20AD3102 - Cloud Computing

Virtualization

Dr. Elangovan G M.E., Ph.D

Associate Professor

Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
(Deemed to be University)
Green fields, Vaddeswaram, AP-522502, India
 Virtualization
• Introduction
• Virtualization concepts
• Types of Virtualization
• Characteristics of virtualized environments
• Taxonomy of virtualization techniques
• Virtualization and cloud computing
• Pros and cons of virtualization

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 Virtualization

• Technology examples: Xen-paravirtualization

• VMware: full virtualization
• Microsoft Hyper-V. High Availability (HA) / Disaster
Recovery (DR) using Virtualization
• Moving VMs.

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 Virtualization
• Virtualization in cloud computing is defined as a creation of a
virtual version of a server, a desktop, a storage device, an
operating system, or network resources.
• It is essentially a technique or method that allows the sharing of
a single physical instance of a resource or that of an application
amongst multiple organizations or customers.
• It aids to separate the service from the underlying physical
delivery of the service.
• With the help of this technique, multiple operating systems and
applications can run on the same machine and hardware
subsequently.
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Virtualization Benefits
• Have you ever wished you could clone yourself?
• If you could, would you be more efficient? Would you do more?
• It enables computers to be more efficient in a similar fashion
• Computers optimize the available compute resources

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Virtualization Benefits
• Sharing of resources helps cost reduction
• Isolation: Virtual machines are isolated from each other as if
they are physically separated
• Encapsulation: Virtual machines encapsulate a complete
computing environment
• Hardware Independence: Virtual machines run
independently of underlying hardware
• Portability: Virtual machines can be migrated between
different hosts.

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Virtualization in Cloud Computing
Cloud computing takes virtualization one step further:
• You don’t need to own the hardware
• Resources are rented as needed from a cloud
• Various providers allow creating virtual servers:
• Choose the OS and software each instance will have
• The chosen OS will run on a large server farm
• Can instantiate more virtual servers or shut down existing
ones within minutes
• You get billed only for what you used
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Virtualization
• When you use cloud computing, you are accessing pooled resources
using a technique called virtualization.
• Virtualization assigns a logical name for a physical resource and then
provides a pointer to that physical resource when a request is made.
• Virtualization provides a means to manage resources efficiently
because the mapping of virtual resources to physical resources can be
both dynamic and facile.
• Virtualization is dynamic in that the mapping can be assigned based
on rapidly changing conditions, and it is facile because changes to a
mapping assignment can be nearly instantaneous.

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Implementation Levels of Virtualization
• Virtualization is a computer architecture technology by
which multiple virtual machines (VMs) are multiplexed in the
same hardware machine.
• After virtualization, different user applications managed by
their own operating systems (guest OS) can run on the same
hardware independent of the host OS
• Done by adding additional software, called a virtualization
layer

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Implementation Levels of Virtualization

• This virtualization layer is known as hypervisor or virtual

machine monitor (VMM)
• Function of the software layer for virtualization is to
virtualize the physical hardware of a host machine into
virtual resources to be used by the VMs
• Common virtualization layers include the instruction set
architecture (ISA) level, hardware level, operating system
level, library support level, and application level

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Implementation Levels of Virtualization

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Capability of Server with
and without Virtualization
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Traditional
Servers Vs
Virtualized
Servers

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Virtualization
ranging from
hardware to
applications in
five abstraction
levels.

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Instruction Set Architecture Level
• At the ISA level, virtualization is performed by emulating a given ISA
by the ISA of the host machine.
• For example, MIPS binary code can run on an x86-based host
machine with the help of ISA emulation.
• With this approach, it is possible to run a large amount of legacy
binary code written for various processors on any given new
hardware host machine.
• Instruction set emulation leads to virtual ISAs created on any
hardware machine.
• The basic emulation method is through code interpretation.
• An interpreter program interprets the source instructions to target
instructions one by one.

