for every 1000 people in the decade 2020-2030 with respect to the period 2005-
2015; also reduce economic losses caused directly by disasters in relation to global gross domestic
product (GDP) by 20130; significantly reduce the damage caused by disasters to vital
infrastructures and the interruption of basic services such as health and education installations,
including developing their resilience by 2030; and significantly increase the number of countries
with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020.
70
https://acuerdonacional.pe/politicas-de-estado-del-acuerdo-nacional/politicas-
de- estado%E2%80%8B/politicas-de-estado-castellano/
71
INDECI (2017). Virtual statistical bulletin of reactive management. Nº 07 / year 4/ Jul 2017.
Available at:
https://www.indeci.gob.pe/objetos/secciones/MTc=/MjI0/lista/OTk0/201708091706381.pdf
72
Integral Construction Plan with Changes
http://www.rcc.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Plan-Integral-de-Reconstrucci%C3%B3n-con-
Cambios-Aprobada-0609.pdf
73
INDECI (2016). Disaster risk management booklet
74
PBI 2017 estimated at US$ 211,4 billion. At: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
NY.GDP.MKTP.CD.
75
Desinventar (2016). Peru. Historical Inventory of Disasters Available at: https://www.
desinventar.org. Affected people can be defined as being indirectly affected, or with secondary
affects associated with a disaster; or directly affected, when having suffered serious harm directly
associated with a disaster, involving damage to their individual or collective assets and/or services.
Figure 55. Number of deaths and directly or indirectly affected

people due to disasters between 2000 and 2013, provinces
180,000 250,000
160,000
Total no. of deaths, people

Number of deaths, people
140,000 200,000
affected (2000-2013)
affected 2000-2013)
120,000
150,000
100,000
80,000
100,000
60,000
40,000 50,000
20,000
0 0
Huaraz
Huánuco
(E) Pisco
Trujillo
Huancayo
Chiclayo
Tumbes
Lima Metropolitana
Callao
Moquegua
Puno
Piura
Cusco
(E) Huacho
Ayacucho
Chachapoyas
Tacna
Moyobamba
Puerto Maldonado
Pucallpa
Iquitos
Ica
Cajamarca
Abancay
Arequipa
Cerro de Pasco
(E) Quillabamba
(E) Mollendo
Huancavelica
(E) Andahuaylas
Indir. Affect. Dir. Affected Total deaths, people affected (2000-2013)
If we take into account the 2017 Coastal El Niño phenomenon (the information available is at a
departmental level) La Libertad was the department that reported most damage to health and life,
with 466,242 personas among the directly and indirectly affected, dead, injured and missing76,
followed by Piura, with 465,035 people, and Lambayeque, with 182,971 people (Table 28).
Table 28. Damage to health and life, due to the effects of the Coastal El Niño 2017 as at July 4, 2017
Department Dir. Affected Indir. Dead Injured Missing Total
Affected
Junín 1,153 897 3 25 2,078
Ayacucho 1,264 6,890 9 6 8,169
Cajamarca 1,655 11,468 8 6 2 13,139
Huancavelica 6,227 30,770 6 4 37,007
Arequipa 2,110 48,914 17 40 5 51,086
Lima 18,775 40,176 16 76 1 59,044
Tumbes 1,327 73,757 75,084
Ica 4,611 106,703 60 111,374
Loreto 67 117,506 1 1 117,575
Ancash 34,313 116,848 27 126 1 151,315
Lambayeque 44,619 138,336 9 5 2 182,971
Piura 89,709 375,265 18 40 3 465,035
La Libertad 79,623 386,521 24 70 4 466,242
285,453 1,454,051 138 459 18 1,740,119
Source: INDECI, 2017
76
INDECI (2017). Statistical compendium of the INDECI 2017-Reactive Management. Available at: https://www.indeci.gob.pe/objetos/
secciones/OQ==/NDY=/lista/MzMx/MTAwMg==/201802271714541.pdf
Vulnerability of Lima and water risk
Impact studies on lack of water resources in the private sector in Lima indicate that the added value
at high risk rises to 35.000 million soles, which represents 52% of the total value at risk. Considering the
weight that Metropolitan Lima has in national production, 25% of national added value is at a level
of high risk. In terms of employment, around 650,000 jobs are under high risk (43%), and 575,000
under medium-high risk (38%) in Metropolitan Lima. These figures indicate the enormous economic
impact that a serious water crisis would have on the economy, not only in Lima but also in the entire country.
Source: Study of water risks and vulnerability of the private sector in Metropolitan Lima. Aquafondo, 2016
Local Governments are under the obligation to implement the guidelines of the National Policy of
Disaster Risk Management within their planning processes. According to the evaluation by
CENEPRED77 that takes into account a number of indicators, the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima has
made the most progress in the implementation of the Policy and the National Plan of Disaster Risk
Management, with 81.83%, while at the other extreme is the Provincial Municipality of Huánuco, con
1.67% of progress. This work should take into account the many threats to which our cities are
exposed.
According to CENEPRED, the progress of the incorporation of Disaster Risk Management in local
governments, and especially in the district municipalities, is very limited, which could be explained,
among other reasons, by a lack of personnel, or with few personnel with knowledge about GDR, and
a limited budget.
Figure 56. Implementation of the Policy and National Plan of Disaster Risk Management (% of
compliance), provincial municipalities, 2016
100.80
90.70
80.60
70.50
60.40
50.30
40.20
30.10
20.10
10.10
0.00
Huancavelica
Huánuco
Huancayo
Iquitos
Chiclayo
Puno
Ica
Tumbes
Callao
Moyobamba
Tacna
Chachapoyas
Piura
Cusco
Moquegua
Ayacucho
Arequipa
Pucallpa
Huaraz
Trujillo
Cajamarca
Abancay
Puerto Maldonado
Lima Metropolitana
(E) Quillabamba
(E) Andahuaylas
(E) Pisco
(E) Mollendo
Cerro de Pasco
(E) Huacho
77
CENEPRED (2016). Technical report of monitoring, follow-up and evaluation of the policy and National GRD Plan-
prospective and corrective management 2015-2016. Available at:
https://dimse.cenepred.gob.pe/src/informes_grd/Informe2015_2016.pdf The matrix of criteria and ranges of evaluation by
indicator can be found on page 38.
There are various instruments related to disaster risk management, reported in the National Register
of Municipalities (RENAMU). Table 29 shows that 135 districts of the 147 (91.83%) that comprise the 30
cities studied, have a Map of Identification of High Risk Areas; identification of Flood Areas is reported for
106 districts (72.1%); 64 districts (43.5%) have prepared their Plan of Prevention and Reduction of Disaster
Risk and 51 districts (34.7%) have an Early Warning System.
Table 29. Instruments of GRD reported by cities (% districts of the city, 2017)
Disaster Risk Identification

