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Understanding Culture, Society and Politics – Grade 11

Quarter 1 – Module 12: Processes of Cultural and Socio-Political Evolution
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

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Reviewers: Gerolyn A. Postrano , Brenfel C. Hajan
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Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
Aurelio G. Alfonso EdD
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Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE)

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Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS)
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Pasig City
 Understanding
Culture, Society, and Politics
11
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 12
Processes of Cultural and
Socio- Political Evolution
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Grade 11 Self-

Learning Module on Processes of Cultural and Socio Political Evolution!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Self-Learning

Module on Processes of Cultural and Socio-Political Evolution!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

In this lesson, the students are expected to:

1. evaluate the different processes of cultural and socio-political evolution;

2. classify the influences and contributions during the process of cultural and
socio-political evolution;
3. examine the causes of change during the Paleolithic and Neolithic period;
and
4. analyze the existing cultural events and socio-political action causes of the
past.

PRETEST

Direction: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. Write your answers on
the space provided before the number.

____1. Monarchy government is controlled by king or queen.

____2. Sumerian is one of the major civilization in Mesopotamia.
____3. Cuneiform writing was originated in Egypt.
____4. Wall painting exists during Paleolithic age.
____5. Egyptian civilization was founded along the Tigris and Euphrates
rivers.

RECAP
Direction: Identify the following. Write your answer on the space provided.

Genetics Biological evolution Acclimatization

Geographical & Ecological Cultural evolution Technology evolution

______________1. It is a process by which individual organism adjusts to a change in

its environment, permitting it to maintain the performance that
changes the condition of the environment.
______________2. A type of evolution which is also known as environmentally specific
by which a particular gene may be damaging to other organisms in
the environment.
______________3. The process by which a species gets to be fitted to its environment;
it is the result of natural selection’s acting upon heritable variety
over a few eras.
______________4. It is the idea which suggests that human cultural change occur in
the beliefs, knowledge, customs skills, attitudes, and languages
of humans over time.
______________5. This factor of cultural change is also called natural or a physical
factor.

LESSON

Processes of Cultural and Socio-Political Evolution

Cultural and Sociopolitical Evolution

Natural selection is not only a matter of ‘survival of the fittest’, but also the
survival of those organisms which have the highest adaptability to changing
surroundings (Smithsonian 2020). By tracing their evolution, we can learn how their
system of living had gradually changed and discover amazing transformation from
the past to present.

The Paleolithic Era (or Old Stone Age) is a period of prehistory from about
2.6 million years ago to around 10000 years ago. The Neolithic Era (or New Stone
Age) began around 10,000 BC and ended between 4500 and 2000 BC in various
parts of the world. In the Paleolithic era, there were more than one human species
but only one had survived until the Neolithic era. Paleolithic humans lived a nomadic
lifestyle in small groups. They used primitive stone tools and their survival depended
heavily on their environment and climate. Neolithic humans discovered agriculture
and animal husbandry, which allowed them to settle down in one area. The
Mesolithic era followed the Paleolithic era but the period of the Paleolithic—Mesolithic
boundary varies by geography by as much as several thousand years (Diifn n.d.).
 Writing appeared in Mesopotamia
over 5,000 years ago. This invention
was so important that it marks the
end of the Prehistory, and the
beginning of History

Photo: https://www.ancient.eu/cuneiform/

Source: https://www.diffen.com/difference/Neolithic_vs_Paleolithic

Difference Between Paleolithic and Neolithic Period.

Neolithic Paleolithic
Dwelling Mud bricks supported by Mouths of caves, huts, skin
timber tents
Lifestyle Sedentary. They farmed in Nomadic; in groups of up to
permanent settlements and 50; tribal society; hunters
raised/herded animals; and gatherers
agriculture was discovered
and became a major source of
food; families evolved.
Tools Polished stone tools made Chipped stone, wooden
sharper by grinding weapons, light stone tools
(not sharpened)
Clothes Animal skins, woven Animal skins
garments
Governance Military and religious leaders Tribal society. Clan
had authority. Monarchy controlled by elders or the
emerged. powerful (according to age)
Economy The concept of private There was no concept of
property and ownership private property.
emerged for things such as
land, livestock and tools.
Health Neolithic people were shorter Paleolithic people were taller
and had lower life and lived longer than
expectancy. Diseases like Neolithic people.
tooth cavities and typhoid
emerged in the new stone age.
Neolithic women had more
children because the life style
was no longer nomadic.
Art Wall paintings Cave paintings
 Sculpture material Stone, clay (baked) Stone, mammoth ivory,
reindeer horn
Main Discovery Agriculture and tools with Fire; Rough stone tools
polished stones, the plow
Food They grew crops such as corn, Hunted and gathered for
wheat, beans, etc. their food supply.

