Bicol university

legazpi city, ALBAY

College of engineering

ge - 311
bs – geodetic engineering

LAND REGISTRATION LAWS

First Semester, SY 2021-2022
DAO 98-12
DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER
NO. 98-12
 (CONTINUATION)

SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
SURVEYING INSTRUMENTSONE

SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
 STEEL,
INVAR OR
 LOVAR,
AND OTHER TAPES
STEEL, INVAR FIBERGLASS, PHOSPHOR
OR LOVAR BRONZE OR NYLON COATED
TAPES STEEL TAPES
Applicable to all Locating details in topographic survey
Locating corners from an established
control station
Checking distances of witness points
In survey which need not be approved
for land registration
 STEEL, INVAR
OR LOVAR,
AND OTHER TAPES
❖ The true length of these shall be determined by
comparison with the standard and tested at the
calibration baseline.
❖Broken tapes which have been repaired three (3)
times or less may be used only in lot surveys of
tertiary precision.
❖If the correction to be applied is greater than one in
ten thousands (1:10,000) of the tape length, the said
tape shall not be used for survey of lands for
registration, or related purposes.
 STEEL,
INVAR OR LOVAR, AND
OTHER TAPES
❖ The temperature of thirty-two (32) degrees Celsius shall
be adopted as the standard temperature at which each
tape shall be of standard length with a tension of ten (10)
kilograms when supported horizontally throughout its
entire length.
❖Only the steel tapes which are of standard length at
temperatures between twenty-seven (27) degrees Celsius
and thirty-seven (37) degrees Celsius; may be approved
for use in primary, secondary, and tertiary surveys.

EXAMINATION, TEST,
CERTIFICATION AND RECORDS
❖To ensure accuracy of angular and linear measurements,
surveying instruments used in the survey of lands
especially surveys for registration purposes shall be
examined, calibrated, standardized, and approved by
the Lands Management Bureau.
❖ The original certificate for each instrument approved
for use in property surveys, stating its technical data and
condition at the time of examination shall be issued by the
Land Management Bureau.

EXAMINATION, TEST,
CERTIFICATION AND RECORDS
Subsequent examination and certification, except for GPS
❖
receivers, Theodolites and other sophisticated instruments,
may be done in the Lands Management Services.
If subsequent examination proves that the instrument is no
❖
longer fit for use in property surveys, the certificate shall be
cancelled. A copy of the renewed certificated or letter of
cancellation issued by the Lands Management Services shall
be furnished to the Lands Management Bureau (LOC No. 80
and 80-1, S-1983).
EXAMINATION, TEST,
CERTIFICATION AND
RECORDS
Individuals, corporations, or associations engaged in the importation,
❖
purchase, sale, repair, or adjustment, etc., of surveying instrument
to the Lands Management Bureau for examination, test, certification
and record shall before the sale.
❖
 SURVEYING VALIDITY
INSTRUMENTS OF
TRANSIT CERTIFICAT
E
FIVE (5) YEARS
THEODOLITE FIVE (5) YEARS
TAPES TWO (2) YEARS
OTHER
INSTRUMENTS
❖ Thermometers, barometers, chronometers
and other instruments used in property
surveys shall be frequently tested and
compared with established standards.
❖LMB shall test and calibrate GPS receivers at
stations designated by NAMRIA. The results
shall form part of the surveys returns for
verification and approval.
POINTS
 OF REFERENCE
❖ The geographic positions shall be in the Philippine Plane
Coordinate System – Transverse Mercator/Philippine
Reference System 1992 (PPCS-TM/PRS-92).
❖These points of reference shall be as follows:
• Bureau of Lands Location Monuments (BLLM);
• Political Boundary Monuments;
• Provincial Boundary Monuments (PBM) and
City Boundary Monuments (CBM),
• Municipal Boundary Monuments (MBM),
• Barangay Boundary Monuments (BBM);

POINTS
 OF REFERENCE
• Triangulation stations established by the:
• Bureau of Lands
• Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey
• United States Army Corps of Engineers
• Other organizations, the work of which is of acknowledged standard

