Hoa 1

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REVIEWER
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 • Wealthy individuals undertook private and public commissions

• Contacts from Greece and Hellenistic east permitted the importation
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE of architectural skills
• Organization of skilled and unskilled workers to undertake the
Religion - started with animistic worship then shift to worship of gods construction
and goddesses of the Greeks.
• Fatalistic acceptance of the god’s will Etruscans and Early Romans
• Great emphasis on divination and placating it thru sacrifices 7th century - no buildings of significant architectural character
• Correct observance of rituals following prescriptions relating to life Bronze age and Iron Age-primitive huts
after death. Temples were sacred enclosures with simple open altars
• The dead were buried in cemeteries outside the cities “Templum” – space on the ground or in the sky marked out for the
Republican Rome and the Early Empire purpose of taking omens
As the new masters, the Romans leave their subjects to conduct their
affairs in their own way subject to certain obligations and to the Architectural Character
oversight of provincial governor. Temple
•- Religion and penetration of other religions were allowed as long as Greek influence seen in the design of temples
they do not pose threat to the government Rectangular in plan, raised by podium, with columns supporting the
•- imperial throne was occupied by non-Romans roof
• The Etruscans attitude toward religion and the liberal idea of the Made of mud-brick, terra cotta and timber which made the structure
Romans were practiced in the empire. Emperors and priests build stronger than using marble.
temples for the gods they like. Wide roof overhang to throw off rain
• Personal well-being was the concern of the individual so long as there Columns and architraves were more slender and column spacing was
was no conflict with the state. wider.
• Christianity was adopted by Constantine. The religion spread from the
commercial centers frequented by the Jewish communities. Later, it Tombs
became the religion of the underpriviledged. In the third century, the Flat sloping coffered ceilings, elaborately carved , carved doorframes,
believers of the religion became so numerous that it led to the colored dados around the wall,
persecutions under Decius (241-51), Valerius ( 249-51), and Diocletian Use of columns of variety
(257-61). Variety in plan forms; square, circle, polygonal
• Public baths or thermae and smaller types, balneum, were Examples of structures: rock-cut tomb and tomb of the thatched roof.
constructed by Agrippa in the time of Augustus. Stone burial chambers concealed below the conical tumuli.
• Greek gymnasium were also used.
Houses
Resources • 6th century - megaron type dwellings appeared followed by larger
• Central Italy was less endowed with building materials houses with inner courts or atria which opened the living rooms
• Local stones were used for strength . (atrium).
• Use of mud brick Compluvium - a quadrangle opening in the atrium of the Roman house,
• Available timber towards which the roof sloped so as to throw the rain water in a
shallow cistern or impluvium in the floor
Republican and Imperial Rome • usually made of timber and mud-brick (House: Umm El-Jemal, House
Introduction of fire brick of Pansa, Pompei p. 245)
introduction of pozzolanas to sand and lime- Roman concrete
Import of fine marble and great scale exploitation of Carrara marble Etruscan Cities
Use of local stones, tufa, travertine peperino Natural growth for cities
Conscious planning seen in the orientation of temples.
• Victorious generals sponsored the construction of public buildings 500 BC-grid layout of streets seen
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Cemeteries were planned consisting of larger tombs, stone burial Had trussed timber roof and
chambers buried below a conical tumuli; and rock-cut tombs. Open at the sides to lower aisles behind the colonnade
Larger cities had drainage system like the Cloaca Maxima, an open Light enters through the clearstory windows above the colonnade
drain. Apse opening off the center of one side or off one end of the central
Cities were enclosed by walls . rectangle.
Bridges were made of timber and sometimes stones Example: Basilica of Constantine, 302-312
Imperial Rome Roman Theatres

Architectural Character Constructed on a level ground
• Influenced by Hellenistic East Seats on semi-circular layout
• Use of concrete in the structures Raised stage in front backed by tall structure extending from one side
• Use of tufa, travertine and imported marble of the auditorium to the other.
• Other entertainment structures Amphitheatres - theatre –in –the- round with seating encompassing the
• New proportion due to materials central arena.
• Adoption of classical Greek Orders
• Combination of arches and orders Colloseum, Rome
• Widespread use of domes and vaults Also known as Flavian Amphitheatre
• Introduction of new building types: Stated by Vespasian in AD 70 and inagurated by Titus in AD 80 and
completed by Domitian
1. thermae -public baths, can hold 50,000 people. Gladiatorial and naval battles were staged
2. balneum-smaller private bath here.
2. basilicas-a hall with nave and aisles used for the administration of Velarium- a great awning drawn over a Roman theatres and
justice amphitheatres to protect people from the sun
3. Forum- public open space for social, civic or market purposes found
in every Roman towns Roman Baths - thermae
4. circus-chariot racing No direct Greek counterpart
5. Triumphal arches Consisted of originally of a series of rooms of different forms reflecting
6. Aqueducts and bridges their uses in bathing sequence- from cold to warm to hot baths.
1. frigidarium-cold bath
Roman Forum 2 calidarium/caldarium -hot bath
Correspond to Greek agora 3 tepidarium-warm bath
Originally an irregularly shaped open space serving as market, general Men’s entrance were separated from womens
meeting place and setting for political discussions. rooms were compactly grouped seemingly without any attempt at first
Late Republican period –still irregularly shaped with unplanned to produce an architecturally meaningful ensemble
grouping of shops, dwellings and workshops. sudatorium - sweating room in Roman Baths
Usually started as formal rectangular closed to one end by a temple, Apodyterium - a room for undressing in Roman Bath house
and enclosed by a temenos or a sacred enclosure.
Other sides of the forum was enclosed with public buildings, markets Roman Houses
and basilica. Entrance to atrium using a passage
Arches and barrel vaults seen as part of the structural system. From the blank street façade
Two storey
Roman Basilica Some with shops on the ground floor
Used for assembly for dispensing justice Courts were unroofed serving as gardens surrounded by colonnades
One of the first largest scale building in Rome known as peristyle
May look like and enclosed forum surrounded by colonnades or stoas peristyle- a range of columns surrounding a court or a temple.
Central space rectangular like forum
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Three types of Roman Houses Apparent use of arcades in buildings –arches carried by tall slender
1. Villa-country house piers. For the wealthy , arcades were carried upon by free-standing
2. Domus-private house/palace columns
3. Insula-block of flats in Roman towns
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE 3000 BC to 1st AD
Later Imperial Roman Physical Characteristics
Architecture of the interior was given attention Nile river provided good setting for early settlement –water used for
Relationship among the Interior , exterior as well as landscaping were transportation and irrigation
taken into account in designing villas
Interior had assumed primary importance in the design of basilicas, Climate - the Nile valley strip was bordered with alluvial soil and desert
Pantheon sand. Temperature rarely exceed 38º C with little or no rain
Use of the dome to cover large area as seen in the Pantheon The heat and humidity was conducive to variety of plants and animals
Oculus- eye-circular window
pantheon-temple of the gods Geological Materials – desert rich in natural building stones and
Use of large scale vaults minerals. Limestone, sandstone
Application of proper calculated sequencing of spaces The desert shielded Egypt from external attacks
Nile River – efficient form of transportation, affected culture and
New architecture was economy of and fertilized the land ancient Egypt
experienced.
Formal axial symmetry
was applied in the plan Religion and Social
of Caracalla’s thermae. Structure
Symmetry was
achieved by duplicating •Polytheism
many of the rooms that • Worship wind and
lay off the central axis. water
Sequencing of different • Horus – god with a
spaces opening off one human body and
another-some spaces falcon face
vaulted, some domed , • Osiris - god of death and rebirth
overwhelming the individually as in the big space of the Pantheon and • Believe in life after death
some smaller spaces-giving people varied sense of scale. • Mummified the dead bodies
Town Planning ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

Emperor Augustus construction of the new forum, followed by Nero • Walls diminished course by course toward the top due to the
and Trajan who constructed the the largest basilica and the finest shrinkage caused by annual inundation. Interior face of the wall was
market gave town planning the sense of proper orientation, scale and vertical. The outer face showed the inward inclination or the “batter”
sequencing of spaces which is the characteristic of Egyptian architecture.
• Fiber or reed were placed in between bricks to reinforce
Mass Housing • Arches were adopted in the 3rd dynasty
Development in mass housing was due to the fire that broke in 64 AD
Large areas were replanned forming broad streets and lot blocks Available materials
known as insulae. The use of timber was prohibited. Walls , floors were • Papyrus, Reeds, palm-branch ribs plastered with clay for walls
concrete. Balconies were a must for firefighting purposes. • Buildings circular in plan with domical roof
• Rectangular in plan with tunnel-shaped covering or flat roof
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• Egyptian gorge cornice- produced by the pressure of the mud roof

against the wall
• Timber were used for buildings
• Palm logs used for roofs
Stones were used in the 3rd Dynasty for rubble masonry, stiffening ,
and foundation for religious buildings
Mud brick for other structures
Wall decorations
• Masonry walls surface decoration done by scratching pictures on
early mud-plastered wall
• Wall are windowless suitable for wall surface writing and art-incised
relief and hieroglyphs
Structural system
Columnar - extensive use of columns
Trabeated - system of post and beams
Seen in pyramids, tombs and temples
Egyptian temples
Avenues of sphinxes - mythical monster with a body of a lion and head
of a man or a woman (androsphinx), ram (criosphinx) and hawk (
hieracosphinx)
Pylons - mass of masonry with central opening forming the
monumental entrance to Egyptian Temples
Types of sphinxes
1. Androsphinx - Body of a lion, head of a
man or a woman
Wall ornaments
Egyptian Columns
Large proportion showing vegetative origin Shafts to base from bundle
of plant stems Capitals from lotus bud, papyrus flower and palm 2.Criosphinx – body of a lion, head of a ram
3.Hieracosphinx – body of a lion, head of a

hawk
Egyptian Temples
• Great courts
• Massive pylons
• Great hypostyle hall
• Dim inner sanctuaries
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• Secret rooms • Steps and ramps led from the north end of the top of the mastaba to
• Egyptian temples composed of several buildings diminishing in height connect with the shaft which descended to the level of the tomb
behind the imposing pylon chamber.
• Hypostyle hall - a pillared hall in which the roof rests on columns; • Two well-spaced recesses were at east side fronting the Nile.
applied to many columned halls of Egyptian architecture • the southern part of the recesses had false doors where the
Tomb Architecture deceased spirit will leave.
2. ROYAL PYRAMIDS
Third to Sixth dynasty
Located on the west side of Nile River
• Evolved from mastaba, the first was the
• Step pyramid by Pharoah Zozer of Djoser at Sakkara
• Bent Pyramid at Meydum and two at Dashur By Pharoah Seneferu of
the 4th Dynasty
• True pyramids are at Gizeh (three of them) built by Seneferu
successors
Tomb Architecture
BELIEF IN LIFE AFTER DEATH

• Mummification
• King had two tombs (archaic period) one in Lower Egypt and one in
upper Egypt.;
• Cenotaph was placed to tomb not used. The cenotaphs were at
Sakkara
• First Dynasty-mastaba evolved
• Simulation of house plan with several rooms and a central room
where the sarcophagus and others to receive abundant offering;
located below the ground
• Examples:
Mastaba of Thi at Sakkara
Mastaba at Gizeh
Mastaba at Beit Khallaf
Mastaba- an ancient Egyptian, rectangular, flat topped funerary mound

with battered (sloping sides) covering a burial chamber below the
ground
Tomb Architecture: mastaba, pyramid, rock-cut tomb
1. MASTABA
• During the third Dynasty, “stairway mastaba” were buried deep under Pyramids
the ground cutting the rock below. • Primary building of a complex of buildings enclosed with walls
• The main axis of the tomb is oriented north and south • Had offering chapel with stele at the east side of the pyramid
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• Mortuary temple for the pharoah usually at the north side Bent Pyramid of South Pyramid
• Valley Building –embalming and interment is carried out. • Pharoah Seneferu
• Materials used were limestone and rarely granite. • Square in plan 187 m height about 102 m
Step pyramid at Sakkara 2778 BC • Local stone with tura stone facing
• Tomb chambers covered with corbelled roof
Step Pyramid • Double walled rectangular enclosure
• Pharoah Zoser • Mortuary temple on east side, causeway leading to the Valley
• Architect-Imhotep Building
• First large scale monument in stone • Upper inclination of the pyramid is 54º15’ and lower inclination is 43º
• Underwent five changes 36’
• 1. complete mastaba 7.9 m high with square plan of 63 m sides
• 2. plan extended eastward 8.5 m for a f stepped pyramid Great Pyramid of Cheops
• 3. plan was rectangular with 83mx 75 m • Pharoah Cheops (Khufu) son of Seneferu, 2nd king of 4th Dynasty
• Final dimension was 125 m from east to west 109 m. and 60 m high • Largest of the three in the site
• A pit of 7.3m x 8.5 m deep approached by a horizontal tunnel • Nearly an equilateral triangle with 51º52’ with the ground
emerging at the north side in an open ramp • abandoned queen’s chamber
• Wall of Tura Stone around the complex 547 m from north to south • King’s chamber with sarcophagus
and 278 m wide.
Pyramid of Chefren (Kafra)
Bent Pyramid at Meydum • Second biggest at Gizeh
• King Huni of the 3rd Dynasty • 216 m side and 143 m high
• 144.5 m square base and 90 m high • steeper slope of 52º20’
• Corbel – roofed tomb chamber at the heart of the structure • Great sphinx of Chefren head of Chefren 73.2 m long and 4.1 m
• Stone wall enclosure 233 m north to south across and 20 m high
• East side at the center was an offering chapel with offering table
flanked with two stelae Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaura) 4th Dynasty
• No mortuary temple but an access from the eastern part led to the • Smallest at Gizeh
Valley Building • 109m square by66.5 m high
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Rock-hewn tombs TEMPLE OF KHONS, KARNAK

