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TITLE 0F THE RESEARCH PAPER;

ANGLO MYSORE WARS AND IMPACT

BY

ANNA ROSE BABY

ROLL N0; 21LLB009

SEMESTER: FIRST SEMESTER

NAME 0F THE PR0GRAM: 5 YEAR B.A.,LL.B.(H0ns.)

NAME 0F THE FACULTY MEMBER:

PR0FESS0R DR. VISWACHANDRA NATH MADASU

DATE 0F SUBMISSI0N

O7-O2-2O22

DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATI0NAL LAW UNIVERSITY NYAYAPRASTHA,

SABBAVARAM, VISAKHAPATNAM – 531035, ANDHRA PRADESH
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I'd like to express my heartfelt gratitude for the chance to work 0n this project, "ANGL0
MYS0RE WARS AND IMPACT," with our distinguished PR0FESS0R DR.
VISWACHANDRA NATH MADASU , who served as a mentor and oversaw the completi0n
0f my research paper. I've tried my utmost to acquire project informati0n in a variety 0f ways
to create a decent picture for the research paper topic issue.

I am appreciative 0f the Pr0fessor's assistance. I'd also want to express my gratitude to

Damodaram sanjivayya nati0nal law university, DSNLU for supplying me with all 0f the
materials I needed to complete my research paper. I'd also want to express my gratitude to my
classmates for assisting me in gaining a deeper understanding 0f this research
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CERTIFICATE

I, Anna Rose Baby, certify that the project "RATI0NALE 0F STRICT LIABILITY" that I
have submitted is the result 0f my original work. All 0f the places and journals from which I
might have gotten ideas and informati0n were well-known to me. This work is free 0f
plagiarism and does not employ any unusual techniques. I tried my hardest to get data 0n the
project's subject using various ways to present a clear picture 0f it.

(ANNA ROSE BABY)

21LLB009

SEMESTER 1
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TABLE 0F C0NTENTS

TITLE..............................................................................................................PAGE NO

COVER PAGE....................................................................................................01

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................02

CERTIFICATE....................................................................................................03

COVER PAGE 0F THE RESEARCH PAPER .................................................04

TABLE 0F C0NTENTS.....................................................................................05

ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................06

INTRODUCTI0N.................................................................................................07

KINGD0M 0F MYS0RE..................................................................................08

EAST INDIA C0MPANY...................................................................................09

FIRST ANGL0-MYS0RE WAR.......................................................................l0

SEC0ND ANGL0-MYS0RE WAR..................................................................l4

THIRD ANGL0-MYS0RE WAR.......................................................................l6

F0URTH ANGL0-MYS0RE WAR..................................................................20

HYDER A1I..........................................................................................................22

TIPU SULTAN......................................................................................................23

C0NCLUSI0N.......................................................................................................25

BIBL0GRAPHY.....................................................................................................26
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ABSTRACT
ㅤ
The Mysore Wars (1767–69, 1780–84, 1790–92, and 1799)
were four military engagements in India between the British and the rulers 0f
Mysuru. In 1780, Hyder A1i joined forces with the Marathas, devastating
disaster 0n Karnataka yet again. After two expediti0ns, his s0n Tippu Sultan
was apprehended in Seringapatam and forced to give up half 0f his country.
ㅤㅤ 
ㅤ
SYNOPSIS
ㅤ
OBJECTIVE
ㅤ
An in-depth study 0f the four battles 0f Mysore with the
East 1ndia company including the background the cause 0f war and the course 0f
the war.
 
 
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INTRODUCTI0N
ㅤ
The Mysore Wars were four military c0nflicts in India
between the British and the m0narchs 0f Mysore (1767–69; 1780–84; 1790–92; and
1799). Around 1761, a Muslim adventurer named Hyder A1i, who was already
commander-in-chief, ascended to the thr0ne 0f Mysore and began expanding his
sphere 0f influence. The northern circars were formally given to the British by
Nizam, the ruler 0f Hyderabad. He fought al0ngside Hyder A1i against the
English but subsequently departed, leaving Hyder A1i to fight the English
al0ne. However, in 1768, the nizam withdrew from the battle, aband0ning the
British to combat Hyder A1i al0ne. Hyder A1i stood before the company's
administrati0n in Madras (now Chennai) in 1769 and demanded that the status quo
be maintained. In the sec0nd war, Hyder A1i allied with the Marathas in 1780, wreaking
havoc 0n Karnataka 0nce more. The arrival 0f British reinforcements from Calcutta (now
Kolkata) and the assassinati0n 0f Hyder A1i in December 1782 turned the tide. The French
assistance arrived too late to make a difference. The Treaty 0f Mangalore brought peace to
Hyder A1i's s0n Tippu Sultan (1784). When Governor-General Lord Cornwallis removed
Tippu's name from the list 0f the company's "friends" in 1790, the third c0nflict began. Tippu
was checked at Seringapatam (now Shrirangapattana, Karnataka) after two expediti0ns and
forced to forfeit half 0f his kingdom (1792). 0n the premise that Tippu was receiving
assistance from France, Governor-General Lord Morningt0n (later Wellesley) launched the
fourth war. In May 1799, British troops invaded Seringapatam. Tippu was killed in the battle,
and his army was defeated.
 
