PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF elaborates on Socrates concept of the soul who, like Socrates, integrates the idea

cept of the soul who, like Socrates, integrates the idea of Plato and teachings of Christianity
believes that the self is synonymous with the soul the physical body is radically different from and inferior to the
his philosophy: a process of self-knowledge and purification of inhabitant, the immortal soul
Socrates Know thyself.
the soul body as “spouse’’ of the soul both attached by a ‘’natural
introduces the idea of a three-part soul or self: appetite’’: body is united with the soul (so that man may be
employs the inquisitive mind to discover the ultimate causes,
divine essence that enables us to think entire & complete)
reasons, and principles of everything
deeply, make wise decisions, true contemplates on nature of man with emphasis of the soul as an
goes beyond scientific investigation by exploring all areas of
understanding of eternal truths important element of man: soul governs & defines man
knowledge (e.g. religion, psychology, politics, physics, medicine)
when conflict occurs, has the responsibility Confessions: humankind is created in the image and likeness of
etymological definition: “love of wisdom” which could pertain
philosophy to sort things out and exert control, God
the desire for truth by formulating never-ending questions to
resorting a harmonious relationship among the human person is always geared toward the good
provide answers to every inquiry about the nature of human
reason the three elements of the self the self is known only through knowing God
existence
genuine happiness can only be achieved by espouses the significance of reflection, as well as prayers,
the philosophical framework for understanding the self was first
people who consistently make sure that reflection and confessions to arrive at a justification for the
introduced by the Greek triumvirate: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Reason is in control of Sprit and Appetite existence of God
the harmonious integration under the knowledge can only come by seeing the truth that dwells within
AN UNEXAMINED LIFE IS A LIFE NOT WORTH LIVING control of Reason is the essence of Plato’s us
the problem of the self (lifelong mission) concept of justice the truth refers to the truth of knowing God (transcendent in
first philosopher to engage in systematic questioning of the self physical basic biological needs (e.g. hunger, thirst, Whom the self seeks to be united with through faith and reason)
Every man is a dualistic” appetite sexual desire) develops the fundamental concept of the human person, and
body soul spirit or includes basic emotions (e.g. love, anger, provides the principle “I am doubting, therefore, I am”
imperfect & temporary perfect and permanent passion ambition, aggressiveness, empathy) I THINK, THEREFORE, I AM (Cogito ergo sum) – keystone of
the two most important aspects of a person These three elements of self are in a dynamic relationship Descartes’ concept of self
self is synonymous with the soul with one another, sometimes in conflict. in his book “Meditations on First Philosophy”:
every human possesses an immortal soul that survives the If man lives in accordance with his nature, then he is giving  there is so much that we should doubt
physical body justice to his existence.  not infallible (capable of making mistakes)
first to focus on the full power of reason on the human self: who he introduced the Theory of Forms: “the only thing that we cannot doubt is the existence of the self”
we are, who we should be, and who we will become non-physical ideas self is a combination of two entities:
reality consists of two dichotomous realms: world of
real and permanent thing that thinks (mind)
changeable, transient, imperfect forms
physical realm soul used to doubt, understand, analyze,
the physical world in which man live cogito
reality question
unchanging, eternal, immortal world of
temporary & only a replica of ideal world what makes man, man
Socrates intellectual essences of the universe (e.g. sense
ideal realm physical body externa extension of the mind (body)
(Greek): 469 truth, goodness, beauty) The sensible world is dependent on the ideal world where “body is nothing but a machine, attached to our mind only”
to 399 BCE where the soul belongs the concept of the soul belongs. Father of Modern Philosophy
the essence of the self (the soul) is the immortal entity Since the soul is permanent, man should give more brought an entirely new perspective to philosophy & the self
the soul strives for wisdom and perfection, and reason is the importance to it than the physical body which resides in the wants to penetrate the nature of reasoning process and
soul’s tool to achieve this exalted state world of sense. Rene understand its relationship to the human self
as long as the soul is tied to the body, the quest for wisdom is THE SOUL IS THE ESSENCE OF THE SELF Descartes the act of thinking about the self – of being self-conscious – is in
inhibited by the imperfection of the physical realm, where it soul is merely a set of defining features and does not consider (French): itself proof that there is self
wanders and is confused the body and soul as separate entities 1596-1650 no rational person will doubt his or her own existence as a
suggests that man must live an examined life and a life of anything with life has a soul conscious, thinking entity-while we are aware of thinking about
purpose and value soul is the essence of all living things: the essence of the self our selves
the individual person can have a meaningful and happy life if humans differ from other living things because of the capacity the essence of human self- a thinking entity that doubts,
only if he becomes virtuous and knows the value of himself that for rational thinking understands, analyzes, questions and reasons
can be achieved through incessant soul-searching the self centers on the three kinds of soul possessed by man: TWO DIMENSIONS OF THE HUMAN SELF
man must begin at the source of all knowledge & significance - includes the physical body that can thinking entity (soul) physical body
self vegetative soul
Aristotle grow non-material material
the Socratic Method (introspection) is a method of carefully (Greek) sentient soul sensual desires, feelings and emotions immortal mortal
examining one’s own thoughts and emotions to gain self- what makes man human conscious being non-thinking entity
knowledge rational soul includes the intellect that allows man to independent of the fully governed of the
THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL know and understand things universe’s physical laws universe’s physical laws
“The Ideal Self, The Perfect Self” The rational nature of the self is to lead a good, flourishing, The soul and the body are independent of one another, and
student of Socrates, his master: supported the duality of and fulfilling life (self-actualization). each can exist & function without the other.
Socrates
Plato the pursuit of happiness is a search for a good life that includes The thinking self can exist independently of the body.
added three components of the soul: doing virtuous actions
(Greek): the essential self – the self as a thinking entity – is distinct from
reason posits that part of the rational soul is characterized by moral
428/427 BCE rational the self as a physical body
governs the human person’s affairs virtues (e.g. justice and courage)
to 348/347 THE SELF IS CONSCIOUSNESS
spirited emotions THE SELF HAS AN IMMORTAL SOUL
St. John Locke mother of psychological continuity
appetitive basic needs “You have made us for yourself, O Lord, and our hearts are personal
Augustine (English): b. founded in consciousness
magnus opus: “Republic” – justice in the human can only be restless until they rest in you” identity
(African): 1632, d. not the soul or the body
attained if the soul components will work harmoniously regarded as a saint in the Catholic Church (St. Augustine of (self)
354-430 1704 one self evolving over an individual’s life
Hippo)
the human mind at birth is tabula rasa or blank slate

AIRAH M.
 the self/personal identity, is constructed primarily from sense the self that makes experiencing an intelligible world possible the mind is the totality of human dispositions that is known
experiences or what people see, hear, smell, taste and feel because the self is the one that’s actively organizing & through the way people behave
these experiences shape and mold the self throughout a synthesizing all of our thoughts & perceptions the mind expresses the entire system of thoughts, emotions and
person’s life the self utilizes conceptual categories which he calls actions that make up the human self
conscious awareness and memory of previous experience are transcendental deduction of categories, to construct an orderly THE SELF IS THE BRAIN
the key to understanding the self and objective world that is stable and can be investigated advocates the idea of eliminative materialism or the idea that
essence of self: conscious awareness of itself as a thinking, scientifically the self is inseparable from the brain and the physiology of the
reasoning, and reflecting identity the self is an organizing principle that make a unified and Paul body
accompanies thinking and makes possible intelligible experience possible (it is metamorphically above or Churchland all a person has is the brain; if the brain is gone = no self
the concept people have of a self behind sense experience and it uses categories of our mind to (Canadian) the physical brain and not the imaginary mind, gives people the
(of self) is necessary to have a coherent filter, order, relate, organize and synthesize sensations to a sense of self
consciousness personnel (self) identity or knowledge of unified whole) the mind does not really exist because it cannot be experienced
the self as a person the self constructs its own reality, actively creating a world that by the senses
what makes an identity of a person similar is familiar, predictable, and mine THE SELF IS EMBODIED SUBJECTIVITY
in different situation the self is the product of reason, a regulative principle, because “mind and body are intertwined”
proposes that people could use the power of reason to gain the self regulates experience by making unified experience all knowledge about the self (e.g. understanding the nature of
knowledge and consequently use this knowledge to possible the self) is based on the phenomena of experience
understanding experiences the self transcends experience because the mind can grasp the I’ is a single integrated core identity, a combination of the
based on careful observation of aspects of reality which are not limited to the sense mental, physical, and emotional structures around a core
knowledge through rationality, people are able to understand certain
experiences identity of the self
plays an important role in helping to figure abstract ideas that have no corresponding physical object to Maurice when people examine the self at the fundamental level of direct
reason out the significance of sense experience sensory experience Merleau- human experience, people will discover that the mind and body
and to reach intelligent conclusions THE SELF IS MULTILAYERED Ponty are unified, not separate
using the power of reason and introspection enables one to “the goal of all life is death” (French) in his book, Phenomenology of Perception, everything that
understand and achieve accurate conclusions about the self (or “being entirely honest with oneself is a good exercise” people are aware of is contained within the consciousness
personal identity) THREE LAYERS OF SELF the consciousness is a dynamic form responsible for actively
THERE IS NO SELF governed by the ‘reality principle’ structuring conscious ideas and physical behavior
knowledge can only be possible with sense and experience organized in ways that are Rational, consciousness, the world, and the human body are intricately
self: is simply a “bundle or collection of different perceptions, practical, and appropriate to the intertwined in perceiving the world
which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity, and environment perception is not merely a consequence of sensory experience,
are in a perpetual flux and movement” takes the realistic demands of the rather it is a conscious experience
conscious self
if people carefully examine their sense experience through the situation, the consequences of various
process of introspection, they will discover that there is no self actions & the need to preserve the
what people experience is just a bundle or collection of different equilibrium (balance) of the entire 1 Socrates said that an unexamined life is not worth living.
perceptions psychodynamic system of the self In Plato's Theory of Forms, he introduces the concept of the two worlds:
Sigmund e.g. thoughts, perceptions 2
if people carefully examine the contents of their experience, the world of forms (nonphysical ideas) and the world of sense (reality).
they will find that there are 2 distinct entities: Freud contains material that is non-threatening 3 Rene Descartes is regarded as the father of modern philosophy.
basic sensations of people’s experiences (Austrian & is easily brought to mind John Locke postulates that the human mind at birth is a blank slate or
psycho pre-conscious located in between the conscious and the 4
e.g. hate, love, grief, pain, cold, heat tabula rasa.
David Hume analyst): unconscious parts of the self
impressions vivid perceptions and are strong & lively 5 Paul Churchland introduces the idea of eliminative materialism.
(Scottish) 1856-1939 e.g. memories, stored knowledge
forms the core of our thoughts David Hume believes that the self is nothing but a collection of
most primitive level of human motivation 6 interconnected and continually changing perceptions passing through the
e.g. cold sensation from touching ice
and human functioning: governed by the theater of our minds.
thoughts and images from impressions
‘pleasure principle’ 7 The Phenomenology of Perception is the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty.
ideas less lively and vivid
contains the basic instinctual drives (e.g. Gilbert Ryle believes that the mind is not the seat of self but behavior,
e.g. imagine being in love 8
sexuality, aggressiveness, self- and thus the principle, “I act, therefore, I am”.
posits that different sensations are in a constant continuum that destruction, traumatic memories,
is invariable and not constant 9 Paul Churchland believes that the self is the brain.
unconscious unfulfilled wishes, childhood fantasies,
argues that it cannot be from any of these impressions that the 10 The cornerstone of Socrates philosophy is “know thyself”.
socially taboo thoughts and feelings)
idea of self is derived and consequently there is no self most of the self is determined here
people have no experience of a simple and individual impression CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY
e.g. fears, violent motives, irrational
that they can call the self where the self is the totality of a Philosopher Orientation Philosophy Description
wishes, unacceptable sexual desires,
person’s conscious life immoral urges, selfish needs, shameful  Knowledge is the
the idea of personal identity is a result of imagination experiences personification of good
WE CONSTRUCT THE SELF while ignorance is that of
THE SELF IS THE WAY PEOPLE BEHAVE
“respect for self” Socratic evil.
“Behaviorist”: body and mind dichotomy (difference) Socrates Idealism
Immanuel it is the mind that organizes impressions that man get from the Philosophy  Self-knowledge is the
derives the concept of non-physical self ultimate virtue that will
Kant external (e.g. time and space cannot be found in the world, but Gilbert Ryle what truly matters is the behavior that a person manifest in his
(German): it is embedded in our mind) lead to ultimate
(British): 19 day to day life happiness.
1724-1804 actively engaged intelligence Aug 1900 – 6 self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, the tendency  Moral virtue is rooted in
“the self is not just what gives one his personality, it is also the Oct 1976 or disposition of a person to behave in a certain way in certain Dualism and
seat of knowledge acquisition for all human persons” Plato Idealism the intellect and leads to
circumstances Idealism
happiness.
considers the mind and body to be intrinsically linked in complex
and intimate ways: self = bodily behavior

AIRAH M.
  Wisdom and knowledge introduced by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902
lead to virtue which will SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE: highlight that the people whom a person interacts with
lead to happiness. becomes a mirror in which he or she views himself or herself
MIDDLE AGES THE SELF AS A PRODUCT OF SOCIETY self-identity or self-image is achieved through a threefold event
 All knowledge leads to which:
God. Understanding of the self only arises in relationship, in watching 1. begins by conceiving an idea of how a person presents
‘the looking-
 Only the pure in heart can yourself in relationship the people, ideas, and things; to trees, himself or herself to others
glass self’
Saint see God. Jiddu the earth, and the world around you and within you. 2. how he or she analyzes how others perceive him or her
Platonism Neoplatonism
Augustine  Love of God, faith in Him, Krishnamurti Relationship is the mirror in which the self is revealed. 3. how he or she creates an image of himself or herself
and understanding of His Without self-knowledge, there is no basis for right thought and since these perceptions are subjective, a person might have
gospel will ultimately lead action. wrong interpretations of how other people evaluate him or her
to happiness. it would be critical if he or she thinks that others judge him or
RENAISSANCE based on the assumption that human behavior is influenced by her unfavorably because he could develop a negative self-image
 All knowledge passes group life supports the view that a person develops a sense of self their
Skeptical through the senses. a particular view of oneself is formed through interactions with social interaction and not the biological preconditions of that
David {expression of  Separate ideas can be sociological interaction
Empiricist other people groups or social institutions
Humes doubt) joined in the mind. perspective the self is not present at birth: it develops only with social
self, society, and culture
philosophy  There is no self, only a of self experience in which language, gestures and objects are used to
self has been debated by different philosophers, thinkers,
bundle of perceptions. psychologists, etc. communicate meaningfully
 Reason is the final body and soul → body and mind since there is meaning in human actions, a person infers
authority of morality. Mead and the self does not depend on biological predispositions; rather it people's intention or direction of action, which may lead him or
 There is inner-self and Cooley is a product of social interaction George her to understand the world from other’s point of view - a
outer-self. Herbert process that Mead labels as role taking where he or she then
Immanuel Rationalist meta-physics of sense of self emerges as the individual partakes in the society
 The inner-self includes Mead creates his or her own role and anticipates how others will
Kant or Empiricist the self individual seeks for a solid and stable self-identity
national reasoning and respond
tries to avoid fixation and keeps the options open for self-
psychological state. postmodern when he or she performs his or her own particular role, he or
improvement
 The outer-self includes the individual she becomes self-aware
body and mind. has become an insatiable consumer
the self continues to change along with his or her social
 The mind and soul can French sociologist
experience
exist without the body. posits that in the postmodern society the self is found in the
no matter how much the world shapes a person, he or she will
 Establishing the distinction Jean prestige symbols of goods consumed by people
Rene Mind-body always remain a creative being, and be able to react to the world
Rationalist of soul from the body can Baudrillard if people desire to be satisfied with things in life, they should not
Descartes dualism around him or her
make people believe in the be persuaded by the postmodern culture of advertisement and
made by George Herbert Mead
afterlife and the soul’s mass media which suggest false needs
a scientific study of social groups and human relationships explains that the self has two divisions:
immortality.
 It is the consciousness generates new insights into the interconnectedness between the subjective element and the active side of
sociology the self and other people the self
Theory of alone that identity exists, “I”
John Locke Empiricist Personal not in the body and soul. sociologists offer theories to explain how the self emerges as a represents the spontaneous and unique
product of social experience “theory of traits of the individual
Identity  There is a distinction
social self” is the objective element of the self that
between man and person.
MODERN TIMES SOCIAL BEINGS represents the internalized attitudes and
“me”
 The mind is the seat of self. family educational institution environment (neighbor) demands of other people and the
It is not separate, parallel individual’s awareness of those demands
thing to our physical body. the full development of the self is attained when the “I” and the
WHAT IS THE SELF?
 The mind is the category “me” are united
The Concept of self is distinct; no other individual is the same with you
Gilbert Ryle Empiricist mistake brought about by self is unique; own identity
Mind separate Mead details the development of the self in a three-stage process:
habitual use. The only way one cannot be another
it can affect the other is 0 - 3 years old
fingerprint characteristic
through the external children imitate the people around them especially family
self-contained  in itself can exist
world. members with whom they have daily interaction
 its distinctness allows them to be self-contained preparatory
 Both empiricism and independent but they copy behavior without understanding underlying
 own thoughts, characteristics and volition stage
intellectualism are flawed intentions
personality that is enduring can be exected to persist for
in nature “we are our in this stage, there is no sense of self
Maurice quite some time
Existentialist Phenomenology bodies” during this stage, children are just preparing for role taking
Merleau- consistent its consistency can be studied
Empiricist of Perception  Our bodily experiences do 3 to 5 years old
Ponty what is consistent: particular self’s trait, tendencies,
not detach the subject or children start to view themselves in relation to address as they
potentialities and characteristics
object, mind or body, learn to communicate through language and other symbols
center of all experiences as well as thoughts that run
rational or irrational. at this stage, role taking is exhibited
through a certain person’s mind
 A fully matured unitary however, children do not perceive rule taking or something
thinking something: you are the only one who knows it play stage
neuroscience will expected of them
unless you share it to somebody else
eliminate the need for the self emerges as children pretend to take the roles of specific
Patricia Neuro- each person is a private thing especially with regards to
Empiricist beliefs since “they are not people or significant others those individuals who are important
Churchland philosophy information, feelings, thoughts within self and emotions
real”. private agents of socialization
 The physical brain gives us where self is isolated from the external world
self is developing
a sense of self. never to be accessibly to anyone

