UM DIGOS COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF TEACHER EDUCATION

COMPETENCY APPRAISAL COURSE

GENERAL EDUCATION
MATHEMATICS

I. FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS

A. Sets of Numbers

Complex Numbers
a + bi

Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers

-3, 0, +5, 2/9, √ 25 , √2, 0.125, 25% 4i, -2i, √ −25

Irrational Numbers Rational Numbers

√ 2 , √4
3
-3, 0, +5, 2/9, √ 25 , √2, 0.125, 25%

Integers Non-Integers
-3, 0, +5 ¾, 2/9, 25%, 0.125

Negative Integers Whole Numbers

-3, -2 0, +2, +7

Zero Positive Integers

0 +2, +7

B. Place Value

1. Digits
Ten Thousand Hundreds Tens Ones Tenths Hundredths Thousandth Ten
Thousands s s Thousandths
104 103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4
2 3 4 8 9 . 5 1 0 7

2. Exponents
It is the number that tells how many times the base is used as a factor.
 C. Integers

1. Operations on Integers

a. Addition
i. Like Signed Integers
In adding two like signed integers, add their absolute values and prefix their common sign
in the sum.

ii. Unlike Signed Integers

In adding unlike signed integers, subtract their absolute values and copy the sign of the
integer with the greater absolute value in the sum.

b. Subtraction
In subtracting integers, change the sign or the subtrahend and proceed as in addition.

c. Multiplication
i. Like Signed Integers
In multiplying two like signed integers, multiply their absolute values and prefix the positive
sign in the product

ii. Unlike Signed Numbers

In multiplying two unlike signed numbers, multiply their absolute values and prefix the
negative sign in the product.

d. Division
i. Like Signed Numbers
In dividing, two like signed integers, divide their absolute values and prefix the positive
sign in the quotient.

ii. Unlike Signed Numbers

In dividing two unlike signed integers, divide their absolute values and prefix the negative
sign in the quotient.

D. Whole Numbers

Kinds Definitions Examples

1 Even It can be expressed in the form 2n where n is any whole 6, 24, 32, 48
numbers
2 Odd It can be expressed in the form 2n+1 where n is any whole 5, 23, 67, 85
number

NATURAL NUMBERS

Kinds Definitions Examples

1 Prime It has exactly two distinct factors 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19
2 Composite It has more than two distinct factors 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15

a. Prime Factorization is the process of expressing a counting number as the product of its prime factors.
Ex: 126 = 2 x 32 x 7

Methods of getting the prime factors of numbers

1. Repeated Division by Primes
2. Factor Tree

b. Relatively Prime Numbers are numbers which have one (1) as their only common factor.
 Note: All prime numbers are relatively prime numbers

E. Divisibility Rules

Divisors Rule Examples

2 The number ends with 0, 2,4, 6 or 8 meaning the 9 512
number is even
3 The sum of the digits is divisible by 3 3 216
4 The number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 1 012
4
5 The last digit is 0 or 5. 7 340
6 It is divisible by both 2 and 3 6 192
7 The difference obtained after subtracting twice the last 2 912
digit the number formed by the remaining digits is
divisible by 7
8 The number formed by the last 3 digits is divisible by 8 1 024
9 The usm of the digits is divisible by 9 7 623
10 The last digit is 0 3 540
11 The difference between the sum fo the odd-positioned 9 281 635
digits and the sum of the even-positioned digits is
divisible by 11
12 It is divisible by both 3 and 4 4 128
13 The sum of 4 times the last digit and the number 182
formed by the remaining digits is divisible by 13

Note: Divisibility rules for two or more relatively prime numbers (GCF = 1) may be combined to serve as
divisibility rules for their product, e.g., the rules for 3, 4 and 13 may be combined to serve as the divisibility rule
for 156 since 3, 4 and 13 are relatively prime.

F. Greatest Common Factor

Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of two or more counting numbers is the largest whole number divisor
of the given numbers. The GCF of two numbers a and b may be denoted by (a,b)

E.g. The GCF of 8, 24, and 28 is 4 since it is the largest whole number that divides 8, 24 and 28.

Methods of Finding the GCF

1. Intersection of Sets – For each of the given numbers, list from least to greatest their factors and pick
out the greatest factor that is common to all lists
Example: Find the GCF of 8, 24 and 28

2. Prime Factorization - write the prime factorization for each of the given numbers so that common and
only common prime factors are in the same column. The GCF is the product of the lowest power
occurring in column common to all prime factorizations.
Example: Find the GCF of 12, 15 and 90

3. Euclidean Algorithm (for use only if we are looking for the GCF of only two numbers) The procedure
may be best understood through an illustration.
Example: For 24 and 28
Divide the larger of the two numbers by the other 28 / 24 = 1 remainder 4
If there is a remainder , divide the last divisor by this remainder. Repeat this step until no
remainder left
The GCF is the last divisor. The GCF is 4 since it is the last divisor.

G. Least Common Multiple

 Least Common Multiple of two or more counting numbers is the smallest non-zero number that has
the given numbers as factors or divisor. The LCM of two numbers a and b may be denoted by [a,b]

Example: The LCM of 5,6 and 8 is 120 because it is the smallest non-zero number that has 5, 6 and 8
as factors.

Methods of finding the LCM

1. Intersection of Sets
2. Prime Factorization
3. Euclidean Algorithm
The LCM of two numbers may be obtained by dividing their product by their GCF. In symbols.