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Instruction Set Architecture Level
• One source instruction may require tens or hundreds of native target
instructions to perform its function.
• Obviously, this process is relatively slow. For better performance,
dynamic binary translation is desired.
• This approach translates basic blocks of dynamic source instructions
to target instructions.
• The basic blocks can also be extended to program traces or super
blocks to increase translation efficiency.
• Instruction set emulation requires binary translation and
optimization.
• A virtual instruction set architecture (V-ISA) thus requires adding a
processor-specific software translation layer to the compiler

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Hardware Abstraction Level
• Hardware-level virtualization is performed right on top of the bare
hardware.
• This approach generates a virtual hardware environment for a VM.
• The process manages the underlying hardware through virtualization.
The idea is to virtualize a computer’s resources, such as its
processors, memory, and I/O devices.
• The intention is to upgrade the hardware utilization rate by multiple
users concurrently. The idea was implemented in the IBM VM/370 in
the 1960s.
• More recently, the Xen hypervisor has been applied to virtualize x86-
based machines to run Linux or other guest OS applications.

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Operating System Level
• This refers to an abstraction layer between traditional OS and user
applications.
• OS-level virtualization creates isolated containers on a single physical
server and the OS instances to utilize the hardware and software in
data centers.
• The containers behave like real servers.
• OS-level virtualization is commonly used in creating virtual hosting
environments to allocate hardware resources among a large number
of mutually distrusting users.
• It is also used, to a lesser extent, in consolidating server hardware by
moving services on separate hosts into containers or VMs on one
server.
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Library Support Level
• Most applications use APIs exported by user-level libraries
rather than using lengthy system calls by the OS.
• Since most systems provide well-documented APIs, such an
interface becomes another candidate for virtualization.
• Virtualization with library interfaces is possible by controlling
the communication link between applications and the rest of
a system through API hooks.

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User-Application Level
• Virtualization at the application level virtualizes an application as a VM.
• On a traditional OS, an application often runs as a process. Therefore,
application-level virtualization is also known as process-level virtualization.
• The most popular approach is to deploy high level language (HLL)VMs. In
this scenario, the virtualization layer sits as an application program on top
of the operating system,
• The layer exports an abstraction of a VM that can run programs written
and compiled to a particular abstract machine definition.
• Any program written in the HLL and compiled for this VM will be able to
run on it. The Microsoft .NET CLR and Java Virtual Machine (JVM) are two
good examples of this class of VM.

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Types of Virtualization
• Based on the functionality of virtualized applications, there
are six basic types of virtualization which are explained as
follows.
• Desktop Virtualization
• Application Virtualization
• Server Virtualization
• Storage Virtualization
• Network Virtualization
• Data Virtualization
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Desktop Virtualization
• The Desktop virtualization provides a virtual desktop environment
where client can access the system resources remotely through the
network.
• The ultimate goal of desktop virtualization is to make computer
operating system accessible from anywhere over the network.
• The virtual desktop environments do not require a specific system or
hardware resources on the client side; however, it requires just a
network connection.
• The user can utilize the customized and personalized desktop from a
remote area through the network connection.

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Desktop Virtualization
• The virtualization of the desktop is sometimes referred as Virtual
Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) where all the operating systems like
windows, or Linux are installed as a virtual machine on a physical
server at one place and deliver them remotely through the Remote
Desktop Protocols like RDP (in windows) or VNC (in Linux).
• The processing of multiple virtual desktops occurs on one or more
physical servers placed commonly at the centralized data center.
• The copy of the OS and applications that each end client uses will
commonly be stored in memory as one image the physical server.
• VMware Horizon and Citrix Xen Desktop are the two most popular
VDI solutions available in the market with so many dominating
features.
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Desktop Virtualization
The benefits provided by Desktop virtualization are
• It provides easier management of devices and operating
systems due to centralized management.
• It reduces capital expenditure and maintenance cost of
hardware due to consolidation of multiple operating systems
into a single physical server,
• It provides enhance security as confidential data is stored in
data center instead of personal devices that could easily be
lost, stolen or tampered with.

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Desktop Virtualization

• With Desktop virtualization, operating systems can be

quickly and easily provisioned for the new users without
doing any manual setup.
• Upgradation of operating system is easier
• It can facilitate Work from Home feature for IT Employees
due to the desktop operating system delivery over the
internet.

