MANUSCRIPT TYPING

WHAT IS A MANUSCRIPT?

• A manuscript is essentially the earliest draft of a book. It is the

unpublished version of a book submitted
to agents and editors for publication consideration. In book
publishing, agents and editors will often refer to books in manuscript
form, noting that the book is in the earliest stages of preparation.
 CONT.

• A book in manuscript form will always need to be edited. And, sometimes,

once the editor has gone through it, it is sent back to the author for a
rewrite. Either way, it will likely be sent back to you once it's been edited
and proofread so you can make the requested changes. Once it is deemed
to be fully ready, it is then sent to the production side of the business,
where it is prepped to be printed into an actual book.
 WRITING A MANUSCRIPT

• Some authors begin work on their manuscript without first having

had a book proposal accepted by a publisher. They write first, then
look for a publisher. And if they can't find a publisher, they self-
publish. Other authors only begin to work on the manuscript once a
book proposal has been accepted by a publisher.
 CONT.

• When you are composing your book, many people recommend not
worrying about the format. You can compose your manuscript
writing longhand with a quill on parchment if that's what gets your
creative juices flowing.
 STYLE AND PREPARATION GUIDELINES

• Whatever method you use to compose your manuscript, it must

eventually be made to conform to the style guide and manuscript
preparation guidelines required by the publisher. There may be different
style guides and manuscript requirements for the type of books, such as
fiction, nonfiction, children's books, scripts, and poetry. Ask the publisher
or your agent for their guidelines before you submit your manuscript.
 COMMON RULES FOR FORMATTING A MANUSCRIPT STEM BOTH
FROM TRADITION AND A NEED FOR THE COPY TO BE EASY TO READ
AND ANNOTATE. YOU SHOULD FOLLOW THESE RULES:

• Use one-inch margins on the top, bottom, and left- and right-hand sides.
• Numbering should begin on the first page following the title page.
• Each page should have a header with your name, the book title in all caps, and the page number.
• The entire text should be double-spaced, which leaves space for comments by editors.
• Indent each paragraph five spaces without adding extra lines between paragraphs.
• Use a standard font type such as Courier New in 12-point type.
• Printed manuscripts should be produced on 8 ½ x 11 paper.
 MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

• All parts of the manuscript should be double-spaced, with margins of

at least one inch on all sides. Number manuscript pages consecutively
beginning on the third page and continuing throughout the paper.
Authors should also supply a shortened version of the title suitable
for the running head, not exceeding 50 character spaces.
 ORDER OF INCLUSION FOLLOW THE ORDER OF
ITEMS EXACTLY AS INDICATED BELOW.
A. Front Matter The following items must precede the body of the text. Do not use right
justification (align right) for text - make certain all text sections are left justified (align left).

First Page: Title of the paper (upper/lower case), name and position of author(s), and each
author(s)' complete contact information (complete postal address, phone number, fax number, and
email address). Manuscripts received without complete contact information for each author will be
desk rejected.
 CONT.

• Second Page: Title of the paper (upper/lower case) and a brief sketch for each author limited to
only the following information: name, highest degree held and awarding school, current title or
position, current organization or institution, city, state, and email address. Example: William L.
Cron (Ph.D., Indiana University), Professor of Marketing, M.J. Neeley School of Business, Texas
Christian University, Ft. Worth, TX, b.cron@tcu.edu. Do not include information on prior
publications, courses taught, organizations consulted, etc. (i.e., limit the information to only the
above). The email address of each author must be included. If you have any acknowledgments of
assistance or funding, please place these in separate sections on the second page under the brief
author sketches.
 CONT.

• Third Page: Title of the paper (upper/lower case) without names of

the author(s) and a brief abstract (double-spaced) of no more than
100 words summarizing the article. Be sure the abstract walks the
reader through major aspects of the article. Begin page numbering
on this page, placing the numbers at the bottom center. This page will
be Page 1.
 CONT.

• B. Body of Text Important Note: Do not use ALL CAPS anywhere in the manuscript
except first-level headings! The entire body of text MUST be double-spaced. Text begins
on the fourth page, which will be numbered Page 2. The title of the paper should not
appear again at the top of this page. First-level headings (major headings) are to be
centered in all caps, in boldface type; second-level headings are to be flush left in upper
and lower case, in boldface type; third-level headings are to be flush left in upper and
lower case italics, nonbold face type. Font for the entire manuscript should be 11 point
Courier New or the equivalent.
 CONT.

• Do not begin with the heading "Introduction." Of course, the first several paragraphs
will be your introduction, but do not label it as such. Footnotes are to be avoided. In an
extraordinary case in which a footnote is needed, number it in the body of the text and
place the note text on a page just prior to the page that begins your References.
Manuscript length should normally not exceed 40 pages including all appendices, tables,
figures, and references. Use a standard 8 1/2 X 11 paper size. Throughout the
manuscript, use only one space after punctuation. This includes after periods, colons,
questions marks, and other types of punctuation.
 CONT.