The Evolution of Political System

The Rise of State
The state began in the Middle East in 3200 BCE for the past 500 years a rapid
spread of power has been felt in Mesopotamia and Egypt. The entire region was
urbanized in 4500 BCE and started up the city to Uruk, now considered the first
city. The establishment of Egyptian originated in the Nile River where the people
living near it contributed a lot to the development of agriculture as it made their
livelihoods prosperous.

The following are features in Ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization

(Khan Academy 2020):

Mesopotamia Egypt
 Mesopotamian civilizations  Egyptian civilization was
formed on the banks of the developed along the Nile River in
Tigris and Euphrates rivers in large part because the river’s
what is today Iraq and Kuwait. annual flooding ensured reliable,
 Early civilization began to form rich soil for growing crops.
around the time of the Neolithic  Repeated struggles for political
Revolution-12000 BCE. control of Egypt showed the
 Some of the major importance of the region’s
Mesopotamian civilizations agricultural production and
include the Sumerian, Assyrian, economic resources.
Akkadian, and Babylonian  The Egyptians kept written
civilizations. records using a writing system
 Evidence shows extensive use of known as hieroglyphics.
technology, literature, legal  Egyptian rulers used the idea of
codes, philosophy, religion, and divine kingship and constructed
architecture in these societies. monumental architecture to
demonstrate and maintain power.
 Ancient Egyptians developed wide-
reaching trade network along the
Nile, in the Red Sea, and in the
East.
 The early civilizations have become economics experts to the new level. Apart
from farmers and herders, there are also other specialties such as artists. The
concentration of power and business of the city led to the construction of large
commercial buildings, temples, palaces and high walls of Mesopotamia and the
‘Great Pyramid of Egypt’ in Giza built around 2575-2500 BCE.

The early civilizations became an organized state. The other areas in the
middle East set up their own system to develop their city and state with political,
economic and military forces that became the center of political turmoil.

City-State in MesopotamiaAt
the center of each city was the
temple: a ziggurat-a massive,
tiered, pyramid-shaped
structure.

Photo: Wikipedia

According to David Easton, “A political system can be designated as the

interactions through which values are authoritatively allocated for a society.”
Anthropologists and sociologists have different perspectives based on the
classification of political system which is shown in the table below.

Anthropology Sociology
Four Kinds of Political Systems Three Types of Political
1. Decentralized system System
 Band Society 1. Authoritarianism.
-Small family group, no larger than extended  In Authoritarian
family or clan; it has been defined as consisting of no government, the people
more than 30 to 50 individuals. have no power or
-A band can cease to exist if only a small group walks representation. This
out. form of government is
 Tribe characterized by
-Generally larger, consisting of many families. absolute or blind
Tribes have more social institutions, such as chief or obedience to formal
elders. authority and it is
-More permanent than bands. Many tribes are sub- against to individual
divided into bands. freedom. It does not
tolerate the expectation
2. Centralized governments of unquestioning
 Chiefdom obedience.
 -More complex than a tribe or a band society, 2. Monarchy.
and less complex than a state or a civilization.  A monarchy
-Characterized by pervasive inequality and government controlled
centralization of authority. by a king or queen
-A single lineage/family of the elite class determined by a
becomes the ruling of the chiefdom. predisposed line of
-Complex chiefdoms have two or even three tiers sovereignty.
of political hierarchy. 3. Democracy.
-“An autonomous political unit comprising a  A form of government in
number of villages or communities under the permanent which the citizens
control of a paramount chief” create and vote for laws
 Sovereign State directly, or indirectly
-State with a permanent population, a defined via representative.
territory, a government and the capacity to enter
into relations with other sovereign states.

3. Supranational Political Systems

 Systems are created by independent nations to
reach a common goal or gain strength from
forming an alliance.
4. Empires
 Empires are widespread states or communities
under a single rule.