Constructed 1198 BC
Tomb of Beni Hasan Cult temple with pylon, court, Hypostyle hall, sanctuary, and various
• Consisted a chamber behind a porticoed façade plainly imitating chapels enclosed by high wall
wooden construction in the character of the eight of sixteen sided Entrance pylon with obelisk
slightly fluted tapered column their trabeation and rafter ends above with avenues of sphinxes
Hypostyle was lighted thru clearstory windows formed by increased in
height of the column
Tomb of Khnemhetep Beyond the sanctuary with front and rear access was a circulating
• Slightly vaulted rock ceiling supported by column passage.
• Walls were stuccoed Other features
• Other rooms and chapels for priests
Queen Hatshepsut temple at der el Bahari • Axial gateway to the court with pylon.
TEMPLES • Avenue of sphinxes lined along the entrance
• Two classes of temples • Services were held 3x a day by priests and selected few.
• 1. Mortuary temple - for the ministration to deified pharoahs • Circulation was needed in cult temple for procession during festivals.
• started in mastabas and pyramids • Walled containing priest house, granaries, sacred pool, buildings
• 2. Cult temple- worship of the gods
Features - mortuary and cult temple Temple of Mentuhotep, Middle kingdom 2130-1580 BC
• Main axis was not specific oriented Terraced in two main levels
• Walled open court with hypostyle hall - leading to covered structure At the base of steep cliffs
with transverse columned vestibule Upper terrace with colonnades approached with tree-laned inclined
• Sanctuary way;
with solid pyramid raised on a podium
And surrounded with walled hypostyle
Pyramid was a cenotaph below it is a dummy burial chamber
Rear of the temple is a pillared hall recessed in the rock face to an
open court to the ramp going down to the Mentuhotep’s tomb.
Valley Building was connected by a shielded causeway 3 quarters of a
mile away.
Temple of Hatshepsut 1580-332 BC

New Kingdom
Architect- Senmut
Beside mentuhetep 500 years previously
A mortuary temple dedicated to Amun and other gods
Her tomb was in the mountains beyond
Consisted of three terraces approached by ramps leading to the base
of the cliffs, their faces lined with colonnades
Upper terrace contained the queen’s mortuary chapel and altars for the
gods
The chief sanctuary was laid deep in the rocks
Minor sanctuaries of Hathor and Anubis were located on the second
terrace
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Great Temple of Amun, Karnak 1530-323 BC Hypostyle hall with palm capital of varying design and
Abaci - screen walls between the columns
• grandest of all Egyptian Temples • Showing the portico
• owes its size, disposition and magnificence to many kings and the
• Started as a modest shrine in the Middle Kingdom in 2000 BC • abaci or the screen wall between columns
• Thotmes I (1530 BC) started the enlargement with 366m x 110 m
dimension Temple of Hathor, Dendera 110 BC to AD
Surrounded by wall with sacred lake and other temples • Most imposing, standing in brick-walled temenos 290 m x 280 m.
• had 6 pylons added by successive rulers • No pylons
Had avenue of sphinxes connected with the temple at Luxor • Hypostyle hall
Great Temple of Abu Simbel • Peripheral walls with passages to allow complete processional circuit
• C. 1301 is one of he rock –hewn temples built by Rameses II • Four –sided Hathor- headed capital of the hypostyle hall
• Entrance fore court has imposing façade 36 m wide and 32 m high • With deep abaci
formed as pylon
• In front are rock-cut seated colossal statues of Rameses II 20 m high Obelisks
• The hall beyond has 8 Osiris pillars 9 m high and vividly colored • Sacred symbol of the sun god Heliopolis
reliefs • Usually in pairs astride temple entrances
• Eight smaller chambers were placed asymmetrical with the axis • Huge monoliths, square on plan and tapering to an electrum-capped
• The central chamber is the sanctuary containing statues of gods and pyramidion at the summit, which was the sacred part
the sacred boat • Height is nine or ten times the diameter at base
• The temple was moved from its original site due to the construction of • The four sides with hieroglyphs
the Aswan Dam
Cleopatra’s Needle
Temple of Isis, Island of Philae -Ptolemaic and Roman Periods 332 • Located at Thames, London
BC to first century AD • With Thotmes III and Rameses II inscriptions
• Belonged to the Thirtieth Dynasty of Ptolemies II-XIII • 20.9 m high x2.4m x2.3 m base
• Irregularities of the plans due to piece meal buildings but the building
principles are similar to the New Kingdom Period Dwellings
• Column capitals are coarser and more ornate and varied in design • Ordinary dwellings were bricks
from one column to another • One or two storey high with arched ceiling and parapet roof partly
• Have very deep abacus blocks occupied by a loggia
• Colonnades are at the exterior of the building • Rooms facing the north-facing court
• Columns linked by a screen wall reaching about half-way • Barrack-like dwelling for the workers at the pyramid complex
• Houses of the rich were two or three floors high due to n constricted
Temple of Isis columns lots
• Columns with Isis capital and • Gardens, pools laid out formally surrounding the crude rectangular
• Abaci or the screen wall between the columns dwelling with doors and windows on dressed stones
• columns, beams and window frames were made of timber
Temple of Horus, Edfu 237-57 BC • Living rooms raised high to allow light coming from clearstory
Cult temple • Thee parts of the house: reception suite on the north side, service
Well-preserved structure of that period and private quarters
Built in 3 stages, the first temple proper by Ptolemy III
the outer hypostyle hall and the perimeter walls and pylon
A passage surrounding the sanctuary which serves also as access to
the 13 chapels
the grand pylons are 62.6 m across and 30.5 m high.
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ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
GEOGRAPHICAL
Charlemagne , intent on re-creating the Roman empire, based his • Long narrow peninsula of Italy. Stretches from snowy Alps on the
architecture on Roman models. His palaces and chapels were north, right down to the rough waters of Mediterranean, to Africa on
products of eastern Roman Empire. south
-desire to articulate, stress, or underline every structural • Varying degrees that causes differences in architecture: central Italy-
division in order to produce unified compositions. Roman influence, south Italy-western Europe, south Italy and Sicily,
open to the East .
The separate parts of the of the Carolingian Churches ( the transept, A. Central Italy-lies between Florence, commanding passage of Arno
the west work and the crypt) are gradually incorporated into single on the north; Pisa, the maritime power of the west; Naples-the naval
harmonious composition by transforming the west work into towered port of the south
façade, by absorbing the transept into the design through the creation B. North Italy-Milan, the capital of Lombardy, enjoyed great prosperity
of crossing and by making the outer crypt simple an extension of the on account of its proximity to several Alpine passes and fertile plains
aisles carried round the sanctuary to form the ambulatory. for mulberry trees and grapes
the smooth surfaces and undifferentiated columns of the Early C. South Italy and Sicily- include Calabria. Influence coming from the
Christian Churches were rejected in favour of articulating bay divisions. East after passing from Greek and Roman rule- the Byzantine Empire
Romanesque Innovations GEOLOGICAL

The new movement swept Europe roughly at the same time-about year Central Italy
1000. • great mineral wealth; abundance of stones, bricks, volcanic tufa,
The most important innovations were: peperino, travertine from Tivoli and marble from Carrara
Development of pier form • Materials from ruins of classical buildings
Introduction of triforium gallery North Italy
The regular crossing • Clay, marble
The inclusion of wall passages, ambulatories, radiating chapels South Italy and Sicily
The evolution of new concepts in external massing • Limestone, marble, sulfur
The increasing mastery of architectural sculpture
CLIMATE
Piers Central Italy
Effective way of stressing bay divisions and thus articulating the interior • brilliant sunshine demanded small windows, thick walls for structures
elevations on hilltop and plains
Piers being allowed to project beyond the wall plane and from there North Italy
being taken up the full heights of the interior elevations. From the • climate resembles that of Central Europe, varies from extreme heat
simplest use of piers, came another innovation where pairs of and cold in Milan; towns lying below the Alps experience cold winter
cruciform piers carry pilasters which become transverse arches and relaxing summer since the north wind from the mountains cools
reinforcing the barrel vault. Soon this was the treatment of piers in the temperature.
other structures. South Italy and Sicily-
Introduction of half columns and small columns which carry the outer • subtropical resulting to structures with flat roofs and characteristics of
orders of the main arches oriental cities
Triforium Gallery-(upper aisle)
Became popular in France
It gained more importance in in the elevation growing from a small twin ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
arches into an arcade
The triforium gallery played an important part in the Romanesque style A. CENTRAL ITALY
with breaking up the smooth wall surfaces and transforming them into Basilican type of churches; adopted classical ornaments
articulate architectural units
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Prominent features of the façade- ornamental arcades one on top of Thick walls between side chapel act as buttresses to resist pressure of
the other up to the gable vault
Battlement parapet for defense was purely decorative Flat severe entrance façade
Use of marble for wall facing Central projecting porch with columns standing on the back of
Simple open timber roofs with bright coloring crouching beasts
Byzantine influence in Ravenna wheel window above the nave to admit light
Campanille 0r bell tower were added about 6th century Gable with raking arcades, also around the apse and the eaves
Use of stones and bricks instead of marble
Departure from classic precedent
Pisa Cathedral, Central Italy Element of grotesque, rough outdoor life of the invaders from the north
With Baptistery, Campanille and Campo Santo, one of the most Guild system practiced by Comacine Masters
famous building groups of the world
the cathedral is one of the finest Romanesque building in the world North Italy
Resembles basilican church, long rows of columns connected by S. Zeno Maggiore
arches, double aisles and nave with timber roof Very simple façade
Exterior façade has bands of red and white marble fine projecting porch, two free-standing columns resting on the backs
Ground storey with wall arcading of crouching beasts support a semi-circular vault over which is a gable
Elliptical dome over the crossing is of later date roof.
Above is a great wheel window
Pisa Campanile Façade with pilaster strips connected by corbel tables under the slopes
Circular tower 16 m in diameter 8 storey high with encircling arcades. of the center gable and side roofs
The leaning is caused by failure of the foundations the bell stage was The interior is simple with nave arcade of compound piers with
not added until 1350AD. uncarved capitals
The nave shaft is carried up as if to support the vault there is no
Pisa Baptistery triforium but a clearstorey
1153-1265- designed by Dioti Salvi. Above is a wooden ceiling of trefoil form
Circular plan with central space or nave. Detached campanile with no butresses
18.30 m in diameter, separated by four piers and eight columns from The sturdy tower is finished with Ghibelline battlement.
the surroundingtwo storey aisle which make the building 39. 3 m in
diameter. Externally, on lower storey, it is surrounded by half-columns C. South Italy and Sicily
connected by semicircular arches under one of which is a door. Mosaic decorations for interiors
Above is an open arcade of small detached shafts. Dome supported on four columns cover the square central part of the
Arcade is surrounded by Gothic additions of the 14th AD. church
Roof is hemispherical roof with a truncated cone capped small dome Application of stripe colored marble on the façade
Use of stilted pointed arches
Pistoia Cathedral Norman influence is seen in planning and construction of cathedral of
13th century AD was built under the Pisan school, with its porch and Monreale, which has cruciform in plan and with mosaic and arcade of
arcaded façade in black and white marble followed the style of other stilted pointed columns
churches like S. Andrea
Fondaco dei Turchi, Venice
B. North Italy 12th century mercantile palace on the Grand Canal, demonstrates the
Arts influenced by the Alps high level of quality of domestic architecture achieved in Venice as one
Development of the ribbed vault of the outcomes of the prosperous trade with the East.
Basilican type of churches nave as well as the aisles are vaulted and Cubiform capitals carrying semicircular arches, some of which are
have external wooden roofs stilted.
Aisles of two stories
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GREEK ARCHITECTURE Athena- goddess of wisdom and learning