Prevention and Map of High
CITY
Reduction Plan Risk Areas
Abancay 50% 50% 100% 50%

Andahuaylas 33% 33% 100% 100%
Arequipa 35% 29% 82% 65%
Ayacucho 40% 0% 80% 40%
Cajamarca 0% 50% 100% 100%
Callao 43% 14% 86% 43%
Cerro de Pasco 67% 33% 100% 67%
Chachapoyas 0% 0% 100% 0%
Chiclayo 20% 40% 100% 80%
Cusco 60% 100% 100% 100%
Huacho 60% 40% 80% 20%
Huancavelica 100% 0% 50% 100%
Huancayo 50% 25% 100% 100%
Huánuco 33% 100% 100% 67%
Huaraz 0% 100% 100% 100%
Ica 50% 83% 83% 67%
Iquitos 50% 25% 100% 100%
Lima 51% 26% 91% 42%
Mollendo 0% 0% 100% 0%
Moquegua 0% 0% 100% 50%
Moyobamba 0% 100% 100% 100%
Pisco 100% 50% 100% 100%
Piura 25% 0% 100% 75%
Pucallpa 67% 33% 100% 100%
Puerto Maldonado 100% 0% 100% 0%
Puno 100% 100% 100% 100%
Quillabamba 100% 100% 100% 0%
Tacna 20% 20% 100% 60%
Trujillo 17% 50% 100% 50%
Tumbes 0% 0% 100% 100%
Prepared by the authors

78
CENEPRED (2018). Outcomes of RENAMU 2017-Concerning Disaster Risk management. Available at: https://dimse.
cenepred.gob.pe/simse/renamu-grd.
In terms of budgetary implementation with regard to disaster risk management, 8 of the 30 cities
evaluated (27%) implemented more than 90% of the budget of the PPR006879, which is considered
adequate80; 10 cities (33%) had implementations of 70-90% (normal range); 7 cities (23.3%) had an
insufficient level of expenditure (40-70%) and 5 cities (16.7%) showed low levels of implementation
(<40%). These are Huánuco, Moquegua, Huancavelica, Ica and Trujillo.
Figure 57. Budgetary implementation regarding GRD (PPR 0068) in soles (% of

implementation), provincial municipalities, 2017)
10,000,000 100
9,000,000 90
8,000,000 80
7,000,000 70
6,000,000 60
Soles
5,000,000 50
%
4,000,000 40
3,000,000 30
2,000,000 20
1,000,000 10
0 0
Arequipa
Pucallpa
Ica
Ayacucho
Chiclayo
Huaraz
Puno
Huacho
Puerto Maldonado
Quillabamba
Huánuco
Trujillo
Cusco
Pisco
Moyobamba
Tumbes
Huancayo
Andahuaylas
Lima
Huancavelica
Piura
Chachapoyas
Mollendo
Abancay
Iquitos
Callao
Tacna
Cajamarca
Moquegua
Cerro de Pasco
% Turned PPR 068: vulnerability reduction and emergency disaster assistance (soles)
Source: MEF, 201881
79
In 2010, the design and implementation of the Strategic Budgetary Program “Reduction of Vulnerability and Disaster Emergency
Response”, PPR 0068, was made available within the budget by results, in order to identify and prioritize effective interventions that,
when coordinated, contribute to an improvement in the levels of effectiveness and efficiency of the State regarding disaster
prevention and response (PCM, 2018). The PPR 0068 was redesigned in 2015, coordinating it with the strategic objectives of the
PLANAGERD 2014-2021. The PPR 0068 is a multi-sectorial program.
80
According to the Team of the Vice Ministry for Land Governance, expenditure of over 90% is considered adequate;
between 70 and 90% is considered normal, between 40 and 70% is considered insufficient, less than 40% is considered low.
Source: PCM (2018).
81
MEF (2018). Friendly consultation. Available at: http://apps5.mineco.gob.pe/transparencia/mensual
Although having a budgetary program is a significant advance in the efforts

to reduce vulnerability and exposure to the many natural threats, it should
be noted that the amounts assigned and implemented in the PPR0068 do
not necessarily respond to an implementation of an integrated plan of
urban development considering prospective, corrective and reactive risk
management or response to all the investments demands to reduce risk in
urban territories, nor the sector investment for this purpose, which would
merit a more in-depth analysis.
It was not possible to collate research that allows a correlation of the

investment made versus the loss avoided, which would provide a reference
and important support for increasing investment or considering it in the
public and private investment processes in our cities.
3.10 GOVERNANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

In this category, priority has been given to indicators of Environmental
Governance, basic determinants of good environmental and land
management at a local and urban level82. The instruments of
environmental management are the Local Environmental Diagnosis, the
Local Environmental Policy (PAL), the Environmental Action Plan (PAAL)
and the Local Environmental Agenda (AAL). In order to coordinate and
arrange the local environmental policy, each Municipality should formally
convene and set up the Municipal Environmental Commission (CAM), an
authority that encourages dialogue and agreement between the public and
private sector, coordinating the local environmental policies with the
Regional Environmental Commissions (CAR) and the MINAM as national
authority83.
Goal 11.3 of the SDG 11 is directly related to good governance: “By 2030,
enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory,
integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all
countries”.
Indicator 11.3.2., used for measuring the progress made in the compliance
with the Goal, measures the “Proportion of cities with a direct participation
structure of civil society in urban planning and management that operates
regularly and democratically84".
The setting up and proper functioning of the CAM as key opportunities for
participation in environmental urban management, as well as other
mechanisms of participation in urban planning and management, can be
considered as components of indicator 11.3.2.
82
According to ONUAMBIENTE, “Environmental governance covers the regulations, practices,
policies and institutions that form the way people interact with the environment. In good
environmental governance, the function of all agents that have an impact on the environment
are taken into account: from governments to NGOs, the private sector and civil society,
cooperation is fundamental for achieving effective governance for moving towards a more
sustainable future”. See: wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7935/Environmental_
Governance_sp
83
See http://www.minam.gob.pe/politicas/publicaciones/
84
United Nations, 2018. Tracking Progress Towards Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable Cities and
Human Settlements. SDG11 Synthesis Report. High Level Political Forum 2018.
Who is responsible for Local Environmental