Source: Wikipedia

ACTIVITIES

Quarantine Diary
Quarantine is a state, period, or place of isolation in which people or
animals that have arrived from elsewhere or been exposed to infectious or
contagious disease are placed. When the government called out for the
community quarantine caused by COVID 19, our lifestyle has changed
dramatically. In this activity, track your life journey before the pandemic,
during community quarantine, and the “new normal life”. Below are the
quarantine facilities that you need to fill in to realize how natural forces
change our ordinary activities and how the state responds to these kinds of
unexpected consequences.
 Before COVID 19 Community Quarantine

New Normal

Process Questions:
1. How does quarantine periods change the routine of your daily work?
2. Are these changes essential?
3. Are these changes in your life a personal initiative? Were you forced to
embrace these changes because of government ordinances?
 4. What is the most important role does the government play during the
pandemic?
5. What is your important role in addressing the problem facing the
government during the pandemic?
What did you do to keep yourself busy at home while in isolation mode?
Example (Online business, exercise, learn how to bake, clear out your
wardrobe, etc.) What are some of the activities that you undertake
during the community quarantine?

WRAP-UP
The dramatic changes in the human cultural system started when
agriculture developed. As the population grew rapidly in one locality, the
pattern of lifestyle and survival were beginning to transform, the advance of
technology and the way of the social and political relationships had improved.
The establishment of political systems was formed and the traditional political
systems (kin, bands, encomienda system, etc.,) were slowly disappearing. The
emergence of these political system marked the beginning of the evolution of
the state. Do you think cultural change is related to the political system
implemented by the government? State your answer in the space provided.

_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

VALUING
In this lesson we learned how culture, societies, and politics have
changed over time. But apparently, every change can lose valuable things to
pass on the present. Change is inevitable, but we must remember that we
play an important role in enriching the present and passing the wonderful
experience to the next generation.
 Please continue this phrase. Community quarantine is a step towards
changing and correcting my life because ____________________________

POSTTEST

I. Directions: Identify the word that is being described in the following

statements. Choose the letter of your answer and write it on the space
provided.

_____1. The place where the early Egyptian civilization started.

a. Tigris & Euphrates b. Indus Valley c. Nile d. Africa

_____2. One of the major civilization in Mesopotamia.

a. Sumerian b. Assyrian c. Babylonian d. all

_____3. The writing system which Egyptians used in keeping their records.

a. Cuneiform b. Baybayin c. Indus script d. Hieroglyphics

_____4. A form of government in which the citizens create and vote for laws

directly, or indirectly via representative.

a. Authoritarianism b. Chiefdom c. Democracy d. Monarchy

_____5. A government controlled by a king or queen.

a. Democracy b. Monarchy d. Oligarchy d. Empire

II. Direction: The characteristics of the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods
are provided in the box. Separate each characteristic according to their
time.

Polished stone tools Woven garment

Tribal society Military and religious leader
Cave paintings Hunted and gathered for their
food supply
They farmed in permanent settlement Rough stone tools
Wall paintings Wooden weapons

Paleolithic Neolithic
_______________________________ _______________________________
_______________________________ _______________________________
_______________________________ _______________________________
_______________________________ _______________________________
_______________________________ ______________________________

KEY TO CORRECTION

Wall paintings Wooden weapons

Military and religious leader Rough stone tools
Woven garment their food supply
settlement Hunted and gathered for
They farmed in permanent Cave paintings
Polished stone tools Tribal society
Neolithic Paleolithic

5. b 5. F
4. c 4. F
3. d 3. F
2. d 2. T
1. c 1. T
Recap Pre-test

References
Diifn. n.d. Neolithic Vs Paleolithic.
https://www.diffen.com/difference/Neolithic_vs_Paleolithic.
Hendry, Joy. 1999. Other People's Worlds: An Introduction to Cultural and Social
Anthropology. NY: New York University Press.
Jose, Jerome Ong & Mary Dorothy. 2016. Introduction to World Religion and Belief
Systems. Quezon City: VIBAL Group, Inc. .

Khan Academy. 2020. Ancient Egyptian civilization. Accessed 2020.

Smithsonian. 2020. National Museum of Natural History. June 16. Accessed
September 14, 2018. https://humanorigins.si.edu/research/climate-and-
human-evolution/climate-effects-human-evolution.