C. References, citations, and general style of manuscripts should be prepared in

accordance with the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.
Cite in the text alphabetically by author and date (Li et al., 2013; Smith & Jones, 1983). For
multiple authorship articles use up to three names in the citation. With four or more
authors, use the first author's name and et al. Example: (Cravens et al. 1993) or Cravens et
al. (1993) depending on the context.
 CONT.

• A listing of references in alphabetical order should appear at the end of the manuscript,
listed by the first author (last name/first name/middle initial), all other authors (first
name/middle initial/last name), and then year of publication. Complete names of each
author are to be cited. Do not use initials-only unless that author typically writes under
initials-only. Articles by the same author(s) with the same publication year should be
distinguished by a lower-case letter after the date. Example: 1992a and 1992b. For
authors cited more than once, substitute six hyphens (dashes) for each repeated name
in the reference list.
 EXAMPLES:

Churchill, Gilbert A., Jr. (1996), "Better Measurement Practices are Critical to Better
Understanding of Sales Management Issues," Journal of Personal Selling & Sales
Management , 12 (Spring), 73–80. ------, Neil M. Ford, Steven W. Hartley, and Orville C.
Walker, Jr. (1985), "The Determinants of Salesperson Performance: A Meta-Analysis,"
Journal of Marketing Research, 22 (May), 103–18.
 CONT.

Rackham, Neil, and John DeVincintis (1999), Rethinking the Sales Force: Redefining Selling to
Create and Capture Customer Value , 1st ed., New York: McGraw-Hill.

Walker, Orville C., Jr (1979), "Where Do We Go From Here? Selected Conceptual and
Empirical Issues Concerning the Motivation and Performance of the Industrial
Salesforce," in Critical Issues in Sales Management: State-of-the-Art and Future
Research Needs , Gerald Albaum and Gilbert A. Churchill, Jr, eds., Eugene, OR: College
of Business Administration/ University of Oregon, 10–75.
 WHEN USING ONLINE REFERENCES, FOLLOW
THESE EXAMPLES:
Fallows, Deborah (2005), “How Women and Men Use the Internet,” Pew Internet & American
Life Project,Washington, DC, December 28 (available at
www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2005/How-Women-and-Men-Use-the-Internet.aspx).

IFA Educational Foundation (2004), “Economic Impact of Franchised Businesses,” New York (available
at www.franchise.org/uploaded-
Files/Franchisors/Other_Content/economic_impact_documents/EconImpact_Vol2_HiLig
hts.pdf)
 CONT.

• D. Tables and Figures Each table or figure should be placed on a separate

page and numbered consecutively beginning with Table 1 and Figure 1. A
table or figure should not be included unless it is referenced in the text of
the article. In the paper, tables come first followed by figures. Placement in
the text should be indicated as follows: - - -
 TABLE 1
Job Involvement Items
Footnotes in tables and figures should be designated by superscript numbers that correspond to
notes at the bottom of the table or figure (outside the box or line). All figures should be numbered
with consecutive Arabic numerals and be mentioned in the text. Figures submitted (line drawings,
halftones, photos, etc.) should be clean originals or digital files. All original figures should be clearly
marked in pencil on the reverse side with the number, author’s name, and top edge indicated.
Digital files are recommended for highest quality reproduction and should follow these guidelines:
· 300 dpi or higher
· EPS or TIFF format only
· Submitted as separate files, not embedded in text files
 CONT.
• E. Technical Appendices Technical appendices may be used to include
mathematical or highly technical material that supports the main text but is not
critical to the reader's interpretation of the text. If only one appendix appears
label it APPENDIX (all caps, no number) with the title on the next line in
upper/lower case. If multiple appendices appear, label them APPENDIX 1,
APPENDIX 2, etc. (all caps) with the title on the next line in upper/lower case.
Appendices must be referred to in the text of the article, but are not to be
designated for placement (unlike tables and figures -- see above).
 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS: METHODS

• For empirical articles authors must systematically document information about the sample(s)
utilized, as well as the relationships among variables. With regard to the sample(s), complete
information should be provided (concisely in the text or a table) about the sampling procedure
(type, selection method), method of contact, sponsorship (if applicable), incentives provided to
participants, number in the sampling frame, response rate, industries from which the sample was
drawn, company characteristics, geographic scope of the sampling frame, major activities/job
responsibilities represented, as well as respondent characteristics including age, gender, length of
service, experience level, and any other relevant characteristics.
 MANUSCRIPT TYPING WITH FOOTNOTE

• Footnotes and endnotes are necessary components of scholarly and technical writing. They’re
also frequently used by writers of fiction, from Herman Melville (Moby-Dick) to contemporary
novelists. Whether their intent is academic or artistic, footnotes present special typographic
challenges.
• Specifically, a footnote is a text element at the bottom of a page of a book or manuscript that
provides additional information about a point made in the main text. The footnote might provide
deeper background, offer an alternate interpretation or provide a citation for the source of a
quote, idea or statistic. Endnotes serve the same purpose but are grouped together at the end of
a chapter, article or book, rather than at the bottom of each page.
 CONT.