AIRAH M.
 begins in the early school years, about 8-9 years old e.g. home, neighbors, school, initiative, medical missions Generalized others refers to the attitudes viewpoints demands and
5
children understand not only their own social position but also expectations of others and society.
those of others around them What we have to believe is that: the being in the society means that being active 6 The me is the objective element of the self.
children become concerned about and take into account in their participants shapes oneself. 7 The I represents the spontaneous and unique traits of the individual.
behavior the generalized others which refer to the attitudes The full development of the self is attained when the I and the me are
Mead Vygotzky 8
viewpoints demands and expectations of the others which united.
game stage
include cultural norms and values that serve as references in child conceptualization internalization (imitate) The postmodern individuals achieved self-identity through prestige
evaluating oneself a child internalizes real-life dialogues 9
symbols that they consume.
this time, they can have a more sophisticated look of people and from family, yayas or playmates During the game stage, individuals have a more sophisticated look of
child conceptualize the notion of
an ability to respond to numerous members of the social as they grow up, unknowingly they 10 people and an ability to respond to numerous members of the social
language and roleplay
environment internalize how he was being taken care environment.
the self is now present of or what his surrounding is like
e.g. playing dolls and playing ‘mom’ e.g. always shouting in the house
THE SELF AS A PRODUCT OF MODERN AND POSTMODERN SOCIETIES both are sociologists and believe that the use of language acquisition and
AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION
interaction would develop human person OF SELF: THE SELF AS EMBEDDED IN CULTURE
made an article in 2004 entitled “The Constitution of the Self”
which discusses the relationship between society and the SELF IN FAMILIES French anthropologist
individual Questions: What is the most prominent unit in the society? FAMILY every self has two phases:
in modern societies, the attainment and stability of self-identity Who is the most powerful in the family? (depends – mom/dad) basic identity
are freely chosen, it is no longer restricted by customs and refers to a person’s sense of who he is, his
traditions  every child is born with parent’s genes and general condition in life moi
body, his basic identity, his biological
while this newfound freedom offers infinite possibilities for self-  the greatest impact that we are having as a social being is coming from the family givenness
cultivation, problems (e.g. alienation, dehumanization) of the  all resources (human, spiritual, economic, kind of development) that we have will
social concepts
self also appear which hinder the full development of human certainly affect us as we go through life
Kilroy J. what it means to be who he is
Gerry Lanuza potentials  language (body/verbal) is the primary agent of rearing family
Oldster personne behavior where environment is expecting us
there is a need to discover the “authentic core” of the self for  good manners and right conduct should not be detached from you; if not, at
least the parents’ honor is still there what it means to live
the individual to freely work towards self-realization
 family initiates a person to become good? that serve as a basic for his progress religion, nationality, family
whereas the dissolution of traditional values and communities
 some behaviors/attitudes are indirectly taught by close relatives or even we are each the product of our collective interchanges
in modern society has led the individual to construct a solid and
stable self-identity, the postmodern individual welcomes all neighbors we are each a molecule in the helix of human consciousness
possibilities for self-improvement  some behaviors include where you do good, you receive rewards joined in a physical world
in postmodern societies, self-identity continuously changes due  yet, some adults who are already grown-ups still don’t learn basic manners we form a coil of connective tissue soldered together by cultural
to the demands of multitude of social contexts, new information because maybe they lack familial internalization links
technologies, and globalization  without a family, some won’t survive or become a human person (e.g. spiritually,
exposes the negative consequences of postmodernity to emotionally) we are each a product of biological endowments culture and
individuals in a society  one is who he is because of his family personal history
consumption structures the postmodern society culture, ideology, and cultural events along with transmitted
GENDER AND THE SELF cultural practices influence each of us
the postmodern individuals achieved self-identity through Maurcel
prestige symbols that they consume we are each the product of our collective interchanges
Mauss
one of the center of the self that is subject to alteration, change and we are each a molecule in the helix of human consciousness
individuals seek for a position in society through the quality of
development joined in a physical world
prestige symbols that they can afford to consume
Jean people fought hard to express and validate their gender we form a coil of connective tissue soldered together by cultural
the cultural practices of advertising and mass media greatly
Baudrillard is personally discovered links
influence individuals to consume goods not for their primary
value and utility but for the feeling of goodness and power when good to give someone the leeway to find or discover out
gender
compared to others himself/herself considered as one of the most complex areas of discipline, has
the postmodern person has become an insatiable consumer partly determines how we see ourselves in the world (at times, society explored various meanings of culture self and identity in the
and may never be satisfied in his or her life gets involved and takes force) desire to come up with a better understanding of the self
the self may be in a never-ending search for prestige in the is shaped within a particular context of time and space practices among different societies reveal ways how societies
postmodern society is not dictated by culture and society conceptualize what the self is and how it relates to culture
some anthropologists however arrive at the conclusion that
self has clear understanding of what it might, can or will be SOCIAL INTERACTION and GROUP AFFILIATION there is no simple definition
these are vital factors in creating our self’s concept especially in the aspect of is concerned with how cultural and biological processes interact
potential clash time to think about self, understand the three (bold ones
between self and above) providing us with our social identity or our perception of who we are especially based to shape human experience
on our membership anthropology
external world changing environment, include a dynamic force or energy contemporary anthropologists believe that culture and self are
(environment) allowing these externa experiences to become a part of our complementary concepts that are to be understood in relation
 automatically, we played roles as we interact with our groups to one another
self
 when we are affiliated in a group, there is a pattern of changes – they give influence compared with other disciplines, it possesses a holistic and
social
helps self to be shaped (environment/external reality) on you, each member give influence to other members integrated approach in examining human nature
constructionist
always in participation with social self considers human experience as an interplay of:
self genetic inheritance which sets the
is multifaceted nature
1 Charles Horton Cooley introduce the concept “looking-glass self”. individual’s potentials
identity influenced by surrounding people
2 George Herbert Mead proposed the theory of social self. nurture sociocultural environment
3 During the preparatory stage, there is no self.
SELF AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL WORLD
Question: How do you, as a person, actively produce in your social works? 4 During the play stage, the self is developing.

AIRAH M.
 both biological and cultural factors have significant context-dependent which emphasizes that there is no intrinsic a common practice of Catholic parents the name their children
influence on the development of self -awareness among self that can possess enduring qualities after Saints
Philippines
individuals within society they think that by bearing a sacred name their child will be
has contributed indirectly to the understanding of the nature of the Japanese possess a sociocentric view of the self in which the blessed and protected throughout life
self through ethnographic investigations (e.g. sampling membership of a person in a particular social group defines the
Christie
methods sentence completion interviews) which discuss that boundaries of self is not inborn
Kiefer identity
cultural variations may affect one's mental state, language, and interdependence between the person and the group is more it is something people continuously develop in life
(on the
behavior valued than independence usually involves ritual activities to prepare individuals for new
Japanese)
most important contribution: providing insights into the nature for the Japanese, social interaction should be characterized by rules from one stage of life to another (e.g. birth, puberty,
of self, based on continuous understanding of the basic restraint rites of passage marriage, having children, and death)
elements of culture a Chinese American anthropologist help a person adjust from one social dimension of his or her
anthropology encroaches on the territory of the sciences as attributes a sociocentric view of the self to the Chinese life to the others
well as the humanities, and transcends the conventional he explains that the Chinese prioritize kin ties and cooperation Arnold van believes that changes in one's status and identity are marked
boundaries of both while addressing questions from the distant Francis Hsu
for them, the very essence of interpersonal relations is mutual Gennep by a three-phased rite of passage
past and the pressing present – perhaps with implications for (on the
dependence
the future Chinese)
they do not value self-reliance but put importance to compliance THREE-PHASED RITE OF PASSAGE
this definition of anthropology emphasizes that it is an and subordination of one’s will to the authority figures in the people detach from their former identity to another
James L.
academic field for understanding the interconnection and family e.g. in a wedding, the bride walking down the aisle to be given
Peacock separation
interdependence of biological and cultural aspects of the egocentric where they believe that they should be assertive and away by the parents to the groom implies the separation from
human experience at all times and in all places Americans
independent one's family to become a part of a new one
(1986) the individual is neither a robot nor an entirely a person transitions from one identity to another
independent self-willed little god but a cultural individual - social constructed from the similarities and differences in liminality e.g. the wedding ceremony itself is the process of transition of
existing and freedom but also embodying that cultural mold in identity characteristics among individuals the bride and groom from singlehood the married life
which he has cast and his particular society and historical epoch refers to the features of a person's identity that he or she chooses the change in one's status as officially incorporated
to emphasize in constructing a social self e.g. the wedding reception and parties that celebrate the
THE CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION OF SELF AND IDENTITY incorporation
some characteristics (e.g. kinship, gender, age) are almost wedding serve as the markers that officially recognized the
universally used to differentiate people bride and groom’s change towards being husband and wife
British anthropologist other characteristics (e.g. ethnicity, personal appearance,
define culture as “a complex hole which includes knowledge, identity socioeconomic status) are not always used in every society sometimes individuals disagree on their respective identities
Edward Tylor
belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and toolbox family membership could be the most significant feature to coined by Anthony Wallace and Raymond Fogelson
habits acquired by man as a member of society” determine a person's social identity characterize interaction in which there is a discrepancy between
anthropologists have emphasized that this is not behavior itself language: another important identity determinant that is often the identity a person claims to possess, and the identity
but the shared understandings that guide behavior and are viewed as essential for the maintenance of a group identity identity attributed to that person by others
expressed in behavior in other societies, religious affiliation is an important marker of struggles individuals may also be confused in defining their personal
it is how people make sense of their experiences and behave group identity identity when there is a clash between self-identification and
according to socially shared ideas, values, and perceptions a universal practice with numerous cross-cultural variations inherited collective identification emerging from the cultural
has acquired a range of different meanings that require establishes a child's birthright and social identity changes & conflicting norms and values in the postmodern
culture reflection and analysis because the significance of cultures has society
a name is an important device to individualize a person and
enormous implications for everyone’s conception of self personal
legitimize him or her as a member of a social group (e.g. family) may occur when universal values and moral principles of an
being diverse, self and identity may have different meanings in naming identity
are intimate markers of a person which differentiates him or her individual or group become relatively determined by politics and
different cultures crisis
from others ideology
only a small number of anthropologists tackle the concept of
name: may symbolically represent his or her cultural self suggests that in order that they in self-identification, individuals
self: in effect, self is one of the most taken for granted products Golubovic
have to overcome many obstacles (e.g. traditionally established
of culture (2011)
habits, externally imposed self-images)
German anthropologist
DIFFERENT CULTURES ON PERSONAL NAMING Other works of cognitive anthropologists suggest that in order to maintain a
believes that the concept of self is a necessary supplement to relatively stable and coherent self, members of the multicultural society have no
do not consider an infant as a true human until a name is given
Martin the concept of culture and anthropology and should be choice but to internalize divergent cultural models and should reject or suppress
to him or her
Sokefeld regarded as a human universal identifications that may conflict with other self-presentations.
when the child is around two years old and ready to speak the
culture and self thus become complementary concepts that Aymara made by Katherine Ewing
Aymara language, a special ritual is performed to give it a name
have to be understood in relation to one another Indians exhibits how individual selves throughout the world continuously
this marks the Aymara child's social transition from a state of
in social anthropology, it is the context where the concept of reconstitute themselves in the new selves in response to internal
nature to culture which also consequently makes him or her
ethnic identity was used mostly, pointing out the sameness of the self and external stimuli
fully accepted into the Aymara community
identity with others, that is, the consciousness of sharing certain
name their infants soon after birth the cohesiveness and continuity of self are only illusory
characteristics (e.g. language, culture) within a group “Illussion of
the baby receives the paternal given name as its last name the most important philosophical task of the postmodern man
understood as a disposition of basic personality features Icelanders Wholeness”
the boy's name is added with a suffix sen and the girl’s name today is the work on yourself just like in the Socratic message
identity acquired mostly during childhood and, once integrated, more or
with dottir know thyself (considering that the postmodern man has lost his
less fixed right and stopped striving to become an autonomous and active
an ethnic group in an Indonesian island of Sumatra
Minangkabau matronymic traditions prevail part of the process of self-determination and a particular
There are two ways in which the concept of self is viewed in different societies: identification with one's own community)
children inherit their mother's family name
the self is seen as an autonomous and distinct individual children are named after their deceased relatives and other
egocentric each person is defined as a replica of all humanity but capable of Arctic Canada people with admirable qualities which they believe will be
acting independently from others helpful for their character information
sociocentric the self is contingent on a situation or social setting