Management? The provincial and district municipalities should formulate
and approve local environmental plans and policies, in addition to being in
charge of solid waste management, the management of green areas,
environmental monitoring and control as well as promoting environmental
education and citizenship (Law 27972 of 2003) .
Various instruments and indicators of governance are described in the

sections of the Report on each category of analysis. This section focuses
on the following indicators at the level of provincial municipalities:
1. Existence of an Environmental Policy in force.
2. Existence of an Environmental Plan (valid for 4 years) or Environmental
Agenda in force (valid for 2 years).
3. Existence of an environmental management or deputy management, or
environmental functions integrated into the Regulation of Organization
and Operation of the Municipalities.
4. Existence of a Transparency Portal, an Environmental Observatory or an
indicator monitoring system.
5. Budget assigned to the environment sector.
This report did not collect specific information on the setting up and
functioning of the CAM. It is taken from the information provided by the
municipalities themselves or their institutions’ websites.

In 22 of the 30 cities analyzed, there is a Local Environmental Policy in
force; nevertheless, there are 8 cities without an environmental policy
(26%). It should be noted that the majority of Local Environmental Policies
are more than 10 years old – having been approved between 2005 and
2010 – and surely require an update (Figure 58).
Figure 58. Existence of an Environmental Policy
22 CITIES WITH
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN
FORCE
CITIES WITH
ENVIRONMENTAL Abancay Chachapoy as Lima
Andahuaylas Cusco Mollendo
Puno
POLICY IN FORCE Arequipa

Ayacucho
Huacho
Huancayo
Moquegua Trujillo
Moyobamba Tumbes
(PROVINCIAL Cajamarca
Callao
Huaraz
Iquitos
Pisco
Pucallpa
LEVEL)
8 CITIES WITHOUT
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN
FORCE
Cerro de Pasco Ica
Chiclayo Piura
Huancavelica Puerto Maldonado
Huánuco Quillabamba
Yes No
With respect to the Environmental Agendas and Plans, most cities, 26 out
of 30, (87%) do not have an Environmental Agenda (not in force or never
prepared) and 24 out of 30 (80%) do not have a Plan in force or the Plan is
out of date (approved in the period 2005-2013). Only 4 cities have an
Environmental Agenda and 6 cities have an Environmental Action Plan in
force (Figure 59).
Figure 59. Existence of an Environmental Plan or Agenda in force
YES
6 Abancay
Huacho
Lima
Moquegua
Pisco
Tacna
NOT IN FORCE
CITIES WITH
ENVIRONENTAL 8 Cerro de Pasco
Chiclayo
Cusco
Ica
Piura
Puerto Maldonado
PLAN OR Huánuco Quillabamba
AGENDA IN
FORCE NO
Andahuaylas Huaraz
Arequipa Iquitos
16 Ayacucho
Cajamarca
Callao
Mollendo
Moyobamba
Pucallpa
Chachapoyas Puno
Huancavelica Trujillo
Huancayo Tumbes
The existence, within the organic structure of the municipality, of an

authority or body with environmental functions, indicates the commitment
and priority given to environmental management. This indicator is
evaluated through the existence of a municipal management office or
deputy management office, or in the formal integration of environmental
competences in the Regulation of Organization and Functions of the
Municipality. In 28 of the 30 cities studied, an environmental management
or deputy management office has been implemented, while in 2 cities,
environmental functions are implemented from Public Service
Management (Provincial Municipality of Huancayo) or from a decentralized
agency (the Center for Environmental Management (CEGAH) of the
Provincial Municipality of Chiclayo).
Finally, in none of the cities studied was there an Environmental

Observatory that reports indicators or other information on municipal
environmental management. The only initiative by the Metropolitan
Municipality of Lima in 201485 was put on hold with the change of
administration (Figure 60).
http://www.minam.gob.pe/notas-de-prensa/minam-destaca-potencial-del-
85
observatorio- ambiental-de-lima/
Figure 60. Instruments of environmental governance by city
TUMBES IQUITOS
PIURA
MOYOBAMBA
CHICLAYO
CHACHAPOYAS
CAJAMARCA
TRUJILLO PUCALLPA
HUÁNUCO
HUARAZ
CERRO DE PASCO
HUACHO
CALLAO HUANCAYO
LIMA METROPOLITANA
PUERTO MALDONADO
HUANCAVELICA
CUSCO
PISCO
ICA QUILLABAMBA
AYACUCHO
PUNO
ANDAHUAYLAS
ABANCAY MOQUEGUA
MOLLENDO TACNA
LEYENDA:
AREQUIPA
Existencia de instrumento vigente
(Nivel provincia)
Environmental Policy in force
Environmental Plan or Agenda in force
Environm functions integrated to municipal ROF
Observatory with environmental indicators
Source: Municipal surveys and websites

All the analyzed cities have a Transparency Portal annexed to the institutional website. Even though
this portal is the standard that was promoted by the Peruvian government, the content of the various
portals is different for each municipality: some are very complete while others provide minimum
information.
Finally, regarding the budget assigned to the environment sector, the percentages vary from a
maximum of 25% from Callao, to a minimum of 1-5% in the cities of Chachapoyas, Moquegua,
Quillabamba, Moyobamba, Lima and Pucallpa (Figure 61).
Figure 61. Budget assigned to the Environment sector (% of total budget, provincial
municipality, 2018)
CHACHAPOYAS
3.4% MOYOBAMBA
4.5%
CAJAMARCA
5.5% IQUITOS
15.2%
TUMBES
9.3%
S/.
S/.
PIURA
14.2%
S/.
S/.
CHICLAYO HUÁNUCO
23.6% S/.
S/.
S/. 14.8%
TRUJILLO S/.
19.5% S/.
PUCALLPA
5.2%
HUARAZ S/.
S/. CERRO DE PASCO
8.8%
6.1%
HUACHO S/.
S/.
QUILLABAMBA
13.3% CALLAO S/. 3.4%
25.8% S/.
S/. S/.
PUERTO MALDONADO
S/.
LIMA METROPOLITANA S/. 9.2%