Poseidon- sea god
Geographical Dionysos- god of wine, feasting and revelry
• Started in Crete thousands of years Demeter- goddess of earth and agriculture
• ago before Greek civilization reached Artemis- goddess of chase messenger of the gods
• its peak Hermes- god of commerce
• The Aegean culture reached Greece and engaged in trade in the Aphrodite- goddess of love and beauty
eastern Mediterranean, Hephaestus- god of fire, flame, forge
Asia minor, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Libya.
• When the Aegean culture crumbled, colonists helped in forming Greece attempted to rise up by conquering Achaen and Aetolian
Greece of classical times. leagues
The mutual animosity of the Greek communities and its natural
Geography isolation brought about chance for Rome to colonize Greece.
character of Greece surrounded by sea produced strong sea- faring 146 BC -Greece became a Roman province.
men engaged in maritime business
• Hinterlands made communications difficult. Aegean Period
• Two periods of Greek: Hellenic and Hellenistic period • Crete enjoyed high degree of civilization during the Bronze age.  
• Greek mainland under the Aegeans suffered attacks from the
Climatic   northern people.  
• Intermediate between rigorous heat  and relaxing cold   • Mycenae and Tyrins were politically centered towns .  
• The clear atmosphere and the intensity of light was conducive to the • Crete had 90 cities together with Mycenae and Tyrins were united
development of the love under Phaestos on the south side and Knossos on the north.  
of precise and exact forms. Complex palaces existed in towns such as Gournia and Royal Villa in
• The good climate favoured outdoor life- outdoor activities such as Hagia Triadia.
public ceremonies, dramatic Commerce - dominant activity.
presentations, public administrations were done outdoor.   In Crete -Arts and crafts pottery
• The climate together with the Greek’s love for conversations brought Wrestling, boxing, gymnastics, bull-leaping associated with religious
about the constructions rituals , were Greeks’ past time.
of porticoes and colonnades.   Women were active in the social life. Participated in hunting, and
strenuous games, craftswork
“Aegeans” believed in nature worship
worship divinities conceived in human form represented by Aegean Architecture ( 3000-1000 BC)
small idols, rocks, stone pillars, and all sorts of trees and animals. Crete
• Sacred bull –represented mysteries of masculine forms. • The Aegeans were partly Asiatic in origin.  
• Rhea or Hera -Supreme deity or the goddess of fertility • Flat roof, drawn together in large blocks 2-4 storey high  
• Worship done in open air, small chapel, caves
• Light wells well to admit natural light to the inner blocks  
• Temples were constructed , deities represented by large statues,
• Spacious stairways were developed and flat roofs form part of the
• after the collapse of the Aegean culture
• Religious festivals, sacred games, dances were part of the religious service areas.  Mainland  People brought with them the
activities. northern practices used low-pitched roof resulting to single-
storeyed  Allowance between units for the removal of
Religious Gods and goddesses rainwater  
Zeus- supreme god, ruler of the sky • Megaron-mainland domestic unit (housing) –deep plan comprising
Hera- wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage an entrance porch, the living-apartment and normally a
Apollo- god of law and reason, art, music and poetry; founder of cities thalamus or a sleeping room behind.  
Page 12 of 39
• Palaces and houses were the principal building types of the Aegean Piano nobile-rooms are arranged according to function and not
architecture.   symmetry
• Stoneworks or rubbles to dado height-building materials   North side –entrance; east side, industrial activity
• Timber frame for the upper parts   Upper level was a hall of state; a ramp leading to the 3 storey royal
apartments
• Panels filled with sub-dried brick or  stone rubble  
• Walls were coated with stucco outside and painted   Palace of King Minos,Knossos
• Gypsum for floors, round logs for floor decking   • Upper storey was level with the court’ the lower two are below the
• Masonry techniques such as   court and faced eastward towards the garden.  
• Rooms on this level were isolated from the court . Passages were
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER cool and lit with lightwells  
• “cyclopean type” and polygonal type • The stairwells, lightwells, and colonnades of downward tapering
Aegean Architecture cypress wood –column were typical Minoan style-  
3000-1100BC- start of Aegean architecture followed by “Dark Age” up
• There were system of drainage and sanitation  
to 650 BC.
• The palace appeared chaotic at once glance, but the planning
1600-1400BC- climax of achievement • Crete and the neighboring
represents the organic growth.
islands-
the start of architecture
Aegean Architecture ( 3000-1000 BC)
• Mainland Greece-suffered northern invasions and has different racial
features
• • Knossos and Phaestos- important
towns in Crete
• Tiryns and Mycenae-important towns of mainland Greece  
• Athens and Orchomenos-other important towns of the mainland  
• Palaces, tombs, and lesser domestic buildings were constructed
during this period  
Corbel -Use of false arches Vaults-pointed domes

Columns-square masonry pillars with bracket form of capital serve as
support for intermediate floors.
Another type of column-cypress, downward tapering cylindrical shaft,
slight disc-like base, and a widely projecting capital.
The broad –topped form of the column was necessary to collect the
weight of the thick supported wall
Examples of palace: Palace of King Minos,Knossos

Arranged around an open court measuring of 170-82.5 of Minoan feet
buildings covered 122 square meters (approx. 1.6 hectares
West court crossed by raised walks, typical of Minoan architecture,
Palace of Tyrins
overlooked by monumental west façade.
• The citadel located on a hill at the
The buildings of 2 storey high-ground floor for storage,
edge of the sea in prehistoric
First floor:
times  
throne room which is dark and mysterious; walls decorated with
frescoes; purpose more religious • Massive fortification of cyclopean
walling  
Page 13 of 39
• 2nd layer of wall was added in the Timber antae or uprights protecting the free ends of the naos where
13th century BC . The closed fortress in in contrast with the they embraced the pronaos or the porch.
open typed palaces of the Minoan style.   Low pitched roofs showing pediments or gables over narrow ends.
• The palace was located at the upper Temples were with wall enclosure and propylaea
part of the citadel.   Propylaea –entrance gateway or vestibule
• Propylon replaced the old gates of Trabeated and columnar- structural system
the fortification  
Architectural Character (Hellenic) Roof
Palace at Mycenae • untrussed, wooden roofs supported by rafters being supported by
Lion Gate-the principal feature , the entrance of the palace consisting beams  
of upright stone jamb 3.1 m high supporting a lintel 4.9 m long x 1.06 m • Wall plates, ridge piece and purlins laid on walls or colonnades  
high x 2.4 m deep over an opening of 3 m wide. • Greek columns and entablatures were wood with terracotta
Above is a corbelled opening with carved relief of2 lions facing a decoration in upper trabeation but later was converted in
central column of downward- tapering type. stone.  
• The imitation of materials from wood to stone was very real that is
Treasury of Atreus or the tomb of Agamemnon why Greek architecture is sometimes called “carpentry in
Fine example of a tholos- built before 1250 BC marble”  
Quality stone lining masonry Ceilings were omitted leaving the roof with coffers  Walls- All kinds of
Dromos is 6m wide and 36 m long and inside wall height is13.7 m., the stones were used-course rubble to finest ashlar Dado- always present
chamber is 14.5 m diameter. shown in the special arrangement of stones at the base of the wall  
Doorway 5.4 m high. On the sides were two half columns.
The triangle over the lintel contained slabs of deep red stones carved
Doric Order
with horizontal bands of connected spirals separated by mouldings with
Crepis (crepidoma)-stands on the 3 steps common to temples, some
plain bands between them . A strip of green stone carved with row of
have 1
discs surround the rising spiral and the trygliph and metope pattern
stylobate- the upper step forming the platform on which the colonnade
appears on the lintel.
is placed. Collectively, the three steps of the Greek Doric Order
.
constitute the crepidoma.
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Shaft-the body diminishing at the top between 3⁄4 to 2/3 of the diam at
Hellenic Period
base
• Temples were chief building type  
Flutes- usually with 20 shallow flutes on the shaft separated by arrises.
• Megaron-Earliest temple resembled   Others shafts with 12 to 24 flutes
Entasis- shaft ‘s slight convex profile to
Hellenic Period 650-323 BC (Hellenistic Period After the counteract the concave appearance produced
downfall of Aegean culture) by the straight-sided columns
Hypotrachelion- one to three grooves where
Greek states were united under similar devotion to their the shaft ended
religion, religious festivals, love for drama, music fine arts, Trachelion or necking- continuation of the
and national games and manly sports and contests. flutted shaft and above is the capital
Practiced a level of democracy-citizen shared in all affairs of Proportion- height= 4 x diameter earliest types,
the state. Architectural features similar with the predecessor in fifth century- h= 51⁄2 to 51⁄4 diameter,
Palaces, the dominant type of building in the Aegean period hellenistic period-h=7 x diameter
appeared scarcely in the Greek architecture.
Aegean in plan-timber laced, sun-dried brick wall, stucco Doric Order Capital
covered, on stone dadoes, timber framed portals (origin of the crowning member of the column-consists
the door architrave) of echinus and abacus
Page 14 of 39
1. Echinus-the convex or projecting moulding resembling a shell of a Architectural Character (Hellenic) Doric style Details
sea urchin, which supports the abacus
2. Abacus – unmoulded square slab forming the upper member of the • Obscure origin probably from the Dorian Corinth of the mainland  
capital • The capital of Bronze Age type  
Annulets-three to five horizontal fillets which stops the vertical lines of • The metope and triglyph frieze showed the pattern found in the
the arrises and flutes Tomb of Atreus of the Aegean culture and similar patterns of
potteries found in Syria  
Doric Order Entablature
• The system in more decorative than structural  
-upper part of an Order with frieze, cornice and architrave and
supported by columns. • Early version is of wood  
1. Architrave-principal beam taenia-projecting flat band which • Terracotta tiles for the hipped roof  
capped the architrave th
• Change from wood to stone started in the 7 century BC  
regulae- strips under the taenia, corresponding the interval of the • regulae and the guttae are the nails and pegs used to secure the
trygliph
metope and triglyph.  
guttae-6 small conical drops below the regulae
• Mutules fixed with pegs or guttae
2. Frieze- composed of triglyphs and metope
Evolution of the Doric Order secure the roof.
triglyph- 2 vertical channels (glyphs) and 21⁄2 channels (three glyphs) ;
aligned over each column and one at the center of intercolumniation
Ionic Order
metope- square spaces ornamented with relief sculptures
Height with the capital- nine to ten times their lower diameter in height
Flutes -24 separated by arrises. Earlier types have 40 to 44 shallow
3. cornice- the
flutes separated by sharp arrises
crowning upper
portion of the
Volute -2 volutes or
entablature
spiral about 2/3 the
mutule-flat
diameter of the height-
blocks located
one pair in front , one
underneath the
pair at the back of the
cornice occurs
column
over each
Joined at the sides by
triglyph and
a concave cushion,
metope and
sometimes plain or
ornamented with
decorated with flutes,
guttae.
fillet and beads
corona-the
Echinus-volute scroll
square
rest on the echinus
projection in the
Circular in plan with
upper part of the
egg and dart moulding
cornice, with
and resting on a bead
deep vertical
moulding, usually with
face generally plain, with its soffit or under surface recessed to form a
palmette disappearing
“drip” to prevent rain from running down the building.
under the volute
antefixa-ornamental blocks , fixed vertically, at regular intervals along
Abacus-located above
the lower edge of the roof to conceal the ends of the tiles.
the volute
acroterion-blocks resting on the vertex and lower extremities of the
pediment to support statue or ornaments.
Page 15 of 39
Corinthian Order For human involvement in cult and religious activities:

• First appeared in Greek Architecture in the 5th century BC as Theatre- for religious drama Hippodrome and stadium -athletic
decorative variant of the Ionic   contest and chariot racing
• First used as internal colonnade or for fanciful monuments   Palaistrai and gymnasia located near the hippodrome and stadium-
• Used as external colonnade during the Hellenistic period   physical exercises and training
Banqueting hall- for selected worshipper to partake the sacrificial meal
• Capital 1 -1/3 diameter high.  
dining in reclining couches, the Greek manner.
• Vitruvius recorded the fable about Callimachus inspiration and
designed the capital.   Acropolis at Athens
• Inverted bell , the lower part surrounded with two tiers of 8 acanthus Fine example of a sanctuary
leaves   Started as a citadel during the Bronze Age
• Caulicoli-stalks between the leaves at the upper tier surmounted by th
a calyx   Early 5 centuryBC, to celebrate the victory at Marathon, new
buildings were added
Conventional description of the number of columns: Greek numeral + Gateway replaced by propylon
The site was tidied after the Persians left.
Style
Propylaea replaced the old propylon Improvement of the site was
Style or stylos -Greek term for column
under the supervision of architect Mnesicles.
Larger temples were with more than one rows of columns to carry the
weight
Dystyle -two columns Tristyle -three columns
Tetrasyle -four columns Pentastyle -five columns
Hexastyle -six columns Heptastyle -seven columns
Octastyle -eight columns Eneastyle -nine columns
Dipteral -double rows  Tripteral - triple rows 
Pseudodipteral - the outer colonnade
Odd numbered columns were not usually used
Peripteral temples -temples with cella surrounded by columns . The