[a,b] = (axb)/(a,b)

Example: To find the LCM of 12 and 15, [12,15] = (12 x 15)/(12,15) = 180/3 = 60

H. Fractions, Decimals, Percent

1. Kind of Fractions

Kinds Definition Examples

A fraction whose numerator is smaller than the 2/3, ¾, 11/15,
A Proper
denominator 15/32
A fraction whose numerator is either Mixed number 2 ½, 3 4/5
B Improper
to or greater than the denominator Whole Number 12/3, 4/4, 21/7

2. Relations of Fractions

Kinds Definition Examples

Equivalent 2/3, 4/6, 12/18,
A Fractions which have the same values
Fractions 16/24, 18/27
Similar 2/13, 4/13, 12/13,
B Fractions which have a common denominator
Fractions 16/13, 18/13
Dissimilar 2/3, 5/6, 13/18,
C Fractions which have different denominators
Fractions 23/24, 18/27

3. Reduction of Fraction to Simplest Form

It is the process of expressing the fraction into an equivalent fraction whose numerator and
denominator are relatively prime numbers.

4. Comparing or Ordering Fractions

Examples: Which fraction is greater than the other? 2/3 or ¾?
Solution: Cross Multiplication method is appropriate when comparing two fractions only
2 3
8 < 9, therefore 2/3 < ¾
3 4

Note: The fraction whose numerator when multiplied to a denominator yielded greater cross product
represents the fraction with the greater value

i. Similar Fractions. The fraction with the least numerator has the least value
ii. Dissimilar Fractions with common numerator. The fraction with the greatest denominator has
the least value.
iii. Fractions where a constant difference exists between the denominator and the numerator.
The fraction with the least terms (numerator and denominator) has the least value.
5. Operations on Fractions
a. Addition and Subtraction
i. Similar Fractions
Add / Subtract the numerators and copy the common the denominator, and express the
answer in simplest form.

ii. Dissimilar Fractions

Make the fractions similar (preferably the LCM of the denominators as the common
denominator) and proceed as above, addition of similar fractions.

b. Multiplication
Multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators to get the numerator and denominator
respectively of the product and express the answer in simplest form.

c. Division
Multiply the dividend and the reciprocal of the divisor and express the answer in simplest form.

6. Conversion of Fraction to Decimal and to Percent

Examples:
# Fraction Decimal Percent
1 4/9 0.444444 44.4%
2 3/8 0.375 37.5%
3 12/3 4 400%
4 3 2/5 3.4 340%

7. Comparing or Ordering Decimals

The decimal number with the greatest decimal digit from the left has the greatest value. Example:
Arrange the following decimal numbers in an ascending order: 0.2035, 0.27, 0.23605, 0.204, 0.219075,
0.234

8. Operations on Decimals
a. Addition and Subtraction
Align the digits with the same place value and perform the indicated operation addition ro
subtraction.

Simplify 3.725 + 50. 0326 – 45. 627147

b. Multiplication
Multiply the decimal numbers like the multiplication of whole numbers and the number of decimal
places in the product is equal to the total number of decimal places in the factors.

Find the product of 2.36 and 0.7

c. Division
Divide the decimal numbers like the division of whole numbers, and the number of decimal places
in the quotient is the difference between the number of decimal places in the dividend and the
number of decimal places in the divisor.

Divide 1.225 by 3.5

9. Conversion of Percent or Decimal to Simplest Fractional Form

a. Terminating Decimals
Examples:
 a. Change 62.5% to decimal

b. Repeating Decimals
Steps in Converting Decimals to Simplest Form Fractional Form
1. Equate the given repeating decimal to a variable. Call it equation 1.
2. Multiply equation 1 by a power of 10 depending on the number of repeated distinct digits in
the given decimal. Call it equation 2.
3. Subtract equation 1 from equation 2 to get equation 3.
4. From equation 3, get the value of the variable and express it in simplest form.

10. Applications of Fractions and Percent

Solve the following:

a. 0.002 is what % of 0.08?
b. 250 is 1 ¼% of what number?
c. 20% of 18 is what percent of 72?
d. If 20% of 30% of a number is 60, what is the number?

I. Ratio and Proportion

The ratio of a number a to a nonzero number b is defined to be the quotient a/b. In other words, a ratio
is a fraction and conversely, a fraction is a ratio. The ratio a to b is expressed in any forms

a/b and a : b such that b is not equal to 0

Each of these forms is read “the ratio of a to b.” The colon in the form a : b is used to indicate division.
An equation expresses the equality of two rational expressions is called proportion.

PROPERTIES OF PROPORTION

a c
a. If = , thenad =bc
b d
a c b d
b. If = , then =
b d a c
a c a b
c. If = , then =
b d c d
a c a+b c+ d
d. If = , then =
b d b d
a c a+ b c +d
e. If = , then =
b d a−b c−d

TYPES OF PROPORTION

1. Direct Proportion
The ratio of two distinct variables being compared is constant. Thus, y = kx or k = y/x

Example:
a. The variable c is directly proportional to y. what is k if x = 20 and y = 5?

2. Inverse Proportion
The product of two distinct variables being compared is constant. Thus, x = k/y or y = k/x or k = xy

Example:
a. The variable x is inversely proportional to y. what is x if k = 12 and y = 4?
b. If ten men are needed to finish a house in 30 days, how many men are needed to finish the
same house in 10 days?
3. Partitive Proportion
Example:

a. Three carpenters do a job for 5 400. If this sum is to be divided among the men in the ratio
3:5:7, find the share of each carpenter.
b. Divide 65 into three parts in the ratio of 2:3:5. What is the middle part?