CUSCO
4.8% PISCO
S/.
S/. S/.
S/.
9.8%
11.9% S/.
ABANCAY
S/. 10.7%
ICA S/.
PUNO
18.9% S/. 8.8%
HUANCAYO S/.
TACNA
S/.
13.3% 11.9%
S/.
HUANCAVELICA MOQUEGUA
7.9% 2.3%
AYACUCHO AREQUIPA
14.3% 9.2%
ANDAHUAYLAS MOLLENDO
11% 20.2%
LEYENDA:
Porcentaje del presupuesto municipal
destinado al sector ambiente en relación al
presupuesto total (Nivel provincia)
0-10%
10-20%
20-30%
Fuente: Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, 2018

130 ••Ciudades
130 Cities ofdel
Peru
Perú
4. Conclusions and
Recommendations
T he First National Report “Cities of Peru” constitutes un unprecedented

effort to collect, analyze and compare data on a first set of cities at a
E
national level: 25 capital cities and 5 emerging cities, with a focus on
sustainability and resilience. As we explained in section 1, the purpose of
its preparation was to answer two questions:
How are the cities of Peru?
How is the progress in complying with various national and

international goals, among them the ODS (specifically the
ODS11) and What initiatives are there for the cities to
participate in and align themselves with national and
international climate commitments?
An additional question that arose in the process of preparing the Report

and which needs to be addressed is:
What data exists on the cities and how are we in its

collection and systematization?
As we indicated previously, the aim of the indicators is not to recognize

specific problems within each topic nor to offer solutions, but rather to
construct a first Baseline from which to: 1. Measure the progress in
compliance with indicators and standards defined in national policies and
international commitments; 2. Provide recommendations for constructing
a future System of Urban Indicators that is more complete, in line with the
ODS and useful for measuring the progress and impacts of public policies.
The research process allowed us a first approximation to these issues. Let

us see.
What data exists on the cities and how are we in its collection and
systematization?
The process of preparing the Report faced many challenges, since there is
no organized system of urban data collection, registration and reporting
available with a spatial and environmental approach at a national level.
There are partial databases available, generally sectorial (SIGERSOL,
SUNASS, Urban Observatory of the MVCS, etc.); while INEI provides various
statistics – urban and rural – through its systematic efforts to collect
routine data by means of the National Census, the National Household
Survey (ENAHO), The Demographic and Family Health Survey, ENDES
among others.
Access to data on cities at all government levels was difficult and we

needed a mobilization of sectorial and non-governmental allies in order to
obtain it. Furthermore, the information comes with great variations in
quality and availability: Lima and Callao, and some regional capitals, have
more and better quality data available than the intermediate and small
cities.
In addition to the statistics from INEI, which has a predominantly social

and economic focus, we highlight the progress with respect to
information on instruments of disaster risk management of the
CENEPRED, as well as some specific data on budgets and budgetary
implementation from the Friendly Consultation in MEF’s Portal. The
National System of Environmental Information (SINIA) of the MINAM is
undergoing a restructuring process and it is hoped that more and better
data will be available in the near future. The National Superintendence of
Water and Sanitation (SUNASS) has specific data available on indicators of
water and sanitation in the management areas of the EPS which needs to
be analyzed and compared with the data on the same indicators collected
for housing and households by the INEI. In the Ministry of Transport and
Communications and the subnational governments, the information is
extremely limited and of little use for making comparisons (Table 30).
One difficulty we found was that there was no common and “official”
definition of an operational concept of “city” among the various institutions
that gather official data. Statistics are not compiled in terms of this concept
and spatial area, but rather of the jurisdictional areas of sectorial interest
(province, district, department, scope of an EPS, etc.) It is, therefore, difficult
to obtain precise statistical information on the state and the dynamics of
our cities in Peru. It is likely that, by broadening the scope of the Report to
cover a larger number of cities (not capitals), the difficulties in access and
the limitations in the quality of the information will be even greater.
Table 30. Evaluation of the data available on cities, by

category of indicators
Status of the data

Indicators Source
COMPLETE ACCESSIBLE OF QUALITY
INEI + + +
PCM-Secretariat of + = +
Socio-economic Decentralization
(direct source)
PNUD + + +
Google Earth
Surveys and
+ + =
Municipal websites
= + -
Land MVCS, Urban Observatory
- = -
PCM- Secretariat of
Decentralization (direct - = -
source)
RENAMU, INEI - + -
Open spaces
- - -
INEI, Census and ENAHO
- + -
Mobility MTC
- - -
SINIA
MINAM-direct source
- = -
SENHAMI
- = -
Air and noise Municipal websites
- = -
OEFA
= = =
MTC
SIGERSOL-SINIA-MINAM = = -
Waste Municipal websites - = -
MEF + + +
Water and sanitation SUNASS + = =
OSINERGMIN
MINAM = = =
Climate and energy Gas companies = = =
Websites of city + = +
initiatives
CENEPRED
Risks INDECI + + +
MEF
MINAM,
= + =
Governance Municipal Websites
= = =
MEF
Complete: +covers the majority (80% of the sought indicators); = covers between 50 and 80% of indicators; - covers less than 50% of
indicators
Accessible: + can be obtained from the website or other easily accessible databases; = can be obtained easily through an online
consultation or through contact with officers; - can only be obtained after a formal letter or meeting, or other sources must be found;
Of Quality: + clearly explains the definition of the indicators, the source or the manner of collection, and is up-to-date (2015-2018); =
partially explains the definition of the indicators, the source and is up-to-date; - does not provide sufficiently clear explanations of
definitions and sources and/or is not up-to-date.
Nor is there an “official” definition of urban sustainability and resilience that

should be applied to municipal management. At a general level, efficiency
in the consumption of resources such as water, energy and land, or
services such as the provision, accessibility and quality of open spaces,
urban mobility, waste recycling and sewage are not part of the arsenal of
data used to measure quality. Various indicators require homogenous
definitions and standard methodologies of collection, disaggregation and
aggregation, as well as reliable registry systems.
Thus, this First Report provides a first approach to the subject of urban
sustainability and resilience and there are various tasks that remain pending
in order to improve the reliability of the data and broaden the scope of its
analysis (see final recommendations).
How are the cities of Peru?