same terms were used to describe the number of columns
might be spaced as though there was a second internal row but in fact
omitted.
-amphiprostyle at both ends
-temple with porticos and an open portico of columns standing in front
of a building
Sanctuaries
-Contain more than one temple and contain those of lesser importance;
or contain temples build at different periods
- Offering and storage place Temples in Acropolis
-contain other spaces for human activities Parthenon –the main temple dedicated to
Treasury (thesaurus)-small non- peripteral temple constructed by Athena
Greek cities as offering to the god. Ictinus and Callicrates-supervisings
Temple and altar- the most sacred spaces dedicated to their go architects of Parthenon
Altar – monumental, rectangular in plan and with architectural motifs Phidias-sculptor of Acropolis and the
and mouldings such as triglyph and metope frieze or screen of statue of Athena
columns
Page 16 of 39
• Stylobate, cornices and architraves  were treated with entasis.   Athens located at the lower part of Acropolis
• Antifixae concealed the marble roof tiles above the cornice   Stoa-a free-standing portico or a detached colonnade used for covered
• No gutters; pediment with false   walk and meeting place; used to enclose the space of a Greek city
Bouleuterion-Greek Senate or council house
• (unpierced) lion head spouts  
Tholos-circular building where the committee of the council, when in
• Coffered ceilings were supported by marble beams   office, dined in this building at state expense
• The pediment with floral acroteria at the apex and lower angles   Prytaneion- the public hall or state dining room of the Greek city
• Eastern pediment sculptures were about the birth of Athena   Domestic dwelling
• Western pediment showed the contest of Athena and Poseidon   For the rich- courtyard type of stone construction
• Metopes, 92, were decorated with deep relief depicting combats: Walls were of mud brick and masonry Asymmetrical layout of rooms 
gods and giants on east, Greek amazons on west, Centaurs
on south and battle of Trojan on north.   Tombs
• Frieze with guttae and regulae   Classical tombs were not monumental, grouped into family precincts
• In 6th century, the Parthenon was converted to a Christian church rectangular and rarely circular in plan, where the ashes of the dead
dedicated to the Divine Wisdom   were deposited.
• In 1458, it was converted to a Mosque by the Turks  
• In 1687, during the Venetian siege, a powder store exploded Mausoleum (monumental tomb)
constructed by Queen Artemisia for his dead husband king Mausolus
causing great damage to the temple.  
Consisted of high rectangular podium, containing burial chamber,
surrounded by colonnade carrying a stepped pyramidal roof which
Erechtheion
supported the stature of a four- horse chariot.
• Replacement of the old one which housed the temple’s venerable
wooden cult statue of
Hellenistic period
Athena   Cultural and political unity under Alexander the Great
• Includes the salt pool where Poseidon struct the acropolis with is Greek culture flourished . Architecture being affected by Greek style
trident, and the shrine of Erechtheus- the legendary king of combined with different forms of local tradition and varying levels of
Athens   wealth.
• The site of the temple was not flat.   The successor kings after Alexander’s death were Macedonians-
• The cella was built in two levels   contributing to the architectural development of the period
• Hexastyle, prostyle temple with columns 6.586 m high   Doric order was maintained in mainland Greece under the
• At the west end of the south side of the porch contained the Macedonians
caryatids. These caryatids, 4 in Ionic order became popular in the Greek temples of the Asia minor-the
front and 2 behind , stands on a low wall with an opening between traditional Ionic area. Example of Hellenistic temple
the eastern rear figure and the main cella wall, thru which an stair
lead to an anteroom.   Urban Architecture
• The entablature is resting on the maidens’ head that supports a roof • Grid plan cities  
of flat slab.   • Walled with circuit wall made of  mud brick  
• Presence of agora, stoa, assembly  building (ecclesiasteron).  
Streets-grid pattern ignoring obstacles and becoming stairways in • Also with the construction of gymnasia, palaistrai, , council house or
steep slopes bouleuterion  
Towns were with walls • Burial Places  
Graves were outside the town • Mausoleum  
Spaces in Greek cities were devoted more to public rather than private
spaces
Agora –an open place assembly or a market place example: Agora of
Page 17 of 39
• Rock -cut tombs in cliffs where vertical surfaces were given HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2
architectural facades leading to:
1. loculi –the recesses on the wall to receive corpses or   ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
2. sarcophagi-elaborate coffins A style in architecture emerging in Italy and western Europe in the 9th
century and lasting until the advent of Gothic architecture in the 12th
Houses century, comprising variety of related regional styles and characterized
Affluent by heavy, articulated masonry construction with narrow openings, the
• Megaron type   use of the round arch and barrel vault, the development of the vaulting
• Facing open internal court yard   rib and shaft, and the introduction of central and western towers for
• Indirect access through the courtyard   churches.
• Stone columns  
• varying levels due to  slope   Vaulting shaft – a shaft that leads to the springer of a rib or group of
• Two storey was common     ribs, either rising from the ground or from the corbel at a
• Tenement houses for ordinary people greater height in the face of the masonry.
Greek Theatres Barrel vault – a vault having a semicircular

Greek theatres unroofed consisting of three parts: cross section. Also called cradle vault, tunnel
1. Auditorium or the cavea /koilon, seating area, vault, wagon vault
2. Orchestra or the dancing floor-chorus of each play danced and
sang; and
3. Stage building or the skene , place were the actors stayed
parodos- a passage separating the cavea from the stage building Groin vault – a compound
vault formed by the
Greek Mouldings  perpendicular intersection of two vaults forming
Fillet-a small flat band between mouldings to separate them from each arched diagonal arrises called groins. Also
other, also the uppermost member of the cornice called cross vault.
Astragal –a small semi-circular moulding, often ornamented with a
bead or reel. Torus is the name applied to large mouldings of similar
section. Arcade – a series of arches supported on piers or columns.
Corona- the square projection in the upper part of a cornice, having a Boss – an ornamental, knoblike projection, as a carved keystone at
deep vertical face, generally plain, and with its soffit or under surface the intersection of ogives.
recessed so as to form a “drip” which prevents water from running Ogive – a rib crossing a compartment of a rib vault on a diagonal. Also
down the building. called diagonal rib, groin rib.
Cavetto-a simple concave moulding. 5. Scotia-the concave moulding Basilica – An early Christian church, characterized by a long,
between two torus mouldings in the base of the column, throwing a rectangular plan, a high colonnaded nave lit by a clerestory
deep shadow.
and covered by a timbered gable roof, two or four lower side
Ovolo-a convex moulding much used in the classics and Renaissance
aisles, a semicircular apse at the end, a narthex, and often
architecture, often carved with egg and dart or egg and tongue.
Cyma recta-a moulding with an outline of two contrary curves. Also other features, as an atrium, a bema, and small semicircular
cyma reversa. apses terminating the aisles.
Dentils-tooth-like blocks in the Ionic and Corinthian cornices. Atrium – the forefront of an early Christian church, flanked or
Torus- a large convex moulding, used principally in the bases of surrounded by porticoes.
columns. See astragal Ambulatory – the covered walk of an atrium or cloister
Narthex – the portico before the nave of an early Christian or
Byzantine church, appropriated to penitents.
Page 18 of 39
Apse – a semicircular or polygonal projection of a building, usually

vaulted and used esp. at the sanctuary or east end of a
church. Also apsis.
Bema – a transverse open space separating the nave and the apse of
an early Christian church, developing into the transept of later
cruciform churches.
Sanctuary – a sacred or holy place, as that part of a church in which
the principal altar is placed.
Altar – the table in a Christian church upon which the Eucharist, the
sacrament celebrating Christ’s Last Supper, is celebrated. Also
called communion table.
Nave – The principal or central part of a church, extending from the
narthex to the choir or chancel and usually flanked by aisles.
Aisle – any of the longitudinal divisions of a church, separated from the
nave by a row of columns or piers
Galilee – a small porch used as a chapel for penitents at the west end
of some medieval English churches. Also galilee porch.
Chancel – the space about the altar of a church for the clergy and
choir, often elevated above the nave and separated from it by
a railing or screen.
Chantry – a chapel endowed for the saying of Masses and prayers for
the souls of the founder or of persons named by them.
Chapel – a separately dedicated part of a church for private prayer,
meditation, or small religious services.
Chevet – the rounded east end of a gothic cathedral, including the
apse and ambulatory.
Ambulatory – an aisle encircling the end of the choir or chancel of a
church. Also called deambulatory.
Choir – the part of a church occupied by the singers of a choir, usually
part of the chancel.
Ambo – either of two raised stands from which the Gospels or Epistles
were read or chanted in an early Christian church. Also,
ambon.
Exedra – a large apsidal extension of the interior volume of a church. Rose window – a circular window,
Also, exhedra. usually of stained glass and decorated
with tracery symmetrical about the
center.
Wheel window – a rose window having
distinctly radiating
mullions or bards. Also
called Catherine wheel,
marigold windows.
Page 19 of 39
Gallery – a roofed promenade, esp. one extending inside or outside Cusp – a pointed projection formed by two intersecting arcs, used esp.
along the exterior wall of a building. to vary the outlines of intradoses or to form foils
Triforium – an arcaded story in a church, between the nave arches Trefoil – an arrangement of three foils divided by cusps and radiating
and clerestory and corresponding to the space between the from a common center.
vaulting and the roof of an aisle. Cinquefoil – a design composed of five foils, divided by cusps and
radiating from a common center.
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Multifoil – having more than five foils.
Features of Gothic architecture: ribbed vault, flying buttress,
pointed arches
Tracery – ornamental work of branchlike lines, esp. the lacy openwork
spire
in the upper part of a Gothic window. FRENCH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
Rib vault – a vault supported by or decorated with arched diagonal Tympanum – a space between an arch and
ribs. Also, ribbed vault. the horizontal head of a door or window below
often with sculpture.
Flying Buttress – an inclined bar of masonry carried on a segment
arch and transmitting an outward and downward thrust from a Spire – a tall, acutely tapering pyramidal
roof or vault to a solid buttress that through its mass structure surmounting a steeple or a tower
transforms the thrust into a vertical one. Also called arc-
boutant. Steeple – a tall ornamental structure, usually
Pinnacle – a subordinate vertical structure terminating in a pyramid or ending in a spire and surmounting the tower of
spire, used esp. in Gothic architecture to add weight to a a church or other public building.
buttress pier.
Buttress pier – the part of a pier that rises to take the thrust of a flying Fleche – a slender spire rising from the ridge
buttress. of a roof, esp. one above the crossing of a
Amortizement – a sloping top on a buttress or projecting pier to shed Gothic church.
rainwater
Fan vault – a vault composed of a number Finial – a relatively small usually foliated
of concave concidal sections, usually four, ornament terminating the peak of a spire or
springing from the corners of the vaulting pinnacle.
compartment, often decorated with ribs that
radiate from the springing like the framework
of a fan. Crocket – a projecting ornament usually in
the form of curved foliage, used esp. in gothic
Oculus - a circular opening, esp. one at the architecture to decorate the outer angles of pinnacles, spires
crown of a dome. and gables.
Foils – any of several arcs or rounded

spaces divided by cusps and tangent to the
interior of a larger arc, as of an arch or circle.
Page 20 of 39
Gargoyle – a grotesquely
carved figure of a human
or animal, esp. one with an
open mouth that serves as
a spout and projects from a
gutter to throw rainwater
clear of a building.
Mansard roof – a roof having on each side a steeper lower part and a
Pendant – a sculptured ornament suspended from a roof truss, vault, shallower upper part.
or ceiling. Also called drop. Gambrel roof – a ridged roof divided on each side into a shallower
Lunette – an area in the plane of a wall framed by an arch or vault, slope above a steeper one.
containing a window, painting, or sculpture. Bay window – a window or series of windows projecting outward from
Turret – a small tower forming part of a larger structure, frequently the main wall of a building and forming a bay or alcove in a
beginning some distance above the ground. Also called room within , esp. one having its own foundation
Tourelle. Oriel – a bay window supported from below by corbels or brackets
Gable window – a window in or under a gable.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE Dormer – a projecting structure built out from a sloping roof, usually
Characteristics: housing a vertical window or ventilating louver.
Plan – “centralized” plan; buildings have a square, symmetrical
appearance in which proportions are usually based on a module.
Façade – symmetrical around their vertical axis
Frequent use of domes.
Gable
Cortile – a large or principal courtyard of an Italian Palazzo. window
Palazzo – a large public building or private residence, esp. in Italy.
Logia – a collonaded or arcaded space within the body of a building
but open to the air on one side, often at an upper story
overlooking an open court Dormer Oriel
Piano nobile – the principal story of a large building, as a palace or window
villa, with formal reception and dining rooms, usually one flight
above the ground floor.
Stair – one of a flight or series of steps for going from one level to
another, as in a building.
Architects of the Renaissance period
Staircase – a flight or series of flights of stairs including its supporting
• Brunelleschi
framework, casing, and handrails.
• Alberti
Balustrade – a railing with supporting balusters.
Baluster – any of a number closely spaces supports for a railing. Also • Ghiberti
called banister. • Donatelo
Newel– the post at the top or bottom of a flight of stairs that supports
the handrail.
Page 21 of 39
BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE o Architect-Arnulfo di Cambio