AIRAH M.
THE SELF AS EMBEDDED IN CULTURE
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF while the other person is not aware of the reason, we:
an American anthropologist  distance our self
1
offers a reformulation of the concept of culture which favors a  silent treatment
for a young person, it is almost a sin or at least a danger to
symbolic interpretative model of culture  change of friends (worst)
be too preoccupied with himself
defines culture as a system of inherited conceptions expressed in Carl Jung  reconsider the importance of aspect/skill of which we perform
for the aging person, it is a duty and a necessity to devote
symbolic forms by means of which people communicate, 2  find other hobbies where we excel thus presenting self-esteem
serious attention to himself
perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes  e.g. “drawing is not for me” after losing
toward life  strengthen our resolve to improve certain aspects of our life (find
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 3
he proposes that it is necessary that humans give meanings to alternatives), other elements (e.g. drawing – charcoal, pastel)
others are similar but they could be interchangeable concepts; self in the sense of
their experiences so that order in the world can be established
personal identity of who we are as an individual
agrees with Max Weber that “man is an animal suspended in the development of self-understanding in adolescence involves
webs of significance he himself has spun”, in which those webs a number of theories about the self, identity, and personality
A. William James (1890)
are perceived to be symbolic of culture construct their own understandings of their selves well by
 one of the earliest psychologists to study self and conceptualize the self as having
this semiotic approach to culture is helpful in getting inside a these two aspects: integrating the information into their lives
conceptual world where human beings live adolescence understanding of the self is highest when the different parts of
Clifford thus, the concept of culture has its impact on the concept of man the self, an important aspect of understanding the self is self-
“I” “me”
Geertz in his attempt to illustrate an accurate image of man, he suggests awareness – how much an adolescent is aware of his or her own
physical characteristics and psychological
(1973) two important ideas: thinking, acting, feeling self psychological make-up, what makes him or her unique as a
capabilities that makes who you are
1. culture should not be perceived only as complexes of person, as well as his or her strengths and weaknesses
subject object
concrete behavior patterns – customs, usages, traditions,
habit clusters - as has, by and large, been the case up to now, WILLIAM JAMES’ CONCEPT OF THE SELF: THE ME-SELF AND THE I-SELF
B. Carl Rogers (1959)
but as a set of control mechanisms – plans, recipes, rules, refers to the self that knows who he or she is: “the thinking self”
instructions - for the governing behavior I-self
THEORY OF PERSONALITY (same terms used with James) reflects the soul of a person or the mind: “the pure ego”
2. man is precisely the animal most desperately dependent the empirical self which refers to the person’s personal experiences
upon such extra genetic outside-the-skin control “I” “me”
what you think or feel about yourself as further divided into sub-categories:
mechanisms (e.g. cultural programs for ordering his acts and decide material attributed to an individual’s physical attributes &
behavior) an object
self materials that contribute to one’s self-image
man is defined by his genetic potentials shaped into actual refers to who a person is and how he or she acts
accomplishments which is made possible by culture Concept of Self Schema
captured our idea of his concept of self (life) schema: in social situations
human nature is interdependent with culture: “without men no James believed that people have different social
culture certainly; but equally, and more significantly, without  our organized concept or knowledge of our self
 collection of self-knowledge social self selves depending on the context of a social
culture, no men” Me-self
 not limited situation
considered human beings as cultural animals as they create the e.g. a student may act differently in school and
 you can make your own schema
meanings of objects, persons, behaviors, emotions, and events, at home with his or her family
and behave in accordance with meanings they assumed to be refers to the most intimate & important part of
true the self that includes the person’s purpose, core
Robbins every aspect of their lives is filled with meaning, and if they share spiritual
_____________________________________________________________________ values, conscience, & moral behavior
(2012) the meanings they impose on their experiences, they are self
James believed that the path to understanding
operating within the same culture the spiritual self requires introspection
other concepts similar to self:
cultural differences exist when groups of people assign different
personal characteristics
meanings to different life events and things
identity social roles focuses on self-concept: refers to the image of oneself
the self is embedded in culture
responsibilities & affiliations that define who one is defines self as a flexible and changing perception of personal identity
what basically comes to your mind when you are asked who you the self is the center of experience (Rathus, 2017)
self-concept
are he suggests that the self develops from interactions with significant
Culture refers to “that complex hole which includes knowledge, belief, art, people & awareness of one’s own characteristics and level of
1 morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by Carl
As humans grow and adapting changes around them (changing world), they also functioning
man as a member of society”. Rogers
change but they are not passive receivers; they actively shape and affect how they human beings are always striving for self-fulfillment and self-
According to the sociocentric view, there is no intrinsic self that can see, think and feel about things. actualization
2
possess enduring qualities. _____________________________________________________________________ when needs of self are denied = severe anxiety may arise
The identity toolbox refers to the features of a person's identity that he or C. Sigmund Freud
3 central to achieving self-actualization is the development of self-
she chooses to emphasize in constructing his or her social self.  the most inflential psychologist during his time concept
Personal naming is a universal practice with numerous cross-cultural  basically saw the self its mental processes and one’s behavior in result to the
4
variations and establishes a child's birthright and social identity. interaction of the id, ego, and superego CARL ROGERS’ TWO COMPONENTS OF SELF-CONCEPT
Identity struggles are interactions in which there is a discrepancy between
consists of all the ideas including the awareness of what one is
5 the identity of person claims to possess and the identity attributed to that id ego superego real self
and what one can do
person by others. basic urges & desires controls id conscience and moral judge person’s conception of what one should be or what one aspires
Anthropology considers human experience as an interplay of nature and evil arbiter angel ideal self
6 to be which includes one’s goals and ambitions in life
nurture.
_____________________________________________________________________  the closer the ideal self to the real self, the more fulfilled and happier the
7 We are not born with an identity.
individual becomes
8 Without a name, an individual’s social identity is not established. Social comparison also entails what is called as self-evaluation maintenance theory  when the ideal self is far from the real self, the person becomes unhappy and
9 The Japanese view of self can be best described as sociocentric. (SEMT). dissatisfied
In the sociocentric view, the self is viewed as contingent on a situation or  we can feel threatened when someone outperforms us
10
social setting.  we react in three ways (especially to someone close to us):

AIRAH M.
 pessimistically or optimistically and in ways that are self- oral incorporative e.g. overeating, smoking, and
enhancing or self-hindering personality alcoholism
disorder
THE SELF AS THE CENTRAL ARCHETYPE oral aggressive may be caused by
personality dissatisfaction
its concept is the central to Carl Jung’s theory disorder e.g. sarcasm and tactlessness
MULTIPLE VS UNIFIED SELF, TRUE VS FALSE SELF universal models after which roles are patterned child derives pleasure from the elimination of body wastes
archetypes represents the hidden potentialities of the psyche through toilet training, the child learns the basic rules of
self- in adolescents, it also includes conceptualizing the self as reside in the personal unconscious (forgotten experiences) society
understanding multiple or unified and true or false known as “collective unconscious” Anal fixations can lead to:
its construction varies across different interpersonal and the total personality anal stage anal retentive
intrapersonal roles and relationships psyche continues to develop throughout life, but it starts to show a e.g. having obsession with
(2nd year of life) personality
definite form and coherent during adolescence (Jung) cleanliness
coping with different selves constitute a formidable task disorder
among adolescents anal expulsion
multiple selves
these challenges contribute heavily to the young person’s CARL JUNG’S FOUR MAJOR ARCHETYPES personality e.g. clumsiness
struggle for a unified self persona social roles that individuals present to others disorder
adolescents develop different selves in various relational repressed thoughts that are socially unacceptable children derive pleasure by examining, touching, fondling
contexts shadow
the dark side of the psyche or displaying their genitals
given is enormous challenges, it is important that adolescents anima: feminine side of the male psyche these behaviors are likely motivated by curiosity about the
self-integration are supported in their effort to create a consistent, coherent, anima/animus
animus: masculine side of female psyche phallic stage differences between the anatomy of man and woman
or unified theory of the self (Santrock,2002) central archetype that unites all parts of the psyche (around sex curiosity will remain high during elementary years and
has found that the self is composed of two: self ages 3 & 6) children will tend to ask questions regarding anatomical
ego: the individual’s conscious perception of the self
they hide from society aside from parents structures, sex & how babies are made
true self
and close peers during this stage, parents & teachers need to properly
Winnicott SIGMUND FREUD’S CONSTRUCTION OF SELF AND PERSONALITY
hide and protect the true self educate children about sexuality
false self adolescents display a false self to impress fixations may lead to abnormal sex behaviors in later life
argues that the mind is composed of 3 structures through
others which personality is formed: id, ego, superego latency stage sexual energy is repressed because children become
the dynamic forces within the self are many and in inevitable (7 to 12 years old) occupied with school
THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC Sigmund Freud pleasure is again derived from the genital area and
conflict genital stage
the id, ego and superego develop in a series of stages called individuals seek to satisfy their sexual drives from sexual
Albert Bandura posits that humans, through their agency are perceived as (starts from
the psychosexual stages of development relationships
adolescence to
(2001) proactive agents of experiences has five stages sexual problems may result as a consequence of
adulthood)
embodies the endowments, belief systems, self-regulatory each stage is associated with conflicts that the individual inappropriate sex behavior
capabilities, and distributed structures & functions through psychosexual must resolve so that he or she can successfully move on the
agency
which personal influence is exercised, rather than reside as a stages of next stage THE ROLE OF ERIK ERIKSON’S THEORY IN UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
discrete entity development each stage has needs and that the dissatisfaction of need may
enable people to play a part in their: result in fixation which could have lasting negative effects on according to Erikson’s theory, it is a period of identity
core features a. self-development adolescence
one’s personality development
of agency b. adaptation usually viewed as a process that requires adolescents to
ego’s ability to resolve the conflict between the 3 structures identity
c. self-renewal distance themselves from the strong expectations and
ego strength if this constant state of conflict is unresolved, personality formation
problems may arise definitions imposed by parents and other family members
MAIN FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY to achieve this, one must create a vision of the self that is
acts done intentionally authentic which is anchored on the meaning of his or her
FREUD’S THREE STRUCTURES OF MIND
intentionality intentions center on plans of action with the anticipation of goals for the future sense of having hold of one’s destiny in
characterized by its need to satisfy basic urges and desires
possible outcomes an effort to reach goals that are personally meaningful
pleasure-seeking side, impulsive, child-like, and demands individual
enables the person to anticipate the likely consequences of id (Newman & Newman, 2009)
instant gratification identity
prospective actions some of the ways adolescents try to establish their identity
forethought devil within the self
through this exercise, people are guided in their actions in the is through status symbols (e.g. having state-of-art mobile
refers to the I and operates on the reality principle and
anticipation of future events phones, designer bags and clothes, other material
controls the id
self- involves making choices and choosing appropriate courses of ego possessions)
can conform with existing societal consideration
reactiveness action as well as motivating and regulating them his theory proposes that individuals go through eight
person in the middle
self- gives the person the ability to reflect upon the adequacy of psychological stages
refers to the “conscience” & “moral judge” of one’s conduct
reflectiveness his/her thoughts and actions gives particular emphasis on the development of the ego
violation of rules leads to feelings of guilt each stage consists of developmental tasks that one needs
superego Erik Erikson
strives for perfection rather than pleasure to accomplish to develop successfully
not only agents of action but also self-examiners of their own
people angel within the self during each stage, an individual also experiences life crises
functioning
the foundation of human agency which could have negative consequences if not properly
efficacy beliefs FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES reserved
also play a central role in self-regulation
the ability of an individual to control his or her behavior oral stage babies derive pleasure from oral activities like sucking and the positive force that contributes to identity formation
self-regulation (lasts from birth biting and lay the foundation for certain strengths and virtues in
without having to rely on others for help ego
is the individual’s belief that he/she is capable to perform a up to the first may be caused by life (hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care
self-efficacy year of life) overindulgence and wisdom)
task which influences whether he or she will think

AIRAH M.
 ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT those who are unsuccessful in this stage will feel that
infant: drive and hope their life has been wasted and will experience regrets THE WESTERN AND EASTERN CONCEPTS OF SELF
Trust vs Mistrust child will develop trust if he or she is properly cared for and despair
(first year of life) if the child is not well-cared for, mistrust is likely to one of the most effective ways to learn about oneself is by
develop SELF-CONCEPT (self-awareness)
taking seriously the culture of others
toddler: self-control and will power Edward T. Hall
it forces you to pay attention to those details of life which
autonomy means independence of thought and A.
differentiate them from you
confidence to think and act for oneself TWO TYPES OF SELF
children begin to assert their independence during this private self public self
western self
stage “public image” (give out self to public, even divided into 3 periods of historical development
“internal standards” conceptualization
Autonomy vs. if parents allow their children to explore, they will thoughts and emotions)
eastern self are presented based on the four grade systems of eastern
Shame and Doubt become more confident and secure in their own abilities toward having a good presentation of self to
private thoughts and feelings conceptualization thought: Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism
(first 3 years of life) if children are overly protected, they may become overly others
dependent on their parents and feel a sense of shame or WESTERN SELF
doubt in their own abilities B.
this stage has important implications in the THREE SELF SCHEMAS
defines the western concept of self as “a bounded, unique,
development of independence and identity during actual self ideal self ougth self
more or less integrated motivational and cognitive universe, a
adolescence who you are at the dynamic center of awareness, emotion, judgment and action
who you like to be who you think you should be Geertz
pre-schooler: direction and purpose moment organized into a distinctive hole and said contrastively both
Developing a sense of responsibility among children lead e.g. student e.g. bb player e.g. what I dream against other such holes and against its social and natural
Initiative vs guilt
to the development of initiative background”
(3-5 years)
a child who is made to feel irresponsible might develop C. construction of an autonomous unitary, and stable self
feeling of guilt  can also be negative or positive depending on the circumstances or our course of grounded in a contrasting assumption that non-western (such
school-ager: method and competence action as eastern) people do not possess an individuated self that is
children face the task of developing knowledge and skills  depending on the course we decide on western self
differentiated from the other
Industry vs usually taught in schools  you want to be aware of the + and –
the delusion of the separate self is likely to be stronger in
inferiority when children are encouraged in their efforts, they will individuals raised in the individualistic western societies
(elementary school develop a sense of industry SELF-AWARENESS
days) children who receive little or no encouragement from  a reminder to keep us from doing something wrong
 self-consciousness can be too much that we are being criticized on ASPECTS OF WESTERN SELF
parents and teachers will doubt their own abilities and
✓ egocentric; paranoia western way of thinking is analytic deductive with emphasis
are likely to develop inferiority
✓ thinking that others keep on observing or talking about you on the causal links (part-to-whole relationships)
adolescent: direction and fidelity analytic
the whole is understood when differentiated into parts
adolescents face the task of finding out who they are,
A lot pf people say, “I am who I am,” yet these statements still begs the question if one must categorize and make distinctions to pursue cause
Identity formation what they are, and what they want in life
you are who you are, then who are you that makes you who you are. the belief in one Supreme Being coexisting with the universe
vs identity they are confronted with many roles and responsibilities
condenses the supernatural and human capabilities into
confusion if parents provide proper support, adolescents will
By nature, we fake ourselves in front of society, liked to represent self of what they bipolarity of both qualities of existence (e.g. beautiful/ugly,
(adolescence) develop positive identity monotheistic
see me, because of our experiences. kind/cruel, sacred/profane, strong/weak, etc.) and categories
if they are not adequately supported, they will feel of identity or experience (e.g. God/Satan, body/soul,
insecure and identity confusion will likely to develop love/lost, sinner/saint, etc.)
young adult: affiliation and love western individualism exhibits the coexistence of favorable
1 The term self-concept refers to the image of oneself.
people explore personal relationship and unfavorable conditions inherent in personal freedom
2 Central to the theory of the self is the concept of archetype.
vital that people develop intimate relationships with individualistic although the right to individual freedom provides
William James suggests that the self is divided into two categories: the Me
Intimacy vs isolation others 3 opportunities for self-fulfillment, it also increases the
self and the I self.
(early adulthood) those who are successful in this stage will likely form likelihood of experiencing alienation and frustration
4 Shadow archetype is often considered as the dark side of the psyche.
relationships that are stable and successful focused on material things and favors a rational empirical
5 Superego refers to the conscience and moral judge of conduct. materialistic &
inability to develop intimate relationship during this approach over magical and superstitious explanations of
stage will lead to mistrust and isolation Self-efficacy refers to the individual's belief that he or she is capable of rationalistic
6 immaterial things
performing a task.
middle age: production and core
7 Sigmund Freud develop the psychosexual stages of development.
generativity involves a person’s desire to contribute to located at the center within the individual through which the
the world by teaching, leading, and guiding the next Erik Erikson proposes that individuals go through eight psychosocial stages
8 world is perceived
generation and doing activities that will benefit the of development.
generativity vs also seen as an entity distinct from other selves and other entities:
stagnation community Autonomy means independence of thought and confidence to think and
9 self implies that the self belongs to the individual & no other
(middle adulthood) developing a sense of generativity is important during act for oneself.
10 The self is the central archetype that unites all parts of the psyche. as a consequence of this complete ownership of self, it becomes a
this stage sovereign subject possessing a sense of personal control
those who fail fail to attain this generativity will feel Integrity vs despair is the final psychosocial stage which occurs during old
11 if all things are well, it achieves coherence and stability overtime
worthless age and is focused on reflections on life.
12 Freud believes that the id is the pleasure-seeking side. the western self, as described by David Ho (1995), is an
older adult: enunciation and wisdom individualistic self that is a deeply aware of itself its uniqueness
focused on self-reflection in one’s life Albert Bandura suggests that the humans are proactive agents of western
integrity vs despair 13 sense of direction purpose and volition
individuals reflect on the important events of their lives experiences. self
(old age) Self-regulation is ability to control one's behavior without having to rely on in an individualist perspective, it is the measure of all things that
if they are satisfied and proud of their accomplishments, 14 is the source of all reflections
they will feel a sense of integrity others for help.
Developing a sense of identity formation is important during adolescence middle
15 psychology has provided answers to philosophical questions about
stage. and 19th
the concept of soul and mind
centuries