• Primary stations of cadastral surveys

• Churches towers, historical monuments and other prominent permanent
structures of known PRS 92 geographic or grid coordinates;
• Stations established by Global Positioning System, Doppler, Hiran, Loran,
and other similar stations of at least third order accuracy and in the PPCS
TM/PRS-92.
POINTS
 OF REFERENCE
❖ The Lands Management Bureau/Services shall establish at
least one pair of standard location monuments to be
designated as BLLM No. 1 and BLLM No. 2 in each city and
municipality of the Philippines.
❖ Additional location monuments shall be established
along the controls of projects. These monuments shall be
by pairs with an average interval of five or six
kilometers. These shall be designated and numbered as
BLLM No. 3 and BLLM No. 4, BLLM No. 5 and BLLM No. 6,
and so forth. However, the pair of location monuments
shall be established as near as possible to the center of
the Barangay.
 GEOGRAPHIC POSITION
❖The complete geographic position of points of
reference shall be expressed in
(1) latitude,
(2) longitude and
(3) elevation.
❖ The geographic position of points of
reference shall be classified into four
categories, namely: FIRST, SECOND,THIRD &
 FOURTH ORDERS

GEOGRAPHIC POSITION
• The geographic position of the control points shall be derived from the
adopted coordinates of previously established stations as referred to
the standard datum by a network of triangulation station of the Coast
and Geodetic Surveys, known as “Balanacan”which are:
Latitude = N 13 deg. 33 min. 41.000 sec.
Longitude = E 121 deg. 52 min. 03.000 sec.
Geoid spheroid separation = 0.34 meters
(Lumabas sa board exam before)
• The azimuth from triangulation station “Balanacan” to triangulation
 station “Baltazar” is 9° 12’ 37.000” and the distance is 37,680.90 meters.
The back azimuth is 189° 11’ 50.60”.

GEOGRAPHIC POSITION
❖ The mean sea level (MSL) obtained from the tidal
observations of the Coast and Geodetic Survey
Department/NAMRIA shall be used as vertical
datum of bench marks. The elevation of these
bench marks shall be used in leveling other points
or bench marks.
❖ In topographic or any other surveys where
elevations are necessary, the said elevations shall
be referred either to an assumed or local mean sea
level, when there are no established bench
marks.

PHILIPPINE
REFERENCE SYSTEM OF
1992
❖ The Philippine Reference System of 1992
(PRS-1992) is the new reference system for all
surveys and maps in the country pursuant to
Executive Order #45 dated 5 January 1992. It is
also known as the Philippine Plane Coordinate
System-Transverse Mercator/ Philippine
Reference System of 1992 (PPCS-TM PRS-92) to
distinguish it from the PPCS of 1965.

PHILIPPINE
REFERENCE SYSTEM OF
 1992
• The PRS-92 is based from the Luzon Datum
with origin at station Balanacan in
Marinduque, Luzon Datum as defined is
Section 44.
• Geodetic control surveys shall be
established in the system of PRS-92 by GPS
or by conventional surveying methods using
duly registered instruments.
 PHILIPPINE
REFERENCE SYSTEM OF
1992
• Relative Positioning Technique is advisable
to be used. With this technique, positions can
be determined with respect to another point,
taking one point as the origin of a local
coordinate system.
• Relative positioning may be Static or Kinematic.
Static refers to the positioning of stationary
object while kinematics is the positioning of a
moving object.
PHILIPPINE REFERENCE SYSTEM OF 1992
• In the establishment of geodetic networks,
connections must always be made to a network that
is higher in accuracy than the one to be established.
POSITIONAL ACCURACY
1st Order 10 parts per million 1/100,000 1 cm per km 2nd
Order 20 parts per million 1/50,000 2 cm per km 3rd Order
50 parts per million 1/20,000 5 cm per km 4th Order 100
parts per million 1/10,000 10 cm per km

1ST ORDER OF POSITIONAL ACCURACY•

10 = 1
1,000,000 100,000
= 1cm 100,000cm( ( ) 1,000m

) 10mm .

. km

= 1 cm . 1
()
1 cm
1,000mm1km . 1m .

2ND ORDER OF POSITIONAL

ACCURACY• 20 = 2 = 2 /2= 1
1,000,000 100,000 100,000/2 50,000 = 2cm
.

( )( )( )
. 100,000cm = 2 cm . 1 km
10mm . 1 cm 1,000mm 1,000m
1m . 1km .

3RD ORDER OF POSITIONAL

ACCURACY• 50 = 5 = 5 /5= 1
1,000,000 100,000 100,000/5 20,000
.