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Application Virtualization
• Application virtualization is a technology that encapsulates
an application from the underlying operating system on
which it is executed.
• It enables access to an application without needing to install
it on the local or target device.
• From the user’s perspective, the application works and
interacts like it’s native on the device.
• It allows to use any cloud client which supports BYOD like
Thin client, Thick client, Mobile client, PDA and so on.

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Application Virtualization
• Application virtualization utilizes software to bundle an application
into an executable and run anywhere type of application.
• The software application is isolated from the operating system and
runs in an environment called as "sandbox”.
• There are two types of application virtualization: remote and
streaming of the application.
• In first type, the remote application will run on a server, and the client
utilizes some kind of remote display protocol to communicate back.
• For large number of administrators and users, it’s fairly simple to set
up remote display protocol for applications.

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Application Virtualization
• In second type, the streaming application will run one copy
of the application on the server, and afterward have client
desktops access and run the streaming application locally.
• With streaming application, the upgrade process is simpler,
since you simply set up another streaming application with
the upgrade version and have the end users point to the new
form of the application.
• Some of the popular application virtualization softwares in
the commercial center are VMware ThinApp, Citrix XenApp,
Novell ZENworks Application Virtualization and so on.
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Application Virtualization
The prominent benefits of application virtualization are
• It allows for cross-platform operations like running Windows
applications on Linux or android and vice versa.
• It allows to run applications that have legacy issues like
supported on older Operating systems.
• It avoids conflict between the other virtualized applications
• It allows a user to run more than one instance of an
application at same time

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Application Virtualization
• It reduces system integration and administration costs by
maintaining a common software baseline across multiple
diverse computers in an organization.
• It allows to run incompatible applications side by side, at the
same time
• It utilizes less resource than a separate virtual machine.
• It provides greater security because of isolating environment
between applications and operating system.

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Server Virtualization
• A Server virtualization is the process of dividing a physical server into
multiple unique and isolated virtual servers by means of software.
• It partitions a single physical server into the multiple virtual servers;
each virtual server can run its own operating system and applications
independently.
• The virtual server is also termed as virtual machine.
• The consolidation helps in running many virtual machines under a
single physical server.
• Each virtual machine shares the hardware resources from physical
server that leads to better utilization of the physical servers’
resources.

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Server Virtualization
• The resources utilized by virtual machine include CPU, memory,
storage, and networking.
• The hypervisor is the operating system or software that runs on
the physical machine to perform server virtualization.
• The hypervisor running on physical server is responsible for
providing the resources to the virtual machines.
• Each virtual machine runs independently of the other virtual
machines on the same box with different operating systems that
are isolated from each other.
• The popular server virtualization softwares are VMware’s
vSphere, Citrix Xen Server, Microsoft’s Hyper-V, and Red Hat’s
Enterprise Virtualization.
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Server Virtualization
The benefits of server virtualization are
• It gives quick deployment and provisioning of virtual operating
system.
• It has reduced the capital expenditure due to consolidation of
multiple servers into a single physical server which eliminate the cost
of multiple physical hardware.
• It provides ease in development & testing.
• It makes optimum resource utilization of physical server.
• It provides centralize the server administration and disaster recovery
feature.
• It reduces cost because less hardware is required.
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Storage Virtualization
• Storage virtualization is the process of grouping multiple physical
storages using software to appear as a single storage device in a
virtual form.
• It pools the physical storage from different network storage devices
and makes it appear to be a single storage unit that is handled from a
single console.
• Storage virtualization helps to address the storage and data
management issues by facilitating easy backup, archiving and
recovery tasks in less time.
• It aggregates the functions and hides the actual complexity of the
storage area network.

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Storage Virtualization
• The storage virtualization can be implemented with data
storage technologies like snapshots and RAID that take
physical disks and present them in a virtual format.
• These features can allow to perform redundancy to the
storage and gives optimum performance by presenting host
as a volume.
• Virtualizing storage separates the storage management
software from the underlying hardware infrastructure in
order to provide more flexibility and scalable pools of
storage resources.
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Storage Virtualization
The benefits provided by storage virtualization are
• Automated management of storage mediums with estimated of down
time.
• Enhanced storage management in heterogeneous IT environment.
• Better storage availability and optimum storage utilization.
• It gives scalability and redundancy in storage.
• It provides consummate features like disaster recovery, high
availability, consistency, replication & re-duplication of data.
• The backup and recovery are very easier and efficient in storage
virtualization.