AIRAH M.
 mid 19th experimental psychology came into prominence and put forth the absolute reality this state of transcendence devoid of self-
century concept of self within the social interactionist framework the goal of the person is to have knowledge of reference
Brahman
the growth of sociology, anthropology, and psychology saw the this true reality this state of transcendence can be achieved
late 19th
emergence of various concepts of self, among them the western where self-realization is being united through meditation
century
concept soul or spirit the Confucian doctrines are found in the Analects
the true knowledge of self (Conversations of Confucius)
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE WESTERN CONCEPT OF SELF identical to Brahman the core of Confucian thought is the Golden Rule (the principle
STAGE PERIOD HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Atman being an immortal soul, continues to be of reciprocity): do not do to others what you would not want
There were philosophical and reincarnated from lifetime to lifetime until it is others to do to you
theological attempts to characterize freed from the cycle of rebirth at reaches a the basic virtual or proper conduct is knowing how to act in
the self through the concepts of soul state of Nirvana (non-birth) relation to others
and mind with emphasis on conscious Vedanta characterizes human suffering as the result of failure THE FIVE CARDINAL RELATIONSHIPS
pre-Christian times until
1 experience of the individual to realize the distinction between the: (the most important relationships)
1850
distinction between physical and true self permanent and unchanging 1 between ruler and minister
mental nature of man (mind-body non-true self impermanent and changes continually 2 between father and son
dualism) and the causality of human 3 between husband and wife
however, the realization of true selfhood will resolve in a
behavior Confucianism
complete dissolution of individual identity 4 between brothers
 The establishment of experimental 5 between friends
psychology in mid-19th century led the most important doctrine of Hinduism
all actions are subject to karma the self is known as a relational self and a subdued self
to a change in emphasis from
individual actions will lead to either good or the individual's greatest mission of attaining self-realization
abstract concepts of soul and mind
2 1850 - 1940 to observable and measurable bad outcomes in one's life where in self-cultivation is instrumental
aspects of human faculties. people get exactly what they deserve self- could be accomplished by knowing one's
 The concept of South re-emerged if you do good things, you will be rewarded cultivation role in a society and acting accordingly
within the social interactionist if you do bad you will be punished perfected by continuously taking every
moral
framework in the early 1900s. the individual is the only one responsible for opportunity to improve oneself in
law of character
There is multi-directional and the consequences of his or her actions thought and action
karma
continuous development of the self: karma does not end with a body's death so the individual is set to respond to what is socially required
a. Sociological and psychological its influence may extend through rather than the ones personal needs and goals
theories of self encompass all three incarnation of the soul a Chinese counterculture
levels of self: inner self, individuals cannot change the fact that they rejects the Confucian idea of a relational self
interpersonal self and social self are exactly what they are supposed to be in the self is an extension of the cosmos, not of social relationships
b. Existentialists and life self is described as one of the limitless forms of the Tao
phenomenologists, both in in the present lifetime, they can change (commonly regarded as nature that is the foundation of all that
philosophy and psychology, what they will become in future live exists it is not bounded by time and space)
engaged in holistic approach Siddharta Gautama, known as the Buddha, is its founder the idea is to identify with the Tao
3 1940 - present integrating the inner interpersonal root word: budh (awake) the perfect man has no self
and social aspects of self. to be awake may imply that opening the eyes would lead to selflessness is attained when a distinction between I and other
c. At present, there is convergence in understanding more about the self and the world dissolves
some conceptualizations of the self Taoism
every person has the seed of enlightenment hence the potential the individual may behave spontaneously just going with the
among psychologists, flow of the Tao
to be a Buddha but the seed should be nurtured
anthropologists, sociologists, the selfless person leads to a balanced life in harmony with both
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
philosophers and linguists whose nature and society
studies focus on the actual, 1 life is suffering
2 suffering is caused by attachment to desires simplicity, spontaneity, and harmony with nature should govern
multivariate, and situational one's life
contexts of the self employing new 3 suffering can be eliminated
elimination of suffering is through the practice of individuals must seek to understand and act in accordance with
frameworks and methodologies.
the Eightfold Path (right: view, aspiration, speech, the natural order there should be unity and harmony among
4 opposing elements: the Yin and Yang
EASTERN SELF action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and
concentration) there is oneness of the Tao
Buddhism
philosophy and religion are twisted together man is just a title for the summation of the five parts (matter,
sensation, perception, mental constructs, and consciousness) DICHOTOMY OF WESTERN AND EASTERN CONCEPTIONS OF SELF
the major eastern religions (Hinduism, Buddhism,
Confucianism and Taoism) are also the common that compose the individual, however, each of the parts
distinctly is not man the emphasis is relational rather than individualistic
representatives of eastern thought
man has no self (no soul): there is only nothing & all else is an the self is considered not in isolation but in relation to others,
these eastern intellectual traditions differ greatly in
eastern concept illusion the society and the universe
features and approaches to various issues about selfhood
there is nothing permanent but change aimed at transformations in consciousness, feelings,
described as pluralistic (Garcia, 2013)
the ignorance of the impermanence of everything lead to an emotions, and one’s relation to other people in the world
although these four systems of eastern thought differ in eastern
illusion of selfhood: the cause of life's misery births & rebirths demonstrate a sociocentric view presupposing that the self
their approaches about the concept of self, they share the thought
the perfect moral intellectual knowledge becomes powerful in exists as an entity within the concrete situation or role
same goal – to teach how to become a better person
the sense that it eliminates the cause of one’s misery and occupied by the person
awakens one from the illusion of selfhood offer a variety of techniques for cultivating a deeper
THE SELF IN THE FOUR GREAT SYSTEMS OF EASTERN THOUGHT understanding of the self, however, do not utilize the
expounded in Vedanta, a major school of Indian thought based the ideal is to experience this
Hinduism Nirvana scientific techniques of investigation
on Upanishads, the classical Indian philosophical treatises literally meaning blowing out as of a lamp

AIRAH M.
 does not dichotomize between one's way of thinking and self-actualization through to achieve a balanced life the body's ability to perform its functions gradually changes
Ideal
one's way of living personal growth and find one's role in society through an individual's aging
one’s thought, action and speech should be in harmony Collectivism body performs least during infancy and old age
one unique feature is its great reverence for nature (Sarza, Individualism a. The self is an integrated replication/duplication (DNA-DNA) (complimentary pairing)
2013) a. The self is a distinct and
autonomous entity; it is an
part of the universe and
the society.
(nucleus) → transcription (production of RNA from DNA)
believed that nature promotes introspection into one’s inner
life and that wisdom and enlightenment can be attained by independent part of the b. Interdependence and (nucleus) (mRNA) → translation
observing nature universe in the society. connectedness are core mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA
considers intuition as a valid means to gain wisdom b. Independence and self- values. DNA is a macromolecule so it can’t go out of nucleus
does not rely mainly on reason and logic which are the more reliance are core values. c. No distinctions between during the protein synthesis that these traits of yours are
popular sources of knowledge in the West c. prioritize personal goals personal and group goals, protein materialized
they have conducted scientific investigations in an effort to Control over group goals. or if there is a distinction, synthesis complimentary pairing: A, T, G, C
understand their self and have developed theories and Framework d. characterized by exchange the personal goals are 3 consecutive bases forms codon passed on mRNA then goes
concepts to account for the similarities and differences relationship subordinate to the group out of the nucleus into the small ribosomal unit. The large
among them e. uniqueness, sense of goals. ribosomal unit will attach to the small ribosomal unit. The
western direction, purpose and d. characterized by tRNA (anticodon) will attach to the large ribosomal unit. The
emphasize the importance of scientific methods to provide
thought volition are the communal relationships mRNA and tRNA is held by the rRNA (small and large
satisfactory answers to understanding the self
acknowledged features of e. conformity & obedience ribosomal unit) to have an accurate reading.
its concept of life is linear as it is concerned with absolute
beginnings or endings in time and space self are essential social after the translation, polymerization occurs
f. personal success is behaviors genetic influences the way? between ourselves or between others
tends to set the individual against nature that is to struggle
important f. duty towards all others is makeup control our childhood
against nature which is a dangerous enemy (Peacock, 1986):
important
can be traced from Christian theology that considered nature stage in our life when we are so active and energetic
The application of the different perspectives and approaches contributed to
as fallen and evil peaks in early adulthood (between 20s and 30s) and declines
improvements in the conceptualization of self.
It is vitally important that both East and West appreciate each other's attempts physical when we reach middle age
The western and eastern perspectives of the self grew from a combination of efficiency
to understand the self. To do so can only enrich both. physical development and growth during childhood continue
sociology, anthropology, psychology, theology and religion.
there are objections to the western view opposing the humn at a slower rate compared to the rapid rate of growth in
The western and eastern thoughts attempt to combine the good elements of the babyhood
being
nature different disciplines to totally understand the self.
has been argued that the individual and nature are part of a begins with the onset of puberty (physical changes in
single whole ourselves
adolescence
seeks to place western and eastern theories of the South into this stage is characterized by rapid physical changes that
Quito perspective by making some comparisons and contrast 1 Empiricism is not a school of thought in the East. include the maturation of the reproductive system
among them 2 Taoism is not a school of thought in the West. each individual goes through a succession of developmental
3 The Western thought assumes that the self is the measure of all things. lifespan stages throughout his or her lifespan
DIMENSION WESTERN THOUGHT EASTERN THOUGHT 4 Eastern thought emphasizes harmony. refers to the development from conception to death
There is a separation between 5 The idea of Western thought is self-actualization through personal growth.
Frame of Religion and philosophy are 6 Eastern thought is pluralistic.
philosophy and religion or LIFE SPAN STAGES
Reference intertwined.
spirituality. 7 There is separation between philosophy and religion in Western thought. (Elizabeth B. Hurlock)
Schools of Scholasticism Hinduism 8 The Western way of thinking is analytic-deductive. prenatal fertilization to birth
Thought Rationalism Buddhism The Western concept of individual freedom is seen as a double-edged infancy birth to 2 weeks of life
9
(belief Empiricism Confucianism sword. babyhood 2 weeks of life to 2nd year
systems) Phenomenology Taoism 10 The primary source of knowledge in Eastern philosophy is faith. early childhood 2 to 6
Greek triumvirate: Confucius late childhood 6 to 10/12
Notable Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Lao Tzu
Philosophers Rene Descartes Siddharta Gautama
THE PHYSICAL SELF puberty 10/12 to 14
adolescence 14 to 18
John Locke (Buddha) early adulthood 18 to 40
has made the use of reason has trusted intuition and is to keep the body in good health is a duty, otherwise we shall
Knowledge Buddha middle adulthood 40 to 60
rather than faith to pursue often associated with not be able to keep our mind strong and clear
Source late adulthood or senescence 60 to death
wisdom religious beliefs
Modes of understanding the physical self requires an analysis of the
analytic and deductive synthetic and inductive lifespan and the physical development that happens in each TWO FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Cognition
commonalities and stage
Emphasis distinctions and oppositions physical ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐭𝐡 and 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭
harmonies secretion of hormones: resulting to the physical changes that
development
View of the occur in at the start of adolescence which virtually affects
every aspect of an adolescent’s life, particularly the way they transmission of traits from parents to offspring
Universe & linear circular made up of specific information that is found in one’s genes
Life view themselves (Feldman, 2010) heredity
more dissatisfied than boys with their physical appearance the biological process of the inheritance of traits from parents
View of Self egocentric sociocentric to offspring
and their overall body image
Subject- girls the factors an individual is exposed to throughout life which
simultaneously subject and self-consciousness and dissatisfaction with their appearance
Object duality of self as subject includes learning and experiences
object (the experience of reached their peak between the ages 13 and 15
Distinctions (knower) and self-as-object environment
self as both the knower and the self that is enacted by the body play an important role in an individual's physical
(Bipolar Self (known)
known) body that consists of its parts (e.g. lungs, torso, heart, neck, development
Qualities)
physical self limbs, brain, muscles, bones carrier of genetic trait
Theological polytheistic
monotheistic all organs work together to perform specific functions genes another name for DNA (blueprint of life)
View (pluralistic)
refers to the body basic unit of heredity