The Report allows a general overview of the cities of Peru. It is plain to see
that population growth in Peru is essentially an urban phenomenon. The
30 cities analyzed, which include 25 departmental capitals and 5 emerging
cities, add up to more than 16 million inhabitants or 52.47% of the
population of Peru. Growth rates vary greatly, from negative minimums
(Quillabamba, Cerro de Pasco, Andahuaylas) to maximums for exceptional
cases (Puerto Maldonado), that get close to the historical values of the
national urban boom. The large majority of cities (60%) is growing faster
than the national urban average (1.6%) and this is explained by their role –
as capital cities – in the national urban system.
Poverty is also an urban phenomenon. In at least 9 cities of the 30

analyzed, a fifth of their population (20%) is in a situation of monetary
poverty: the majority of them (5) are cities of the highlands (ODS 1 and 10).
It is also here that the Human Development Indices (IDH) are at their
lowest (IDH), with Huancavelica and Andahuaylas having the lowest values.
Important cities of the rainforest, such as Iquitos, Moyobamba, Huánuco
and Chachapoyas also have high rates of total monetary poverty and the
rainforest, with Loreto, also leads in the ranking of departments with a high
percentage of the population (>50%) with at least one NBI. All cities of the
rainforest that were analyzed (except Puerto Maldonado) have a lower IDH
than the national average.
Inadequate planning and land management (only 7 of the 30 cities

evaluated have all the planning instruments required by the regulation),
means that the spatial growth of cities is still a spontaneous, speculative
phenomenon, a predator of land. The rates of land
occupation/consumption are high in relation to population growth. In
absolute terms, cities with the largest population have urbanized greater
extents of non-urban land in the last decade: Lima has added 907 hectares
of urban land per year in the period 2009-2018; Arequipa, 549 ha/year;
Callao, 150 ha/year. Pucallpa and Tacna have also urbanized significant
surface areas in the period 2009-2018 (248 and 292 ha/year respectively).
Eighteen of the 30 cities have land consumption rates, the goal indicator of
the SDG 11 (Goal 11.3.1.) above the average values of Latin America.
Tumbes, for example, consumes 5 times more land than the global
average, in relation to its population growth rate. Iquitos also has a high
rate of land consumption.
This is reflected in low density in all cities, both gross population density
(with a range of 38-136 inhabitants/hectare) as well as gross housing
density (with a range of 12-43 dwellings/hectare).
With regard to Goal 11.1.1. of the SDG 11 relating to population living in safe
housing with adequate services, almost half of the urban population of
Peru (45.9%) lives in slums, in informal housing or with inadequate water
and sanitation services.
Although the average indicators hide the existing disparities in the urban
fabric, in general we can say that we are still producing precarious cities,
extensive in land, low-density, not very compact and, therefore, costly, with
a huge lack of public spaces. The indicators of this category – that should
cover the surface area of streets, squares, parks and other open spaces
(ODS 11.7.1.), are very limited: the only indicator measured by most
Municipalities is that of provision of urban green areas that shows, in all
cities analyzed, an enormous shortfall. Only Arequipa, Tacna and Lima
have provisions greater than 3 m2/inhabitant, while 8 of the 30 cities
studied have less than 1m2 of urban green space per person. All cities of the
rainforest have very low provisions that, incidentally, is compensated for by
the presence of “natural infrastructure” in the urban fabric or its
surroundings, and which is still not accounted for as open green area in the
Urban Plans.
Sprawling cities lead to little integration and interconnectedness, reducing

the government’s capacity, at its various levels, to cover the basic
necessary services for the citizens. One of these services is mobility.
Expansive growth of cities has not been accompanied by an adequate
planning of mobility. Therefore, we have cities with transport systems that
provide precarious and low quality services, with inadequate infrastructure
and equipment, with a high accident rate and, generally, highly polluting.
The data on urban mobility is, nevertheless, very limited: the only statistics
available are on vehicle penetration rate at a departmental level, or on
typology of vehicle per household/dwelling. Only 2 cities, Puno and Cusco,
have up-to-date studies on mobility and transport; 5 cities have out of date studies
(Moquegua, Arequipa, Lima, Callao and Trujillo), while the remaining cities
have no studies on urban mobility available. It is therefore difficult to
measure and evaluate the cities’ current state in this regard (ODS 11.2.1).
Likewise, there is no reliable information available on air quality in the

majority of cities analyzed: only 6 of the 30 cities have air quality
monitoring stations. There is a shortfall of 32 air quality monitoring
stations in the 30 cities analyzed and only isolated monitoring campaigns
are carried out, which do not allow an evaluation of the compliance with
Air Quality Standards (ECA). Based on determinants of air quality, such as
the selling of dirty diesel fuel and the presence of significant fixed sources
of atmospheric pollution (industries, nearby mining activities, brickworks),
we can confirm that the air quality in 18 cities is affected (ODS 11.6.2). It
should be noted that all cities analyzed, except Puerto Maldonado and
Mollendo, have a Vehicle Technical Revision Plant within the city which, if
it were to operate effectively, would allow considerable reductions in
vehicle emissions and improve the quality of the air breathed by the
inhabitants. Of the 30 cities analyzed, 23 have specific ordinances that
regulate the prevention, control and sanctions on the generation of
disturbing and harmful noise, one of the environmental problems
prioritized by citizens in opinion polls.
With respect to household waste, the average amount generated per