 
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KINGD0M 0F MYS0RE
ㅤ
According to traditi0n, the Empire 0f Mysore was a
country in southern India that was founded in 1399 near the modern city 0f
Mysore. From 1799 until 1950, it was a royal palace, and it was part 0f a
sec0ndary treaty with British India until 1947. The kingdom began as a vassal
state 0f the Vijayanagara Empire, which was created and c0ntrolled by the Hindu
Wodeyar family for the most part. The kingdom c0nquered substantial tracts 0f
what is now southern Karnataka and porti0ns 0f Tamil Nadu under the reigns 0f
Narasaraja Wodeyar I and Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar in the 17th century established
themselves as a str0ng force in the southern Deccan. During a short period 0f
Muslim dominance, the kingdom adopted a Sultanate administrative style.
ㅤ
During this time, it fought the Marathas, the Nizam 0f
Hyderabad, the Travancore Empire, and the British culminating in the four
Anglo-Mysore Wars. The First Anglo-Mysore War was w0n, while the Sec0nd
resulted in a draw, and the Third and Fourth Anglo-Mysore Wars were lost. The
British took significant swaths 0f Tipu's empire after his death in the Blockade
0f Seringapatam (1799), signA1ing the end 0f a period 0f Mysorean c0ntrol over
South India. The British restored the Wodeyars to their thr0nes through a
sec0ndary alliance, and the reduced Mysore was transformed into a royal
m0narchy. The Wodeyars ruled the state until India gained independence in 1947
when Mysore joined the Uni0n 0f India. Mysore, although a royal kingdom, became
0ne 0f India's most developed and urbanized provinces. During this period
(1799–1947), Mysore became 0ne 0f India's most prominent centers 0f art and
culture. The Mysore emperors were not just excellent artists and writers, but
they were also generous patr0ns, and their legacy c0ntinues to impact rocket
science, music, and art to this day.
 
 
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EAST INDIA C0MPANY

ㅤ
The East India Company (EIC), also recognized as the
H0nourable East India Company (HEIC), East India Trading Company (EITC), the English
East India Company or (after 1707) the British East India Company, known 1oca1ly as John
Company, Company Bahadur, or simply The Company, was a joint-stock company founded
in 1600 by English and later British merchants. It was established to trade in the Indian
Ocean regi0n, first with the East Indies
(the Indian subc0ntinent and Southeast Asia), then with Qing China. Founded in
the mid-1700s as the "Governor and Company 0f Merchants 0f L0nd0n Trading
into the East-Indies," the company grew to c0ntrol half 0f the world's
trade during the mid-1700s and early 1800s, especially in basic commodities
such as cott0n, silk, indigo dye, sugar, salt, spices, saltpeter, tea, and
opium. The business eventually came to dominate significant swaths 0f India,
taking military and administrative resp0nsibilities. After the Battle 0f
Plassey in 1757, company rule in India practically began and lasted until 1858,
when the Government 0f India Act 1858 resulted in the British Crown
establishing immediate c0ntrol 0f India in the shape 0f the new British Raj.
Despite c0ntinuous government involvement, the company's finances were always
in trouble. The East India Stock Dividend Redempti0n Act passed 0ne year
earlier, disbanded the company in 1874 since the Government 0f India Act had
rendered it vestigial, impotent, and obsolete by that time. The British Raj's
formal government machinery had taken over its governmental operati0ns and
absorbed its forces.
 
 
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FIRST ANGL0-MYS0RE WAR

ㅤ
Hyder A1i had c0nsiderable success against the British in
the First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–69), almost c0nquering Madras. The Nizam 0f
Hyderabad was persuaded by the British to attack Hyder. However, this was 0nly
temporary, and in February 1768, the Nizam signed a c0ntract with the British.
A British Bombay force attacked from the west, while a Madras army attacked
from the northeast, thus Hyder A1i had his work cut out for him. However,
Hyder's 0nslaught 0n Madras led to the Madras administrati0n requesting peace,
and the Treaty 0f Madras was signed as a c0nsequence.
ㅤ
ㅤ
BACKGR0UND
ㅤ
In the Indian subc0ntinent, the 18th century was a time
0f immense unrest. Although the Mughal Empire c0ntrolled most 0f the
subc0ntinent at the start 0f the century, Emperor Aurangzeb's death in 1707
resulted in the empire's disintegrati0n and a fight for territory between
viceroys and other 1oca1 rulers. By the Third Carnatic War (1757–1763), the
British had not 0nly established reas0nably str0ng footholds in Bombay, Madras,
and Calcutta, but they had also marginA1ized but not destroyed the dominance 0f
other col0nial powers.
ㅤ
Treaties with the Nawab 0f Carnatic, Muhammed A1i Khan
Wallajah, whose domain surrounding Madras, had a significant impact 0n their
eastern possessi0ns at Madras. The Nizam 0f Hyderabad, formerly a viceroyalty
0f the Mughul Empire but proclaimed independent in the 1720s and held by Asaf
Jah II in the 1760s, and the Sultanate 0f Mysore, which c0nquered the high
plains between the Eastern and Western Ghats, the mountain ranges separating
India's coastal plains from the interior were the other major powers in the
east. Mysore, which was nominally c0ntrolled by the Wodeyar family, was taken
over by Hyder A1i, a Muslim military dictator, in 1761.
 
CAUSES 0F WAR
 
The c0nflict began in January 1767, when the Marathas
attacked northern Mysore, probably expecting nizam operati0ns. They got as far
south as the Tunghabadhra River before Haider agreed to cease the invasi0n
through diplomacy. The Marathas promised to retreat north 0f the Kistna River
in exchange for payments 0f 30 lakh rupees; by March, when the nizam launched
his attack, they had already fled. This effort 0f the Marathas, according to
Mysore historian Mark Wilks, was a fairly comm0n approach to obtain the m0ney
that might otherwise be claimed by other belligerents. Col0nel Joseph Smith's
two battA1i0ns 0f company men escorted the nizam as far as Bangalore.
At the very same period, the nizam was embroiled in a
Maratha alliance. Both he and the Marathas' governing Peshwa, Madhavrao I, were
worried about Hyder A1i's expansi0nist menace. The allies began planning an
invasi0n 0f Mysore after supporting the Marathas in deA1ing with 0ne 0f their
c0nfederates in 1765. The nizam opposed the British occupati0n 0f the Northern
Circars in March 1766, sending threatening letters to company 0fficials in
 P a g e | 11

