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Gas Laws

Charles' Law states that the volume of a gas increases or decreases by 1/273 of its volume for each degree change in temperature at constant pressure. The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. Absolute zero is the temperature at which the volume of a gas becomes zero. Gay-Lussac's Law states that the pressure of a gas increases or decreases by 1/273 of its pressure for each degree change in temperature at constant volume. The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant volume. Avogadro's Law states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules. The volume of one mole of an ideal

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62 views

Gas Laws

Charles' Law states that the volume of a gas increases or decreases by 1/273 of its volume for each degree change in temperature at constant pressure. The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. Absolute zero is the temperature at which the volume of a gas becomes zero. Gay-Lussac's Law states that the pressure of a gas increases or decreases by 1/273 of its pressure for each degree change in temperature at constant volume. The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant volume. Avogadro's Law states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules. The volume of one mole of an ideal

Uploaded by

SHALINI SINGH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Charles’ Law

The volume of the given mass of a gas increases or decrease by 1 / 273 of its
volume for each degree rise or fall of temperature respectively at constant
pressure.

Vt = Vo (1 + t / 273) t constant p
or

The volume of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute


temperature at constant pressure.

V ∝ T (at constant p), V / T = constant or V 1 / T1 = V2 / T2


Absolute zero is the theoretically possible temperature at which the volume of the
gas becomes zero. It is equal to O°C or 273.15K.

Isobars A graph of V vs T at constant pressure is known as


isobar

Charles’law explains that gases expand on heating, so hot air is less dense than cold
air.

Gay Lussac’s Law


The pressure of a given mass of gas increases or decreases by 1 /273 of its
pressure for each degree rise or fall of temperature respectively at constant
volume.

pt = po (1 + t / 273) at constant V and n


or

The pressure of a given mass of a gas at constant volume is directly proportional to


absolute temperature.

p ∝ T or p = KT or p / T = K at constant V and n or P1 / T1 = P2 / T2
Isochores A graph of p vs T at constant volume is known as isochore
Avogadro’s Law
It states that equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of temperature
and pressure contain equal number of molecules.

Mathematically

V infi; n (at constant T and p)

or V / n = K

Molar gas volume The volume of one mole of a gas, i.e., 224 Lat STP(0°C, 1 atm)
i_!S known as molar gas volume
Ideal Gas Equation
▪ V ∝1 / p, T and n constant (Boyle’s law)
▪ V ∝ T, p and n constant (Charles’ law)
▪ V ∝ n, p and T constant (Avogadro’s law)
⇒ V ∝ nT / p
or pV ∝ nT
or pV = nRT.

This is known as ideal gas equation. R is known as universal gas

constant. From the ideal gas equation, density.

d = pM / RT (where, M = molecular mass)

▪ ideal gas The gas which obeys the equation pV = nRT at every temperature and
pressure range strictly Is known as Ideal gas.
▪ Real gases Since none of the gases present in universe strictly obey the equation
pV =nRT. hence they are known as real or non-ideal gases. Real gases behave,
ideally at low p and high T.
Graham’s Law of Diffusion
Under Similar conditions of temperature and pressure, the rates of diffusion of gases
are inversely proportional to the square root of their densities.

Mathematically, r1 / r2 = √d2 / √d1 = √M2 / √M1


[Diffusion is the tendency of gases to distribute itself uniformly throughout the
available space while effusion is the movement of gas through a small hole when it is
subjected to pressure].

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure


At constant temperature. the total pressure. exerted by a mixture of non-reacting
gases. is the sum of partial pressures of different gases present in the mixture.

p = p1 + p2 + p3 + ….
partial pressure of a gas = mole fraction of the gas * total pressure.

If n1, n2 and n3 are moles of non-reacting gases filled in a vessel of volume V at


temperature T, the total pressure, p is given by
pV = (n1 + n2 + n3)RT
This is the equation of state of a gaseous mixture,

[Aqueous tension It is the pressure exerted by water vapours at a particular


temperature. It depends upon temperature.]

Pressure of a dry gas can be determined by Dalton’s law. When a gas is collected
over water, its observed pressure is equal to the sum of the pressure of dry gas and
the pressure of water vapour (aqueous tension) then

Pressure of dry gas = pressure of moist gas – aqueous tension.

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