Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success.

(Henry Ford) Teamwork represents a set of values that encourage behaviors such as listening and constructively responding to points of view expressed by others, giving others the benefit of the doubt, providing support to those who need it, and recognizing the interests and achievements of others The nice thing about teamwork is that you always have others on your side.
(Margaret Carty)

A team is two or more people who must coordinate their activities to accomplish a common goal. The common goal and the required coordination make them a team. It is mot enough for people to want to coordinate because it would be nice. Coordination must be required to accomplish the task in order to be a team. Teamwork is the ability to work together toward a common vision. The ability to direct individual accomplishments toward organizational objectives. It is the fuel that allows common people to attain uncommon results.

WHAT IS TEAM WORK?

Teamwork is defined in Webster's New World Dictionary as "a joint action by a group of people, in which each person subordinates his or her individual interests and opinions to the unity and efficiency of the group." This does not mean that the individual is no longer important; however, it does mean that effective and efficient teamwork goes beyond individual accomplishments. The most effective teamwork is produced when all the individuals involved harmonize their contributions and work towards a common goal.

NATURE OF TEAMWORK
Teams arent just groups of people Teams dont just happen. You have to build them. Teamwork means people cooperating to meet common goals.

One

of

the first

things that an instructor must recognize is the difference between an individual working as part of a group and an individual working as part of a team. Below is a list of the differences that exist between these categories. After reading through the list, it should be clear what the difference is and which one would be ideal in a classroom and the workplace. GROUPS Members work independently and they often are not working towards the same goal. Members focus mostly on themselves because they are not involved in the planning of their group's objectives and goals. Members are given their tasks or told what their duty/job is, and suggestions are rarely welcomed. Members are very cautious about what they say and are afraid to ask questions. They may not fully understand what is taking place in their group. Members do not trust each other's motives because the do not fully understand the role each member plays in their group. TEAMS Members work interdependently and work towards both personal and team goals, and they understand these goals are accomplished best by mutual support. Members feel a sense of ownership towards their role in the group because they committed themselves to goals they helped create. Members collaborate together and use their talent and experience to contribute to the success of the team's objectives. Members base their success on trust and encourage all members to express their opinions, varying views, and questions. Members make a conscious effort to be honest, respectful, and listen to every person's point of view.

Members may have a lot to contribute but are held back because of a closed relationship with each member. Members are bothered by differing opinions or disagreements because they consider it a threat. There is not group support to help resolve problems. Members may or may not participate in group decisionmaking, and conformity is valued more than positive results.

Members are encouraged to offer their skills and knowledge, and in turn each member is able contribute to the group's success. Members see conflict as a part of human nature and they react to it by treating it as an opportunity to hear about new ideas and opinions. Everybody wants to resolve problems constructively. Members participate equally in decisionmaking, but each member understands that the leader might need to make the final decision if the team can not come to a consensus agreement.

Before an effective team can be developed, the organizational environment itself must foster teamwork. Accordingly an effective organization must: Share a vision or sense of purpose that all its employees can articulate. Develop a structure appropriate for the organizational environment (e.g., a structure that works for a bank may not work for a fire department). Strike a balance between reason and intuition so that its employees are neither too oriented towards nor too disregarding of hard facts. Align employees so that everyone is going in the same direction. This alignment occurs when management emphasizes personal performance and allows employees to fulfill themselves in their jobs. This emphasis is the key to the teamdevelopment process.

The following are eight characteristics of effective teams the were identified by Larson and LaFasto in their book titled Teamwork: What Must Go Right/What Can Go Wrong (Sage Publications 1989).

The team must have a clear goal. Avoid fuzzy, motherhood statements. Team goals should call for a specific performance objective, expressed so concisely that everyone knows when the objective has been met.

The team must have a results-driven structure. The team should be allowed to operate in a manner that produces results. It is often best to allow the team to develop the structure.

The team must have competent team members. In the education setting this can be taking to mean that the problem given to the team should be one that the members can tackle given their level of knowledge.