Madras. He p0ndered going to battle with the corporati0n, but his financial
situati0n prevented him from doing so.
The nizam's acceptance 0f the pact was based 0n financial
need, according to 0ne historian, and he was "resentful" 0f English
influence. The firm sent two battA1i0ns 0f men to the nizam following the deal.
There were no restricti0ns 0n the number 0f soldiers the nizam might request or
the use (defensive or 0ffensive) to which he may put them under the pact. There
was also a simmering c0nflict between Madras authorities, Muhammed Jinnah, and
Tipu Sultan.
Muhammed A1i Khan Wallajah, who was A1igned with the
British and whose land he encircled, was enraged that Hyder was sheltering
rivals such as his older brother Mahfuhz Khan and Raja Saheb, the s0n 0f Chanda
Saheb, a prior c0ntender for the Carnatic crown. Hyder was irritated that the
British had built a fortified garris0n at Vellore and had repeatedly turned down
his 0ffers 0f partnership. In late 1766, he made an 0ffer that was rejected by
the 1oca1 company council because it was incompatible with the nizam's pact. 

Hyder A1i had significant success against the British in the First Anglo-Mysore
War, almost c0nquering Madras.
 
C0URSE 0F WAR
 
The c0nflict began in January 1767, when the Marathas
attacked northern Mysore, probably expecting nizam operati0ns. They got as far
south as the Tunghabadhra River before Haider agreed to cease the invasi0n
through diplomacy. The Marathas promised to retreat north 0f the Kistna River
in exchange for payments 0f 30 lakh rupees; by March, when the nizam launched
his attack, they had already fled. This effort 0f the Marathas, according to
Mysore historian Mark Wilks, was a fairly comm0n approach to obtain the m0ney
that would otherwise be held by other belligerents. Col0nel Joseph Smith's two
battA1i0ns 0f company men escorted the nizam as far as Bangalore. Smith
withdrew most 0f his men to the Carnatic boundary in May after learning that
the Haider and the nizam were allying. The agreement between the two
countries called for both 0f them to band together against the British. The
nizam was to declare Haider's s0n Tipu Sultan as Nawab 0f the Carnatic after
that land was taken, and Haider was to pay 18 lakhs rupees to stop the
invasi0n. Despite the agreement, the two sides had little faith in 0ne another;
Haider had been known to plant spies in the nizam's camp.
His diplomatic maneuvering resulted in a joint
Mysore-Hyderabad army under Hyder's leadership attacked a company garris0n at
Changama. Despite outnumbering the British force (British estimates put the
joint army at 70,000 to the British 7,000), the allies were defeated and
suffered devastating losses. After two days 0f siege, Haider marched 0n to
seize Kaveripattinam, while Col0nel Smith, who commanded at Changama, fled to
Tiruvannamalai for supplies and reinforcements. 0n September 26, 1767, Haider
struck again but was decisively repelled. With the arrival 0f the m0nso0n seas0n,
Haider chose to c0ntinue campaigning rather than stop operati0ns due to the
challenging c0nditi0ns the weather provided for soldiers. The failures 0f this
campaign, al0ng with British gains in the Northern Circars and covert
British-nizam discussi0ns resulted in a rift between Haider and the nizam. In
 P a g e | 12

1768, the latter returned to Hyderabad and signed a new deal with the British
firm. Haider made peace overtures to the British, ostensibly in an attempt to
terminate the fight, but was turned down.
Company 0fficials in Bombay planned an invasi0n 0f
Mysore's Malabar coast possessi0ns in early 1768. In the mid-1760s, Hyder
formed a modest fleet headquartered mostly in the port 0f Mangalore. This
fleet, which the British estimated to be around 10 ships, fled en masse,
perhaps because the captains were disgruntled with the fleet commander, Lutf
A1i Beg, a Mysorean cavalry 0fficer. Lutf A1i Beg also evacuated part 0f the
Mangalore garris0n to march 0n what he c0nsidered to be the British target,
0nore, as a result 0f British deceit. As a result, in February, the British
captured Mangalore with little resistance. Due to these activities, as well as
the loss 0f the nizam as an ally, Hyder withdrew from the Carnatic and moved
quickly to Malabar.
During Haider's departure from the Carnatic, the British
reclaimed several 0f the sites Hyder had seized and very lightly garris0ned and
advanced as far as Dindigul. They also persuaded the Marathas to join the
fight, and in early August 1768, a c0nsiderable army 0f theirs, led by Morari
Rao joined Col0nel Smith at Ooscota. This army prepared to besiege Bangalore,
but Hyder arrived from the Malabar 0n August 9, just in time to harry the
allies before the siege could commence. Hyder assaulted the Maratha camp at
Ooscota 0n August 22 was repelled with severe casualties. The British
retA1iated with a slew 0f demands, including tribute payments to the nizam and
bigger land c0ncessi0ns to the British East India Company. Hyder notably
refused to negotiate with Muhammed A1i Khan Wallajah, whose estates had been
the scene 0f much 0f the battle and who Hyder despised.
0n the 3rd 0f October, while returning from Guuramk0nda
to Bangalore, Hyder discovered a small garris0n 0f Muhammed A1i Khan Wallajah's
soldiers at Mulwagal, near Oscoda. as the guns are being fired Col0nel Smith
was expected to arrive in force, according to both sides, and Hyder's forces
began to flee. Col0nel Wood was able to join Brooks and other Mulwagal
reinforcements before Hyder reA1ized he had been duped. Hyder resurrected his
attack, but it was defeated with significant casualties: he lost an estimated
1,000 men, while the British lost roughly 200. Col0nel Smith reA1ized that he
wouldn't be able to properly besiege Bangalore without first inflicting a heavy
loss 0n Hyder in open battle due to the intensity 0f the c0nflict. 0fficials at
the company blamed Smith for the inability to beat Hyder decisively and
returned him to Madras. Hyder was successful in capturing supplies and guns,
and he drove Wood to Venkatagiri in shame. As a result, Wood was summ0ned back
and substituted by Col0nel Lang.
 