AIRAH M.
 manifestations of a particular trait can be attributed to the developed by William Sheldon in the 1940s which is based on greatest concern that they express about their bodies is how
phenotype and the genotype physical characteristics they conform to idealized notions of beauty
each individual carry chromosome: 23 in sex cells and 46 in body type is soft and plump jealousy and lowered self-esteem resulting in
endomorphic
somatic cells easy going and sociable for them, too much concern with fitness and the ideal body
are the basic carrier of the hereditary traits and are classified strong muscular body shape may result in body dissatisfaction
as: energetic, adventurous, assertive and those who have higher body dissatisfaction are likely to
dominant recessive mesomorphic experience depression, low self-esteem, and eating disorders
courageous
strrong genes weak genes competitive and tend to be dominant (e.g. anorexia and bulimia)
where the genes or DNA are attached tall and thin depends in part on sociocultural factors
found in the nucleus ectomorphic restrained, quiet, introverted and emphasis from parents and peers
body-type
sex & other physical traits are determined by its combination artistic peer pressure (bullying): for both girls and boys
theory body
are threadlike tissues that carries the jeans and are usually television, social media, advertisements
dissatisfaction
found in pairs the result is that they tried to change their physical
chromosomes there are 23 pairs of chromosomes which are classified as: appearance either through cosmetic surgery, dieting or
autosomes gonosomes excessive exercise
trade chromosomes an eating disorder in which the person refuses to eat for fear
sex chromosomes of gaining weight which can result in severe starvation and
(22 pairs)
the sex of the offspring depends on the pairing of the sex anorexia death
chromosomes (23rd) from the father and mother mostly afflicts females between the ages of 12 and 40
sex determine sex: F or M although men may also develop it
chromosome combination: XY (M) or XX (F) bulimia the person induces purging after binging on large quantities
made by Jean Haner (2008) nervosa of food
PHENOTYPE GENOTYPE The Wisdom of Your Face
physical expression specific information embedded in genes oval hospitable and tactful Aside from the genes that help us also in shaping ourselves is the society or the
round friendly, kind-hearted, and selfless external environment or external reality.
 people
SOMATIC CELL SEX CELL square witty, analytical and great leaders
 family
mitotic division (PMAT) meiotic division (PMAT1; PMAT2) heart patient and intuitive by nature
▪ primarily responsible for how you take care of yourself in growing up
46 → 46 46 → 23 perfectionists and tend to be
long (specifically the mom: the vitamins, nutrition, vaccination)
equational equational and reductional aggressive
▪ first social group
creative, artistic, sensitive and ▪ forms a very crucial foundation of your development including the
triangle
THEORIES OF PHYSICAL SELF determined
the wisdom of physical self
person’s physical characteristics (such as facial features and the face very detail-oriented and like to be in
diamond
theory of body structures) can be related to one’s personality control THE IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY
physiognomy  facial features full and thick
confident, assertive and goal-oriented
 body structures: fat (loves eating), thin (no budget) eyebrows beauty is perceived in woman with slim high waist
large or highly Egyptian art
according to the Chinese practice of face reading, the face is a have strong values and firm beliefs narrow hips and long black hair
three-dimensional reflection of “who we are and how life has defined jaws women with a full figure and rounded hips were
affected us” and this practice is rooted in this theory An earlier study by Squier and Mew (1981), suggests that Renaissance
considered beautiful
makes use of the elements of water, wood, fire, earth and persons with long and angular-shaped faces tend to be tribes during the
metal as archetypes for everything occurring in the natural more responsive, assertive and genuine than persons medieval age considered chubby, fat or plump woman beautiful
five element world with short and square-shaped faces who tend to be more (e.g. Africa)
theory each element is correlated to seasons, colors, shapes, sounds, restrained, conforming, and shrewd.
Malaysia, Philippines &
as well as facial features, body types, the body’s major organs, consider flat noses to be attractive
Indonesia
and behavioural tendencies refers to everything about a person that others can observe
face readers observe how facial features and markings such as height weight skin color clothes and hairstyle
its standards have changed overtime due to changing cultural
correspond to a person’s mental, emotional and physical through this, an individual is able to show others the kind of values
makeup appearance person he or she is (DeLamater & Myers, 2012)
all cultures have more or less the same concept of what is
developed by Hippocrates in ancient Greece the age at which puberty begins has implications for the way beautiful
adolescents feel about themselves as well as the way others
suggests that an excess of or deficiency in any of the four generally, humans who have clean an unblemished skin, thick,
treat them (Feldman, 2010)
bodily fluids (or humors) in a person influences their shiny hair, well-proportioned bodies and symmetrical faces are
affect the physical and psychological well being traditionally considered the most beautiful
personality, temperament, and well-being
self esteem related to body image has always been considered important throughout history
prominence of red bile
a person's overall evaluation of his or her own worth these features indicate youth, health, good genes, and fertility
theory based sanguine impulsive, cheerful, happy and beauty
refers to how individuals perceive think and feel about their (Demello, 2014)
on prominence optimistic
body and physical appearance physical attractiveness: its value is emphasized by
of body fluids prominence of black bile body image
melancholic can affect both the adolescent’s physical and psychological advertisements, magazines, and televisions are filled with good
tend to be depressed and pessimistic well-being
prominence of yellow bile looking faces
adolescents worry about different parts of their bodies reality: beauty standards presented in media are so unrealistic
choleric are easily angry, jumpy and adolescent boys and girls tend to experience negative self- that even the most beautiful and handsome supermodels cannot
temperamental adolescent
image because they are at a stage of development that is achieve it
excess phlegm probably confusing to them
phlegmatic whether it is biologically programmed or culturally constructed,
tend to be sluggish, dull and slow more concerned than boys about their physical appearance
girls it remains important in all societies
and overall body image

AIRAH M.
 different cultures have different definitions and perceptions of Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which the person refuses to eat onset of menstruation varies
5
beauty for fear of gaining weight. among countries, usually occurs at
people often say that beauty is in the eye of the beholder 6 Middle adulthood is the stage considered to expand from age 40 to 60. around 11-12 years of age
people tend to judge others based on physical appearance Tattooing is a form of body modification in which a decorative design is
7
however, physical appearance alone is not enough to know a made on the skin. develop as the embryo grows in the womb as a result of the
person's true character 8 Physical efficiency generally peaks during early adulthood. chromosomes contained within the embryonic cells as well as
it is important to see into a person's inner thoughts and feelings Obesity is a condition in which a person has accumulated so much body hormonal influences
9
- one's inner self fat. at about five weeks of pregnancy, two organs (called the
above all things physical, it is more important to be beautiful on The greatest concern that girls express about their bodies is that they are gonads) form in the embryo:
10
the inside too fat. gonads release testosterone that causes the
some people desperately change their physical appearance male’s sex organs to develop
these forms (tattooing, piercing, cosmetic surgery) have been during puberty, testosterone and other
popular through time however, these involve health risks
SEXUAL SELF men androgens stimulate the development of
body primary and secondary sex characteristics
some women have died from complications of skin whitening
modification the essence of love is the gift of myself
treatments, diet pills, and cosmetic surgery and also increase one's sex drive
infection, allergies, and other complications can result from the no other gift no other service can substitute for myself have a consistent production of hormones
James
use of unclean and poor-quality equipment love is a very personal intimate gift the ovaries produce estrogen and
E. Sullivan
some part of myself must be given or my act is not an act of progesterone as well as small amount of
love at all primary sex
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BODY MODIFICATION testosterone
characteristics
which injects ink onto the skin to draw a design estrogen promotes female reproductive
tattooing biological factors (reproductive system, sexual capacity and secondary sex characteristics
makeup can also be permanently tattooed
body lets people wear jewelry through different areas in their body characteristics, sexual behavior) are involved in progesterone stimulates growth of the
understanding/representing the self female reproductive organs and prepares the
piercing (e.g. ears, nose, tongue)
reproductive system: sex organs, sexual functions uterus for pregnancy
Both tattooing and body piercing have been practiced across the globe since sexual self women
ancient times and were considered signs of one’s strength, bravery and social understanding and experiencing the self includes a discussion sex hormones are not produced consistently
status. of the biological factors of sexual behaviors that includes the their production follows a cyclical pattern on
reproductive system and the sex characteristics that an approximately 28-day monthly cycle
which includes surgical and nonsurgical procedures to restore,
cosmetic differentiate between man and woman the greatest production occurs during the
reconstruct or alter body parts
surgery a system of sex organs designed for reproduction and sexual ovulation (when a mature egg is released
e.g. breast enhancement, nose lift, liposuction, botox
reproductive function from the ovaries) which can occur 14 days
favored over those who are not in many social situations
system affects not only how individuals view themselves but also after the beginning of the menstrual period
men and women who are physically attractive have more
their sexuality and sexual relationships
attractive opportunities in finding jobs, getting promotions, and having
people higher income unlike men who, female
DEVELOPMENT OF SEX CHARACTERISTICS IN THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM a system of sex organs designed for reproduction and sexual
some people view them as happier, smarter, and better people
unattractive people are less liked and assisted reproductive function
maturation of sex organs system affects not only how individuals view themselves but also
marked by rapid physical changes, including the: their sexuality and sexual relationships
SOME WAYS TO IMPROVE BODY IMAGE AND INNER SELF
a. maturation of the reproductive system
1 Smile a lot. b. development of primary and secondary sex
2 Take good care of your health. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
beginning of characteristics
3 Live a well-balanced life. made of erectile tissue
adolescence most young people become involved in dating and courtship
4 Dress well and be neat. clitoris swells with blood and arouses when a woman is sexually
through romantic relationships sexual behaviors are
5 Spend some time alone to reflect. aroused
developed
6 Be creative and do something new all the time. a muscular tube that serves as the receptacle for the penis
major youth problems in the Philippines: early pregnancy and
7 Develop a wholesome attitude towards sex. vagina and carrier of the sperm to the uterus
STIs
8 Avoid temptations. the birth canal where the fetus passes out of a mother's body
9 Respect individuality. two ovaries produce, store and release the egg cell during ovulation
SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS
10 Make friends. a hollow organ with a fertilized embryo grows to become a
primary secondary uterus
11 Face your fears. fetus
organs in the embryo
12 Be independent. lower part of the uterus
present at birth
13 Accept things as they are. cervix a passageway between the uterus and the vagina that
physical characteristics developed during onset of puberty
description expands during childbirth
14 Ask and listen. present at birth (age: 10-12 or 14)
fallopian tubes carry the fertilized egg from the ovary to the uterus
15 Think positive. distinguish male from
16 Pray. female
17 Count your blessings. testicular growth, sperm
18 Be thankful. production, appearance of facial,
penis, testes, scrotum,
male pubic, and other body hair, and
prostate gland
deepening of voice, testosterone
1 Gonosomes refers to the sex chromosomes. and androgens
Body image refers to how individuals perceive think and feel about their enlargement of breasts, widening
2 of hips (for child labor),
body.
female vagina, uterus, ovaries enlargement of buttocks, growth
3 Genes are the basic carriers of hereditary traits.
of pubic hair, active hormones:
4 Heredity is the inheritance of traits from parents to offspring.
progesterone and estrogen

AIRAH M.
 overall, women and men have equal potential for sexual outer part of the vagina swells with a surge
starts from fertilization and end at birth for an approximate arousal and women are no less physically responsive than of increased amounts of blood to that area
duration of 260 days men the clitoris retracts under the clitoral hood
pregnancy women
the endometrium thickens or sloughs off (also abundant areas of the body which are highly sensitive and produce but remains highly sensitive
blood vessels) to prepare for pregnancy erogenous sexual responses when stimulated outer lips of the vagina become redder in
zones include the genitals, mouth, breasts, ears, anus, and, to a color
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM lesser degree, the entire surface of the body contractions of the muscles in and around
the organ through which males urinate and delivery the or self-stimulation penis stimulate the release of the semen
sperm cells into the vagina during sexual intercourse one of the most basic forms of sexual stimulation men which contains sperm cells
penis made up of sensitive tissues and nerve endings masturbation involves the rubbing or fondling of the genital areas men usually achieve one intense orgasm
when a man is sexually aroused it becomes erect and allows provides a good index of sexual desire because it is not orgasmic phase during sexual intercourse
for penetration constrained by the availability of a partner orgasm involves the contraction of the
prostate glands, seminal vesicles (not included in lecture: intimate kissing, cuddling, necking, petting, or touching the pelvic muscles that surround the vagina
other sexual women
accessory bulbourethral or Cowper’s glands) erogenous zones walls
activities
glands before reaching the penis, sperm cells travel through here maybe uniquely important for sexual arousal orgasm can happen multiple times
produce semen and nourish the sperm cells the body returns to its normal state after orgasm
or testicles also influences the expression of sexual desire the erection is lost
located in a loose pouchlike sack of skin called the scrotum norms continue to shape sexual activity along socially men the testes decreased in size
testes resolution phase
are responsible for the production of sperm cells and male acceptable behavior the scrotum thins again
sex hormones masturbation and premarital sex are discouraged in most the clitoris and the vagina return to their
vas deferens transports the sperm containing fluid called semen cultures women
normal state
is a set of coiled ducts connected to the vas deferens where expression of sexual desire is also influenced by sexual scripts
epididymis culture
the sperm cells are stored or the stereotyped patterns of expectations on how people ATTRACTION LOVE AND ATTACHMENT
should behave sexually
some people believe that sex should be done only within as they grow and mature, they make new patterns of
marriage relationships and commitments with other people
expression of sexual desire and engaging in premarital sex are while these new patterns of relationships may change as they
taboo for women adolescents mature, they could form the foundations on which intimacy
during adulthood will be established
THE PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE during adolescence, dating and courtship emerge and become
increasingly important
made by William Masters and Virginia Johnson who found an important stage in sexual development
that the biological responses males and females the sexual puberty the time when many boys and girls first experience their first
sexual-response
stimulation are quite similar sexual attraction
cycle
describe the changes that occur in the body as men and influenced by social norms physical attractiveness and
women become sexually aroused initial processes of interpersonal exchange
release of sperm cells from the penis attraction social norms influence attraction in several ways such as in
each ejaculation approximately contains 300 to 500 million THE SEXUAL-RESPONSE CYCLE determining who are appropriate as lovers and spouses
ejaculation
sperm cells the beginning of sexual arousal physical the degree to which a person's physical traits are regarded as
sperm cells can live up to 48 hours inside the uterus can last from one minute to several hours attractiveness aesthetically pleasing or beautiful
pulse rate increases proposes that attraction is the result of an exchange process
SEXUAL AROUSAL AND EROGENOUS ZONES WHAT TURNS PEOPLE ON blood pressure rises people tend to view relationships as the result of the rewards
social
breathing quickens and costs they entail
complex exchange
the skin shows are rosy flush particularly on the chest and as the relationship develops, the sharing of activities and
it may be produced by direct stimulation of the body's theory
breast areas information contributes to increased attraction, liking, trust,
erogenous zones on the areas of the body that provide excitement phase nipples harden in both men and women and love
pleasure the penis becomes erect includes a complex combination of different emotions (e.g.
in many species: sexual arousal is closely tied to variations in men the skin of the scrotum thickens fear, anger, sexual desire, joy, jealousy): some of these
hormone levels emotions may also be sources of suffering (Santrock, 2002)
testes increase in size romantic love
in humans: hormones play less of a role has strong components of sexual attraction and infatuation
the clitoris swells
in one sense, the brain is where sexual desire originates and and is often experienced in the early stage of a love relationship
the lips of the vagina open
where sexual behavior is controlled women (Santrock, 2002)
human sexual the vagina’s insides become wet in
cognitive factors play an important role in sexual arousal in suggests that there are three components of love:
arousal preparation for sexual intercourse
humans refers to the feelings of closeness
the changes in the body continue intimacy
sexual fantasies play a significant role in sexual arousal (e.g. connectedness and bondedness
breathing becomes more rapid
some individuals become sexually aroused by creating or refers to the drives that lead the romance
fantasizing erotic images) heart rate increases
Robert passion physical attraction and sexual
many believe that compared with women men think about body temperature rises
Sternberg consummation
sex more often because they report more frequent sex plateau phase blood pressure increases
refers to the decision to love and the
fantasies and more frequent feelings of sexual desire the penis becomes more erect commitment
commitment to maintain that love
women tend to place more emphasis on emotional closeness the circumference of the penis’ head love is classified based on the combination of any of these
men
with a lover than men do increases components
a few drops of fluid or released

AIRAH M.
 biological anthropologist and expert in the science of human TYPES OF STIs guarantees universal access to methods of contraception
attraction human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunity deficiency fertility control sexual education and maternal care
suggests the important ingredients of romantic love: syndrome provides for the prevention and treatment of HIV aids and other
lust driven by the desire for sexual gratification are caused by direct contact with body fluids (e.g. through blood STIs or STDs especially since the number of HIV cases among the
HIV/AIDS
Helen Fisher attraction often associated with sexual attraction transfusion, breastfeeding and sexual intercourse) youth is rising
occurs when individuals desire to connect it attacks the immune system and the infected person eventually aims to keep couples and women especially, well informed
with another person intimately dies about available family planning methods that they can freely
attachment use depending on their needs and beliefs
it may also be called affectionate or caused by gonococcal bacteria which attack the lining of the
companionate love gonorrhea mucous membrane (e.g. mouth, throat, vagina, urethra) also aims to promote awareness among adolescent and youth
defines attachment as a strong affectional tie that binds a can be treated by penicillin or other antibiotics on sexuality and reproductive health through proper sex
person to an intimate companion infects the genital areas and other parts of the body, including the education
syphilis
maintains that the quality of early parent child attachment has brain, and can cause paralysis or even death when left untreated
a lasting impact on the kind of relationships people have later caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis
John Bowlby
in life, including romantic relationships can cause swollen testicles and a burning Masters and Johnson divide the sexual-response cycle into four phases: the
men 1
the ability to form stable and close relationships begins at chlamydia sensation during urination excitement, plateau, orgasmic, and resolution.
infancy in the child's earliest experiences with a caregiver who can result in sterility if left untreated because it 2 In women, the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone,
women
meets his or her needs damages the uterus ovaries and fallopian tubes 3 The most common sexual orientation is heterosexuality.
genital can cause itching and tingling sensations abscesses and blisters in RH law is a law that guarantees universal access to methods of
4
SEXUAL ORIENTATION herpes the genital area contraception, fertility control, sexual education and maternal care.
caused by the human papilloma virus Bisexual people are those who believe they were born with a body of the
genital 5
refers to a person's sexual identity anchored on what gender women with human papilloma virus are prone to cervical cancer opposite sex.
they are attracte1d to warts
though the warts can be removed, they may recur Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease which is caused by gonococcal
6
theories of the origins of sexual orientation look at both the bacteria.
biological makeup of the individual and the environmental can cause itching and tingling sensations abscesses and blisters in Sternberg suggests that there are three components of love: intimacy,
7
influences on his or her orientation (Rathus, 2017) the genital area passion, and commitment.
some explanations for homosexuality and bisexuality are the consequences of high teenage pregnancy in the Philippines 8 Contraception refers to methods that are used to prevent pregnancy.
sexual
biological in nature, suggesting that genetic factors (e.g. early remain a major concern The testes are responsible for the production of sperm cells and male sex
orientation 9
hormones, certain neural systems) may also play a role in sexual pregnancy creates health risks among young mothers under babies since hormones.
orientation female reproductive organs are not yet mature during Homosexuals are attracted to and interested in relationships with people
research studies on the biological causes of homosexuality and 10
adolescence of the same sex.
bisexuality are not conclusive complications may arise during pregnancy and birth
reinforcement and observational learning might also affect an
individual's sexual orientation METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION AND THE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW

TYPES OF SEXUAL ORTIENTATION over the years, they have become less restricted
most common sexual orientation sexual premarital sex is now more accepted
heterosexuality
one is sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex activities over the past several decades, there has been a gradual trend
the orientation of one who is sexually attracted to the same toward initiating sex at an earlier age
sex contraception refers to methods that are used to prevent pregnancy
homosexuality
gays homosexual males
lesbians homosexual females CONTRACEPTION METHODS
an orientation where one is attracted to both opposite and condoms also prevent some STIs
bisexuality
same sex intrauterine device
IUD include a tiny device made of flexible plastic that is
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AND EARLY PREGNANCY inserted in the uterus to prevent pregnancy
birth control injectables given every three months to women
sexually transmitted infections oral contraceptive pills are taken every day
also called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) withdrawal method
are contracted primarily through sexual contact (vaginal, oral or the number of days in each menstrual cycle is
anal sex) calendar method recorded and a couple avoids sex during the fertile
affect the sex organs themselves while others have broader and period
more life-threatening effects, however, even curable bacterial a type of natural family planning method based on
infections can cause serious health problems if ignored and left careful observation of mucus patterns during the
untreated and some bacterial infections are difficult to detect Billings ovulation
course of the menstrual cycle
STIs because some symptoms are not immediately noticeable method
the mucus patterns may help in determining when
commonly include human immunodeficiency virus or acquired a woman is most likely to conceive or not
immunity deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), gonorrhea, syphilis, the best method in preventing pregnancy and
chlamydia, genital herpes and genital warts abstaining
sexually transmitted infections or diseases
anyone who is sexually active is at risk of STIs and STDs and
should practice safe sex or the Reproductive Heath Law
it is important to remember that not having sex can be the
Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012
safest sex method to avoid all forms of STIs and STDs as well as RH Law
studies show that contraceptive use is low particularly among
other problems (e.g. early pregnancy)
sexually active adolescents

AIRAH M.
 MATERIAL SELF these components of the material self become a significant
reference of one's sense of self and identity 1 Poor people are not interested in material possessions. FALSE
I believe that a simple and unassuming manner of life is the developmental evidence suggests that identification with 2 The soul makes up the material self. FALSE
Albert Einstein
best for everyone, best both for the body and the mind. material things begins quite early in life but remains high 3 People tend to judge others through their material possessions. TRUE
throughout life as people seek for happiness (Belk, 1988) 4 Material possessions can make people depressed. TRUE
made up of a person's tangible possessions with his or her in his work Are We What We Own?, suggests that material The greater the material possessions the more one is likely to be happy.
car, house, clothes, even family and friends possessions act as an objective manifestation of the self 5
TRUE
regardless of how much or how little a person owns material possessions can be a reflection of hard work and 6 All individuals are materialistic. FALSE
material self
materially, he or she will always strive to acquire more success 7 The strong desire for material possessions could lead to insecurity. TRUE
Russel Belk
because material possessions are usually a reflection of the normally people tend to measure success through the 8 Material possessions can be used as status symbol. TRUE
(1988)
person’s success or failure amount of their material possessions The desire for material possessions is usually influenced by the media.
according to William James, it is everything that an individual owning material possessions becomes a driving force in 9
TRUE
considers to be his or hers, not only his or her body & material urging an individual to seek high level of achievement in order 10 Identification with material things begins in adolescence. TRUE
self possessions, but also his or her reputation and beliefs to be able to acquire more possessions
is composed of the material itself which is the manifestation the desire for material possessions also have negative effects
of one's identity through his material possessions on one’s sense of self and identity SPIRITUAL SELF
refers to giving more important than material possessions
Just as a candle cannot burn without fire, men cannot live
BASIC COMPONENTS OF MATERIAL SELF than intangible values Buddha
without a spiritual self.
one of the tasks of adolescents is to accept and appreciate a materialistic person is the one who is excessively concerned
the physical characteristics of their body, however few with the acquisition of material possessions
the inner essence, the part of the self that connects the
adolescents are able to do this successfully the strong desire for material possessions could lead to
person to the sacred, the supernatural, and the universe
adolescents tend the worry about their bodies and physical psychological dysfunction or impairment in functioning [e.g.
compulsive buying disorder (CBD)] enables the person to experience a feeling of oneness with a
appearance
body higher being and the universe
generally, girls are more concerned about the appearance of psychologists identify other social and cultural factors that
materialism gives a deeper purpose or meaning of one’s life
their body than boys seemed to be strongly implicated in the etiology of spiritual self
materialism understanding and nurturing this self aspect is as important
perceptions about what makes a body beautiful are usually
as with the other aspects of the self
influenced by the media as shown in television and the people are exposed to images in television the Internet and
magazines that brag about the importance of material develops through interaction, observation, and imitation
Internet
possessions (e.g. branded clothes, mobile phones, cars) family, school and church play a very important role in a
clothes represent the self
lack of these material possessions could lead to anxiety child’s spiritual development
the style and brand of clothes become significant symbols
insecurity and depression and people who are overly according to William James, it is everything that an individual
particularly among adolescents
clothes materialistic considers to be his or hers, not only his or her body & material
the clothes they tend to wear are greatly influenced by their
thus, when a person is about to make a purchase, he or she self possessions, but also his or her reputation and beliefs
peer groups, because adolescents are anxious to conform to
should ask himself or herself a very important question: DO I is composed of the material itself which is the manifestation
what their peer groups find fashionable and attractive
REALLY NEED THIS? of one's identity through his material possessions
one’s house, car, and other things that he or she considers as his or her possession
compulsive characterized by an obsession with shopping and buying begins at an early age but develop throughout life as people
an individual has relationships with (e.g. one’s immediate and
buying disorder behaviors that can cause adverse consequences (e.g. debts) continuously interact in the environment
extended family members, close friends) whom one feel
influences the individual through acts of faith, hope and love
people psychologically connected
CONSUMER CULTURE root meaning is taken from the Latin word spiritus, meaning
these people are likely to shape and influence the
breath or life force
development of one's self and identity
a social system in which consumption is dominated by the can be understood as the search for the sacred, a process
also symbolically define a person's identity
consumption of commercial products (Arnould, 2010) through which people seek to discover, hold onto, and when
pets could be an expression of one's social status pride and
denotes a social arrangement in which the relations between spirituality necessary transform whatever they hold sacred in their lives
prestige as in owning a dog or a cat of a very expensive breed
lived culture and social resources and between meaningful (Hill and Pargament, 2003)
consumer the meaning and purpose in one's life, a search for
THE ROLE OF MATERIAL POSSESSIONS ON THE SENSE OF SELF AND IDENTITY ways of life and the symbolic and material resources on which
culture wholeness, and our relationship with a transcendent being
they depend on are mediated through markets
the consumption of market made commodities and desire (Hopson, Siegel, Payton, & Defanti, 2006)
regardless of how much or how little people have these, they the sacred transcendence could refer to a higher being
remain valuable because these possessions are symbolic of inducing marketing symbols essential to consumer culture
(Arnould & Craig, 2005) originally developed in early Christianity
one's status
consumerist is one in which people spend a great deal of time money and connected with religion
cars, houses, gadgets and clothes are to some the most
society energy to consume commercial products goods and services Christians use the term spirit to describe the Holy Spirit
valuable possessions because they are the most visible in the
the consumption of material goods and services in excess of Peschke (1994) describes that the experience of the sacred is
eyes of others
one's basic needs characterized by reverence, faith, fear, trust, love, and
the more expensive they are the more other people are Christian ethics
closely tied to materialism and both heavily influenced the admiration which are intimately connected to God
impressed
way individuals view their self through acts of faith, hope, and love, man is able to
material defining the self by material possessions can also contribute
it can be viewed positively and negatively (e.g. people tend to encounter God and understand God's words of salvation
possessions to a feeling of well-being, including a sense of personal
be happier and more motivated when their wants and needs regarded as an essential act three allies the ultimate meaning
growth and purpose or meaning in life consumerism
are met) of transcendence and human life
lack or loss of material possessions can be disruptive to one’s worship
it encourages people to buy products and services that they acts of worship may include prayer, reading the Bible,
mental health, like people losing their houses and other
do not really need or afford attending sacraments, and doing sacrifices
possessions because of disasters and calamities
the state of needs and wants tends to be endless and thus an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the
people tend to judge others through their material
could cause negative effects such as dissatisfaction and supernatural along with associated ceremonial practices by
possessions religion
happiness and depression which people tried to interpret and/or influence aspects of
the greater the material possessions, the more likely one will
the universe otherwise beyond their control
be accepted and regarded well by other people

AIRAH M.
 all religions recognize the importance of spirituality in one’s Frankl elaborates that love is the only way to grasp another Steven, Anglin and Jussim (2015) cite that in some people,
life human being in the innermost core of his or her personality politics is essential component of their identity
one’s spirituality may be expressed through religion and no one can become fully aware of the essence of another for others, it may be a more peripheral concern but
participation in religious rituals and ceremonies (Haviland, human being unless he or she loves him or her temporarily becomes a central one in certain situations
Prins, Walrath, & McBride, 2013) by his or her love, he or she is enabled to see essential traits the political community where people belong offers an
Spirituality and religion fulfill numerous social and and features of the beloved person opportunity for them to define themselves and provide
psychological needs (e.g. the need to explain human thus, he imports that the salvation of men is through love opportunities to satisfy their needs for affiliation
sufferings and death) and in love in his work Politics, he describes the role that politics and the
through the practice of religious activities (e.g. prayers), love finds its deepest meaning in one's spiritual being - the political community must play in bringing about the virtuous
Aristotle
people may find comfort, security and stability in times of inner self life and the citizenry
sufferings loss insecurities and uncertainties according to Frankl, it is through sufferings that man he observes that man is by nature a political animal
spirituality and religion may be a source of love hope and encountered a central theme of existentialism: to live is to the most basic identification with the nation
affection (Brown & Parrish, 2011) suffer, to survive is to find a meaning in the suffering denotes the membership of a citizen in a political society
citizenship
if there is purpose in life at all, there must be a purpose in as a citizen, a person enjoys full civil and political rights
SEARCH FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE suffering and in dying including protection inside and outside a territory of the state
but no one can tell another what this purpose is organizes one’s beliefs, attitudes, and affiliations and aids in
by suffering
in his book Man’s Search for Meaning, he begins by sharing each one must find out for himself or herself and must the processing of politically relevant information
political self
his personal experiences in the Nazi concentration camp accept the responsibility that his or her answers prescribe people use their political values and belief systems to define
he explains how personal passes through three major faces if he or she succeeds, he or she will continue to grow in themselves as unique individuals of society
in the concentration camp, and how each face transformed spite of all indignities
the prisoners from their previous lives to a new one and Frankl is fond of quoting Nietzsche “He who has a why to POLITICAL SELF AND IDENTITY
how they developed various pathologies live can bear almost any how”
the prisoner was first in a state of shock, which was an essential part of the self that organizes self-relevant
followed by the face of developing apathy, and lastly, the THE PRACTICE OF ANIMISM information about politics
psychology of the prisoner after liberation constitutes knowledge about the constitution, government
during the last phase the prisoners experienced spirituality is also associated with animism and governance
depersonalization beliefs about the secret also include the primitive concept roles include:
Frankl’s personal experiences in the Nazzi concentration about animism that creatures, objects, and places possess ▪ helps in defining the structure and functions of the
camps during WWII lead him to develop the basic tenants certain spirits government
of logotherapy, which were tested and found a valid even the belief that things and places are alive and grounded by a ▪ helps in telling and understanding the relationship
amid all the dark forces in human existence supernatural order between the state and the citizens
Viktor Frankl
embraced both the bright and dark side of human in the Philippines, indigenous peoples are known to practice ▪ helps in describing the rights, freedom, and obligations as
existence animism citizens
believed that inevitable human suffering could contribute e.g. some groups believe that the spirits of the sun, sky and ▪ exemplifies the ideas and aspirations of the people
to human achievement and the search of meaning in life political self
moon are their gods and that different dieties exist to protect embodies the rules and principles of the state
further suggests that one should not search for an abstract animism ▪ determines the status and power of the people
them and guide them toward a fruitful life
meaning of life others believe that spirits inhabit animals in nature (e.g. one important component of political self is identity
everyone has his or her only specific vocation or mission in trees, rocks, mountains, and bodies of water) among others defined by reference to other members in the political group
life; everyone must carry out a concrete assignment that and that respect must be given to them through acts of or community where one belongs
demands fulfillment worship (e.g. offerings prayers sacrifices) to please or the value component of identity construction is shaped by
ultimately, one should not ask what the meaning of his or appease them societal agencies that enter the life of the individual from
her life is, but rather must recognize that it is he or she who being linked with folk belief, it cultivates among people a childhood all the way through adulthood (Diokno, 1997)
is asked consciousness of the environment that they are in the some the political self and identity are developed through
in a word, each individual is questioned by life; and he or making them more mindful of how they act according the socialization, through the ways people learn the knowledge,
she can only answer the life by answering for his or her own different things they come in contact with norms, values, motives, and roles appropriate their positions
life; tonight if he or she can only responsible in a group or community
the blunting of the emotions and the feeling that one could identity the person's understanding of who and what he or she is
apathy not care anymore POLITICAL SELF becomes a salient basis for political self
is a protective shell from the brutalities in the camp It is a useless life that is not consecrated the great deal. It is often defined the political self
a state in which everything seemed unreal unlikely as in a Jose Rizal like a stone wasted on the field without becoming a part of in her book Democracy and Citizenship, Ma. Serena Diokno
depersonalization
dream any edifice. (1997) mentions that citizenship is the most basic
the pursuit of human existence as well as on man's search identification with the nation and as such is oriented towards
for such a meaning UNDERSTANDING POLITICS the state and its expression in law and policy
the striving to find a meaning in one's life is the primary citizenship from the social and psychological perspectives, the
logotherapy motivational force in man Kendall (1998) defines this as a social institution through individuals claim to citizenship means that the person relates
one can discover the meaning of life in three different which power is acquired and exercised by people in groups himself or herself to a group of others who also see
ways: by doing a deed, by experiencing a value, and by an important part of human development because it themselves as citizens of a larger polity
suffering promotes ideologies about democracy, citizenship, human the institutions which influence the values of citizenship are
politics rights, freedom, family, health, and other social issues the family, church, school, media, government and non-
LOGOTHERAPY: THREE WAYS TO DISCOVER MEANING OF LIFE exists in all human societies governmental organizations
the way of finding meaning on life is through achievement serves as the mechanism by which individuals develop power social may significantly influence a person's understanding of
doing a deed interaction politics, and perhaps a person's political actions in the future
or accomplishments and understand the proper functioning of a democratic
experiencing a by experiencing something or someone (e.g. loving a society as a citizen
value person)

