Introduction +objectives

Experiment Title (this format is just for the close-
ended lab)
Name of group members (Stdudent ID)
Abstract—An abstract is a concise summary of an experiment through the tubes (the tube side) and other flows outside the
or research project. It should be brief -- typically under 200 tubes but inside the shell (the shell side). Heat is transferred
words. The purpose of the abstract is to summarize the research from one fluid to the other through the tube walls, either from
paper by stating the purpose of the research, the experimental
tube side to shell side or vice versa. The fluids can either be
method, the findings, and the conclusions.
liquids or gases on either the shell or the tube side. In order to
Keywords—component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key transfer heat efficiently, a large heat transfer area is used,
words) leading to the use of many tubes. This is an efficient way to
use energy and avoid wastage of thermal energy [6].
Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a series of tubes.

TAK PHARAPSE LAGI One set of these tubes contains the fluid that must be either
heated or cooled. The second fluid runs over the tubes that are
I. INTRODUCTION being heated or cooled so that it can either provide the heat or
absorb the heat required. A set of tubes is called the tube
Heat exchanger is an equipment which transfers energy from a bundle and can be made up of several types of tubes: plain,
hot fluid to cold fluid. While the fluid is passing through the longitudinally finned [7]. Shell and tube heat exchangers are
heat exchanger, the temperature of fluid changes along the typically used for high pressure applications and for this
length of heat exchanger [7]. The essential principle of heat experiment the pressure used is 50 bar.
exchanger is that it transfers the heat without transferring the
fluid that carries the heat. In heat exchangers, there are no
external thermal energy and work interactions. The heat
transfer occurs mainly due to conduction and convection. The
heat exchangers are classified according to transfer processes,
number of fluids and degree of surface compactness,
construction features, flow arrangements and heat transfer
mechanisms [1].
A shell and tube heat exchangers are a class of heat exchanger

designs. It is most common type of heat exchanger in oil
refineries and other large chemical processes and is suited for
higher pressure applications. This type of heat exchanger Figure 1: Shell adnTube Heat Exchanger. [7]
consists of a shell (a large pressure vessel) with a bundle of
tubes inside it. One fluid run-through the tubes and another For this experiment, counter current flow heat exchanger was
fluid flows over the tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat used. Figure 2 illustrates an idealized counterflow exchanger
between the two fluids [7]. Heat exchangers are devices to in which two fluids flow parallel to each other but in opposite
recover heat between two process streams. The use of heat directions. Counter flow (also known as contra-flow) heat
exchangers is extensive in power plants, refrigeration and air- exchangers have two flowing mediums that are flowing in a
conditioning systems, Space Chemical, Nuclear, counter direction (180° apart) to each other. Each flowing
Petrochemical, and Cryogenic industries. Among different medium enters the heat exchanger at opposite ends and is
types of heat exchangers, shell and tube heat exchangers are discharged at opposite ends. Because the cooler medium exits
relatively easy to manufacture and have multipurpose the counter flow heat exchanger at the end where the hot
application possibilities for gaseous as well as liquid media in medium enters the heat exchanger, the cooler fluid will
large temperature and pressure ranges [2]. approach the inlet temperature of the hot fluid; this makes the
potential delta T far greater than that of a parallel flow heat
exchanger. Counter flow heat exchangers are the most
In shell and tube heat exchanger, two fluids of different efficient type of heat exchanger [3].
temperature flow through the heat exchanger. One flows
REFERENCES
[1] and [2] dekat journal 6

[3] https://savree.com/en/encyclopedia/shell-and-tube-type-
heat-exchanger
[4] https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
Figure 2: Counter flow shell and tube heat exchanger [4].
%2Fwww.wattco.com%2Fcasestudy%2Fheat-exchangers
II. OBJECTIVES %2F&psig=AOvVaw0Xzh7QUTjvVcLXS67CP5P3&ust=164
9639711569000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwibr
The objectives of this experiment are to evaluate and study bL5qIj3AhXSktgFHZKTCl8Qr4kDegUIARDpAQ
the heat load and heat balance, log mean temperature
difference (LMTD), and overall heat transfer coefficient (U).
Second, the aims are to calculate the Reynolds numbers at the Uses information from numerous external sources to gain
shell and tubes sides and study the effect of fluid temperature an understanding of the science behind the experiment and the
on counter flow heat exchanger performance. Third, to utility of the experimental results.
calculate the heat transfer coefficient for inside and outside
fluids. Fourth, to measure and determine the shell and tube
sides pressure drop. [1] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I.N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of
Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,” Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529-551, April 1955.
CONFUSE (references)
[2] J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol.
Heat exchangers are extensively used in many engineering 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68-73.
applications such as chemical engineering processes, power [3] I.S. Jacobs and C.P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchange
generation, petroleum refining, refrigeration, air conditioning, anisotropy,” in Magnetism, vol. III, G.T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New
food industry and so on. York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271-350.
APPENDIX
Additional information in appendices extracted from resources cited in references, concise and closely related to the experiment.
Raw data recorded can be included here.

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Introduction +objectives

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Experiment Title (this format is just for the close-

Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a series of tubes.

A shell and tube heat exchangers are a class of heat exchanger

[1] and [2] dekat journal 6

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