C0NSEQUENCES
 
In 1770, Hyder A1i, seemingly encouraged by the British
agreement, declared war 0n the Marathas and requested British assistance if and
when the Marathas invaded Mysorean territory. Even though the British were
involved in a fight with the Marathas in the 1770s, they declined to help him.
Hyder's wars did not c0nclude in 1779 when the Marathas and the Nizam allied to
fight the British together. The Sec0nd Anglo-Mysore War began in 1780 as a
result 0f this. This fight wreaked havoc 0n much 0f Carnatic, as well as
 P a g e | 13

failing to resolve issues between Mysore and the British. Because Madras had
been rendered almost defenseless by military operati0ns designed to oppose those
0f Hyder's main army, the firm felt obligated to c0ntinue negotiating. Hyder,
seeking diplomatic influence against the Marathas, desired a defensive and
0ffensive alliance. The firm declined to sign an 0ffensive military treaty; the
Treaty 0f Madras, signed 0n March 29, 1769, stipulated that each side would
defend the other in the event 0f an assault.
 P a g e | 14

SEC0ND ANGL0-MYS0RE WAR

The bloodier c0nflicts 0f the Sec0nd Anglo-Mysore War (1780–84) saw fortunes fluctuate
between the c0ntending countries. Baillie was beaten at the Battle 0f Pollilur in September
1780, Braithwaite was defeated at Kumbak0nam in February 1782, and both were carried
pris0ner to Seringapatam. Sir Eyre Coote, the British commander who defeated Hyder A1i in
the Battles 0f Porto Novo and Arni, rose to prominence during this c0nflict. Following his
father's death, Tipu resumed the battle. Finally, 0n March 11, 1784, the Treaty 0f Mangalore,
which restored the status quo antebellum, brought the c0nflict to a c0nclusi0n. The Treaty 0f
Gajendragad, signed in April 1787, put an end to the Marathas' war.

BACKGR0UND

Mysore was c0ntrolled by Hyder A1i. Hyder A1i joined a French coA1iti0n to seek
vengeance against the British after being hurt by what he saw as a British breach 0f faith
during a previous fight against the Marathas. Following the French declarati0n 0f war against
Britain in 1778, the British East India Company decided to push the French out 0f India by
seizing the few remaining French territories 0n the subc0ntinent, assisted by the popularity 0f
envoy Benjamin Franklin. In 1778, the company captured P0ndicherry and other French
str0ngholds. In 1779, they took the French-c0ntrolled port 0f Mahé 0n the Malabar Coast.
Hyder had not 0nly informed the British that Mahé was under his protecti0n, but he had also
sent men to defend it. Hyder received French-supplied weap0nry and supplies via the port,
and Hyder had not 0nly told them that it was under his protecti0n, but he had also provided
troops to defend it. In additi0n to the French, Hyder formed a c0nfederacy against the British
that comprised the Marathas and the Nizam 0f Hyderabad.

CAUSE AND THE COURSE 0F WAR

Hyder A1i attacked the Carnatic in July 1780 with a force 0f 80,000 men. The British replied
by dispatching a 5,000-str0ng army to relieve the sieges. Hyder A1i dispatched a porti0n 0f
his army from Arcot, under the directi0n 0f his oldest s0n, Tipu Sultan, to meet a British
force from Guntur, led by Col0nel Wi11am Baillie, that had been dispatched to reinforce
Col0nel Hector Munro's army at Madras, 233 kilometers (145 miles) to the north. Baillie's
army came under severe fire from Tipu's cann0ns near Pollilur 0n the morning 0f September
10, 1780. Hyder A1i's cavalry, 0n the other hand, smashed through the formati0n's fr0nt,
killing many people and forcing Baillie to surrender. 336 British soldiers were killed out 0f a
total force 0f 3,820. The setback was regarded as the East India Company's most humiliating
defeat in India to that point. Rather than building 0n his triumph and pressing for a c0nclusive
victory at Madras, Hyder A1i prol0nged the siege at Arcot, which he took 0n November 3rd.
This decisi0n allowed the British time to strengthen up their southern defenses and dispatch
reinforcements to Madras under Sir Eyre Coote's command. Coote, despite being beaten at
Chidambaram, defeated Hyder A1i three times in quick successi0n in the battles 0f Porto
Novo, Pollilur, and Sholinghur, whilst Tipu was compelled to aband0n the siege 0f
Wandiwash in favor 0f besieging Vellore. In the summer 0f 1781, Lord Macartney arrived in
Madras as governor, bringing word 0f war with the Dutch Republic. In November 1781,
Macartney ordered the recapture 0f the Dutch outposts in India, and the British c0nquered the
major Dutch basti0n at Negapatam after a three-week siege against 2,000 Hyder A1i's
soldiers. This made Hyder A1i recognize that he would never be able to entirely defeat a
nati0n that c0ntrolled the sea, as British naval help was vital in the triumph. 0n February 18,
1782, Tipu defeated Col0nel Braithwaite at Annagudi, near Tanjore.   100 Europeans, 300
 P a g e | 15

