Practical Research 1 Module 4

Learning from Others and Reviewing the
Literature
At the end of this module, you are expected
to
• 1. Select relevant literature
• 2. Cite related literature using standard style
• 3. Synthesize information from relevant
literature
• 4. Write coherent review of literature
• 5. Follow ethical standards in writing related
literature
• 6. Presents written review of literature
• Discovering truths about a particular topic
requires speculative thinking.
• Aligning what you already knew with what
others knew or have already done about your
chosen topic indicates the timeliness and
relevance of your work.
• Review of Related Literature (RRL) discusses
published information in a particular subject
area, and sometimes information in particular
subject area within a certain time period
(Ramdhani, A., Ramdhani, M., & Amin, A.,
2014).
Traditional Review of Literature
• The Traditional Review of Literature which summarize
present forms of knowledge on a specific subject and
aims to give a new understanding of an existing work.
• An important area of a literature review is an
understanding of a gap. It is an important research
question relevant to a given domain that has not
been answered adequately or at all in existing peer-
reviewed scholarship. The gap will hopefully ensure
that the research will likely have valuable practical
and theoretical implications.
The Different Types of Traditional Review
• 1. Conceptual Review – Analysis of concepts or

ideas to give meaning to some national or
world issues.
• 2. Critical Review – focuses on theories or
hypotheses and examines meanings and results
of their application to situations.
• 3. State-of-the-Art Review – makes the
researcher deal with the latest research studies
on the subject.
• 4. Expert Review– encourages a well-known
expert to do the RRL because of the influence
of a certain ideology, paradigm, or belief on
him.
• 5. Scoping Review – prepares a situation for a
future research work in the form of project
making about community development,
government policies, and health services,
among others.
Systemic Review of Literature
• As indicated by its name “systemic” which
means methodical. It’s a style of RRL that
involves sequential acts of a review of related
literature. Unlike traditional review that has
no particular method. Here are the steps in
doing Systemic Review of Literature (Ridley,
2012):
• 1. Have a clear understanding of the research questions.
• 2. Plan your manner of obtaining the data
• 3. Do the literature search
• 4. Using a certain standard, determine which data, studies or
sources of knowledge are valuable or not to warrant the
reasonableness of your decision to take some data and junk
the rest.
• 5. Determine the methodological soundness of the research
studies.
• 6. Summarize what you have gathered from various sources
of data
• A systemic review of literature is a rigorous
way of obtaining data from written works. It is
a bias-free style that the researcher wanting
to be a research expert should experience.
What is Meta-analysis in Relation to RRL?
• It is a kind of review of related literature in

which you re-examine and combine the results
of two or more statistical studies for coming
out with a grand total to indicate stronger
effects of the research outcome.
• Putting the results together and making them
appear as one result work to strengthen
wherever impact the independent variable
has on the dependent variable(Ridley, 2012).
• Putting the results together and making them
appear as one result work to strengthen
wherever impact the independent variable
has on the dependent variable(Ridley, 2012).
How to write a concise review of related
literature?
• Doing the review of related literature is not
the usual enumeration of references.
• Presentation of the data gathered should be
by topic based on the given objectives of the
research.
• The literature should not be too detailed or
brief.
• Text should be based on the current edition of
the American Psychological Association (APA),
Modern Language Association of America
(MLA) or the Chicago Manual of Style and
other standards relevant to one’s discipline
(Ridley, 2012).
The type of reference style will depend on the research
studies of the
student namely:
1) APA: Psychology, Education and other Social Sciences;
The APA referencing style is also called the "author-

date" style.
The text citation contains the author/s and the year of
publication.
Use only the surname of the author(s) followed by a
comma and the
year of publication.
Example:
• I Am a Filipino is a descriptive essay which
creates a main impression, an over-all effect,
feeling, or image of a Filipino (Macajelos,2014,
247).
(Macajelos, 2014) stated that “I Am a Filipino is a
descriptive essay which creates a main
impression, an over-all effect, feeling, or image
of a Filipino.”
What will appear in the bibliography are the
following:
• Macajelos, Esteria. 2014. English of the New
Generation. Quezon City: Sunshine Interlinks
Publishing House Incorporated.
MLA: Arts and Humanities;
• MLA format follows the author-page method of in-
text citation. This means that the author's last
name and the page number(s) from which the
quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the
text, and a complete reference should appear on
your Works Cited page. The author's name may
appear either in the sentence itself or in
parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase,
but the page number(s) should always appear in the
parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.
Example:
• Macajelos stated that “I Am a Filipino is a descriptive
essay which creates a main impression, an over-all
effect, feeling, or image of a Filipino” (249).
What will appear in the bibliography are the following:
• Macajelos, Esteria. English of the New Generation.
Quezon City:Sunshine Interlinks Publishing House
Incorporated, 2014.
Chicago: History and many other subjects in scholarly
and non-
scholarly work.
Example:
• Macajelos (2014, 249) stated that: I Am a Filipino is a
descriptive essay which creates a main impression,
an over-all effect, feeling, or image of a Filipino.
What will appear in the bibliography are the following:
• Macajelos, Esteria. English of the New Generation.
Quezon City: Sunshine Interlinks Publishing House
Incorporated, 2014.
Why do I need to cite?
• To uphold the intellectual property and avoiding
plagiarism should be observed in the research work.
• To attribute the prior or unoriginal work and ideas
to the correct sources is also needed and allowing
the readers to determine independently whether
the reference materials support the author's
argument in the claimed way and helping the
reader gauge the strength and validity of the
material that the author had used.
Ethical Standard in Writing Related Literature
• Research ethics are standardized rule that

guide the design to conduct research. The
term ethics refers to questions of right or
wrong. When researchers think about ethics,
they must also ask themselves if it is right to
conduct a particular study or carry out certain
procedures (Ridley, 2012).
What is Plagiarism?
• It is committed when authors present the
words, data or ideas of others with the
implication that they are their own without
attribution. This act is against the intellectual
property right law. It is a form of research
misconduct.
Ethics in Literature Review
• 1. Discuss intellectual property frankly
• 2. be conscious of multiple roles
• 3. Follow informed consent rules
• 4. Respect confidentiality and privacy
• 5. Tap into ethics resources

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Learning from Others and Reviewing the

• 1. Conceptual Review – Analysis of concepts or

• It is a kind of review of related literature in

The APA referencing style is also called the "author-

• Research ethics are standardized rule that

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