citizen is within the accepted range in all cities; the most common waste is
organic (more than 50% of the total volume), followed by plastic waste (5-
15%), with plastic bags being the most significant waste in terms of weight
(38% of the total volume of plastics). There is no reliable information
available on recycling. Despite the fact that all cities have Waste
Management Plans and on-site Waste Separation Programs, only 5 cities
have universal coverage of household waste collection and only 8 have
landfill sites (SDG 11.6.1). Thus, the problem is not so much waste
generation, but rather its treatment and final discharge, in particular of the
organic and plastic waste that constitutes the largest proportion of garbage.
In the services of water, sewage and waste water treatment, our cities also
have significant shortfalls (SDG 6). When comparing the obtained values
with international standards, only 70% of the analyzed cities have
acceptable coverage of drinking water (greater than 90%) and 80% has an
acceptable coverage of sewage network (greater than 75%). Almost half of
the cities analyzed (14 of 30) do not treat the urban waste water and, if
they do, they don’t comply with the required standards for the protection
of public health and efficient use of this resource. In terms of service
coverage, the city of Pucallpa is clearly in a critical situation. Water
consumption per capita in all cities (except Ica and Moquegua) are within
the acceptable range (80-200 liters/day/person). Although it has not been
possible to identify the urban water reserves (volume of water available for
future use), more than half of the analyzed cities (16/30) already have a
tariff approved by SUNASS for investment in the protection of water
sources and the remuneration of eco-systemic services, denoting a major
effort in starting to change the paradigm of urban water management,
towards a more holistic approach (SDG 13).
Pucallpa is also the only city lagging behind in terms of connection to

electrical lighting (less than 90% coverage) and 6 cities (Andahuaylas,
Pasco, Moyobamba, Ayacucho and Huancavelica, in addition to Pucallpa)
have very low monthly average consumption (less than
75kwh/household/month, in comparison to the international standards of
125-300 kwh/household/month). Only 11 cities have an infrastructure for
Natural gas connection, but the coverage rates are still paltry in relation to
the demand. It should be noted that, in the electricity sector, almost 50% of
the power supply to the cities is provided by hydroelectricity, and only 4%
by non-conventional renewable energies, such as solar, wind or bio-
energy (SDG 7 and 13). We are still far from integrating ourselves into the
process of energy transition that the cities and the country require in order
to mitigate climate change and comply with the commitments signed by
Peru and expressed in the NDC.
Regarding climate change, only 4 cities have recorded greenhouse gas

emissions: Trujillo, Huancayo, Cusco and Lima, and all are within the
acceptable range of carbon emissions (less than 5 tons/year/capita. Only 2
cities (Lima and Trujillo) have prepared Adaptation and Mitigation
Strategies, while making more progress in the preparation of instruments
relating to urban risk management. Ninety-two percent of the districts that
make up the studied cities have an Identification Map of High Risk Areas;
72.1% report the identification of Flood Areas; 43.5% have prepared a
Disaster Risk Prevention and Reduction Plan; and 34.7% have an Early
Warning System. However, only 5 cities (Lima, Abancay, Quillabamba,
Cajamarca and Trujillo), have a greater than 50% compliance with the
Policy and National Plan of Disaster Risk Management (SDG 11.b.2).
Budgetary implementation regarding disaster risk management is relatively
good (greater than 70% of the budget) in only 60% of the cities analyzed.
We are still a long way from having all the necessary instruments and
capacities for urban risk management.
No pattern has been identified in city indicators in terms of their category

(metropolis, main city, intermediate city, etc.). A Baseline was obtained of
the 5 emerging cities analyzed, close to large investment projects, but
neither were patterns or concurrences in the indicators found here. It will
be interesting to measure their evolution in the next years, when the
planned investments (mining, energy, industrial, logistic) activate new
development dynamics.
Finally, regarding governance and environmental management, even

though all the cities have institutionalized environmental management by
creating Environmental Management Offices, or approving Local
Environmental Policy (22/30), only 6 of them have an environmental Plan
or Agenda in force. In relation to the other environmental and urban
management instruments that were analyzed (Table 31) it is clear that the
instruments that are not required or regulated (Climate Plan, Observatory,
Urban Mobility Plan) have a lower level of development in all cities. The
majority have an Urban Development Plan (23/30), while the opposite is
true with other land management plans: only 14/30 cities have PAT and
12/30 have POT. It should be noted that the existence of these instruments
does not guarantee their quality nor their adequate application for land and
territorial management.
It was not possible to identify the existence and operation of the Municipal
Environmental Commissions (CAM) in the analyzed cities and there are no
Urban or Environmental Observatories nor follow-up systems or progress
reports of the management indicators. Thus, it is difficult to determine
whether the existing instruments are useful and effective for environmental
urban management, whether there is adequate citizen participation and if
the implementation of local environmental policies is effective.
Table 31. Urban and environmental planning and management instruments available
Change Plan
Observatory
Separation
GRD-ACC
Disaster
Mobility
Environ.
program
Agenda
CLimate
PIGARS
MERSE
Enviro.
Plan or
City
On-site
Policy
Tariff
PDU
POD
PAT
NEFA
Plan
Plan
Fund
PLA
Abancay Y Y NO NO Y Y Y NO Y Y NO Y <51% NO
Andahuaylas NO NO NO NO Y NO Y Y Y Y NO Y <50% NO
YES
Arequipa Y Y Y
(2010)
Y NO Y Y Y NO NO Y <50% NO
Ayacucho Y NO NO NO Y NO Y Y Y Y NO Y <50% NO
Cajamarca Y NO NO NO Y NO Y Y Y NO NO Y >51% NO
Callao Y NO Y NO Y NO Y Y Y Y NO Y <50% NO
Cerro de Pasco Y Y NO NO Y NO Y Y Y Y NO NO <50% NO
Chachapoyas Y Y NO NO Y NO Y Y Y Y NO Y <50% NO
YES
Chiclayo Y Y NO
(2016)
NO NO Y Y Y Y NO Y <50% NO
Cusco Y Y Y NO Y NO Y Y Y Y NO Y <50% NO
Huacho Y Y Y NO Y Y Y Y NO NO NO Y <50% NO
Huancavelica Y NO NO NO NO NO Y Y Y NO NO Y <50% NO
Huancayo Y Y NO NO Y NO Y Y NO Y NO Y <50% NO
Huánuco NO NO NO NO NO NO Y Y Y Y NO Y <50% NO
Huaraz Y NO Y NO Y NO Y Y Y NO NO Y >51% NO
Ica NO NO Y NO Y Y Y Y Y Y NO Y <50% NO
Iquitos Y NO NO NO Y NO Y Y Y Y NO Y <50% NO
Met. Lima NO NO NO NO Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y >51% NO
Mollendo Y Y NO NO Y NO Y Y Y NO NO Y <50% NO
Moquegua Y NO NO NO Y Y Y Y Y Y NO Y <50% NO
Moyobamba Y Y NO NO Y NO Y Y Y Y NO Y <50% NO
Pisco NO NO NO NO NO NO Y Y Y Y NO Y <50% NO
Piura Y NO NO NO NO NO Y Y NO NO NO NO <50% NO
Pucallpa Y Y Y NO Y NO Y Y Y NO NO NO <50% NO
YES
Pto. Maldonado Y Y Y
(2018)
NO NO Y Y Y Y NO Y <50% NO
Puno NO NO Y NO Y NO Y Y Y NO NO Y <50% NO
Quillabamba Y NO Y NO NO NO Y NO Y NO NO Y >51% NO
YES
Tacna Y Y Y (2010)
Y Y Y Y Y NO NO Y <50% NO
Trujillo Y Y Y NO Y NO Y Y Y NO Y Y <51% NO
Tumbes NO NO NO NO Y NO Y Y Y NO NO NO <50% NO
How is our progress in complying with the SDG 2030 and
specifically the SDG 11?
In April 2017, Peru reported official data from 2016 on the progress in
complying with the 17 SDG. With respect to the SDG 11 of Sustainable Cities
and Communities, only two goals and three indicators are reported,
relating to:
• Indicator 11.1.1. Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal

settlements or inadequate housing (national scope);
• Indicator 11.6.1. Proportion of urban solid waste generated (only for
Lima);
• Indicator 11.6.2. Peru: Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter PM2.5
and PM10 in the air (only Central Lima).
No indicators linked to the other 9 goals of Objective 11 have yet been

reported.
This Report contributes to an enrichment of the official report of Peru and

proposes a number of indicators built from official data or prepared ad hoc
(Table 32). In particular, we highlight the indicators of land consumption
(11.3.1.) which were calculated by adopting the methodology of
ONUHABITAT; the indicators of waste collection and final discharge (11.6.1.),
that gather the most recent data from MINAM’s Information System of
Waste management; as well as those linked to disaster risk, that systemize
the valuable information from CENEPRED (11.5.1 and 11.b.2).
INEI, 2017. Baseline of the main indicators available from the Sustainable Development Goals.
86
2016.
Table 32. Indicators of the ODS11 reported by the National Report

and the WWF-PERIFERIA Report
Goal Reported by National Report Reported by the

ODS 11 Actual indicator 2016 INEI National Report of
Urban Indicators
11.1.1. Proportion of urban population living in
11.1. slums, informal settlements or inadequate ü ü
housing.
11.2.1. Proportion of population that has convenient
11.2. access to public transport, by sex, age and persons - -
with disabilities.
11.3.1 Ratio of land consumption rate to population

11.3. - ü
growth rate.
11.3.2. Proportion of cities with a direct participation
structure of civil society in urban planning and
management that operates regularly and - O
democratically.
11.4.1. Total expenditure (public and private) per
11.4. capita spent on preservation, protection and - -
conservation of all cultural and natural heritage.
11.5.1. Number of deaths, missing persons and directly
11.5. affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 - ü
population.
11.5.2. Direct disaster economic loss in relation to
global GDP, including disaster damage to critical
infrastructure and disruption of basic services. - O
11.6.1. Proportion of urban solid waste regularly

11.6. collected and with adequate final discharge, out of O ü
total urban solid waste generated, by cities.
11.6.2. Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter PM2.5

O O
y PM 10.
11.7.1. Average share of the built-up area of cities that is

11.7. open space for public use for all, by sex, age and
- O
persons with disabilities.
11.7.2. Proportion of persons victim of
physical or sexual harassment, by sex, age,
disability status and place of occurrence, in - -
the previous 12 months.
11.a.1 Proportion of population living in cities
11.a that implement urban and regional
- O
11.b.1 Number of countries that adopt and implement
11.b national disaster plans in line with the Sendai - O
Framework.
11.b.2 Proportion of local governments that
adopt and implement GRD strategies in line
- ü
with national strategies.
11.c.1 Proportion of financial support to the least
11.c developed countries that is allocated to the
construction and retrofitting of sustainable, resilient - -
and resource-efficient buildings utilizing local
materials.
ü Reported
O A partial indicator is reported
- Indicator not reported or does not exist
For other SDG or indicators of the SDG 11, the Report registers similar or
partial indicators: their detailed analysis could enrich the methodology for
the National Voluntary Progress Report in Relation to the SDG that will
soon be prepared by the INEI.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In the light of the results of the Report and the conclusions given above,
we recommend:
1. Create a work group led by INEI and comprising MVCS, PCM,

MINAM, AMPE and CEPLAN, as well as representatives from
academia and the civil society, in order to progress in:
i) Adoption of a homogenous, useful and operational concept of “city” for

the application and measuring of cities and the monitoring of progress
and impacts of public policies. The definition of city adopted by the
Global Report of ODS could be a resource for this.
ii) Prioritization of a set of indicators that allows the construction of an
official baseline of the cities of Peru, broadening the categories adopted
in this Report and aligning the relevant indicators with those of the
Global Report of ODS but, above all, ensuring the opportunity to
measure the progress in the shortfalls in services and the quality of
urban life.
iii) Improvement in the systems of collection, registration, reporting of
these indicators from the various national sectors and from the different
levels of government, promoting the involvement of the municipalities.
iv) Strengthening the commitment and the capacities of the subnational
governments for the registration of information at smaller scales,
especially of a spatial and environmental nature, in partnership with
academic institutions and local experts.
These actions would pave the way for progress in the conceptualization
and definition of the institutional architecture of a National System of
Indicators and Standards of Quality of Life in Cities, as already exists in
neighboring countries, which will allow monitoring of national policies -
from various sectors – that affect the development, competitiveness and
sustainability of cities.
2. Propose a portfolio of research for collecting and analyzing in

detail a set of indicators relevant to the urban context of the
national territory, using new tools and technologies, including those
based on remote sensing, geospatial tools, citizen science,
participatory measuring, among others.
3. Enhance the Report with a specific analysis of the issue of

housing, for all cities, since it constitutes a key dimension in
sustainability, resilience and quality of urban life.
4. Incorporate into the Report a disaggregated analysis of various