The team must have unified commitment. This doesn't mean that team members must agree on everything. It means that all individuals must be directing their efforts towards the goal. If an individual's efforts are going purely towards personal goals, then the team will confront this and resolve the problem.

The team must have a collaborative climate. It is a climate of trust produced by honest, open, consistent and respectful behavior. With this climate teams perform well...without it, they fail. The team must have high standards that are understood by all. Team members must know what is expected of them individually and collectively. Vague statements such as "positive attitude" and "demonstrated effort" are not good enough.

The team must receive external support and encouragement. Encouragement and praise works just as well in motivating teams as it does with individuals

The team must have principled leadership. Teams usually need someone to lead the effort. Team members must know that the team leader has the position because they have good leadership skills and are working for the good of the team. The team members will be less supportive if they feel that the team leader is putting him/her above the team, achieving personal recognition or otherwise benefiting from the position.

The main value of teams is their ability to assemble and empower employees to use their talents to improve the organization. In more fully participating in decisions and planning how work will be performed, employee contribution and, for most, job satisfaction are increased.

Why teamwork? Because it improves Quality Flexibility Coordination Satisfaction and Development Productivity/Cost

Teamwork is an important aspect that should be provided by both employers and employees. In today's work environment, the concept of working together to get an assignment done is as nonexistent as co- workers becoming acquainted outside the workplace. When a person is faced with co-workers who don't want to work, he or she ends up having to do work that others fail to complete or start an assignment over because someone did not do it right. It can be stressful and downright disgraceful because not only does the department work ethics look bad on the employees, but to the company as well. There are certain characteristics to remember when knowing the values of teamwork. The most important factor in teamwork is foundation. Knowing which position each person is within a team can help co-workers provide the work they're strong in; that way assignments can be completed on time and without problems. Having respect for one another is also very important. No one would want to work with someone that is rude and insensitive towards everyone in the office. Being able to show discipline and professionalism can provide imperative discussions that can help the work environment run smoothly. Finally, if a problem arises in a department, don't hesitate to speak up on the issue. One of the main reasons co-workers failed to work as a team because people do not voice their opinions on certain matters. Being quiet and reserve does not always work in the workplace; try gaining a voice because people will respect you more if you express your ideas.

BENEFITS OF TEAMWORK
Enhances success.

Promote creativity. Builds synergy. Promotes trade-off and solves problems.

Is fun and reduces tension and conflicts. Helps both large corporations and small groups. Responds to the challenge of change.

PITFALLS TO SIDESTEP
Negative synergy - when the team doesnt get its act together Excessive independence - the do-your-own thing syndrome Excessive time needed to build and maintain the team - if company culture is not team oriented. Slow decision making - consensus takes time and patience

ESSENTIALS OF A TEAM
A Charter Mission - reason for working together. Interdependency Commitment to benefits of group problem solving/decision making Accountability as a Functioning Unit

Defining the Mission.

A mission is your teams ultimate purpose. o Why do we exist? o Who do we serve? Communicating the Vision and Formulating Overarching Goals. o A vision is something to aspire to. It is not a mystical thing, but a practical thing. The vision is, a way of communicating the organizations strategy and objectives so that they excite people, challenge people and attract them. Developing a Code of Ethics. o How are we going to behave toward one another? o Which are the teams Values? Establishing Roles. o Functions o Authority o Accountability o Priorities Blending Individual Styles. o Utilizing strengths, minimizing weaknesses o Motivating various styles o Managing conflict successfully Managing team performance conflict successfully. o Determining success criteria o Formulating a Consensus and By-In o Performing a Resource Audit Evaluating the success criteria Marketing the team Celebrating success-recognition. Action-Planning