A style of architecture originating in Italy in the early 17th history and • STA. Maria Novella
variously prevalent in Europe and the New World for a century and a o Fra SistoFlorentino and Fra Ristoro da Campi mid-13th
half, characterized by free and sculptural use of the classical orders century; Style Gothic—lower part of the church
and ornament, dynamic opposition and interpenetration of spaces, and o Leon Batista Alberti; Style Renaissance—upper part of
the dramatic combined effects of architecture, sculpture, painting, and the church
the decorative arts. • Chateau de Chambord
o Domenico da Cortona
Broken pediment – a pediment, as over a doorway or window, having o Leonardo da Vinci
its raking cornice interrupted at the crown or apex. • St. Paul Cathedral
Swan’s neck pediment – a broken pediment having an outline formed o Sir Christopher Wren
by a pair of S-curves tangent to the
horizontal cornice at the ends of the Neoclassical style Britain
pediment and rising to a pair of scrolls • Pantheon, London
on either side of the center where a o James Wyatt
finial often rises between the scrolls. • Madeleine Church, Paris
o Pierre Contantd’Ivry
Jalousie window – a window having • White House
horizontal glass or wood louvers which o James Hoban
pivot simultaneously in a common frame, used primarily in mild
climates to control ventilation and to cut off visibility from the
outside. Art Nouveau
Jalousie – a blind or shutter having horizontal slats that can be • Casa Mila, Casa Batllo, La Sagrada Familia
adjusted to admit light and air but exclude sun and rain. o Antoni Gaudi
Oxeye – a comparatively small round or oval Art Deco
window, as in a frieze or dormer. Also
• Chrysler Building
called oeil-de-boeuf.
o William van Alen
• Empire State Building
ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKS
o Harmon, Shrieve and Lamb
Renaissance Italy
• Metropolitan Theatre, Manila
• St. Peter Basilica
o Juan Arellano
o Bramnte
Modern International style
o De Sangallo, younger
• Glass House, Gateway to Europe, Seagram Building
o De Sangallo, elder
o Philip Johnson
o Michelangelo
Modern
o Peruzzi
o Rafael • Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp
o Le Corbusier
o Vignola
o Carlo Maderno • Sydney Opera House
o Jorn Utzon
• Dome of Florence Cathedral
Modern Brutalism
o Filippo Brunelleschi
• Art and Architecture Building, Yale University
• Lower part of the structure – Gothic
o Paul Rudolf
Page 22 of 39
• Salk Institute and National Assembly in Dacca • Gherkin Building, Hearst Tower
o Luis Kahn o Norman Foster
• Cultural Center of the Philippines • Contemporary Art Center, National Museum of the 21st
o Leandro Locsin Century Arts, London Aquatic Center
Modern Contemporary o Zaha Hadid
• Church of Light Deconstructivism
o Tadao Ando • Dancing House, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Guggenheim
• Falling Water, Guggenheim Museum, Prairie style house Museum in Bilbao
o Frank Lloyd Wright o Frank Gehry
Modern Expressionism Post Modernism
• Einstein Tower Observatory • Portland Building, Denver Central Library
o Erich Mendelsohn o Michael Graves
• Trans World Flight Center (TWA) at JFK Terminal Post Modern
o Eero Saarinen • AT&T Building of Sony Building
• St. Louis Gateway Arch o Philip Johnson
o Elliel Saarinen • Burg al Arab
• Villa Savoye, Palace of Assembly Chandigarch in India o Tom Wright
o Le Corbusier
Modern PRITZKER PRIZE WINNERS
• Bauhaus, and Metlife Building 1979 – Philip Johnson 2001 – Jacques Herzog
o Walter Gropius 1980 – Luis Barragán & Pierre de Meuron
• Geodesic Dome 1981 – James Stirling 2002 – Glenn Murcutt
o Buckminster Fuller 1982 – Kevin Roche 2003 – Jørn Utzon
1983 – I.M. Pei 2004 – Zaha Hadid
Modern International Style 1984 – Richard Meier 2005 – Thom Mayne
• IBM Plaza in Chicago, Farnsworth House 1985 – Hans Hollein 2006 – Paulo Mendes da Rocha
o Ludwig Mies van de Rohe 1986 – Gottfried Böhm 2007 – Richard Rogers
Modern contemporary 1987 – Kenzo Tange 2008 – Jean Nouvel
• Chins Central Television Building in China 1988 – Gordon Bunshaft 2009 – Peter Zumthor
o Rem Koolhaas 1988 – Oscar Niemeyer 2010 – Kazuyo Sejima
• Milwaukee Art Museum 1989 – Frank Gehry & Ryue Nishizawa
o Eero Saarinen 1990 – Aldo Rossi 2011 – Eduardo Souto de Moura
1991 – Robert Venturi 2012 – Wang Shu
• Lyon Airport Railway, and HSB Turning Torso
1992 – Alvaro Siza 2013 – Toyo Ito
o Santiago Calatrava
1993 – Fumihiko Maki 2014 – Shigeru Ban
• Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Kagawa Prefecture
1994 – Christian de Portzamparc
Office
1995 – Tadao Ando 2015 – Frei Otto
o Kenzo Tange
1996 – Rafael Moneo
• Bank of China Tower, Museum of Islamic Art
1997 – Sverre Fehn
o IM Pei (Ioming Pei)
1998 – Renzo Piano
• Pompidou, Jean Marie Tjibbaou Cultural Center 1999 – Norman Foster
o Renzo Piano 2000 – Rem Koolhaas
Page 23 of 39
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 • Roffs are raised and upturned eaves

• Coated with clay tiles, colored and glazed
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
Famous Structures:
Indian architecture is well known for its intricate carvings and stone • Pai Fang
work which is essentially present in their structures. -It is a gateway used in Chinese Architecture
• Forbiden City - Beijing, China
Famous Structures -gathering of imperial ceremonies/proclamation and houses
• Stupa the emperor and its household
- hemispherical dome or mound built over a sacred relic. - It is a heavy work and made in fine details. Consists of
• Torana around 1000 buildings and 9000 rooms
-it is a gateway used for Indian Architecture - Also the largest wooden complex in the world
• Khajuraho • Great Wall of China
-“Temle of Love” - Qin Shi Huang: he constructed the great wall against barbaric
-The temples at Khajuraho were built during the Chandella invasions from Mongolia
dynasty, which reached its apogee between 950 and 1050. - Longest graveyard: forced labor and hundreds and
Only about 20 temples remain; thousands of laborers died while constructing the wall
-they fall into three distinct groups and belong to two - Length of 6400km
different religions – Hinduism and Jainism. They strike a • Bank of China Tower
perfect balance between architecture and sculpture. – most recognizable skyscrapers in Admiralty, Hong Kong
• Harmandir Sahib Temple - houses the headquarters for the Bank of China (Hong Kong)
-“Golden Temple” - Limited •Height: 367
-The Harmandir Sahib, also Darbar Sahib, is the holiest Sikh - Architect: I. M. Pei
gurdwara located in the city of Amritsar, Punjab, India. The city • Beijing National Stadium
was founded in 1574 by the fourth Sikh guru, Guru Ram Das. - also known as the Bird's Nest
• Taj Mahal - The stadium was designed for use throughout the 2008
-is a white marble mausoleum located on the southern bank of Summer Olympics and Paralympics
the Yamuna River in the Indian city of Agra. - Architects: Ar. Jacques Herzog, Ar. Pierre de Meuron and
-It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah company
Jahan to house the tomb of his favorite wife of three, Mumtaz
Mahal.
THAILAND ARCHITECTURE
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of Thailand is a major part of the country's rich cultural
Characteristics: legacy and reflects both the challenges of living in Thailand's
Chinese architecture of The Ming dynasty uses bright colors, painting sometimes extreme climate as well as, historically, the importance of
detailed scenes, roof tiles, roof guardians, and many marble fence architecture to the Thai people's sense of community and religious
posts. It looks very different than western architecture. Power is shown beliefs. Influenced by the architectural traditions of many of Thailand's
by space not height. neighbors, it has also developed significant regional variation within its
Nine is a lucky number in China so the Emperor will have 9 roof vernacular and religious buildings.
guardians The color of a roof reflects the social status of the people As the moniker “Thai stilt house” suggests, one universal aspect of
living inside. Yellow was reserved only for the Imperial family.Princes Thailand’s traditional architecture is the elevation of its buildings on
can only use green while ordinary people use grey roof tiles. Any stilts, most commonly to around head height.
Imperial door will have 9 studs in each direction. • The area beneath the house is consequently used for storage,
crafts, lounging in the daytime, and sometimes for livestock.
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• The houses were raised because of heavy flooding during - "The Marble Temple"
certain parts of the year, and in more ancient times, predators. - Constructed with Italian carrara marble.
• Thai building and living habits are often based on superstitious • Wat Phra Keow (1782 onward)
and religious beliefs. Many other considerations such as locally -"Temple of the Emerald Buddha"
available materials, climate, and agriculture have a lot to do - Inside the royal palace.
with the style. • Wat Traimit (19th century buildings)
- "Temple of the Golden Buddha"
Thai houses - contains one of the most revered statues in Thailand.
• Wat Arun (18th century onward)
Thai houses are made from a variety of woods and are often built in - "Temple of the Dawn"
just a day as prefabricated wood panels are built ahead of time and put - one of the few Bangkok temples predating the Chakri
together on site by a master builder. dynasty.
Many houses are also built with bamboo, a material that is easily • Wat Pho (1793 onward)
constructed and does not require professional builders. Most homes - "Temple of the Reclining Buddha"
start out as a single-family home and when a daughter gets married, - One of the largest temples in Bangkok.
an additional house is built on site to accommodate her new family. • Wat Suthat (1782 onward)- A temple famous for its giant - and
Although the house is built with prefab panels that are easy to formerly deadly – swing
rearrange there are taboos against rearranging a house.
KOREAN ARCHITECTURE
Kuti
A kuti is a small structure, built on stilts, designed to house a monk. Its Characteristics:
proper size is defined in the Sanghathisep, Rule 6, to be 12 by 7 keub Harmonized with nature
(or 4.013 by 2.343 meters). They never considered a place good enough for a building of
This tiny footprint is intended to aid the monk's spiritual journey by any type unless it commanded an appropriate view of
discouraging the accumulation of material goods.
mountains and water
Gently sloping roof
• Typically a monastery consists of a number of these buildings
grouped together on a shared terrace, either in an inward Sharp angles, strong lines, steep planes, and garish colours
facing cluster or alined in a row. are all avoided
• Often these structures included a separate building, called a
hor trai, used to store scriptures. Silla was the last of the three kingdoms to develop into a full-fledged
kingdom. Buddhist temples were built in Silla.
Religious buildings
Famous Structures
Thailand features a large number of Buddhist temples, a reflection of • Jongmyo Royal Shrine
the country's widespread Buddhist traditions. Although the term wat is - Oldest royal Confucian shrine preserved.
properly used to refer only to a Buddhist site with resident monks, it is - Under the list of UNESCO World Heritage List
applied loosely in practice and will typically refer to any place of - Was built in 1394 by order of King Taejo
worship other than the Islamic mosques found in southern Thailand.
• Cheomseongdae
Famous Structures: - Said to be the first stone observatory in Asia.
• Lak Muang City Pillar (1782) - It was built during the reign of Queen Seondeok (632-646).
- A commemorative pillar erected by the King to mark the -The structure is known for its unique and elegant form
founding of Bangkok. • Dabotap
• Wat Benchamabopit (1899) -Represents Buddha's manifestation in a diversified universe
Page 25 of 39
• Seokgatap - Japanese hanging scroll

-Represents Buddha's manifestation in a transcendent calm Lath
• Bulguksa Temple - Thin, flexible strips of wood or reed used as a backing for
-Was built on a stone platform at the foothill of Mt. Toham near plaster
Gyeongju Soan
-Oldest existing temple in Korea. - Rustic style of Japanese tea house
-The temple was first founded early in the 6th century and was Sukiya
entirely rebuilt and enlarged - Style of Japanese tea house, which typically combined a
• Temple of Heaven, multitude of materials
-It is a site where Korean Emperors performed the rites to Tatami
Heaven. - Thickly woven mats of rice straw rushed used to cover the
• Gyeonghoeru, floor in traditional Japanese houses
- It is a royal banquet hall of Gyeongbok Palace Takonoma
• Hongsalmun - Alcove for displaying art
- Is an architecture built as a gate for entering a sacred place Torana
in Korea. -Japanese gateway
- It is arranged by 2 round poles set vertically and 2 transverse
bars. Famous Structures
- It has no roof and door-gate and placed on the middle top • Byōdō-in Temple (1053)
gate there is a symbol of the trisula and the taegeuk image. -One of the few surviving examples of Heian era (794-1185)
- Is usually erected to indicate Korean Confucian sites, such as architecture left in Japan.
shrines, tombs, and academies such as hyanggyo and • Ginkaku-ji Temple (1484-90)
seowon. - One of the outstanding temples of the Muromachi era (1338-
- It literally means ‘gate with red arrows’, referring to the set of 1573).
pointed spikes on its top • Jōruri-ji Temple (1047)
- A rare example of Heian-era Pure Land architecture and
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE gardens.
• Tō-ji Temple (796)
Definition of terms: - Temple established in the earliest days of Kyoto.
Byobu • Yasaka-no-to Pagoda (1440)
- Folding screens constructed by paper and wood - A picturesque five-story pagoda.
Cha-no-yu • Ryōan-ji Garden (1488)
- Japanese tea ceremony - A zen rock garden famous for its minimalist design.
Chasitsu
- Japanese tea house
Chigaidana
- A special shelving unit for the display of smaller art or objects
Fusuma
- Sliding doors constructed by wood and paper
Jambs
- Vertical posts that form the sides of door, window, or a frame
Kakemono
Page 26 of 39
Other Terms:
Balinese traditional house Chigi

- Refers to the traditional vernacular house of Balinese - Are forked roof finials found in Japanese and Shinto
people in Bali, Indonesia Architecture.
- Follows a strict ancient architectural guide which is a product - Chigi predate Buddhist influence
of a blend of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs, fused with and are an architectural
Austronesian animism, resulting in a house that is "in harmony" element endemic
with the law of the cosmos of Balinese Hinduism. to Japan.
Candi - An important aesthetic
- Is a Hindu or Buddhist temple in Indonesia, mostly built during aspect of Shinto
the zaman Hindu-Buddha or "Indianized period", between the shrines, where they are
4th to 15th centuries often paired
Candi bentar with katsuogi, another
- Known as the the split gate type of roof
- It is the gate used in the nista mandala ornamentation.
Nista Mandala Katsuogi

o the outer zone of the Balinese Temple, which directly o are short, decorative logs found
connects the pura* compound with the outer realm, on Japanese and Shinto architecture.
and the entrance to the temple. o They are placed at a right angle along the ridge
o This zone usually takes the form of an open field or a of roofs, and are usually featured in religious or
garden that can be used for religious dance imperial architecture.
performances, or act as an additional space for Chofa
preparations during religious festivals. - Is a Thai architectural decorative ornament that adorns the top
at the end of wat and palace roofs in most Southeast Asian
*Pura countries, such as Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar.
▪ Meaning "city", "walled city", "towered city", or - It resembles a tall thin bird and looks hornlike.
"palace". - Is generally believed to represent the mythical
▪ During the development of the Balinese creature Garuda, half bird and half
language the term pura came to refer to a man, who is the vehicle of the
religious temple complex, while the Hindu god Vishnu.
term puri came to refer to palace, the
residence of kings and nobles Chorten
Chaitya - Indian term for Stupa
- Is a Buddhist shrine or prayer hall with a stupa at one end. Dougong
Chedey - is a unique structural element of
- Is a Cambodian term for Stupa a structure to store the ashes interlocking wooden brackets, one
of the cremated and also Buddhist relics of the most important elements in
Chedi traditional Chinese architecture
- Is an alternative term for a Buddhist stupa, mainly used in
Thailand
Page 27 of 39
Garbhagriha castles, Buddhist temples, and Shinto shrines.