indicators, broken down by sex, ethnicity, age, persons with
disabilities, exactly as the Global Report of ODS requires, aiming to
shed light on situations of urban inequality.
5. Analyze additional indicators and make cross-analyses of

indicators that aim to highlight the quality of public services as well
as the health and quality of life of urban inhabitants, with respect to
the various urban determinants, also integrating information from
diverse perception surveys.
6. Broaden the scope of the Report to cover all cities of Peru, at least
those with a population of more than 10,000 inhabitants, in order to
document and analyze their state and their future developmental
trends.
7. Promote a National Urban Observatory on municipal urban and

environmental management that can integrate information from
the Urban Observatory of the MVCS, the SINIA, the RENAMU, as
well as other relevant sectorial information systems, that will
report on a group of cities for whom a more systematic long-
term follow-up can be done.
8. Construct integrated indices to produce rankings of cities, based

on explicit goals of public policies, with the participation of local
authorities and the civil society.
It is necessary to have a shared information system so that the local

authorities, with the participation of various urban players, can design
effective plans of inclusive growth, promoting the transition towards urban
sustainability and resilience87.
Indeed, the vast majority of indicators form Goal 11 should be collected

locally and the municipalities should be the official source of reliable
information at a local level on issues ranging from land occupation,
mobility and public transport, public spaces and green areas, water and
sanitation services, sold waste management, air quality and quality of
natural resources, risk management, governance and citizen participation.
This requires capacities, resources and effort for the establishment of

reliable and robust monitoring mechanisms. There is a significant shortfall
to be covered in this regard, and it is necessary to strengthen local
capacities for setting up systems that support the collection, analysis and
dissemination of urban data and information, including that which is
related
87
This is also established in the World Bank’s report Peru, towards an integrated system of
cities (BM, 2016).
to the SDG. Local Urban or Environmental Observatories are an ideal
instrument for this, since they offer a channel for obtaining reliable
information in a direct way, facilitate the exchange of knowledge and
promote governance based on evidence.
If development in Peru depends on the creation and development of a true

“System of Cities”, as the country requires and as the OECD88, the World
Bank and other international bodies suggest89, it is necessary to establish a
structure and a more organized system of collection, compilation,
registration, analysis and reporting of urban data, as already exists in various
countries of the region.
The participation of the authorities and local players in this task will be
fundamental in order to raise public awareness of the urban agenda and its
challenges and to promote active citizen participation in the debate and
the implementation of solutions.
88
MINAM. 2017. Action Plan approved for implementing the Recommendations of the OCDE. At
http://www.minam.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Plan-de-Acci%C3%B3n_-DS005-2017-
MINAM-1.pdf
89
World bank, 2015. Peru: towards an integrated system of cities. A vision for growth. MINAM.
2017. Action Plan approved for implementing the Recommendations of the OCDE.
For a complete list of
bibliographical references and
webographies used in this Report, see
www.ciudadesdelperu.pe
City of
Peru
First National Report of
Urban Indicators 2018
Chachapoyas
Moyobamba
Huacho
Andahuaylas
Cajamarca
Pisco
Mollendo
Quillabamba
Ica
Abancay
Piura Tacna
Cerro Huaraz
de Pasco
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Cities of

First National Report of Urban

With the support of

With the support of

Project management and coordination

Co-authors and general supervision

Design, layout and photography

Legal Deposit made at the National Library of Peru Nº 2019-00271

Furthermore, we wish to thank the institutions that

We would also like to thank the group of volunteers

Finally, we wish to thank Grupo GEA, the Regional

Chapter 1. The need to measure our cities 11

Chapter 2. The National Report of Urban Indicators:

Chapter 3. The state of our cities 52

Chapter 4. Conclusions and recommendations 129

But in order to understand and design, first of all measures have to be

The Report is a first snapshot of the 25 capital cities of the country’s

Strategic Planning (CEPLAN) as rectors of the Urban System, the National

System of Environmental Information (SINIA), the Statistical System and the

It is in the cities and their constant changes that geography is transformed.

Cooperation and Development (OECD) and to Peru’s implementation of its

integrated and committed vision of sustainable cities.

t energy and generate 70% of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG).2

In Peru, the generation, systematization and analysis of information on the

With the start of a new cycle of municipal management 2019-2022, which

In this framework, PERIFERIA and WWF Peru – in partnership with the

With this initiative, we aim to contribute to the identification of the big

2.1 BACKGROUND AND RELEVANT INITIATIVES

The initiatives were reviewed in order to understand the approach, identify

Thus, there are many methodological resources available for the

Table 1. Most relevant initiatives on urban indicators

The initiatives were reviewed in order

United Nations Economic

2.2 FOCUS OF THE REPORT

We adopted the broad definitions by WWF and ONUHABITAT, and mapped

Figure 1. Conceptual model of sustainable and resilient cities

PLANS ITS UNIVERSAL WATER

CONSUMES ITS REDUCES,

instrument for achieving sustainable development, in both developing and

2.3 DEFINITION AND SELECTION OF CITIES

i. National Metropolis (1st Rank): Comprising the province of Lima, which

iv. Large City (4th Rank): From 100,001 to 250,000 inhabitants.

v. Main Intermediate City (5th Rank): From 50,001 to 100,000 inhabitants.

vi. Intermediate City (6th Rank): From 20,001 to 50,000 inhabitants.

Figure 2. Cities evaluated by the Report

HUACHO CERRO DE PASCO

In specific cases, such as access to drinking water or sewerage, we have

Finally, it should be noted that all the cities analyzed, as provincial

Figure 3. Example of “urban area” and district divisions: the cities of

Table 2. List and category of analyzed cities, according to SINCEP

3 17 1,009,132 301,570 360,770 Metropolis

5 2 201,329 54,290 54,743 Large City

Legua Reynoso National

7 3 58,899 16,959 24,588 Intermediate

10 5 428,450 121,273 118,754 Metropolis

13 4 465,834 108,258 117,276 Metropolis

14 3 196,627 52,972 57,080 Large City

15 2 118,836 32,986 35,349 Large City

16 6 289,861 82,429 98,723 Main Large City

Moyobamba Moquegua Mollendo* Lima City