Each Goal is the Responsibility of all Team Members: Each person feels 100% responsibility for the attainment of the team goals. In contrast, individuals seek additional responsibility and authority in winning environment . Team Goals are as important as Individual Goals: Each member of a winning team is aware of the need to help achieve team goals as well individual goals, in fact, each member feels a sense of failure as his or her individual goals are reached but the team goals are not. Individual Competitiveness is reduced on a Winning Team: Instead of excessive competition and conflict, we find cooperation and a willingness to help and serve others. Both the Winning Team leader and members are vigilant in eliminating excessive, unproductive conflict. Communication is Increased among Team Members: This open, honest communication is invaluable in aiding Winning Team goal achievement. Mutual Understanding, Respect, and Cooperation exist among Team Members: As each accepts the importance of the other team members, the natural barriers break down. There is an energy and enthusiasm in working together. The Winning Team Leader Concentrates on Leading the Team and Refuses to Manage on a One-To-One Basis: The team leader sets the tone for the team and emphasizes team accomplishment, instead of individual management, the team members are convinced of the loyalty and unselfish motivation of the Winning Team Leader. Winning Teams are highly Productive: When people outside the team think about, they feel that the Winning Team is committed to excellence and it shows trough increased productivity. Willingness to sacrifice and to make Commitments: Winning Teams are characterized by high commitment, loyalty, dependability and a willingness to sacrifice for other team members, and for the team itself. People outside the team notice this spiritedness and dedication.

This list is used during the research cycle to observe how well a team is working together LISTENING:

The students in this team listen to each other's ideas. You will observe the students "piggy-backing" (or building) off each other's ideas. QUESTIONING:

The students in this team question each other. You will observe the students interacting, discussing, and posing questions to all members of the team. PERSUADING:

The students in this team use persuasion. You will observe the students exchanging, defending, and rethinking ideas. RESPECTING:

The students in this team respect the opinions of others. You will observe the students encouraging and supporting the ideas and efforts of others. HELPING:

The students in this team help each other. You will observe the students offering assistance to each other. SHARING:

The students in this team share. You will observe the students offering ideas and reporting their findings to each other. PARTICIPATING:

The students in this team participate. You will observe each student contributing to the project.

ADVANTAGES OF TEAM WORK

TEAM = Together Everyone Achieves More The key advantage of teamwork is a better end result. Your organization should find your teams to be more responsive to the changing needs of the marketplace. Teams can be closer to customer's needs, more informed about advanced technology, and faster to respond than traditional hierarchies.

More input leads to better ideas and decisions. Higher quality output. Involvement of everyone in the process. Increased ownership and buy-in by members. Higher likelihood of implementation of new ideas. Widens the circle of communication. Shared information means increased learning. Increased understanding of other peoples perspectives. Increased opportunity to draw on individual strengths. Ability to compensate for individual weaknesses. Provides a sense of security. Develops personal relationships

Fostering teamwork is creating a work culture that values collaboration. In a teamwork environment, people understand and believe that thinking, planning, decisions and actions are better when done cooperatively. People recognize, and even assimilate, the belief that none of us is as good as all of us. Its hard to find work places that exemplify teamwork. In America, our institutions such as schools, our family structures, and our pastimes emphasize winning, being the best, and coming out on top. Workers are rarely raised in environments that emphasize true teamwork and collaboration. Organizations are working on valuing diverse people, ideas, backgrounds, and experiences. We have miles to go before valuing teams and teamwork will be the norm. You can, however, create a teamwork culture by doing just a few things right. Admittedly, theyre the hard things, but with commitment and appreciation for the value, you can create an overall sense of teamwork in your organization.

CREATE A CULTURE OF TEAMWORK

To make teamwork happen, these powerful actions must occur. Executive leaders communicate the clear expectation that teamwork and collaboration are expected. No one completely owns a work area or process all by himself. People who own work processes and positions are open and receptive to ideas and input from others on the team.

Executives model teamwork in their interaction with each other and the rest of the organization. They maintain teamwork even when things are going wrong and the temptation is to slip back into former team unfriendly behavior.

The organization members talk about and identify the value of a teamwork culture. If values are formally written and shared, teamwork is one of the key five or six.