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Network Virtualization
• The Network virtualization is the ability to create virtual networks that are
decoupled from the underlying network hardware.
• This ensures the network can better integrate with and support
increasingly virtual environments.
• It has capability to combine multiple physical networks into one virtual, or
it can divide one physical network into separate, independent virtual
networks.
• The Network virtualization can combine the entire network into a single
mode and allocates its bandwidth, channels, and other resources based on
its workload.
• Network virtualization is similar to server virtualization but instead of
dividing up a physical server among several virtual machines, physical
network resources are divided up among multiple virtual networks.

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Network Virtualization
• Network virtualization uses specialized software to perform network
functionality by decoupling the virtual networks from the underlying
network hardware.
• Once network virtualization is established, the physical network is
only used for packet forwarding and network management is done
using the virtual or software based switches.
• The VMware’s NSX platform is the popular example of network
virtualization which decouples network services from the underlying
hardware and allows virtual provisioning of an entire network.
• The physical network resources, such as switches and routers, are
pooled and accessible by any user via a centralized management
system.

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Network Virtualization
The benefits of network virtualization are
• It consolidates the physical hardware of a network into a single virtual
network that reduce the management overhead of network
resources.
• It gives better scalability and flexibility in network operations.
• It provides automated provisioning and management of network
resources.
• It reduces the hardware requirements and will have a corresponding
impact on your power consumption.
• It is cost effective as it requires reduced the number of physical
devices.

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Data Virtualization
• This can be defined as the type of Virtualization wherein data are sourced
and collected from several sources and managed from a single location.
• There is no technical knowledge from where such data is sourced and
collected, stored, or formatted for such data.
• The data is arranged logically, and the interested parties and stakeholders
then access the virtual view of such data.
• These are reports are also accessed by end-users on a remote basis.
• The application of data virtualization ranges from data integration to
business integration.
• They are also used for service-oriented architecture data services, and they
help find organizational data.
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Data Virtualization
• Many big giant companies are providing their services like Oracle,
IBM, At scale, Cdata, etc.
• It can be used to performing various kind of tasks such as:
• Data-integration
• Business-integration
• Service-oriented architecture data-services
• Searching organizational data

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Characteristics of Virtualization
Maximum Resource Utilization
• The virtualization is intended to run multiple Guest OS over a single
physical machine which fully utilizes the resources.
• It does not keep CPU and other resources idle because they will be shared
among multiple virtual machines.
Reduces Hardware Cost
• As software abstraction layer provided by virtualization integrates multiple
servers into one or few, it ultimately saves the hardware cost.
• Because of virtualization organizations need not have to setup and
maintain huge infrastructure.
• It minimizes purchasing and installing large number of servers for every
application.
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Characteristics of Virtualization
Minimize the Maintenance Cost
• Due to the limited number of physical servers used in virtualization, the
organizations can spend a minimum cost for maintaining fewer servers
rather than large and also needs less manpower to maintain those.
Supports Dynamic Load balancing
• The load balancing is required for optimum resources utilization and for
faster execution of complex jobs.
• It ensures that each machine in a network should have equal amount of
work load.
• The load balancing is done by distributing the workload of heavy loaded
machine in to other lightly loaded machines.
• By default, virtualization supports dynamic load balancing

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Characteristics of Virtualization
Dynamic Load balancing

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Characteristics of Virtualization
Server Consolidation
• The server consolidation in virtualization means aggregating the
multiple servers and their applications into a single machine which
were required to have many physical computers with unique
operating system.
• It allows multiple servers to be consolidated into a single server which
makes optimum resource utilization of a server.
• It is capable to run legacy software applications with old OS
configuration and the new applications running latest OS together
inside VMs.