= 5cm 100,000cm ( ) 10mm .

() 1,000m
. 1,000mm1km .
= 5 cm . 1
1 cm
1m .
km ()
4TH ORDER OF POSITIONAL ACCURACY•
100 = 1
1,000,000 10,000
= 10cm 10,000cm( ( ) 1,000m

) 10mm .

.
 1m .
= 10 cm . 1 ()
km
1,000mm1km .
1 cm

VERTICAL
ACCURACY
2nd Order8.4 mm times square root of the
distance (8.4mm√d )

3rd Order12.0 mm times square root of the

distance (12.0mm√d )

PHILIPPINE REFERENCE SYSTEM OF 1992

• The accuracy of the following surveys or
connection surveys to PRS-92 shall be in
accordance with the orders in the
preceding section.
• Densification of the 1st Order PRS-92
National Network shall be in the 2nd and
3rd Order accuracy
• Project controls of cadastral projects shall
be at lest in 3rd Order accuracy.
PHILIPPINE
REFERENCE
SYSTEM OF 1992
• Political boundary surveys shall be at
least in 3rd Order accuracy.
• Delimitation surveys of Integrated Social
Forestry Projects; mineral a\land surveys;
relocation or delimitation of national parks
and other protected areas, reservations,
classified forests including buffer zones;
delimitation of ancestral claims shall be in
4th Order accuracy.

PHILIPPINE
 REFERENCE
SYSTEM OF 1992
• New GPS Stations in PRS-92 may be established by government
agencies and accredited geodetic engineering professionals with
capabilities in GPS surveying; provided their receivers are duly
registered with NAMRIA or LMB.
• The GPS Station in PRS-92 shall be monumented with subsurface
marking and reference point numbering of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd
Order accuracy. It shall follow those established by CGSD/NAMRIA
is setting up the PRS-92. CGSD/NAMRIA should be consulted as to
what number shall be used.
 PHILIPPINE REFERENCE
SYSTEM OF 1992
• The LMB/LMS and the CGSD/NAMRIA
may design their own set of numbering for
new stations of lower accuracy. The RTD
for Lands shall forward, through the Lands
Management Bureau, whatever system
 they adopt to CGSD/NAMRIA for
completion of the central data bank.

PHILIPPINE REFERENCE
SYSTEM OF 1992
GE’s in the government and private sectors who established GPS Station which
form part of the national geodetic network, shall submit to CGSD/NAMRIA
the GPS Survey Pre/Post requirements for evaluation of the design and
survey results using GPS Receivers. This shall contain the following:
• Type of GPS Receivers (Brand/Model);
• Technique/survey practices to be utilized in the survey;
• Reduction techniques and computer programs for adjustment;
• Network design;
• Results of a military constrained least squares network adjustment computed on
the ellipsoid associated with the datum on which the observations were
acquired;

PHILIPPINE REFERENCE SYSTEM OF

1992CGSD/NAMRIA the GPS Survey Pre/Post requirements
• Number of existing horizontal control points to be occupied; •
Time per occupation as a function of satellite geometry; •
Number of occupation per site;
• Number of repeated baselines;
• Cut off elevation;
• Antenna set-up specifications;
• Number of receivers; and
• Ephemeris source and age.

PHILIPPINE REFERENCE
SYSTEM OF 1992
• GPS receivers that will be used in land surveys, survey
controls and establishment of Political boundary shall be
submitted to the LMB for certification based on the
 aforementioned requirements.
• The connection survey returns of the reference points
monumented in Section 38 using conventional
instruments such as Theodolite, EDM and/or total stations
shall be submitted to LMB and CGSD/NAMRIA for
incorporation into the National Geodetic Data Bank.

PHILIPPINE PLANE COORDINATES SYSETEM (PPCS) AND THE

PHILIPPINE REFERENCE SYSTEM OF 1992 (PRS 92)
• PPCS, also known as Philippine Transverse Mercator Grid
(PTM), are transformed Cartesian coordinates on the
Luzon Datum from geographic coordinates determined
through astronomical observations. PPCS-TM was adopted
in 1965 as the reference system in the Philippines. Prior to
the adoption of PRS92, the geographic coordinates of the
points of references enumerated in Section 38 are
transformed into the Philippine Transverse Mercator Grid
System. The transformed coordinates are simply referred to
as PPCS-TM Grid.