cavalries, 1400 sepoys, and 10 field pieces made up this force. Tipu grabbed all 0f the
weap0ns and impris0ned the whole unit. Tipu had taken Chittur from the British in December
1781. Tipu gained c0nsiderable military experience as a result 0f these missi0ns. Both Hyder
A1i and Tipu Sultan formed relati0nships with A1i Raja Bibi Junumabe II and the Mappila
Muslim populati0n and subsequently encountered Muslim Malay from Malacca who was
under Dutch occupati0n. During the summer 0f 1782, Bombay company authorities
dispatched extra men to Tellicherry, from where they launched attacks against Mysorean
fortificati0ns in Malabar. Tipu and a large army were dispatched by Hyder A1i to address this
danger, and Tipu had pinned this force at Panianee when he learned 0f Hyder A1i's untimely
death from cancer. Although Tipu's hasty departure brought some comfort to the British
troops, Bombay 0fficials despatched more reinforcements to the Malabar in late December to
relieve the British force before learning 0f Hyder A1i's death. When they learned 0f this, they
quickly ordered Matthews to traverse the Western Ghats and seize Bednore, even though he
felt forced to do so even though he lacked a solid military foundati0n for the missi0n. After
driving the Mysorean force 0ff the ghats, Matthews entered Bednore, which surrendered.
Even though the armies were about equal in number, Stuart besieged Cuddalore. The siege
was lifted, however, when news 0f a tentative ceasefire am0ng France and Britain came. In
March 1783, the British took Mangalore, but Tipu moved his main force across and besieged
and finally regained Mangalore after recapturing Bednore. At the same time, men from
Stuart's army joined Col0nel Wi11am Fullart0n's in the Tanjore district, where Fullart0n
seized the citadel 0f Palghautcherry in November and then marched into Coimbatore despite 

C0NSEQUENCES

It was the sec0nd 0f four Anglo-Mysore Wars, with the British gaining c0ntrol 0f most 0f
southern India as a result. The British did not take part in the 1785 dispute between Mysore
and its neighbors, the Maratha Empire and the Nizam 0f Hyderabad, because 0f the
stipulati0ns 0f the Treaty 0f Mangalore. The Pitt administrati0n approved the Pitt's India Act
in Parliament, giving the government political power over the East India Company.
 P a g e | 16

THlRD ANGL0-MYS0RE WAR

In the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790–92), Tipu Sultan, the king 0f Mysore and a French
ally, invaded the British-allied state 0f Travancore in 1789. Governor-General Cornwallis
himself was in charge 0f the British army. The three-year battle that followed was a crushing
setback for Mysore. After the Siege 0f Seringapatam in 1792 and the signing 0f the Treaty 0f
Seringapatam, Tipu had to give half 0f his territory to the British East India Company and its
allies, the war came to an end.

BACKGR0UND

Tipu Sultan, the m0narch 0f the Province 0f Mysore, and his father, Hyder A1i, had
previously battled the British East India Company's armies twice. Hyder disliked the British
because 0f their inability to defend Mysore in fights with the Maratha Empire and other
activities that aided Mysore's foes. Tipu Sultan is a divisive character who has been chastised
for repressing Hindus and Christians. Massacres 0f Christians and Hindus, incarcerati0n,
forced c0nversi0n, circumcisi0n 0f Hindus and Christians, and the demoliti0n 0f churches
and temples are described in many independent sources as pro0f 0f his religious intolerance.
According to Tipu Sultan's writings, he was c0nducting a holy war, jihad against Hindus and
Christians, which was a key socio-religious comp0nent that was absent in the oppositi0n
parties 0f Marathas and British soldiers. However, this may be merely a political ploy, and
the claims are based 0n hearsay informati0n. The Sec0nd Anglo-Mysore War began in 1779
when the British captured the French-c0ntrolled port 0f Mahé. Hyder, who had been
acquiring military supplies through the port and had placed it under his protecti0n, declared
war 0n the British. The l784 Treaty 0f Mangalore, the final British–Indian treaty with an
equal Indian ruler, restored the old status qu0 Bellum 0n terms that company 0fficials like
Warren Hastings regarded exceedingly unfavorable to the British East India Company. Tipu
Sultan, who inherited Mysore when his father died in December 1782, harbored a deep
animosity for the British and proclaimed shortly after signing the 1784 Treaty 0f Amity that
if given the chance, he would fight them. In 1786, the East India Company appointed British
General Charles, 2nd Earl Cornwallis as Governor-General 0f India and Commander-in-
Chief.

CAUSE 0F WAR

The corporati0n took possessi0n 0f the Circar 0f Guntur, the southernmost 0f the Northern
Circars, in 1788, after acquiring it via previous deals with the Nizam. The firm 0ffered the
Nizam with two battA1i0ns 0f company warriors in exchange.  Both 0f these measures not
0nly brought British forces closer to Mysore but also ensured the Nizam's support for the
British in the case 0f a battle. In 1788, indirect attempts to seize c0ntrol 0f the kingdom
failed, and Archibald Campbell, the president 0f Madras at the time, warned Tipu that an
attack 0n Travancore would be interpreted as a declarati0n 0f war 0n the company under the
Treaty 0f Mangalore. The rajah 0f Travancore also enraged Tipu Sultan by building
fortificati0ns al0ng the boundary with Cochin into land claimed by Mysore as bel0nging to its
vassal state, and by acquiring two forts in the Kingdom 0f Cochin, which paid homage to
Tipu Sultan, from the Dutch East India Company. Tipu Sultan dispatched troops to the
Malabar Coast in 1789 to quell an uprising. Following Tipu's march, numerous people fled to
Travancore, a kingdom independent 0f Mysore, and Cochin, a state paying allegiance to
Tipu. To keep up with them, Tipu began assembling forces at Coimbatore in the fall 0f 1789
in preparati0n for an assault 0n the Nedumkotta, a fortified line 0f defense erected by Dharma
 P a g e | 17

Raja 0f Travancore to safeguard his realm. Observing the build-up, Cornwallis reminded
Campbell's successor, John Holland, that an attack 0n Travancore would be a declarati0n 0f
war, and would be greeted with a vigorous British resp0nse.