- Is the sanctum sanctorum, the innermost sanctum of a Hindu - Roofing materials such as tile and bark may be used as
temple where resides the murti (idol or icon) of the coverings. The face beneath the gable may be flush with the
primary deity of the temple wall below, or it may terminate on a lower roof.
- Literally the word means "womb chamber", from the Sanskrit Mokoshi
words garbha for womb and griha for house. - Literally means "skirt storey" or "cuff storey"
- Is a decorative pent roof surrounding a building
- Only 'priests' (pujari) are allowed to enter this chamber.
below the true roof.
Garuda
- Since it does not correspond to any
- Was officially adopted as the national emblem by internal division, the mokoshi gives
King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) in 1911. the impression of there being more
- However, the mythical creature had been used as a symbol of floors than there really are.
royalty in Thailand for centuries. Monastery
- The Garuda is depicted on seals, which are used by the King - Is a community of men or women
of Thailand and the Government of Thailand to authenticate (monks or nuns), who have chosen to withdraw from society,
official documents and as its primary emblem. forming a new community devoted to religious practice.
- The Garuda came to symbolise the divine power and authority o The word monk comes from the Greek word monos,
of the king. which means alone.
Gopuram Mondop
- Is a monumental tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of any - In Indian architecture is a pillared outdoor hall or pavilion for
temple, especially in Southern India. public rituals
- This forms a prominent feature of Koils, Hindu temples of Naga
the Dravidian style*. - Is the Sanskrit and Pali word for a deity or class of entity or
- They are topped by the kalasam, a bulbous stone finial. They being, taking the form of a very great snake—specifically
function as gateways through the walls that surround the the king cobra, found in Indian religions,
temple complex mainly Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. A female nāga is
a nāgīor nāgiṇī.
*Dravidian Style/Architecture Pagoda
o was an architectural idiom that emerged in the - Is a tiered tower with multiple eaves, built in traditions
Southern part of the Indian subcontinent or South originating as stupa in historic South Asia and further
India. developed in East Asia or with respect to those traditions,
o It consists primarily of temples with pyramid shaped common to Nepal, India, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam,
towers and are constructed of sandstone, soapstone Burma, Sri Lanka and other parts of Asia.
or granite. Paifang
Ho trai - Also known as a pailou
- Is the library of a Thai - Is a traditional style of Chinese architectural arch or gateway
Buddhist temple structure that is related to the Indian Torana from which it is
Karahafu derived.
- Is a type of gable with a Phuttawat
style peculiar to Japan. - The area in a Thai Buddist temple dedicated to the Buddha
The characteristic Potala Palace
shape is the undulating - In Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region was the chief residence of
curve at the top. the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama* fled to India during
- This gable is common in the 1959 Tibetan uprising.
traditional architecture, - It is now a museum and World Heritage Site.
including Japanese
Page 28 of 39
- The palace is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythical abode Shoji
of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara*. - Is a door, window or room divider consisting of translucent
paper over a frame of wood which holds together a lattice of
*Avalokiteśvara wood or bamboo.
o Translated as “The Lord who gazes down (at the - While washi is the traditional paper, shōji may be made of
world) paper made by modern manufacturing processes
o Embodies the compassion of all Buddhas. Temizuya
- Is a Shinto water ablution pavilion for a ceremonial purification
*Dalai Lama rite known as temizu.
Is a monk of the Gelug or "Yellow Hat" school Temple of Heaven
of Tibetan Buddhism,the newest of the schools of Tibetan - Is an imperial complex of religious buildings situated in the
Buddhism founded by Je Tsongkhapa. southeastern part of central Beijing.
Prang - The complex was visited by the Emperors of
- is a tall tower-like spire, usually richly carved. They were a the Ming and Qingdynasties for annual ceremonies of prayer
common shrine element of Hindu and Buddhistarchitecture in to Heaven for good harvest.
the Khmer Empire. Tongkonan
- They were later adapted by Buddhist builders in Thailand, - Is the traditional ancestral house, or rumah adat of
especially during the Ayutthaya Kingdom(1350–1767) the Torajan people, in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
and Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782-1932). - Tongkonan have a distinguishing boat-shaped and
- In Thailand it appears only with the most important oversized saddleback roof.
Buddhist temples. Torii
Rumah Gadang - Is a traditional Japanese gate most commonly found at the
- Are the traditional homes (Indonesian: "rumah adat") of entrance of or within a Shinto shrine, where it symbolically
the Minangkabau. marks the transition from the profane to the sacred
- The architecture, construction, internal and external Ubosot
decoration, and the functions of the house reflect the culture - Is a building in a Buddhist wat.
and values of the Minangkabau. - It is the holiest prayer room, also called the "ordination hall" as
- A rumah gadang serves as a residence, a hall for family it is where ordinations take place.
meetings, and for ceremonial activities. - The term ubosot, shortened to bot in Thai colloquial speech, is
- In the matrilineal Minangkabau society, the rumah gadang is derived from the Pali term uposathagara, which refers to a hall
owned by the women of the family who live there; ownership is used for rituals on the uposatha days -- the Buddhist Sabbath,
passed from mother to daughter. which falls four times a month on the full moon, new moon,
Sala Thai and eighth day after each.
- An open pavilion, used as a meeting place and to protect Wat
people from sun and rain. - Is a Buddhist sacred precinct with a vihara (quarters
- Most are open on all four sides. for bhikkhus), a temple, an edifice housing a large image of
- They are found throughout Thailand in Buddhist temple areas, Buddha and a structure for lessons.
or Wats, although they can also be located in other places Wihan
Sangkhawat - In Thai temples, this designates a shrine hall that contains the
- Contains the living quarters of the monks. principal Buddha images. It is the assembly hall where monks
Shikhara and laypeople congregate.
- A Sanskrit word translating literally to "mountain peak", refers
to the rising tower in the Hindu temple architecture of North
India.
Page 29 of 39
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 - Features:

− Located in high altitudes from 500-1,600 meters,
Early Human Shelters spanning the provinces of the Cordillera’s mountain
>Caves range.
>Lean-to − Walls – 6 meters to 16 meters high.
• Early dwelling of the Aeta
− Has 3 basic elements
• Set-up before commencing a hunting or food gathering
• Terrace base
journey.
• Embankment
Two Variations:
• Soil body
1. Windshield or one-sided lean-to with or without flooring
Philippine Vernacular Architecture
2. Single pitched roof supported by rafters. Usually with a knee-
Vernacular Architecture
high elevated flooring or 1.20m high.
− denotes indigenous, folk, tribal, ethnic, or traditional
Materials:
architecture found among the different ethnolinguistic
• Walls, roof and flooring - rattan and bamboo
communities in the Philippines.
• Sheathing – nipa, palm leaves, banana leaves, coconut fronds
− Majority of vernacular built forms are dwellings.
or grass.
− “Vernaculus” Latin word meaning native.
>Tabon Cave Complex (Lipuun Point, Southwest Palawan)
-Named after the large-footed bird that lays egg in huge holes − Refers to grammar, syntax, and diction in expressing building
it digs into cave floors, many of which have been found in the cave in a locale, while signifying the diverse range of building in a
>Tau’t Batul region.
- continues to practice primeval living in caves Five Principal Features:
>Datag 1. The builders
- is a basic sleeping platfrom made from tree branches and 2. Constant adaptation to location
dried leaves that is raised slightly from the floor. 3. Process of construction
>Paga 4. Balance between social/economic functionality and aesthetic
- multi-purpose platform with a hearth used for cooking and for features
poviding warmth. 5. Architectural patterns and styles
>Angona Petroglyphs Home Insurance Building - first tall Building in America to use steel is
- Oldest work of art in the Philippines inspired from a building tradition originating from the wooden frame
- The engravings are mostly symbolic representations and are construction of a bahay kubo by William LeBaron Jenny
associated with healing and sympathetic magic Austernesian - Family of languages numbering to 1,000 to 1,200
>Idjang at Savidug, Batanes languages spoken in the sat geographical area between Madagascar,
-Sophisticated defensive engineering of the early Ivatan Taiwan ,Hawaii, Easter Island and New Zealand.
settlers
-Carved garved limestones to create planes of vertical walls. Regional House Types
1. Highland
Pre-Historic Megastructure o Ivatan
Rice Terraces o Cordillera
- The techniques of a pond-field agriculture, which characterizes
▪ Isneg, Kalinga, Bontoc, Ifugao, Kankanay,
the rice culture of the Asia-Pacific region, transforms and
Gaddang, Ibaloy, Magahat, Mangyan,
shape the landscape.
Subanun, T’boli, Tinggian, Tiruray, Yakan
Page 30 of 39
2. Lowland
o Bahay Kubo, Caticugan, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilokano, Lagatiti
Ilongot, Lusaran Valley house, Manobo -This is a makeshift type of shelter resembling an ethnic lean-
3. Coastal to.
o Maranao, Samal, Bay Sinug, Tausug, Badjao Rahaung
-This developed from the primitive kamadid or camarin, a basic
Highland shelter consisting of a two slope (A frame) roof resting on the
Ivatan ground
Environmental Situation: Slope of cliffs and villages built along the Mayhurahed
sides and tops of rocky hills of Batanes Island -An improvement of the Rahaung. It follows the same
Architectural Analysis framework minus the low platforms.
1. Plan Chivuvuhung
– Stood directly on the ground to withstand strong winds -This house type is the next step in the improvement of the
Jinjin and the Niriñdiñ.
or typhoons
2. Lime-stone-wood-and-thatch
– Fireplace built at one end of the house.
• Larger floor area
– Made up of two areas
• Two-story
• Rakuh (big house) – 4 x 8 meter-space consist
• Lower level used as shelter for animals (rainy), storage of
of the living room and sleeping quarters.
agricultural products ( summer) such as yam, sweet potato,
• Kusina (kitchen)- windows measure only half
wood, charcoal
the height of the door.
• Upper level –main living aurter
2. Structural Elements
• Wood floor separate two levels
– Walls - Limes and stone sometimes embedded with
Sinadumparan
wooden reinforcements in order to resist a
-still followed the basic form and roof construction of the WT
strong earthquake.
houses but the use of masonry allowed it to go wider and
3. Protective Elements higher.
- Cogon roof are heavily fastened to the rafters by means of -RAKUH (Main House) - The door and window openings are
several layers of clipped reeds and rattan. identical in width and height. Both have two swing-in panels
- PANPET – a big roof net made of doing ropes fastened and the only visible difference between the two is a hip-high
securely to the ground via strong pegs or large stones verandilla (wood balusters) added to the windows.
anchors, thrown over the entire roof during typhoons. -Kitchen or Kusina
4. Circulatory Elements o RAPUYAN - very low wall platform serving as a built-in
– Only three sides of the house have windows. stove This is also made of stone and mortar
– Wall without opening face the direction of the strongest o PAYA - wooden partitions located above the stove
winds. which are used as storage for dried fish, vegetables,
Two Major Archetypes of Ivatan House condiments, and the like
1. Wood-and-thatch Sinadumparan with Crown
• Built smaller -This variation has modifications to the triangular wall. The
• Limited to single story three corners of the triangle are extended to create wall
• Mostly are usded for storage or kitchen areas. protrusions with the one at the apex being rectangular in shape
• Temporary dwelling during harvest season (along coastline) resembling a crown.
Page 31 of 39
Sinadumparan-A-Binedberan Isneg/Apayao
-The cogon roof and some of the horizontal members of the Environmental Situation: Mountain slope of Cordillera
truss extend beyond the triangular wall. The purpose behind is Architectural Analysis:
to secure the triangular wall in between two rafters. 1. Plan of Binuron House
Beaterio – Boat-like appearance
-This house type is comparable in form with the Sinadumparan – Largest and substantially constructed house in the
minus the lower level and the wooden floor. The most obvious Cordilleras (no ceiling)
change is the use of clay tile roofing in place of cogon. – Typically 4.6 x 7.9 meters
Maytuab/ Nituavan – Squarish plan elongates into a rectangle with roof that
-This house type evolved from the Sinadumparan (2-slope roof
is bowed into the shape of an Gothic arch or boat
structure) as a result of a disastrous earthquake of 1918
turned upside down.
wherein the weak triangular portion of the walls collapsed for
– Tarakip is an extension structure, built at one end. As
some houses. Instead of rebuilding the damaged walls, the 4-
slope roof was introduced. wide as the house with a slightly higher floor but lower
Cordillera roof.
William Henry Scott - classifies houses in the mountain ranges of 2. Structural Elements
Cordilleras into the northern and southern strains • Walls are planks fitted together, can be removed.
1. Northern strain • Floor and roof supported by different set of post
Characteristics: – (8) inner post or sinit- supports the 1.2 – 1.5 meter
- Rectangular plan with high gable roof elevated floor
- Independent roof framing – (6) outer post or adixi-support the roof frame
- Space below the floor not used – Single post or atobtob supports one end of the 6.4
- Shelter from the cold, protection against hostile tribesmen, wild meter ridge pole
animals and vermin. 3 levels of binuron house:
o Isneg/Apayao • Datag/ xassaran – lowest level
o Kalinga • Tamuyon – immediate level
2. Southern strain • Tarakip – highest
Characteristics: 3. Protective Elements
- Square plan with either pyramidal or conical roof resting on top • Roof (gable)
of the walls of the house – Lengths of bamboo tubes are split in two, laid in
- Roof rest on the walls of the square cage alternating face-down-face-up arrangements with
- Space below the floor is used interlocking sides. Several rows are laid on top of
- Shelter from the cold, protection against hostile tribesmen, wild one and another like shingles.
animals and vermin. – Sometimes a layer of thatch is laid on top of the
o Ifugao bamboo arrangement for added protection
o Ibaloi Isneg Rice Granary
o Bontoc • Not only houses the annual harvest of grains but believed
o Kankanay to house the benign spirits invoked to guard the treasure of
o Mangyan food they contain.
o T’Boli • Provided with adequate protection (rat guards)
Page 32 of 39
Kalinga Ifugao
Environmental Situation: Steep Mountain slope of Cordillera Environmental Situation: Steep Mountain slope of Cordillera
- Noted for their strong sense of tribal awareness and the peace - The term "Ifugao" is derived from "ipugo" - earth people or
pacts they have made among themselves. mortals or humans, as distinguished from spirits and deities.
- Northern Kalinga - Preferred sites are level sections of slopes - Also means "pugo" - from the hill
or pockets with unobstructed view of the surrounding - Southern part of the Cordillera region best known for its rice
- Southern Kalinga - Farms both on wet terraces and terraces.
swiddens; Town-like settlement - Aside from their rice terraces, the Ifugaos are known for their
Architectural Analysis literary traditions of the 'hudhud' and the 'alim' .
1. Plan - The Ifugaos’ highest prestige feasts are the "hagabi", for the
• Two types of house most wealthy; and the "uyauy", a feast for those immediately
− Octagonal ( Binayon or Finaryon) - For wealthy families in the below the wealthiest.
past; Northern Kalinga Architectural Analysis
− Rectangular - Central area called dattagon with slightly Types of houses according to social standing:
elevated side called sipi; Southern Kalinga • FALE or BALE – For the affluent
2. Structural Elements • ABONG – for the poor
− Lower part of wall is made of plaited bamboo sawali which • COMMUNAL – unmarried boys, girls and elderly
rises up to the floor level Functional Levels of the Ifugao House:
− Upper portion is made up of wooden boards rabeted to the • First level- DAULO - Used for midday rest and entertaining of
exterior floor beam visitors, weaving, carving and accomplishing household tasks
− Total of 12 posts used as supports to the binayon house • Second level - House cage, consisting of the roof frames walls
− 4 post – central sqaure portion and floor.
− 8 post – other sides forming an octagon. • Third level- PALAH’ - Utilized to store rice
3. Protective Elements 1. Plan
• Binayon House − Entrance generally faces away from the rise of slope.
– Hipped roof − Enclosed structure generally square in plan
– Low with thatched reeds − 1.50 to 2.00 meter high on (4) tree trunks as columns, floor
– Rafters were slightly curved to at the top which gave a made of wooden planks resting on solid floor joist which
vaulted interior to the ceiling overhangs the floor.
• Lower Kalinga house − Single-room house with 4 x 6 meters
– Gable roof − Used for cooking and sleeping
– Moderate pitch covered with thatch and bamboo − Fireplace at far right corner
– Rafters same with the binayon − Shelves above the fireplace are provided for the storage of
– Kinimpal – roof type that used split bamboo convex palay and firewood
and concaves sides overlapped each other. − Only husband, wife and youngest child live in the house. Upon
– Tinalop – roof type that required only two layers of reaching the age of reason, children sleep in communal
bamboo. dormitories.
– Bubong- roof ridge thatch cover. 2. Structural Elements
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− Solid floor joists with wooden flooring attached by wooden Architectural Analysis
pegs 1. Plan
− Walls (waist or chest high) are usually slanted outward the top • House for poor people
− Wallboards are mortised into the floor joists while the upper – were built directly on the ground
part are rabbeted to the beam – Covered with cogon grass thatching and were
− Since no nails are used, the house can easily be dismantled, provided with very small door opening in order to
carried to a new site and reassembled. contain heat within.
3. Protective Elements • For well-to-do families (DEMA HOUSE)
− Roof framing are made of rafters – Contains a bedroom, dining room, kitchen, discussion
− Apex of roof, are made of grass covering attached loosely to room and a storage room were built above the ground.
allow the escape of smoke emanating from the kitchen area – Wooden planks were used as flooring to keep the
house warm
− Pyramidal in shape covered with reed and grass
− Ran steeply from the top downwards extending beyond the
Bontoc
floor level, sometime concealing the walls entirely
Environmental Situation: Steep Mountain Slope of Cordillera
− Rat guard in the four corners
− Live in the banks of the Chico River.
4. Circulatory Elements
− Used to be a group that was known because of its head-
− Two doors having the same width as the wallboards
hunting practices.
− Ladder is provided at the main door. Ladder was drawn at Lumawig – highest being a supreme deity who personifies the forces of
night for security and protection nature and is the legendary creator, friend, and teacher of the Bontoc
5. Decorative Elements
− Carabaos’ skull and pig jaws were used as indication of status Anito - spirits of the dead who must be consulted before anything
and keeping peace with the gods important is done.
− Ambubulan figure form placed on top of the roof used as Architectural Analysis
protection against evil spirits and lightning and sign of asking 1. Plan
favor from the god Kabunyan. − Bontoc ili or village has three basic residential structures
differentiates it from the poblacion.
Ibaloi o Ato - the council house dormitory of the young and old
- Live mostly in the southern part of Benguet unmarried males.
- Agricultural people cultivating rice in terraced fields, and have - Consist of a large hut ( pabafunan)
some affinity in language with Pangasinan, its southern - Can accommodate 6 to 18 males.
neighbor - Open court
- Major feast is the Pesshet, a public prestige feast of the o Ulog/olog – female dormitory
wealthy that could last for weeks and involving the butchering - Public structure where young women of
and sacrifice of dozens of animals. marriageable age go to sleep at night.
- One of their more popular dances is the Bendiyan dance that - Stone structure with thatched roof
could be participated in by as many as a hundred men and - Inside boards are placed side by side for girls
women dancers. to sleep on.
- The Ibaloi house has a larger room, a flaring roof, and a small - Usually built over a pigpen.
porch - Not an institution unlike Ato
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- It is where courtship commences and ends Sagada house - resembles the Bontoc house but is fully covered. It is a
with engagement. wooden box with a steep thatch roof as a lid. With the granary within,
o Afong – family residence the Sagada house is a "house within a house".
- Fayu – rich families ( 3.6 x 4.5 m) 5. Decorative Elements
• Built directly on ground 1. Sleeping compartments is with wooden boards or
• Square in plan sleeping benches
• Designed to facilitate many activities - (0.90 m x 1.20 m)
- Slightly inclined at one side to allow sleeper’s head
• Falig (granary)- 2.00 sq.m, elevated
to be elevated
on four posts around 1.5 meters high
- Other end has a pole to allow sleeper to rest hi
• Cha-la-nan – located on the ground
feet.
floor with following areas arranged
- Fire can be provided under the pole to provide
from the door way to the rear;
warmth
o Tap-an (Rice threshing
2. Closet for valuables.
room)
Sangachil – death chair
o Choksu ( Utiliy Bench)
o SOKLUT ( Kitchen)
Kankanay
- Katyufong – smaller, enclosed and stone-
Two groups
walled, also is where windows and old – Northern or the Lepanto Igorot
unmarried women reside. • Located not in Benguet but in the
- Where poor families live Southwestern part of Mountain Province
- Small, enclosed and walled by stone • Inhabit the municipalities of Besao, Sagadam
2. Structural Elements Tadian and Sabangan
• Four corners posts and side walls of the ground floor leans – Southern
slightly outwards at the top up to the horizontal beam • Municipalities of Mankayan, Bakun, Kubungan
• Front and side walls are made of wood connected to the post , Bunguias and the upper half of kapangan in
• Rear walls is made of stone and mud Benguet
3. Protective Elements TWO FAMOUS INSTITUTIONS:
• Pyramidal in shape at front and rear 1. Dap-ay
• Trapezoidal along the sides. • The men’s dormitor and civic center
• Steep roof slope runs from the ridge up to 2/3 of the total 2. Ebgan
height • The girl’s dormitory were courtship between young men and
• Overhang of 1.2 meters women took place
• 1.2 m distance – edge of roof to the ground THREE TYPES OF KANKANAY DWELLING:
• Roof covering made of grass shingles lashed to rafters. 1. Binangiyan
4. Circulatory Elements 2. Apa or Inapa
- Stair provided for the granary since it was elevated • Poor family dwelling built lower to the ground
- No windows • temporary abode
- Smoke from the house to pass at smokeholes or end • Walls perpedicular to the ground with four main posts standing
of ridgepoles directly in the corner.
- Door width is .42 m leads to ang-an
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• Flooring made of split bamboo • Eaves supported by 4 walls that slant towards the upper part
3. Allao • roof is mortised to the four corners of slanting walls.
• More temporary • High and pointed
• gable roof • Thatched with runo, pudong and cogon grass.
• Rectangular floor plan
• Four corner post reach upto roof Mangyan
• Does not require walls Environmental Situation : Mountain side or Hillside of Mindoro
• No attic • The Mangyans were the only inhabitants of Mindoro before
• no stairs they were driven from the coasts into the mountainous areas
• Floor height is only 0.60 meters by invading Tagalogs.
Architectural Analysis • They are a mixture of Austronesians, proto-Malays, Indian
1. Plan settlers and Malays.
• BINANGYAN Architectural Analysis
– Name to call the traditional Kankanay house 1. Plan
– Situated on the bulge of a hill • Communal house were elevated from the ground at 1.50
– Nowadays are located near the source of a stream or meters to the surrounding platform.
rover. • One-room structure measures 6.00m x 10.00
– Similar to an Ifugao house (fale) • Rectangular in plan.
– Single room dwelling • At the central part of the house, leading from the main door is
– Elevated 1.50 meters from the ground. the PALAGANAN
• Interior space used as (4m x 4.5m) – Lower than the platforms
– Sleeping – Visitors may sleep here bit most of the time is used as
– Cooking eating and storage of utensils and valuables. extra storage space for families
• Granary – Flooring made of large logs laid parallel to each
– Under the roof and attic baeg (above the hearth) other and attached to the joints by vines or rattan
• Space underneath was lashing.
– used for basket weaving, kitchen utensils making, Individual families were not separated from one another but
sewing cloth or cutting wood. partitions. Space allotment is defined by mat spread in the floor
– used for entertaining guest and as a family room. and by individual fireplaces.
– Where pigs, chicken might be kept in the corner.
T’Boli
2. Structural Elements
Environmental Situation : Hilltops and mountaintops in the Lake
• Supported by four or more wooden posts to which the flooring
− T’boli are one of the indigenous people in Southern
farming was attached
Mindanao
• Walls are made of hardwood, slanted outwards at the top.
− By nature are known as happy people.
• Walls are rabbeted to the transverse beam above.
− Live in harmony with nature while pursuing a lifestyle of
• Ground level to roof ridge approx. 6.00 meters
colorful outfits and vivacious music and dances.
3. Protective Elements − Size of house directly proportional to the owner’ wealth.
• Roof pyramidal in form with overhanging eaves extending Architectural Analysis
downward about 1.2 meters from the ground. GUNU-BONG – large two level T’Boli house
Page 36 of 39
• Home for extended family ave. between 8 to 16 persons, BALKON - open gallery at the front or rear of the house; serves as an
• Built on 1.80 meters high stilts ante-rooom or lounging area
• was designed in various levels with each level having different BULWAGAN - Area reserved for entertaining the guests
functions. SILID - a private room used for sleeping
• Approximate area of 270 to 400 sq.m. PAGLUTUAN/GILIR - kitchen or cooking area; usually found at the
1. Plan rear have the following features
• KOHU – the hearth made of beaten-earth floor. It had BANGGAHAN - (later called banguerra or banguerrahan) a place for
drying and storing of pots and pans, drinking glasses, plates and other
a shelf where pots and pans, baskets and other
kitchen utensils.
utensils were kept.
BATALAN - where water jars (used for drinking washing and bathing)
• DOL- an area used for the Kohu and Stair landing.
are kept
• FATO HU – Located at the rearmost part of the house, SILONG - space found underneath the house used as a storage space
it was the utility area, for the farming and dishing implements and also where animals are
• KOTEL – a detached structure located some few feet kept; often fenced off with bamboo slats
away from the house which functioned as a toilet. GILILAN (floor sills) - placed on the outer periphery of the floor joist
2. Structural Elements were provided to support the wall.
• Bamboo stilts or timber poles support the house. YAWI (floor beams) – used to define the area covered by the floor
• Walls made of sawali or woven bamboo strips space
• The low blaba wall cwas hinged to the floor at its lower side so PATUKURAN – is where the joists (soleras) rest.
that it could be opened towards the outside in case an SIKANG - placed midway between the top and end of the rafters
extended floor was needed. KAHAB-AN - was placed at the bottom end of the rafters.
3. Protective Elements Bi-level houses
• Made of bamboo frames and covered with cogon or dried − Ground level - Living area, kitchen and dining
grass, o Doors without swing board
• Apex at 5.10 m high o Sagang- four step stair, a barrier to prevent children
• Roof design of the house provided a n impression of roof on from falling.
stilts due to the 30 deg slope extending towards the 0.90m − Second level – bedroom
beyond the wall concealing the wall surface − Furnishings
4. Circulatory Elements o Papag –built in bed
• Stair made of single bamboo pople with notches, o Dulang- low table
• Door is almost 0.60 m above the floor, designed similarly to the o Bangko – bench
door of a chest that can be lowered and closed o Bamboo grilles
o Sala-sala - bamboo latticework
Lowland
Bahay Kubo Coastal
− ‘Bahay’ came from the word ‘balai’, vernacular word for house.
− ‘Kubo’ translation of the Spanish word ‘cubo’ which means Maranao
cube. The tagalog ‘kobo’ refers to mountain houses. Environmental Situation: Hills, along the rover, road or lakeshore of
Mindanao
− Known as the Cube house - height of the wall equals to its
− people of the lake” is the largest Islamic ethnolinguistic group.
width
− Last group in Mindanor to be converted to Islam.
Architectural Analysis
Page 37 of 39
− Pangampong – four settlement principalities in Lake Lanao, TAPUWILIH – center post