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Characteristics of Virtualization

Server
Consolidation

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Characteristics of Virtualization
Disaster recovery
• Disaster recovery is a critical component for IT organizations.
• It is required when system crashes due to the natural disasters
like flood, earthquake etc.
• As sometime mission critical or business critical applications run
inside the virtual machines, it can create huge
business/economic losses.
• Therefore, to take care of that virtualization technology provides
built-in disaster recovery feature that enables control on a virtual
machine image on a machine to be instantly diverted, migrated
or re-imaged on another server if failure occurs.
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Characteristics of Virtualization
Easy VM management
• The VMs running on one machine can be easily managed by copying,
migrating, templating or snapshotting on to another machine for
backup.
• They can be easily migrated in case of maintenance or can be deleted
if they are not in use.
Maintaining Legacy applications and can test Beta Softwares
• As virtualization can run multiple operating systems side by side, it
allows users to run their legacy applications on supported OS.
• It can be used to run new release of Softwares (called Beta Softwares)
without requiring them a separate dedicated machine for testing.

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Characteristics of Virtualization
Sandboxing
• Virtual machines are useful to provide secure, isolated
environments (sandboxes) for running foreign or less-trusted
applications.
• Virtualization technology can, thus, help build secure
computing platforms.
Virtual Hardware
• It can provide the hardware solutions that never had like a
Virtual storage, Virtual SCSI drives, Virtual Ethernet adapters,
virtual Ethernet switches and hubs, and so on.
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Taxonomy of virtualization techniques
• A taxonomy model has been made that provides an overview
of the different types of virtualization technologies.
• There are different ways and modeling languages to design a
taxonomy model.
• Unified Modelling Language
• UML offers a standardized way of visualizing objects and
provides notifications to describe the different virtualization
technologies and their relationships

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Taxonomy of virtualization techniques
• UML is used for this research
• UML defines many different types of diagrams, which can be
divided in two general sets: structural and behavioral
diagrams
• Server, application, desktop, storage and network.
• In UML, the five domains are defined as objects that are
called classes.
• Management and security tools are also added as classes in
UML.
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Taxonomy Model

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Server Virtualization

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Application Virtualization

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Desktop Virtualization

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Storage Virtualization

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Network Virtualization

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Management

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Security

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Taxonomy Model in Full Detail

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Pros of Virtualization
• Cost Reduction : Multiple OS and applications can be
supported on a single physical system, eliminating the need
for purchase of additional servers for each OS or application.
• Efficient resource utilization : Virtualization will isolate
virtual machines from each other and from the physical
hardware; hence, utilization of the resource will be
optimized.
• Optimization : Along with physical servers, all the other
resources, such as storage, memory, etc., are also optimized
for virtualization.
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Pros of Virtualization
• Increased Return on Investment : In a traditional computing
environment, most resources remain unutilized and servers remain
underutilized.
• But, with virtualization, you can maximize resource utilization and reduce
the amount of physical resources deployed to maintain and administer
these resources, which in turn leads to greater profits.
• Budgeting : Virtualization enables flexible IT budgeting for an
organization.
• This is because most of the tasks, such as administration, maintenance, and
management are direct costs.
• Increased Flexibility : With virtualization you can run almost any
application on your system.
• This is because virtualization makes it possible to run multiple operating
systems and hardware configurations simultaneously on a single host.
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Cons of Virtualization
• Upfront Investments : Organizations need to acquire resources
beforehand to implement Virtualization.
• Also, there might occur a need to incur additional resources with
time.
• Licensing Issues : All software may not be supported on virtual
platforms.
• Although vendors are becoming aware of the increasing popularity of
virtualization and have started providing licenses for software to run
on these platforms, the problem has not completely vanished.
• Therefore, it is advised to check the licenses with the vendor before
using the software.

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Cons of Virtualization
• Performance Issues : Although virtualization is an efficient
technique and efficiency can be increased by applying some
techniques, there may be chances when the efficiency is not
as good as that of the actual physical systems.
• Difficulty in Root Cause Analysis : With the addition of an
additional layer in virtualization, complexity gets increased.
• This increased complexity makes root cause analysis difficult
in case of unidentified problems.

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 Virtualization
Introduction
Virtualization concepts
Types of Virtualization
Characteristics of virtualized environments
Taxonomy of virtualization techniques
Virtualization and cloud computing
Pros and cons of virtualization

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