AIRAH M.
 through this, people learn the status, duties, rights, and has a similar structure through the family with the teacher all members must also commit to and take responsibility
power necessary to interact successfully with other people in acting as the leader of the group for fostering and maintaining an environment in which
the group or community in terms of the functionality of status and power, students political participation can occur
overtime individuals internalize the political attitudes, values, will more likely comply with rules in school because it e.g. ordinary Filipino citizens must be allowed to take part
and views of others and incorporate them into their political entails serious and greater consequences in the policy and decision-making process regarding the
self also helps shape the ideals of citizenship and democracy administration of the country which is in accordance to the
throughout life, as individuals meet new people and join new through their religious teachings, values, and traditions democratic nature of the Philippine society
church
groups, the political self is influenced and modified by the emphasizes moral values, together with the family and
opinions, comments, and suggestions of other people school
also important in influencing the political self
DIGITAL SELF
THE ORIGINS OF POLITICAL SELF the members are equal in status, unlike in the family and Francois de La How can we expect another to keep our secret if we cannot
has a hierarchical structure which requires each member to school where members have different status and power Rochefoucauld keep it ourselves?
peers
perform his or her role interaction with peers encompasses and emphasizes the
makes the most contribution to the child's development of equal distribution of power, rights and privileges among among the Filipino youth, the use of digital technology has
political self members of the group now become part of the self
each position carries a set of rights, responsibilities, and could also be a key source of information on politics and is the aspect of the self that is expressed or shared with
expectations mass media thus may influence an individual’s political values and others their online interactions on the Internet, specifically in
through the hierarchy of positions, status and power are beliefs social networking sites
ascribed on such sites, users normally disclose personal information
consists of members who differ in status, obligations, THEORIES OF POLITICAL SELF such as their name, age, birthdate, address, and contact
influence or power SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY details
digital self
traditionally, the father is the most influential member of a person can acquire learning through observation and imitation some users also provide very personal information about
the family the learner watchers the behavior of another person themselves (e.g. their likes and dislikes, hobbies, favorite
▪ he acts as the leader and establishes rules to maintain (model) and then performs the behavior in a similar way food, favorite movies, places they have visited, relationship
order in the family imitation status, thoughts and feelings, and important events in their
observation and imitation are important in a process
▪ his role as the leader entails power and authority known as political socialization lives)
▪ he coordinates with the mother in helping the children the lifelong process by which individuals gain knowledge the sharing of personal information on social networking sites
perform the roles necessary for a successful family about politics may be related to the strong desire of adolescents for social
from an early age, individuals are thought to obey and treat in everyday life, social interaction significantly influences a approval and acceptance: similar can be said about adults
parents with respect and conform to their rules person's understanding of politics
this shows that authority is necessary in the development political SELF-PRESENTATION AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
through the process of identification, individuals
of the political self and identity which is established by the socialization
(especially children in adolescents) incorporate the
family father and the mother characteristics or traits as well as the values beliefs and John DeLamater and Daniel Myers (2012) cite that it is heavily
children must be governed thus, there must be some form self
motives of the models (parents or significant people) they influenced by feedback from others
of established status and power in the family look up to the impact of others whom people interact with depends
the ordered positions and ascribed roles in the family suggests that the mental activities (e.g. knowledge upon the nature of one's relationship with them
prepare children for several and higher roles external to perceptions ideas) of individuals are important may be very influential to how one person presents himself
the family, in the context of being a citizen of the state cognitive theory determinants of behavior (e.g. political attitudes) or herself in a virtual space
Aristotle considers the state as a natural union of families interaction
e.g. individuals interpret the meaning of politics and then the views of others through online interaction (social
established with a common good under a definite with significant
choose and decide the actions they will make networking) are so important that they become part of the
government others
suggests that behaviors are products of communication, self
first and foremost duty of parents: educate the children meaning, and symbols personal information that individuals disclose through online
about basic values and beliefs (teach basic values and people give meanings to symbols and they express these interaction with others judge favorably through “liking” and
discipline) meanings through language and communication “reacting” contributes the positive self-concepts
the process of learning is imbued with values and beliefs theory of e.g. children develop their political attitudes according to people tried to present themselves in such a way to impress
through identification symbolic the symbols and meanings that their parents communicate - that is to create positive impressions in the eyes of other
morality underlies political values and beliefs interaction to them people
the family directly and indirectly influences a person's based on the symbols and meanings that people ascribe to refers to an individual's attempts, both conscious and
political attitudes, views, and beliefs objects (e.g. politics human rights freedom), people can unconscious, to control how he or she projects himself or
the Philippine Constitution does recognize the duty and formulate plans of action (e.g. election, demonstrations, self- herself in social interactions
responsibility of parents: rally) presentation some forms of self- presentation may be authentic, but some
▪ to educate and train their children to become good, political participation can be defined as citizen’s actions or may be tactical or selective
useful and worthy citizens of the country and to prepare activities anchored in politics is inherent in all situations
them for future responsibilities thus, any activity concerning the government or the widespread use of online interactions has increased the
equally the Philippine Constitution recognizes its vital role governance of the state is an example of political opportunities to engage in self-presentation and impression
in inculcating among the youth the value of patriotism and participation management
nationalism and encouraging their involvement in public the extent and scope of political participation may be an most people strive to create images that are positive
and civic affairs of the country theory of political
important criteria for assessing the value or quality of thus, individuals use several methods to create positive
school have the responsibility in the formal education and training participation
symbols and meanings that people ascribe to politics impression impressions of them (some individuals tried to alter their
of children nonetheless, in order for political participation to work in a management appearances through what they post on social networking
one of its responsibilities is to teach moral, spiritual, and society, a covenant of mutual trust and respect among sites such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter by using photo
political values that will help the students to become members of the society must exist editing tools)
patriotic and morally upright citizens to sustain this covenant, there must be an open flow of
communication and feedback from the members

AIRAH M.
 the desire to impress other people on social media may lead it has altered the way people view the social dimension of for this reason, the government, together with academic and
this showing of one’s work achievements, and material relationships and dictated new ways for people to relate even religious institution in the Philippines, make efforts to
possessions in a virtual place with one another prevent and effectively managed to spread of identity theft,
nevertheless, the desire to create positive impressions and to advancements in computer and software technologies false information, and fake news in the country
be liked by others may lead to consequences that can be risky have reached an impressive level to protect the people from invasion of privacy, Republic Act
to one’s security and mental health (e.g. identity theft, these technologies improve not only very common areas of 10173, otherwise known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012, was
cyberbullying, gossiping, anxiety, depression) People's Daily life but also areas of education health and passed in the Philippines
thus, individuals should be very careful with what they post production industries (Mishra, Misra, Mueller, Perez, states that:
or share on social networking sites Bhatia, & Wang, 2014) It is the policy of the state to protect the fundamental human
people should still be mindful of their privacy using social a form of technology that include all types of electronic rights of privacy, of communication while ensuring free flow
networking sites equipment and applications that use information in the of information to promote innovation and growth. The state
form of numeric codes recognizes the vital role of information and communications
EXPRESSION OF GENDER AND SEXUALITY ONLINE includes the use of devices that process and use digital Data Privacy technology and nation-building and its inherent obligation to
information (e.g. computers and mobile phones) Act of 2012 ensure that personal information in information and
has enabled volumes of information to be compressed and communication systems in the government and in the private
the Merriam Webster Dictionary defines this as the quality
sexuality digital technology compact storage devices, so as to be easily contained and sector are secured and protected. Personal information in this
or state of being sexual
delivered, minimizing the time it takes for data to be context refers to an information, whether recorded in a
is the psychological identification of a person as masculine
gender transmitted material form are not, from which the identity of an individual
or feminine
has immensely changed the pattern of working as well as is apparent or can be reasonably and directly ascertained by
both could affect not only how people think about themselves but also their
the learning of new concepts including communication the entity holding the information, or when put together with
relationships with others and how others think of them as well (Cicarelli and
e.g. innovations in mobile phones resulted in the other information would directly and certainly identify an
White, 2012)
widespread use of the Internet and social networking individual.
individuals tend to be categorized based on their gender
identity and sexuality and different types of situations that
are visible in different forms of media, especially social IMPACT OF ONLINE INTERACTIONS ON THE SELF PART THREE:
media
the portrayal of male and female behaviors in media could are the fastest growing Internet population in Southeast Asia
MANAGING AND CARING FOR THE SELF
gender identity affect the construction of appropriate sexual behaviors of this can be rooted the majority of the Filipinos, particularly
and sexuality people, especially adolescents the youth, use the Internet primarily for social networking
Philippines
the Internet and social networking sites provide channels which is mostly used for communication, information, and
for the dissemination of information including information entertainment (Estuar, 2003; Bristol, Caro, Mangaliman, &
about gender identity and sexuality Bernarter, 2013; Ignatius and Hechanova, 2014)
for this reason, better and accurate information is now Iqbal, Khan, & Malik (2017) suggest that these are ever more
becoming available becoming a very valuable part of the daily life of today's youth
Physiological Association of the Philippines they allowed users to keep in touch connect with people and
provides scientific knowledge on application of be updated on the activities and whereabouts of others
psychological theories, concepts, and principles on gender however, the use of digital technology and online interactions
identity and sexual orientation that benefit society and mobile phones limit face-to-face interaction with others and has drawn
improve the lives of the members of the LGBTQ+ (lesbian people away from meaningful and intimate communication
gay bisexual transgender queer, +) community with families and friends
PAP in its website, online resources and publications on LGBTQ+ hence, the growing news of the Internet and social
issues, resources and information addresses bias and networking sites changes the social behaviors of individuals, involves recognizing the factors and developing strategies
learning to be a
discrimination issues families, and societies as a whole that contribute to learning such as metacognition and self-
better student
with dignity and equality of all persons of various sexual found that the use of Internet has both positive and negative regulation
orientations, a measure prohibiting discrimination on the Hechanova and outcomes setting goals for involves recognizing those factors and developing
basis of sexual orientation or gender identity or expression Ortega-Go through their study, the use of Internet can improve once success strategies to achieve these goals and reach success
is developed relationships through easier ways of communicating taking charge of involves recognizing the factors that cause stress and
aims to protect the rights and welfare of the LGBTQ+ can be an important facility for the base on current issues in one’s health developing strategies to reduce the effects of stress
Anti- people in the Philippines the country such as political issues
Discrimination the act recognizes the important role of it can also be a facility to express the opinions needs and
Act telecommunications and social media in protecting concerns of people
LEARNING TO BE A BETTER STUDENT
social
particularly the LGBTQ+ people from discriminatory acts it is also through this that identity theft, false information,
networking The only person who is educated is the one who is a learned
and fake news are able to circulate Carl Rogers
how to learn and change.
THE IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY thus, the church, schools, and the government exert efforts
to prevent an effectively managed to spread of identity theft
according to them, learning new knowledge and skills every
its use is essential for individual survival and for false information and fake news in the country
neuroscientists day keeps the structures of their brain changing increases its
communication with other people most users of social networking sites prefer to be anonymous ability to learn learning
just as its use is becoming important for individuals, it is may and sometimes use false names
privacy and behaviorists define this as a relatively permanent change in
also developing to be important for the development of should be a major concern, especially for adolescents who behavior as a result of practice or experiences
confidentiality
society may not be entirely aware of the consequences of sharing
technology cognitive psychologists define this as a process that leads to
the Business Dictionary defines this as the application of private information online for anyone to see learning
change as a result of experience
information in a design, production, and utilization of usually post pictures and videos of themselves their friends
is the acquisition of knowledge skills and attitudes through
goods and services, and in the organization of human and family
adolescents experience
activities are particularly susceptible to cyberbullying, gossips and
has changed the social features of people's lives stalking

AIRAH M.
 it is a transformation or process that leads to personal growth is packed with neurons and is responsible for the most improve students’ academic performance and help them become
9
and development sophisticated information processing in the brain successful
helps an individual to adapt to their constantly changing divided into four lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and 10 develop students’ high sense of self efficacy and self esteem
environment occipital (each lobe is responsible for processing the
it is a constant process that can result from direct and indirect different types of sensory information) HOW TO DEVELOP METACOGNITIVE AND SELF-REGULATED LEARNING
experiences plays a key role in human learning thought memory and BEHAVIORS
individuals learn from one another through observation and language (Rathus, 2017) Set your short-term and long-term academic goals in your studies. Identify
imitation 1 the negative outcomes if you don't achieve their goals as well as the
METACOGNITION AND SELF-REGULATED LEARNING
is important to the survival of human beings because it positive outcomes when you achieve them.
enables them to discover new knowledge technology and the awareness of one's thinking and the strategies one uses to Make a self-help plan to achieve your academic goals. Think and select
interventions learn 2 strategies to achieve your goals such as staying focused, avoiding
is simply defined as a cognition about cognition or thinking distractions, and developing skills to manage your time efficiently.
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE BRAIN DURING LEARNING about thinking Monitor your academic performance and progress. Use a chart to monitor
psychologist John Flavell (Lai, 2011) identify two components your work outcomes. When faced with difficult tasks, seek social support
have deposited to learn new skills and adapt to new of metacognition: 3 when you need it. Look for inspiration to keep you motivated in achieving
humans your academic goals. When confronted with difficulties, always think and
environments includes knowledge of one's own
metacognition keep working toward your goals and the future.
powerful agents of change throughout one's life that cognitive abilities, knowledge of
development and metacognitive
induce structural and functional plasticity in the neural cognitive tasks, and knowledge of the Reflect on what you have learned and accomplished. Reflection helps you
learning knowledge 4
systems of the brain (Galvan, 2010) strategies to complete the cognitive develop your strengths and overcome your weaknesses.
the ability of the brain to change throughout one's life tasks
involves the addition of new neurons, new refers to how an individual monitors
metacognitive
interconnections between neurons, and the and controls his or her cognitive 1 Cognition refers to emotions. FALSE
regulation
reorganization of information processing areas processes 2 The number of neurons and synapses declines with age. TRUE
the ability of the brain to change happens in two ways: Zimmerman (2002) defines this as the process in which 3 The structures of the brain keep changing. TRUE
▪ it could be through an increase in the number of students systematically direct their thoughts, feelings and 4 The cortex is divided into four lobes. TRUE
synapses between neurons actions toward the attainment of their academic goals 5 Learning is a constant process. TRUE
▪ a change in the function and structure of the neurons it is a process of taking control of and evaluating one's own 6 Self-regulated learning is a cyclical process. TRUE
changes in the structure and functions of the neurons in learning and behavior 7 Neuroplasticity usually happens in the cortex. TRUE
neuroplasticity
the brain it is a self-directed process through which students transform The two components of self-regulated learning are knowledge and
usually happens in the cerebral cortex their mental abilities into academic skills 8
regulation. FALSE
although the brain continues to grow and develop it is also a cyclical process in which the student plans for a task 9 Self-regulation is a mental ability. TRUE
throughout one's life, the overall number of neurons and monitors his or her performance and reflects on the outcome
10 Metacognition is thinking about how others think. FALSE
synapses declines with age the cycle is then repeated as the student uses his or her
thus, Dr. Michael Merzenich, a leader in the field of reflections to adjust and prepare for the next task SETTING GOALS FOR SUCCESS
neuroplasticity research, suggests that learning new self-regulated thus, students practice their self-regulation learning by setting
knowledge and skills every day keeps the structure of the learning (SRL) goals selecting and using strategies, monitoring their Abraham If you plan on being anything less than you are capable of
brain in constant change which increases its ability to learn performance, and reflecting on their learning outcomes Maslow being, you will probably be unhappy all the days of your life.
are the basic building blocks of the nervous system that (Zimmerman, 2008)
transmit impulses or messages the three essential components of self-regulated learning are: does not happen and it is not enough to have goals or
is made of a cell body (soma), dendrites and an axon increases efficiency, control, and ambitions
planning success
motivation is the outcome of hard work and determination that must be
allows students to learn to think and shaped over a long process
problem
look for solutions when faced with motivation directs a person's behavior toward a particular goal
solving
adversities is the object toward which the behavior is directed usually
increases self-awareness that leads to within a specified period of time
self-
the better understanding of one's own within the context of industrial/organizational psychology, it
evaluation
emotions, strengths, and weaknesses is defined simply as what the individual is consciously trying
neurons
to do
GENERAL BENEFITS OF METACOGNITION AND SELF-REGULATION IN LEARNING for Edwin Locke and Gary Latham (2006), it directs attention,
increase students’ knowledge and understanding of different subject effort, and actions
1
vary according to their functions and locations matters motivates people to develop strategies that will enable them
the impulses that travel along neurons are electrochemical help students understand the kinds of information they need to to perform better
2 goal
in nature successfully solve a problem in school accomplishing the goal can lead to:
transmits impulses or messages to another neuron help students choose the most appropriate and useful learning strategies ▪ satisfaction and higher motivation, or
3
through a junction called synapse to improve their learning capabilities ▪ frustration and lower motivation if the goal is not
are not totally connected and are separated by a small gap 4 help students organize daily tasks in school accomplished
separates neurons help students identify strengths and weaknesses in their academic can be classified into two categories:
5
are the electrochemicals that connect and allow the performance those that can be achieved in a
allow students to learn ideas from others such as their teachers and fellow short-term goals
transmission of impulses from one neuron to another day, week or year
6
neurotransmitters several neurotransmitters (e.g. acetylcholine, glutamate, students usually achieved over a year or
allow students to give and receive feedback in their own thinking and long-term goals
dopamine and norepinephrine0 are associated with more
7
memory and learning performance
cerebral cortex the wrinkled layer of the brain 8 develop students’ autonomy and control