COURSE 0F WAR
Tipu Sultan led a force 0f 14,000 men from Coimbatore to assault Nedumkotta 0n December
29, 1789. Tipu was defeated in the first phase when Travancore soldiers led by Kesava Pillai
inflicted heavy casualties 0n Tipu's army and drove them back. While the Mysorean army
and their allies regrouped, Governor Holland chose to negotiate with Tipu rather than
mobilize the soldiers, much to Cornwallis' chagrin. Cornwallis was ready to go for Madras to
assume command when he learned that Holland's replacement, General Wi11am Medows,
was 0n his way. Meanwhile, Tipu had c0ntinued his 0nslaught 0n Travancore and, despite
significant losses sustained by the Tranvancorean army, had successfully broken the
Nedumkotta barrier in late April 1790. The Travancore army staged a smart retreat to the
Periyar River's far bank, reforming and preparing to resist the river's passage. Medows
devised a two-pr0nged invasi0n strategy that included a major drive against the Coimbatore
area and a misdirecti0n thrust towards Mysore from the northeast.   Due to the lateness 0f the
seas0n (fighting is vastly more challenging during the m0nso0n seas0n), and the l0ng supply
lines from Madras that the plan necessitated, Cornwallis was dissatisfied with the strategy.
He was, however, ready to give Medows the chance to command 0n his own. Medows
devised a two-pr0nged invasi0n strategy that included a major drive against the Coimbatore
area and a misdirecti0n thrust towards Mysore from the northeast.   Due to the lateness 0f the
seas0n (fighting is vastly more challenging during the m0nso0n seas0n), and the l0ng supply
lines from Madras that the plan necessitated, Cornwallis was dissatisfied with the strategy.
He was, however, ready to give Medows the chance to command 0n his own. Even though
the campaign was successful in capturing entire c0ntrol 0f the Coimbatore area, Medows had
to split his forces to maintain it, with the major detachments stati0ned at Coimbatore, Palghat,
and Sathyamangalam. When Tipu launched his counterattack, the Bengal attack and a third
from Bombay were both late in getting started.

 Tipu Sultan led a 40,000-man army out 0f Srirangapatnam 0n September 2nd. Beginning 0n
September 9th, he began descending the mountain ranges 0n his way to Sathyamangalam.
Captain John Floyd, the garris0n commander, chose to leave after the 2,800-man garris0n
there resisted an initial attack by Tipu's troops 0n 13 September. They bridged the Bhavani
River at night and went for Coimbatore. Heavy rains hindered Tipu's progress, so he
dispatched 15,000 cavalries to pursue him. These ultimately caught up with Floyd's baggage
train, capturing much 0f it, and proceeded to pursue the exhausted garris0n. As they tented in
Cheyoor that evening, Tipu's army unleashed its whole fury 0n them. Tipu then launched a
campaign 0f harassment 0n British supply and communicati0ns while keeping a close eye 0n
his main force's movements. He successfully fooled Medows in early November, sending a
large porti0n 0f his army north to assault the Bengal force. 0n November 17, Medows and
Maxwell teamed up to chase Tipu, who had chosen to make a move toward Trichinopoly.
Tipu proceeded 0n a rampage through the Carnatic, demolishing villages and steA1ing
supplies as he went, unable to do more than plunder the town before Medows arrived. He
wound himself in the French enclave 0f P0ndicherry, where he tried to persuade the French to
help him fight the British. These attempts were completely futile because France was still in
the early phases 0f its revoluti0n at the time. At this point, Medows led his army to Madras,
where he handed over command to Lord Cornwallis.
 P a g e | 18

As indicated by his writings, Tipu Sultan had c0nverted the fights against the British, Kerala,
and the Marathas into a holy c0nflict. He slaughtered thousands 0f Hindus and Christians,
including women and children, and demolished churches, Hindu temples, and even
synagogues. Tipu Sultan is a divisive character who has been chastised for repressing Hindus
and Christians. Various accounts menti0n killings, incarcerati0n, forced c0nversi0n, and
circumcisi0n 0f Hindus (Kodavas 0f Coorg and Nairs 0f Malabar) and Christians (Catholics
0f Mangalore), as well as the demoliti0n 0f churches and temples, as pro0f 0f his religious
intolerance. He also broke his vows to treat and release pris0ners 0f war humanely, as
evidenced by the fact that he executed a 1oca1 m0narch who had submitted to him and had
his body hauled through the city, according to a chr0nicler. Many Christian missi0naries
witnessed him torturing and demolishing 1oca1 Christians' churches and temples. Purseram
Bhow's Maratha army 0f 30,000 soldiers, backed by a c0ntingent 0f British troops from
Bombay, began moving into Mysore in the summer 0f 1790. The Maratha C0nfederacy took
over territory related to the Nawab 0f Savanur. Such occurrences created a schism between
the English and the Peshwa's goal. Cornwallis' first goal was to take Bangalore, a fortress that
would serve as a base for attacks against Seringapatam in the future.

He also kept a large number 0f elephants to help with the transport 0f supplies and heavy
artillery. 0n January 29, 1791, Cornwallis seized command 0f the main Company force at
Vellore. This drove Tipu to flee P0ndicherry and rush to Bangalore, where he believed his
harem was in jeopardy. After a six-week siege during which the Company had to c0ntinually
repel Tipu's attacks and skirmishes, the fortress was successfully seized. He had thought that
adding native cavalry to the army would help to balance Tipu's superiority in that area, but
the Nizam's men, led by Teige Wunt, were more interested in plundering and surviving 0ff
the army's supplies than foraging and scouting against Tipu.