Teamwork is rewarded and recognized. The lone ranger, even if she is an excellent producer, is valued less than the person who achieves results with others in teamwork. Compensation, bonuses, and rewards depend on collaborative practices as much as individual contribution and achievement.

Important stories and folklore that people discuss within the company emphasize teamwork. (Remember the year the capsule team reduced scrap by 20 percent?) People who do well and are promoted within the company are team players.

TIPS FOR TEAM BUILDING

Do you immediately picture your group off at a resort playing games or hanging from ropes when you think of team building? Traditionally, many organizations approached team building this way. Then, they wondered why that wonderful sense of teamwork, experienced at the retreat or seminar, failed to impact long term beliefs and actions back at work. Im not averse to retreats, planning sessions, seminars and team building activities in fact I lead them - but they have to be part of a larger teamwork effort You will not build teamwork by retreating as a group for a couple of days each year. Think of team building as something you do every single day.

Form teams to solve real work issues and to improve real work processes. Provide training in systematic methods so the team expends its energy on the project, not on figuring out how to work together as a team to approach it. Hold department meetings to review projects and progress, to obtain broad input, and to coordinate shared work processes. If team members are not getting along, examine the work processes they mutually own. The problem is not usually the personalities of the team members. Its the fact that the team members often havent agreed on how they will deliver a product or a service or the steps required to get something done. Build fun and shared occasions into the organizations agenda. Hold pot luck lunches; take the team to a sporting event. Sponsor dinners at a local restaurant. Go hiking or to an amusement park. Hold a monthly company meeting. Sponsor sports teams and encourage cheering team fans. Use ice breakers and teamwork exercises at meetings. I worked with an organization that held a weekly staff meeting. Participants took turns bringing a fun ice breaker to the meeting. These activities were limited to ten minutes, but they helped participants laugh together and get to know each other a small investment in a big time sense of team. Celebrate team successes publicly. Buy everyone the same t-shirt or hat. Put team member names in a drawing for company merchandise and gift certificates. You are limited in teamwork only by your imagination.

Take care of the hard issues above and do the types of teamwork activities listed here. Youll be amazed at the progress you will make in creating a teamwork culture, a culture that enables individuals to contribute more than they ever thought Team Development Successful team building has far reaching ramifications for your organization. Improve the way team members interact and you will improve their ability to solve problems. Better problemsolving means better efficiency in general. Increased efficiency tends to boost morale and productivity. It also helps to decrease stress, turnover and operating costs. And all of these improvements bolster your organizations public image. Once you establish an effective team it becomes more creative, more productive, self perpetuating, resilient, and confident. In others words, workers will be more (happily) productive and management will at the same time be able to manage (plan, control, coordinate) better. There are four key variables in the team development PROCESS

COMMITMENT Team members see themselves as belonging to a team rather than as individuals who operate autonomously. They are committed to group goals above and behind their personal goals. TRUST Team members have faith in each other to honor their commitments, maintain confidences, support each other, and generally behave in a consistent and predictably acceptable fashion. PURPOSE The team understands how it fits into the overall business of the organization. Team members know their roles, feel a sense of ownership, and can see how they make a difference. COMMUNICATION Communication refers to the style and extent of interactions both among members and between members and those outside the team. It also refers to the way that members handle conflict, decision making, and day-to-day interactions. INVOLVEMENT Everyone has a role in the team. Despite differences, team members must feel a sense of partnership with each other. Contributions are respected and solicited, and a real consensus is established before committing the team to action. PROCESS ORIENTATION Once a team has a clear purpose (why its together and where its going), it must have a process or means to get there. The process should include problem-solving tools, planning techniques, regular meeting, meeting agendas and minutes, and accepted ways of dealing with problems.

Teamwork divides the task and doubles the success.

Teamwork has become an important part of the working culture and many businesses now look at teamwork skills when evaluating a person for employment. Most companies realize that teamwork is important because either the product is sufficiently complex that it requires a team with multiple skills to produce, and/or a better product will result when a team approach is taken. Therefore, it is important that employees learn to function in a team environment so that they will have teamwork skill when they are at their work. Teamwork is essential in any circumstance, because life is all about decisions. Being able to learn from life's expectations will help individuals in future endeavors and to provide better assessments for the people they encounter.