PHILIPPINE PLANE
COORDINATES SYSETEM (PPCS) AND THE
PHILIPPINE REFERENCE SYSTEM OF 1992 (PRS
92)
• The geocentered geographic coordinates of a reference point
defined by the Global Positioning System (GPS) Satellite
ephemerides which are referred to WGS 84 Satellite Datum are
transformed to geocentered cartesian coordinates. This is then
transformed to cartesian coordinates on the Luzon Datum
(PRS-92) using the transformation formula and parameters in
Section 50 before its transformation to geographical PRS-92
coordinates. The transformed cartesian coordinates on the
PRS92 Luzon Datum is referred to in the survey returns as PPCS
TM/PRS-92.

PPCS
The characteristics of the Philippine Plane Coordinate System
 are: 1. Spheroid : Clarke’s Spheroid of 1866
2. Projection : Transverse Mercator, in zones two degrees net width
3. Point of Origin : Intersection of the Equator and the Meridian of
each zone, with Northing of 0 meter and an Easting of 500,000 meters
PPCS
AND PRS
‘92
The characteristics of the Philippine Plane Coordinate System
are: 4. Scale factor at the
Central Meridian : 0.99995
5. Zonification :
 Zone No. Central Meridian Extent of Zone I 117° 116° 00’
to 118° 30’
II 119° 117° 30’ to 120° 30’
III 121° 119° 30’ to 122° 30’
IV 123° 121° 30’ to 124° 30’
V 125° 123° 30’ to 127° 00’
PPCS AND PRS
‘92
• In converting the PRS 92 geographic coordinates to
PPCS-TM/PRS 92 grid coordinates and vice versa, the
transformation formulas is Section 62 and the procedures as
contained in Technical Bulletin Number 26 of
 DENR/LMB also known as the (Philippine Transverse
Mercator Grid Tables) shall be used.
• All computations, maps and plans of cadastral surveys,
public land subdivisions and group settlement/surveys and
other kinds of surveys shall be prepared using the PPCS
TM/PRS 92. This shall be submitted to the Lands
Management Services for verification and approval.
PPCS AND PRS
‘92
• The assignment of provinces into the map projection
zones of the PPCS-TM/PRS 92 shall be as follows:
REGION/PROVINCE ZONE NO. A. Cordillera
 Administrative 3
▪ Region (CAR)
B. National Capital Region (NCR) 3
C. Ilocos Region (Reg. 1) 3
D. Cagayan Valley (Reg. 2) 3
except Isabela Province
PPCS AND PRS
‘92
• The assignment of provinces into the map projection
zones of the PPCS-TM/PRS 92 shall be as follows:
 REGION/PROVINCE ZONE NO. D. Cagayan
Valley (Reg. 2)
1. Mun. of Isabela in the
West of 122o E 3
2. Mun. of Isabela in the
East of 122o E 4