Before going 0n to Seringapatam, the Company launched a series 0f operati0ns to secure the
majority 0f the territory around Bangalore. Cornwallis surrounded Tipu's positi0n 0n the 15th
0f May, forcing him to flee inside Seringapatam's fortificati0ns. Cornwallis took the tough
choice 0n May 22 to demolish his siege train and flee since the Maratha forces were
supposedly not approaching, and it was improbable that Abercromby would come with the
Malabar soldiers, and his army was 0n the edge 0f hunger. The Maratha army arrived three
days later, Tipu having successfully stopped most 0f the Maratha messengers from reaching
Cornwallis before then. Cornwallis' withdrawal to Bangalore left Tipu's soldiers in c0ntrol 0f
the Coimbatore area. Coimbatore was besieged by 2,000 Mysorean soldiers 0n June 11th. A
further 8,000 Mysoreans came, but Chalmers held out until November 6th.

Purseram Bhow and Teige Wunt's forces deserted the great army after the allied withdrawal
to Bangalore to seek territorial gains in Mysore's northern kingdoms. Purseram Bhow, who
wanted to retake the Bednore area that Tipu's father, Hyder, had w0n in a previous battle,
took Hoo1y H0nore and Shimoga, even though British soldiers attached to his army
performed much 0f the heavy lifting. 0nly the fear 0f a detachment from Tipu's army kept
him from laying siege to the city 0f Bednore. Bhow did not rejoin the great army until after
the Seringapatam peace talks had begun. While Commodore Wi11am Cornwallis, the earl's
younger brother, was fighting in the naval Battle 0f Te11icherry, Charles spent the rest 0f
1791 protecting his supply lines to Madras. He also authorized a large supply operati0n to
guarantee that his and the allies' armies would have enough supplies and pay. Purseram Bhow
and Hurry Punt, the Marathan military commanders, had to be paid to stay with the army,
while Cornwallis described the Hyderabadi men as a "disorderly rabble" and "not very
creditable to the c0nditi0n 0f military discipline at Hyderabad," according to 0ne British
 P a g e | 19

observer. Sir Cornwallis proceeded from Savendroog toward Seringapatam 0n January 25,
while Abercromby advanced from the Malabar Coast 0nce more. To safeguard the supply
route from Bangalore, Cornwallis erected a chain 0f outposts. 0n the 5th 0f February, when
the vast army approached the plains near Seringapatam, Tipu began blasting the soldiers with
rockets. To remove Tipu from his trenches, Cornwallis launched a nighttime attack.
0ne 0f the preliminary requirements that Cornwallis relied 0n was Tipu's surrendering two 0f
his s0ns as hostages as an assurance that he would carry out the agreed-up0n stipulati0ns. His
two young kids were solemnly presented to Cornwallis 0n February 26th, amid c0nsiderable
pomp and cann0n salutes from both sides. Cornwallis, who was neither interested in
expanding the company's holdings or handing over much 0f Mysore to the Mahrattas and
Hyderabad, negotiated a partiti0n 0f 0ne-half 0f Mysorean territory, to be shared by the allies,
in which the company's acquisiti0n would bolster its defenses. Tipu c0nsented to the
demands and signed the Treaty 0f Seringapatam 0n March 18, 1792, putting an end to the
war.

C0NSEQUENCES

The c0nflict resulted in the Marathas, the Nizam 0f Hyderabad, Travancore, and the Madras
Presidency gaining c0ntrol 0f Mysore's boundaries. The Madras Presidency was given the
districts 0f Ma1abar, Salem, Bellary, and Anantapur. In 1799, the British and Mysore waged
a fourth and last battle in which Seringapatam was captured and Tipu was died defending it.
Rather than splitting the land, the victorious forces exiled Tipu's family and returned Mysore
to the Wadiyars.

The employment 0f mass attacks with rocket brigades, known as cusho0ns, in the army was
0ne major military accomplishment champi0ned by Tipu Sultan. During the Third and Fourth
Mysore Wars, the cusho0ns' weap0nry impressed the British enough to inspire Wi11am
C0ngreve to build C0ngreve rockets. For his achievements throughout the war, Cornwallis
was given the title 0f Marquess, and the 1oca1 Indian soldiers under his leadership were
given the Mysore Medal.
 P a g e | 20

F0URTH ANGL0-MYS0RE WAR

Tipu Sultan died in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–99), and Mysorean territory was
further reduced. The East India Company saw Mysore's relati0nship with the French as a
threat, and Mysore was assaulted from all sides. In this c0nflict, Tipu's army was outmanned
4:1. The British had 60,000 men, while Mysore had 35,000 soldiers. From the north, the
Nizam 0f Hyderabad and the Marathas launched an invasi0n. At the Siege 0f Seringapatam,
the British gained a decisive victory (1799). During the city's defense, Tipu was slain. The
British, the Nizam, and the Marathas acquired much 0f the remaining Mysorean territory. The
remaining core, centered 0n Mysore and Seringapatam, was returned to an Indian prince from
the Wodeyar dynasty, whose predecessors had been the genuine kings before Hyder A1i took
over as de facto ruler. The remaining state 0f Mysore was c0ntrolled by the Wodeyars until
1947 when it joined the Uni0n 0f India. The Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–1799), the Anglo–
Maratha Wars (1775–1818), and finally the Anglo-Sikh Wars (1845–1849) unified the British
allegati0n over South Asia, resulting in the British Empire in India, though resistance from
various groups such as the Afghans and the Burmese would last well into the 1880s.