The path to greatness is along with others.

(Baltasar Gracion, Spanish Priest)

You and your companions have just survived the crash of a small plane. Both the pilot and co-pilot were killed in the crash. It is midJanuary, and you are in Northern Canada. The daily temperature is 25 below zero, and the night time temperature is 40 below zero. There is snow on the ground, and the countryside is wooded with several creeks criss-crossing the area. The nearest town is 20 miles away. You are all dressed in city clothes appropriate for a business meeting. Your group of survivors managed to salvage the following items:

A ball of steel wool A small ax A loaded .45-caliber pistol Can of Crisco shortening Newspapers (one per person) Cigarette lighter (without fluid) Extra shirt and pants for each survivor 20 x 20 ft. piece of heavy-duty canvas A sectional air map made of plastic One quart of 100-proof whiskey A compass Family-size chocolate bars (one per person)

Your task as a group is to list the above 12 items in order of importance for your survival. List the uses for each. You MUST come to agreement as a group.

EXPLANATION
Mid-January is the coldest time of year in Northern Canada. The first problem the survivors face is the preservation of body heat and the protection against its loss. This problem can be solved by building a fire, minimizing movement and exertion, using as much insulation as possible, and constructing a shelter. The participants have just crash-landed. Many individuals tend to overlook the enormous shock reaction this has on the human body and the deaths of the pilot and co-pilot increases the shock. Decision-making under such circumstances is extremely difficult. Such a situation requires a strong emphasis on the use of reasoning for making decisions and for reducing fear and panic. Shock would be shown in the survivors by feelings of helplessness, loneliness, hopelessness, and fear. These feelings have brought about more fatalities than perhaps any other cause in survival situations.

Certainly the state of shock means the movement of the survivors should be at a minimum, and that an attempt to calm them should be made. Before taking off, a pilot has to file a flight plan which contains vital information such as the course, speed, estimated time of arrival, type of aircraft, and number of passengers. Search-and-rescue operations begin shortly after the failure of a plane to appear at its destination at the estimated time of arrival. The 20 miles to the nearest town is a long walk under even ideal conditions, particularly if one is not used to walking such distances. In this situation, the walk is even more difficult due to shock, snow, dress, and water barriers. It would mean almost certain death from freezing and exhaustion. At temperatures of minus 25 to minus 40, the loss of body heat through exertion is a very serious matter. Once the survivors have found ways to keep warm, their next task is to attract the attention of search planes. Thus, all the items the group has salvaged must be assessed for their value in signaling the groups whereabouts. The ranking of the survivors items was made by Mark Wanvig, a former instructor in survival training for the Reconnaissance School of the 101st Division of the U.S. Army. Mr. Wanvig currently conducts wilderness survival training programs in the Minneapolis, Minnesota area. This survival simulation game is used in military training classrooms.

RANKING
CIGARETTE LIGHTER (WITHOUT FLUID) The gravest danger facing the group is exposure to cold. The greatest need is for a source of warmth and the second greatest need is for signaling devices. This makes building a fire the first order of business. Without matches, something is needed to produce sparks, and even without fluid, a cigarette lighter can do that. BALL OF STEEL WOOL To make a fire, the survivors need a means of catching he sparks made by the cigarette lighter. This is the best substance for catching a spark and supporting a flame, even if the steel wool is a little wet