PPCS
•
AND PRS ‘92
The assignment of provinces into the map projection zones of
the PPCS-TM/PRS 92 shall be as follows:
 REGION/PROVINCE ZONE NO. E.Central Luzon
(Reg. 3) 3
F. Southern Luzon (Reg. 4) 3
▪ except Palawan, Quezon,
▪ Rizal and Romblon
G. Bicol Region (Reg. 5) 4
H. Western Visayas (Reg. 6) 4
PPCS AND PRS
‘92
REGION/PROVINCE ZONE NO. F. Southern
 Luzon (Reg. 4)
1. Palawan 1 2. Quezon
a) East of 122° E. Long. 4 b) West of 122° E.
Long. 3 3. Rizal 3 4. Romblon 4 I. Central
Visayas (Reg. 7) exc. Bohol 4 1.Bohol 5
J. Eastern Visayas (Reg.8) 5 K.Western
Mindanao (Reg.9) 4 L. Northern Mindanao
(Reg.10)
1. Bukidnon 5 2. Camiguin 5 3. Misamis
Occ. 4 4. Misamis Or. 5
M. Southern Mindanao (Reg.11) 5 N. Central
Mindanao (Reg. 12) 5 O. CARAGA (Reg.13) 5
P.ARMM 3
PPCS AND PRS
‘92
• The transformation of geographic to grid coordinates and
vice-versa, the determination of the convergence between
the local and central meridians, and the determination of
the scale factor at any station, shall be referred to DNR/BL
(now DENR/LMB) Technical Bulletin Number 26.
• In all land surveys, the position of BLLM No. 1 of each
municipality or city as referred to the national datum shall
have its corresponding coordinates in the PRS-92 . All other
location monuments, triangulation stations, etc., situated
 within the jurisdiction of the municipality or city shall have
their coordinates in the PRS-92.
PPCS AND PRS
‘92
In the case of islands, which form
•
part of the municipality, the location
monument which is most centrally
and conveniently located in the
island shall be referred to the
 Central Meridian of the province.
ASTRONOMICAL
❖
OBSERVATIONS
Astronomical observations for
(1) time, (2) latitude, (3) longitude and (4) azimuth shall
•
be made whenever necessary to determine the following:
❑ The error in the time shown by watches or chronometers.
❑ The latitude and longitude of points of reference which
have not been connected to other points of known
geographic coordinates.
❑The azimuths of lines of survey.
❑A check for the geographic position.
 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS
• Astronomical observations shall be made on
either the sun or the stars, as the geodetic
engineer may prefer, using the procedures as
prescribed in this Manual.
• However, the azimuth between BLLM Nos. 1
to 2 shall be obtained through stellar
observations if there is no direct connection
made to established geodetic control lines.
 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS
• All observed altitudes of the sun shall be
corrected for 1ST index error,
2ND refraction and
3RD parallax
in the order given.
• For observed altitudes of the star, only
corrections for (1) index error and
(2) r e f r a c t i o n shall be applied.
ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS
•How
to
determine the altitude of the sun’s center ?
Step 1. by observing its lower or upper limb Step 2.
correcting the vertical angle observed.
• The correction shall be done
1. by adding or subtracting its
angular semi- diameter, or
2. by centering the sun’s disc in the
solar circle or square which shall be taken first with the
telescope direct, then twice with the telescope reversed
and finally with the telescope direct (D-R-R-D).

ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS
 •
In

solar observations and computations of

declining of the sun, the standard time
(120° EMT) shall be determined by: 1.
Observing for the local apparent time,
converting it into mean time and finally
reducing to standard time.
2. Comparing watch time with the official
standard time signals.
ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS
What shall be observed during solar observations?
•

1. The i n d e x error of the vertical circle shall be

determined by direct and reversed sighting at a fixed
point. The average of at least ten direct andtenreversed
readings on many points of different elevations shall be
used for determining the index error. The observed
vertical angles shall be corrected by the amount of the
index error. The value of the index correction shall be
entered with the data for each solar observation.
2. Observations shall be taken when the altitude is
not less than twenty degrees.
ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS•If
the direct and reversed readings
of the vertical angles to a point,
corrected for index error, differ by
more than thirty seconds of arc, the
instrument shall be made to find
the error of a timepiece.
TIME
•Observations on celestial bodies
shall be made when the observed
body is on the prime vertical.
•If this is not possible, observations
can be made along the meridian but
this should limited.
TIME
Any of the following methods for
 determining the time shall be followed:
• Time by transit of the sun;
• Time by transit of a star;
• Time by an altitude of the sun at any hour
angle; • Time by an altitude of a star at any hour
angle; • Time by equal altitudes of a star.