AIRAH M.
 FACTORS WHICH MAY INFLUENCE GOALS it plays a central role in people's thoughts, motivations, and Maslow suggests that people have I hierarchy of needs the lowest is the
2
give direction to behavior actions need for biological or physiological.
are those which the person considers personally important Bandura suggests that efficacy beliefs influence students’ According to Carol Dweck, there are two categories of mindset: fix mindset
3
and worthy academic performance and growth mindset.
they could be the basis for what is desirable correct and according to psychologist Carol Dweck, it has two categories: 4 Goal setting is the process of improving work performance.
values
good believe that their basic qualities 5 Self-efficacy entails judgment of personal capacity.
individuals act in ways that allow them to express their like their intelligence or talents 6 Self-actualization need is the need for self-fulfillment.
important values and attain their goals underlying them fix mindset are simply fixed traits 7 Goal is the object toward which the behavior is directed.
(Sagiv, Roccas, Cieciuch, & Schwartz, 2017) students of fixed mindset worry 8 Love and belonging need is the need to be accepted and valued by others.
also activate and direct behavior about making mistakes Goals should possess the characteristics represented by the acronym
believe that their most basic 9
motivation is usually aroused by a need for or lack of SMART.
something that may propel a person to act abilities can be developed their 10 Satisfaction of needs is the maintenance of internal equilibrium.
according to drive-reduction theory, humans are dedication and hard work
motivated to satisfying needs in order to maintain students with growth mindset
homeostasis or internal equilibrium (Atkinson, Atkinson, mindset understand that mistakes and TAKING CHARGE OF ONE’S HEALTH
Smith, Bem & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000) effort are critical to learning
Carl Jung Man needs difficulties; they are necessary for health.
unmet needs will cause a state of bodily retention and they welcome challenges and see
needs long-term goals critical feedback to help them
consequently homeostasis is disturbed
there are two classifications of needs: learn stress has ill-effects on health
physiological innate needs of the body they embraced learning mistakes defense people sometimes use these unconscious strategies in order
needs and efforts in a way that promotes mechanisms to cope with stress
e.g. food, water, air, sleep, sex
their achievement nonetheless, psychologists suggest that people must learn positive ways to
arise from relationships with
research shows that mindset is manage stress
psychological other people
needs related to students’ self- some suggestions to manage stress include social support, self-care and
e.g. affiliation, achievement,
confidence and motivation compassion
altruism, esteem, and status
suggests how needs motivate behavior
GOAL SETTING STRESS DEFINED
developed the theory of hierarchy of needs presented in
the shape of a pyramid with a biological or physiological
needs at the bottom and the need for self-actualization at in the context of industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology, it refers to events that are perceived as challenging damaging or
the top is the process of improving work performance of individuals threatening to one's physical or psychological well being
once the biological needs are satisfied, safety or security goal setting (Locke and Latham, 2006) these events are referred to as stressors and the way people
needs become important such as the need to be saved for it to be successful, goals should be SMART: specific, respond to them is called stress response (Nolen-Hoeksema,
from danger, illness and threat measurable, attainable, relevant, and time bound Fredrickson, Loftus, and Wagenaar, 2009)
once these needs are met, individuals may be able to embodies the fundamental practices necessary for achieving is experienced by all people but in different degrees, from mild
achieve love and fulfill the need for belonging increased motivation (Rubin, 2002) to severe, depending on how people interpret the situation
stress
eventually, individuals can achieve self-esteem (being individuals perform at higher levels when asked to meet a every day people encounter stressors:
accepted, respected and valued by others) and realize self- goal that is concrete, achievable, and realistic, and important occurs when people experience
actualization (for students, striving to get a high grade and to them eustress positive events but requires them to
Maslow’s becoming a better student) adjust
goals also work best when there is a time frame for their
hierarchy of occurs when people experience
SMART completion (Aamodt, 2013) psychological
needs negative events and make a great
Locke and Latham (Lunenburg, 2011) suggest that the most needs
effective performance results are attained when goals are: deal of demands on them
▪ specific and challenging
▪ when there is feedback on the results STRESSORS AND RESPONSES
▪ when they are used to evaluate performance
▪ when they create commitment and acceptance Thomas Holmes suggest that any life event that requires people to change
and Richard Rahe adapt or adjust would likely result in stress
THE RULES OF GOAL SETTING in order to deal with frustrations, conflicts and stress,
defense
Set goals that motivate you. When you set your goals, it is important that people sometimes use these unconscious strategies to
1 mechanism
they are personally important to you. cope with the pain and deal with anxiety
Set SMART goals. Your goals must be clear and well defined so that you can FACTORS OF STRESS
2 measure the degree of your success. Be sure that your goals are attainable (e.g. wedding and having a baby) may be positive events
and personally relevant to you. Your goals must also have a time frame. but they demand a great deal of adjustment and thus cause
Write your life goals. Make a chart and write a list of all the goals you want major life events stress
THE MOTIVATIONAL IMPACT OF SELF EFFICACY AND MINDSET to achieve. Prioritize the items on the list discard those unimportant, and all the more negative events such as losing one's job or the
3
make space for all the important and urgent activities you want to do such death of a loved one cause high level of stress
motivational may be affected by moderators such as self efficacy and as studying your lessons. cause a high level of stress
impact of goals mindset Develop an action plan for the future. Write the steps that day in your life ▪ natural disasters (e.g. typhoons Yolanda and Ondoy)
4
psychologist Albert Bandura defines this as the person's goals. catastrophe ▪ damages caused by earthquake in Leyte
belief that he or she can successfully perform behaviors that 5 Start working toward your life goals. ▪ war in Marawi City
self efficacy ▪ eruptions of Mayon Volcano in Bicol
will produce desired effects (Engler, 2012)
entails judgment of personal capacity people experience daily (e.g. difficulty and getting a ride to
1 Motivation are states that activate the present toward a goal. hassles school, irritation, traffic, and small disagreements with
parents and classmates) can also cause stress and could

AIRAH M.
 harm well-being, especially if such events continue and pile THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE FACTORS OF STRESS as parents take on multiple roles achieving balance between
up multiple roles work and family, becomes a source of stress (Ortega and
experienced when people experience urgent demands as PHYSIOGICAL FACTOR OF STRESS Hechanova, 2010)
pressure when targeting a deadline such as submission of school a model manifesting the effects of stress which is developed by even if a person has a job and is making an adequate salary
project psychologist Hans Selye there are stresses associated with the workplace that add to
workplace
especially when one is thwarted or prevented from suggests that the body goes through three stages of the daily stressors
associated
satisfying a need or achieving his or her goal physiological reactions during stressful events: e.g. work overload, long hours and poor physical work
frustration for instance, a student will feel frustrated if he or she fails the initial reaction to stressful situation environment (Ciccarelli and White, 2012)
a major examination loses a mobile phone or scolded by a in trying to cope with initial effects of overcrowding
teacher stress, the sympathetic nervous system is poor can be a source of stress (Ballesteros, 2010)
financial or a student wanting to study but lacks the financial means or activated in releases hormones (e.g. household
physical factors is physically disabled would find it difficult to attain the goal cortisol, epinephrine and conditions
occurs when a person needs to choose between two or alarm stage norepinephrine) that help the body to traffic
more options fight off stress lack of can also be enormously stressful
there are four types of conflict: however, the continued increase in these transportation
approach- occurs when a person needs to hormones could also adversely affect the CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
General
approach choose between two options body (e.g. increasing blood pressure, a person from one culture who must live in another culture may experience a
Adaptation
conflict that are both attractive heart rate, and blood sugar) great deal of stress (Ciccarelli and White, 2012)
Syndrome
occurs when a person needs to the body adapts do the stress but for example, one primary source of stress imposed on
avoidance-
choose between two options resistance continues to release hormones that help immigrant Filipino workers in other countries is the need to
avoidance
that he or she finds both stage the body to adapt and fight off the adapt to a new culture
conflict acculturation
conflict unpleasant harmful effects of stress is the process of adaptation by which immigrants, native
occurs when a person needs to if the stress is not properly dealt with, the groups and ethnic minority groups adjusted a new culture
approach-
choose between options that person will experience exhaustion in making behavioral and attitudinal changes
avoidance
have both positive and negative which the body may software refers to the feelings of tension and anxiety that accompany
conflict
consequences psychosomatic illnesses (e.g. colds, flu, efforts to adapt to the orientation and values of a dominant
exhaustion
occurs when there are more than allergies, headache, muscle pain) as well acculturative culture (Nevid and Rathus, 2003)
stage
two options as those that may have irreversible stress perhaps the greatest stress is when migrant Filipino workers
multiple conflict usually experience multiple damages to one’s health (e.g. heart experience discrimination stereotyping and prejudice because
conflict during examination disease, ulcer, diabetes, stroke, cancer, or of racism and anti-immigrant attitudes
period death)
TYPES OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS COGNITIVE FACTOR OF STRESS SOURCES OF COPING AND STRENGTHS
a defense mechanism in which the person exhibits a cognitive psychologist that has developed a cognitive view of
behaviors that stand apart from the standards of society stress one strategy by rich people cope with stress is focusing on the
Beatnik reaction and avoids most responsibilities of a good citizen in his theory, he suggests that the way people think about and problem-
problem
includes smoking, drug use, early sex, & dropping out of appraise a stressor is a major factor in how stressful that focused
the individual reduces the impact of the problem by looking
school particular stressor becomes coping
for best solutions through his or her own effort
anyone who is frustrated may also act aggressively such as believes there is a two-step process in appraising the degree of another strategy that appears to help the individual cope with
displacement death or harm of a stressor and how one should react to that emotion-
destroying things or harming another person a stressful situation
a person makes up for or covers up his or her weak areas stressor: focused
compensation the individual uses this strategy to reduce the intensity of
by being superior in other areas the individual appraises the severity of coping
negative emotions
occurs when a person refuses to accept a painful reality or the stressor and classifies it as a threat, a BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES IN COPING STRESS
denial Richard
truth challenge, or a harm or loss
Lazarus primary is a technique from medical devices and programs that the
imitating the characteristics of a person he or she admires if the stressor is seen as a challenge (e.g. biofeedback individual can use to recognize and control the symptoms of
identification appraisal
to deal with his or her insecurities exam, quiz), the individual may perceive stress (e.g. tension headache)
avoiding negative emotions by focusing on the intellectual it as less stressful and more likely to cope
intellectualization relaxation e.g. deep breathing listening to music
aspects of one's life well
techniques can help individuals cope with everyday stress and control
attributing one's own weaknesses or shortcomings to if the stressor is seen as a threat, negative
projection medication stress related health problems (e.g. heart disease, high blood
someone else emotions may ensue
pressure, and diabetes)
making up possible explanations or excuses to cover up secondary more common emotional reactions to exercise
rationalization appraisal e.g. aerobic, swimming, jogging
negative feelings (e.g. guilt) stress include: anxiety, anger, aggression,
apathy, depression, and psychological another strategy that appears to help people during a stressful
reaction situation is having this or a network of family members and
acting opposite to what the person truly feels impairment
formation friends
a person reverts to an earlier psychosexual stage and social support research has shown that social support is considered one of
regression STRESS AND THE FILIPINO: THE SOCIOECONOMIC AND CULTURAL FACTORS OF
begins to behave like a child system the most important ways of coping with stress (Camara,
pushing unacceptable impulses or urges into the STRESS Bacigalupe, & Padilla, 2017)
repression
unconscious it is likely that lack of social support can make the individual
anyone who suffers from lots of frustration resorts are SOCIOECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE more vulnerable to stress
suicide
hurting oneself or committing suicide in the Philippines, poverty remains a critical problem
experiencing poverty or receiving low compensation means
poverty higher stress level (Crowder, 2013; Wadsworth, 2011; Kahn
and Pearlin, 2006)
thus, both parents need to work to make ends meet

AIRAH M.
THE NEED FOR SELF-CARE AND COMPASSION 7 Stress management is the ability to control stress.
8 People who are optimistic tend to have intellectual outlook in life.
people who are high in self compassion treat themselves with Hassles our daily occurring conditions that could harm a person's well-
9
kindness care and understanding when they experience being of such events continue and pile up.
stressful events or situations Earthquake is an example of catastrophe which can cause high level of
10
self-compassion has three elements: stress.
self-compassion entails self-
kindness when confronted with
self-kindness
life difficulties rather than being
angry
self-compassionate people accept
self-
sense of common that mistakes and failures are part
compassion
humanity of being human and common to
all
they are more likely to be mindful
mindfulness or aware of their painful thoughts
and feelings
stress has effects on health, therefore, people must learn ways
to manage stress with self-compassion
is shown to reduce anxiety stress exhaustion and depression
(Neff, 2012)
is the ability to control stress and develop the skills to prevent
the harmful effects of stress
stress
particularly, students who are able to manage stress
management
successfully are more likely to develop physical and emotional
well-being; they are also able to perform better in school

SUGGESTIONS TO MANAGE STRESS AND PRACTICE SELF-COMPASSION

When you are stressed, find a quiet place where you will not be disturbed.
Sit with your back straight. Close your eyes and begin the process of
calming yourself by paying attention to your breathing. Inhale through the
1 nose and exhale through the mouth. As you inhale, say to yourself: relax.
As you exhale, imagine yourself releasing out all the tensions. Do this
exercise three times. Make this breathing exercise regularly. It will help you
relax.
Pray or meditate. Make it a part of your daily life. it provides power and
2
energy for living.
Read spiritual materials such as the Bible, self-help books, or magazines
3
that will make you relax and guide you throughout your life.
4 Be mindful of your thoughts and feelings.
Keep a diary or journal where you can write down and process your
5
thoughts and feelings.
6 Talk to people. Share your feelings.
Develop good habits, eat the right kind of food, drink lots of water, sleep
at least eight hours a day, exercise regularly and relax. Pamper yourself. Go
7
to the beach, watch a movie, have a haircut, a spa, and a massage, or eat
your favorite food.
Develop a sense of humor. Think positive and find reasons to smile and be
8
happy.

Stress refers to experiencing events that in danger or threat then the

1
psychological and physiological well-being of a person.
Approach-approach conflict is a type of conflict that occurs when
2
individual is simultaneously motivated toward two equally attractive goals.
Frustration is the term used to describe the blocking or prevention of goal
3
achievement.
Psychosomatic illnesses are medical problems that often result from
4
stress.
Approach-avoidance conflict is a type of conflict that concerns two
5
elements one of which is very desirable or the other is undesirable.
The General Adaptation Syndrome has three stages: alarm, resistance, and
6
exhaustion.

AIRAH M.