Lanao del Sur TUKUD – four corner post
o Organized like hamlet, consisting of 3 to 30 multifamily RAMPATAN/TINAI AWALAI –supporting the king post of the
dwelling. high ridged roof, serves as the central beams and considered
o Wet-rice agriculture – house are organized in rows as the intestines of the house, heavily carved and
following the length of a river, road or lakeshore. polychromed.
PANOLONG - a wing like house beam with pako rabong (fern-
o Dry-rice agriculture – communities are smaller and
like) or naga (dragon/serpent-like) motifs; ends of floor beams
aggregate irregularly near water source.
that projects and spaly out like triangular butterfly wings on the
− 3 types of Maranao house: façade and side elevations.
o Lawig - small house raised above the ground on stilts PANGGAO – datu’s ceremonial bed with its frame and legs
with lean-to roofing and an outdoor cooking area with okir designs was elevated almost 0.60 meters from the
o Mala-a-walai – large house with architectural flloor. A richly wooden canopy hanged over it.
oranaments but does not have the panolong Samal
OKIR - decorations at baseboard, windowsills and Bay Sinug
doorjambs. − Traditional Tausug house
KINANSAD ( a bamboo-fenced porch) marks the façade of − Elevated above ground
the house BILIK – sleeping quarter
split bamboo lashed with rattan – flooring material. SALAS – entrance porch
KODAL/CARABAO CORAL – underneath the kitchen. SUNGAN ROOF - a hipped roof with triangular vents (sungan), which
o Torogan – ornately decorated ancestral residence of is well ventilated by a hile formed by having only two (out of four)
the datu and his extended family. slopes meeting at the apex.
− Maranao Royal House LIBUT ROOF – pyramidal roof whose tip is cut off to provide a vent
− Ancestral house of the datu and his family. which is protected by a pyramidal cap placed high enough (about 0.30
− Used for social and political ceremonies by the meters) to allow unhindered discharge of rising warm air.
datu. TADJUK PASUNG - carved wooden finials shaped like birds (manuk-
− Does not have partition manuk), swirling leaves (pako rabong), or a dragon (naga)
LUHUL - rectangular cloth; instead of ceiling, tausugs used this to
− Living area during the day, sleeping area
catch leaves, dust and insect
during the night.
Tausug
− Also used as eating and weaving area. Environmental Situation: Coastal water of Tapulm Siasi, Basilan,
− Sleeping space is provided with mats and Maysian, Borneo, Tawi-tawi, Zamboanga del Sur , Cotabato
sleeping mattresses (lapa) and demarcated − Name means “ people of the current”
from one another by a cloth divider. − Second largest group of Muslim Filipinos
GIBON/PAGA – rooms that are not exposed to visitors. Used − More than half of their population lived in the island of Jolo.
as a hiding place for the datu’s daugther.
− Traditional occupation include farming, fishing and trade.
BILIK – emergency hideout located behind the headboard of
− Renowned in the manufacture of traditional maritime vessels,
the sultan’s bed.
LAMIN - tower atop the torogan where the princess and her weapons and woven textiles.
ladies in waiting hid during occassions, usually located near − Located both
the sulatan’ s bed. − Inland (tau gimba) – disperesed and coastal (tau higad)-
BARIMBINGAN WOOD – floor material concentrated fishing communities.
Page 38 of 39
− Southern bank of Pasig River – ruled by Rajah Suleiman and

Badjao where the future Fort Santiago will be located,
Environmental Situation: Coastal water of Tawi- Tawi, Sibutu and − Northern bank - Ruled by Rajah Lakandula, Suleiman’s uncle
Semporna MAYNILAD – the place where there is nilad, a local tree which grew on
− Traditionally use boats as their house the banks of Pasig river that is a type of mangrove that bore white
− Living in a houseboat altered natural postures of its dwellers. waxy star shaped flowers (Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea).
Adapted a curved body posture, which makes them stand or CABECERA - was the capital of the parish and was designed to be the
walk with protruding buttocks site of a compact village
− Since they permanently dwell on boats badjaos come to land BAJO LA CAMPANA - within the hearing distance of church bell
only to exchange their catch with land produce, and to bury PRINCIPALIA - former datus, their families and descendants, who
their dead. later assumed office in the colonial bureaucracy
KAWMAN - hometown of a badjao, though nomadic or settled, made SANTIGO DE VERA - order that all buildings of the city be constructed
up of several related nuclear families with a male elder as the of stone and tile
panglima. Domingo Salazar (first Bishop of Manila) and Fr. Antonio Sedeño
SITANGKAI - Badjao’s main settlement, constituted exclusively of stilt (jesuit)- pushed the contruction of buildings and house using stone
houses and tiles
LUMA - Badjaos landhouses ARQUITECTURA MESTIZA - Refers to structures build partly of wood
PANTAN - extension where fish is dried and partly of stone; This type of construction , the house posts or
HARUN - or ladder, is a log into which notches are carved to serve as haligues supported the second floor , while the stone walls at the
steps ground floor merely acted as a compact curtain for the wooden curtain
Two kinds of boats of for the wooden framework of the house.
− Palaw – either be permanent dwelling or temporary lodging Maestro de Obras – or Master Builders, are natives who apprenticed
to friars, engineers and other knowledgeable sand experience people
during fishing trips.
BAROQUE CHURCHES OF THE PHILIPPINES
o Types of Palaw
• The official designation to the collection of Spanish-era in the
▪ Lepa – lighter and speedier, differs strikingly
Philippines, upon its inscription to the UNESCO World
from the other two boats because it does not
Heritage List in 1993.
have outriggers
• Unique architectural style is a reinterpretation of European
▪ Jengning – bigger and heavier
Baroque by Chinese and Philippine craftsmen.
− Dapang or vinta- made of single tree trunk, for short fishing
1. San Augustin Church, Manila
trips.
- concerning the protection of the World Cultural and
Natural Heritage. The Church of San Agustin
SPANISH ERA possesses exceptional universal value that
Treaty of Tordesillas - Pope Alexander VI divided the globe in two deserves protection for the benefit of all humanity.
spheres, due to the ensuing rivalry between Portugal and Spain. - Two Italian painter-decorators were hired by
▪ Eastern half – Portugal architect Luciano Oliver in 1854, Cesare Alberoni
▪ Western half- Spain and Giovanni Dibella, painted the interiors with
Manila and Cebu – supra-barangays trompe l’oeil, creating illusion of recessed panels,
PINTADOS –The first natives the Spaniards saw in the Visayas rosettes, cornices and moldings.
because of their colorful body decorations, painted or tatooed. • Fu Dogs or temple dogs - Stone zoomorphic sculptures of
Sino- Buddhist origin; These lions are undoubtedly palpable
Two Muslim Kingdoms in Manila
Page 39 of 39
emblems of strong Chinese presence in the development if the Teatros al aire libre ( open-air theaters) - Earliest theaters which
Philippine architecture. were made up of temporary podium surrounded by an open space for
2. Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion in Santa Maria, Ilocos spectators.
Sur Sabungan - Natives had an immense affection for roosters and
3. San Augustin Church in Paoay, Ilocos Norte cockfighting , hence, made the game a vastly popular vernacular
4. Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church in Maig-ao, Iloilo pastime.
SOCIAL HIERARCHY
• Peninsulares – Born in Span, live in the Phil. Both parents
Spanish.
• Insulares – full blooded Spaniards born in the colonies
• Mestizos – offspring of a Filipino and a non-Filipino
• Ilustrados – Spanish-educated Filipino
• Sangley – Pure Chinese
• Indios - Pure Filipino
Cuadricula (Grid Pattern)
• Square or rectangular blocks on parallel and perpendicular
crossing one another
• Facades always face the streets
1. Cathedral – occupies and outstanding place in the
plaza mayor.
2. Ayuntamiento – symbol of the Town Council is also
constructed in the plaza (alcades/city leaders and
oidores/judges)
3. Buildings representing the Central Administration-
erected opposite (Palacio del Gobernador)
Ayuntamiento (City Hall) - Smaller version is called Municipio, Casa
de Municipal or Casa Real, symbolizing the secular power of the
colonial state.
Palacio del Gobernador or Palacio Real- Residence and office of the
highest official of the land
Aduana (Customs House) - housed several government offices
through the years; serves as central treasury
Claveria Bridge (Puente Colgante) - A landmark suspension bridge
that linked Quiapo and Arroceros district
Alcaiceria de San Fernando - A special commercial district for
chinese merchants and traders were called the Parian.
La Insular Cigar Factory (1894) - Three- storey building continued to
be a landmark structure imposing its presence together with the Hotel
de Oriente at the Plaza Caderone dela Barca in Binondo until it was
consumed with fire in 1945.

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Page 1 of 39

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REVIEWER

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 • Wealthy individuals undertook private and public commissions

Imperial Rome Roman Theatres

Town Planning ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

• Egyptian gorge cornice- produced by the pressure of the mud roof

3.Hieracosphinx – body of a lion, head of a

BELIEF IN LIFE AFTER DEATH

Mastaba- an ancient Egyptian, rectangular, flat topped funerary mound

Tomb Architecture: mastaba, pyramid, rock-cut tomb

Rock-hewn tombs TEMPLE OF KHONS, KARNAK

Temple of Hatshepsut 1580-332 BC

Romanesque Innovations GEOLOGICAL

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Athena- goddess of wisdom and learning

Corbel -Use of false arches Vaults-pointed domes

Examples of palace: Palace of King Minos,Knossos

Corinthian Order For human involvement in cult and religious activities:

Peripteral temples -temples with cella surrounded by columns . The

Greek Theatres Barrel vault – a vault having a semicircular

Apse – a semicircular or polygonal projection of a building, usually

Foils – any of several arcs or rounded

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE o Architect-Arnulfo di Cambio

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 • Roffs are raised and upturned eaves

• Seokgatap - Japanese hanging scroll

Balinese traditional house Chigi

Nista Mandala Katsuogi

Garbhagriha castles, Buddhist temples, and Shinto shrines.

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 - Features:

− Pangampong – four settlement principalities in Lake Lanao, TAPUWILIH – center post

− Southern bank of Pasig River – ruled by Rajah Suleiman and

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