EXTRA SHIRT AND PANTS FOR EACH SURVIVOR

Besides adding warmth to the body, clothes can also be used for shelter, signaling, bedding, bandages, string (when unraveled), and fuel for the fire. CAN OF CRISCO SHORTENING This has many uses. A mirror-like signaling device can be made from the lid. After shining the lid with steel wool, it will reflect sunlight and generate 5 to 7 million candlepower. This is bright enough to be seen beyond the horizon. While this could be limited somewhat by the trees, a member of the group could climb a tree and use the mirrored lid to signal search planes. If they had no other means of signaling than this, they would have a better than 80% chance of being rescued within the first day. There are other uses for this item. It can be rubbed on exposed skin for protection against the cold. When melted into an oil, the shortening is helpful as fuel. When soaked into a piece of cloth, melted shortening will act like a candle. The empty can is useful in melting snow for drinking water. It is much safer to drink warmed water than to eat snow, since warm water will help retain body heat. Water is important because dehydration will affect decision-making. The can is also useful as a cup. 20 X 20 FOOT PIECE OF CANVAS The cold makes shelter necessary, and canvas would protect against wind and snow (canvas is used in making tents). Spread on a frame made of trees, it could be used as a tent or a wind screen. It might also be used as a ground cover to keep the survivors dry. Its shape, when contrasted with the surrounding terrain, makes it a signaling device. SMALL AX Survivors need a constant supply of wood in order to maintain the fire. The ax could be used for this as well as for clearing a sheltered campsite, cutting tree branches for ground insulation, and constructing a frame for the canvas tent. FAMILY SIZE CHOCOLATE BARS (ONE PER PERSON) Chocolate will provide some food energy. Since it contains mostly carbohydrates, it supplies the energy without making digestive demands on the body. NEWSPAPERS (ONE PER PERSON) These are useful in starting a fire. They can also be used as insulation under clothing when rolled up and placed around a persons arms and legs. A newspaper can also be used as a verbal signaling device when rolled up in a megaphone-shape. It could also provide reading material for recreation.

LOADED .45-CALIBER PISTOL The pistol provides a sound-signaling device. (The international distress signal is 3 shots fired in rapid succession). There have been numerous cases of survivors going undetected because they were too weak to make a loud enough noise to attract attention. The butt of the pistol could be used as a hammer, and the powder from the shells will assist in fire building. By placing a small bit of cloth in a cartridge emptied of its bullet, one can start a fire by firing the gun at dry wood on the ground. The pistol also has some serious disadvantages. Anger, frustration, impatience, irritability, and lapses of rationality may increase as the group awaits rescue. The availability of a lethal weapon is a danger to the group under these conditions. Although a pistol could be used in hunting, it would take an expert marksman to kill an animal with it. Then the animal would have to be transported to the crash site, which could prove difficult to impossible depending on its size. QUART OF 100 PROOF WHISKEY The only uses of whiskey are as an aid in fire building and as a fuel for a torch (made by soaking a piece of clothing in the whiskey and attaching it to a tree branch). The empty bottle could be used for storing water. The danger of whiskey is that someone might drink it, thinking it would bring warmth. Alcohol takes on the temperature it is exposed to, and a drink of minus 30 degrees ahrenheit whiskey would freeze a persons esophagus and stomach. Alcohol also dilates the blood vessels in the skin, resulting in chilled blood belong carried back to the heart, resulting in a rapid loss of body heat. Thus, a drunk person is more likely to get hypothermia than a sober person is. COMPASS Because a compass might encourage someone to try to walk to the nearest town, it is a dangerous item. Its only redeeming feature is that it could be used as a reflector of sunlight (due to its glass top). SECTIONAL AIR MAP MADE OF PLASTIC This is also among the least desirable of the items because it will encourage individuals to try to walk to the nearest town. Its only useful feature is as a ground cover to keep someone dry.

HOW TO SCORE
Each team should list its top 5 choices in order prior to seeing the answer sheet. To award points, look at the ranking numbers on this answer sheet. Award points to each teams top choices according to the numbers here. For example, the map would earn 12 points,

while the steel wool would earn 2 points. Lowest score wins (and survives).

SUBMITTED TO
SIR. ASIF KHURSHID

SUBMITTED BY
KOKAB ISHAQ SP06-BBA-039 SAIMA TABBASUM SP06-BBA-029 MEHREEN SALEEM SP06-BBA-019 JASIA SARMAD SP06-BBA-049 HIRA HAYYAT SP06-BBA-013