•
TIME
The official or standard time to be used in
 astronomical observation shall be the mean
time corresponding to the one hundred
twentieth degree (120°) meridian east of
Greenwich.
• Local meantime shall be determined by
altitude observations on the sun or stars at the
moment of meridian passage or at any hour
angle.
TIME
• The time obtained by observations on
the sun is local apparent time which shall
 be transformed into local mean time.
• The time obtained by observations on
the star is local sidereal time which shall
be transformed into local mean time.
LATITUDE
Of the various methods for determining latitude,
the following may be used with the transit or
Theodolite:
• By a circumpolar star at culmination
• By a meridian altitude of a southern
star • By circum-meridian altitudes
• By altitude of Polaris at any hour
angle • By altitude of Sun at noon
LATITUDE
• The highest or lowest recorded altitude of the sun when
corrected for refraction, index error, semi-diameter and parallax
may be accepted and used for determining the latitude.
• Observations on the sun shall consist of a series of not less than 8
altitude observations alternately with the transit in the direct and
the reversed positions. Half of the series shall be made
before the time of the meridian passage and the other half after
 the time of meridian passage.
• When more accurate results are desired, the latitude shall be
determined by observations of Polaris at culmination. The
average of the reduced altitudes shall be accepted and used for
determining latitude.
LONGITUDE
Longitude shall be determined by means of
control starting from reference points of known
geographic positions. Other methods for
determining longitude shall be used as follows:
• Longitude by transportation of a
timepiece. • Longitude by transit of the
moon.
• Longitude by the time signals.
• Laplace observation method.
ELEVATION
Elevations may be determined
1. by lines of levels starting from bench
marks of known elevations,
2. by trigonometric leveling,
3. By spirit leveling or
4. by means of a barometer.
AZIMUTH
• The azimuths of all lines of
survey lines shall be reckoned from the south
as the zero direction following clockwise of the
quadrants. This shall be carried from the
astronomical azimuth of one or more lines of the
survey.
• The astronomical azimuth of a line shall be
 determined by observations on the sun or
stars. It shall consist of at least one to eight
series of observations as required using an
instrument tested beforehand.

•
AZIMUTH
In case of stellar observations, the star shall be centered
as closely as possible at the intersection of the
crosswires. The accuracy of the observations shall be
tested by comparing the rate of motion of the stars in
the horizontal and vertical angles.
• In the morning the azimuth of sun is 360° minus A
• In the afternoon, the azimuth of sun is A.
• If the station mark is to the left of the sun, the horizontal
angle is to be subtracted from the azimuth of the
observed celestial body; if to the right it is to be added.

CHAPTER IV
– GEODETIC AND PROJECT
CONTROL SURVEYS
CLASSES OF CONTROL
 SURVEYS • Geodetic control
surveys
• Project control surveys

GEODETIC CONTROL SURVEYS •

Geodetic control surveys shall consist of triangulation,
traverse, trilateration and any combination thereof,
which together with leveling and astronomic
observations, shall determine the accurate
geographic positions of points on the earth’s surface
taking into account the curvature of the earth.
• It also includes determination of positions of
points through satellite survey or
photogrammetric aerial triangulation.

GEODETIC CONTROL SURVEYS

• Geodetic control surveys shall be made
in accordance with the general
instruction contained in the special
 publications used by the CGSD / NAM
RIA for first, second and third order
control work.

PROJECT CONTROL SURVEYS

Project control surveys shall consist of
•

traverse, triangulation or any combination

thereof, which together with leveling, shall
determine the positions of control points
between stations of geodetic accuracy over an
area of limited extent such as isolated tracts of
lands, group settlement barangay areas,
municipalities or group of municipalities.
P ROJECT C
ONTROL
SURVEYSCLASSES OF
PROJECT CONTROL SURVEYS
 • Primary controls
• Secondary controls
• Tertiary controls
CLASSIFICATION
AND STANDARDS OF ACCURACY OF PROJECT CONTROLS FOR
LAND SURVEY
SPECIFICATION TRAVERSE

Spacing of stations Primary Secondary Tertiary

between 100 m. to 1,000m 100 m. to 500 m. as required

* Angular error of closure not ___ ___ ____

to exceed 2”.5 √ P 10”.0 √ S 30” √ T
 No. of observations: 2 1 as required
Positions with 1 second Theodolite

Set with 20 or 30 second transit 6 D/R for interior and exterior angles 4 D/R for interior angle Clamped plate
for circuit and loop
traverse
clamped

** Linear error of closure not 0.0001 Pp 0.0002 P1 0.0005 P1

to exceed

*P, S, T is the no. of stations **P

CLASSIFICATION
AND STANDARDS OF ACCURACY OF PROJECT CONTROLS FOR
LAND SURVEY
SPECIFICATION TRAVERSE
Primary Secondary Tertiary
 Azimuth reading 1.0 second 10 to 15 sec. 30 sec. to 1 minute

Instrument least reading 1 sec. Theodolite; 20” 1 sec. Theodolite 1 minute transit
to 30” transit or 20” to 30”
transit
Astronomic 8 or 4, am and 4, pm 4 or 2, am and 2, pm
Observations:
No. of series night
or day
Probable error of 5” 10” 15”
astronomical
observations not to
exceed
Azimuth checks not 20” 30” as required
to exceed
 CLASSIFICATION AND STANDARDS OF ACCURACY OF
PROJECT CONTROLS FOR LAND SURVEY
SPECIFICATION TRAVERSE
Primary Secondary Tertiary
No. of stations 25 35 50
between azimuth
checks not to exceed
*** Distance Nearest mm.
Measurement