• These general guidelines will help you design footnotes and endnotes that are readable, legible
and economical in space. (Note that academic presses and journals can be sticklers for format:
before proceeding, check with your client or publisher to see if they have a specific stylesheet
that must be followed.)
 NUMBERS OR SYMBOLS?

• Footnotes are most often indicated by placing a superscript numeral immediately

after the text to be referenced. The same superscript numeral then precedes the
footnoted text at the bottom of the page. Numbering footnotes is essential
when there are many of them, but if footnotes are few they can be marked with
a dagger, asterisk, or other symbol instead. Endnotes should always use numerals
to facilitate easy reference to the main text.
 SIZE

• Footnotes and endnotes are set smaller than body text. The difference in
size is usually about two points, but this can vary depending on the size,
style and legibility of the main text. Even though they’re smaller, footnotes
and endnotes should still remain at a readable size.
 LINE SPACING

• Line spacing for footnotes and endnotes is usually tighter than that of the
body text: they might typically be set with one point leading, or even set
solid (that is, with no extra space between lines). Once again, the legibility
and proportions of the typeface will determine optimal line spacing.
 CHOICE OF TYPE FACE

• Keep footnotes and endnotes within the same type family as the body
text. Depending on the typeface, a heavier weight or even an italic can be
used for better legibility, readability and fit.
 APA FORMAT

• How to Cite a Book in Print in APA

Structure:
Last, F. M. (Year Published) Book. City, State: Publisher.
Examples:
James, H. (1937). The ambassadors. New York, NY: Scribner.
Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry Potter and the socerer's stone. London: Bloomsburg Children's.
 NOTE:

• Most manuscripts and business reports are typed on plain white paper, 8 ½ by
11 inches. The standard practice in typing manuscript is to double space it
unless there is a special reason for making it single spaced. Direct quotations of
not more than three lines are run into the text, also double spaced, but enclosed
in quotation marks. A longer quotation is set off from the text, single spaced and
indented five spaces on both sides from the regular margins. Enumerations,
listings, and footnotes are typed single spaced.
 CONT.

• The margins depend on how the manuscript is to be bound. An unbound

manuscript, the pages of which are not intended to be fastened, is usually typed
with one-inch margin on all sides, except the first page where the title appears.
The title is typed at the center (all in caps) two or one and-half inches from the
top. An addition of one-half inch is provided for binding. Thus, with side-bound
pages, the left margin is one-and-a half inch. With top-bound pages, the top
margin on all pages is increased by one-half inch. A short and one-page
manuscript is centered on the page.
 CONT.

• The page number in all pages (except the first) is usually typed one-half
inch from the top or one inch aligned with the right margin opposite the
running head. If there is no running head, the page number is usually
placed at the center. Top-bound manuscript is numbered at the center,
one or one-half inch at the bottom of the page.
 FOOTNOTES AND ENDNOTES

• Footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page on which

the reference appears. Endnotes are similar
to footnotes but instead of being added to the bottom of
each page they are grouped together at the end of the
document.
 FOOTNOTES VS. ENDNOTES

• Authors can also use endnotes to avoid disrupting their

writing with extraneous information. As withfootnotes, the
presence of an endnote is identified in the main text with a
small superscript number.
 IMPORTANCE OF FOOTNTES AND ENDNOTES

• Footnotes give the reader an insight into the research

undertaken by the writer and can enables them to further
refer to the cited sources for more information. Research
paper footnotes are important and helpful in supporting
a particular claim maid in a text of a paper.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FOOTNOTE AND
ENDNOTE

• The primary difference between footnotes and

endnotes is simply the placement with a document;
footnotes are found at the bottom of a page (i.e. in the
footer) and endnotes are located at the end of a
document, or sometimes at the end of a chapter or section.
 PLACEMENT OF A FOOTNOTE AND ENDNOTE

• Footnotes are notes placed at the bottom of a page. They

cite references or comment on a designated part of the text
above it. For example, say you want to add an interesting
comment to a sentence you have written, but the comment
is not directly related to the argument of your paragraph
 CONT.

• Footnotes are notes placed at the bottom of a page.

They cite references or comment on a designated part of
the text above it. ... Because this makes it convenient for
your reader, most citation styles require that you
use either footnotes or endnotes in your paper.
 ARE FOOTNOTES USED IN APA OR MLA?

• MLA (Modern Language Association) has recommended

parenthetical documentation instead of footnotes since the
late 1980s. ... While most instructors that ask you to
use MLA or APA (American Psychological
Association) prefer parenthetical citations, some may
request that you use endnotes or footnotes instead.