Probable error or 1:40,000 as required as required

distance
measurement not to
exceed
Relative error 1:20,000 1:10,000 1:5,000
after azimuth
adjustment

TRIANGULATION
SPECIFICATION

Primary
Spacing of stations Secondary Tertiary
Spacing of stations Consistent
not to exceed 1-3 Km 1 Km with good
sighting

Angular Observations
Positions with 1 as
second Theodolite required
Sets with 20-30 6 D/R for interior 4 D/R for interior
seconds transit and exterior angle and exterior angle 2 D/R

Triangle closure not

to exceed Base 5” 10” 30”
Measurement:
Probable error not
to exceed 1:40,000 as as required
required

Check on base
not to exceed
1:20,000 1:10,000 1:5,000
 PROJECT CONTROL SURVEYS
• A traverse which closes to the point of its
origin shall be known as a circuit traverse. • A
traverse starting from a station and closing
into another station of the same or another
traverse shall be known as a loop traverse. • A
traverse which does not close into another
station of the same or of any other traverse
shall be known either as a loose tie line or
connection traverse.

PROJECT CONTROL
SURVEYS
CONTROLLED
AREA TO BE QUALITY OFCONTROL

less than 1,500 hectares Tertiary Control 1,500 to

15,000 hectares Secondary control Over 15,000
hectares Primary Control

PROJECT CONTROL SURVEYS •In

isolated parcels of land having an area of less than 1,500
hectares to be subdivided into fifty or more lots, at
least one pair of location monuments shall be established.
The location monument shall be connected by a control of
secondary precision from previously established reference
point provided that no lots shall have a distance of more
than one (1) kilometer from the nearest point of reference.
• The main control for cadastral projects shall be
 established by traverse, triangulation, trilateration, or
combination thereto with primary accuracy precision.

PROJECT CONTROL SURVEYS

When no location monuments have been previously
•

established, a pair of BLLMs, to be numbered 1 and 2 shall be

established at the most suitable place and as near possible
to the center of the municipality or the project.
• From the BLLM No. 1, the main control shall generally follow
the project boundary. If the place is rugged, it may be run
through fairly level area near the boundary and include at
least three second or third order geodetic control stations.
PROJECT CONTROL SURVEYS In
•
case mountain peaks or hills define the boundary of the municipality or
project, the primary control shall be located at the base of the
mountains or hills.
• If the terrain is rugged, it may be run through existing road located as
near as possible to the boundary for convenience and to produce a
more reliable control.
• Whenever the main control includes established geodetic control
stations as specified in Section 125, the main control shall be divided
into loops, each loop starting from one geodetic control station and
closing on another geodetic control station.
PROJECT CONTROL SURVEYS
Main control stations shall be numbered consecutively
•

from one for each project.

• The BLLM No. 1 of the project shall be the first main
control station to be known as P1 of the main control; as
the second or last main control station, without changing the
marks thereon.
• The primary traverse station shall be established on the
ground so that the distance between consecutive stations
shall not be less than 100 meters nor more than 1,000
 meters whenever conditions may allow.

PROJECT CONTROL SURVEYS

• Additional pairs of location monuments shall be established along the
control of the project at an interval of from 5 to 6 kilometers to be
designated and numbered as BLLM No. 3 and BLLM No. 4; BLLM No. 5; and
BLLM No. 6; etc. and given corresponding equivalent main control station
numbers without changing the marks thereon.
• All main control stations except the BLLMs shall be defined by
cylindrical concrete monuments fifteen centimeters in diameter by
fifty centimeters in length (15 by 50 cm). These shall be reinforced
preferably by barbed wire and set not more than twenty centimeters
(20 cm) above the ground. The station center shall be defined by a
cross on a galvanized iron (G.I) spike, set flush into the concrete
monument.

(PROJECT CONTROL SURVEYS) MAIN

CONTROL STATIONS MONUMENT
s and the ground
Galvanized
15 cm iron (GI)
50 cm Length
20 cm
diameter Cros Above