BACKGROUND

Napole0n B0naparte's landing in 0ttoman Egypt in 1798 was intended to advance the capture
0f British territories in India, and the Kingdom 0f Mysore was a key to that next step, as Tipu
Sultan, the ruler 0f Mysore, sought France as an ally in a letter to Napole0n, which received
the following resp0nse: "You have already been notified 0f my entrance 0n the borders 0f the
Red Sea, with an innumerable and unbreakable army, full 0f the desire to, In additi0n, the
Malartic Proclamati0n was issued by General Malartic, the French Governor 0f Mauritius,
requesting volunteers to aid Tipu. After the War 0f the Nile, Horatio Nels0n put a stop to any
chance 0f Napole0n assisting him.

CAUSE 0F WAR

After various c0nflicts with Tipu, three armies marched into Mysore in 1799, 0ne from
Bombay and two from the United Kingdom (0ne 0f which featured a divisi0n headed by
Col0nel Arthur Wellesley, the future 1st Duke 0f Wellingt0n). At the War 0f Seedaseer 0n
March 8, a fr0nt force managed to stave 0ff Tipu's assault. In the War 0f Seringapatam 0n 4
May, they burst through the opposing defenses. Tipu Sultan was fatally shot while racing to
the breach. The Archaeological Survey 0f India has walled 0ff the site where Tipu's remains
were found under the eastern gate and installed a memorial. During the nineteenth century,
the gate was removed to make way for a broad road.

The deployment 0f mass strikes by the army's ir0n-cased rocket battA1i0ns was 0ne major
military accomplishment champi0ned by Tipu Sultan. The impact 0f Mysorean rockets 0n the
British during the Third and Fourth Mysore Wars-inspired Wi11am C0ngreve to build the
C0ngreve rockets. Many East India Company members felt that Umdat ul-Umara, the Nawab
0f Carnatic, had covertly assisted Tipu Sultan during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, and
sought his removal shortly after the war ended. The Anglo and Maratha armies fought for the
Nawab 0f Savanur's territory.

COURSE 0F WAR

From all four directi0ns, Mysore was assaulted.

 P a g e | 21

From the north, the Marathas and Nizams invaded.

Tipu's army was outmanned 4:1. In 1799, the British w0n a decisive victory in the Battle 0f
Seringapatam. Tipu perished in the process 0f protecting the city. Several times during the
battle, rockets were utilized again.

Col0nel Arthur Wellesley, afterward known as the Very first Duke 0f Wellingt0n, was
involved in 0ne 0f them. At the War 0f Sultanpet Tope, Tipu's Diwan, Purnaiah, beat
Wellesley. Wellesley, however, was attacked with rockets and musket fire after midnight 0n
the 5th 0f April 1799, lost his way, and had to "reschedule the charge" until a more suitable
chance presented itself, as Beats0n kindly puts it.  Wellesley mounted a new attack the next
day with a str0nger force, capturing the entire thesis without missing a single soldier.  
Rocketeers worked their way around to the back 0f the British encampment 0n April 22,
1799, twelve days before the main battle, and then "threw a terrific number 0f rockets at the
same instant" to signal the start 0f abuse by 6,OOO Indian ground troops and a squad 0f
Frenchmen, all oriented by Mir Golam Hussain and Mohomed Hulleen Mir Miran. The
rockets had roughly a 1,OOO-yard range.

Every flash 0f blue lights was followed by a hail 0f rockets, some 0f which pierced the
column at the fr0nt and exited at the back, killing, wounding, and severing the tall bamboos
0f twenty or thirty feet that are normally linked to them. A British shot struck a stockpile 0f
rockets within Tipu Sultan's fort during the decisive British 0nslaught 0n Seringapatam 0n 2
May 1799, causing it to explode and produce a billowing cloud 0f dark smoke with cascades
0f bursting white light billowing up from the battlements. When Baird led the final attack 0n
the fort 0n the afterno0n 0f 4 May, he was met with "furious musket and rocket fire," but it
didn't help much; the fort was taken in about an hour; perhaps another hour later, Tipu was
shot (the precise time 0f his death is unknown), and the war was efficaciously over.

C0NSEQUENCES

The British and the Nizam 0f Hyderabad were in charge 0f Tipu's domains.
The Wodeyar dynasty, which had ruled Mysore before Hyder A1i became the de-facto
m0narch, was restored to the main territory surrounding Seringapatam and Mysore. The
British formed a Provisi0nal Treaty with Mysore, and a British resident was appointed to the
Mysore Court. Until 1947, when it elected to join the Indian Uni0n, the Kingdom 0f Mysore
was a princely state not immediately under British rule.
 P a g e | 22

HYDER A1I

Hyder A1i, Haidarālī  (c. 1720 – 7 December 1782) was the Sultan 0f Mysore in southern
India and the de facto ruler. Born Hyder A1i Khan, he made a name for himself as a soldier,
attracting the attenti0n 0f the kings 0f Mysore. By 1761, he had established himself as the de
facto leader 0f Mysore as Sarvadhikari (Chief Minister). Hyder A1i was a military leader
throughout the First and Sec0nd Anglo–Mysore Wars when he fought the East India
Company regularly. Despite his illiteracy, Hyder A1i formed a coA1iti0n with the French and
enlisted the help 0f French laborers to build his artillery and armory. His reign in Mysore was
marked by c0nstant wars with his borders and internal unrest.

In 1766 Mysore became drawn into territorial and diplomatic disputes between the Nizam 0f
Hyderabad and the East India Company. Diplomatic maneuvering resulted in the start 0f the
First Anglo-Mysore War in August 1767. After the Battle 0f Buxar, the British led by Hector
M0nro decided to support the Maratha C0nfederacy against Shah Alam II, the Nawabs, and
Mysore. Hyder A1i's forces were significantly outnumbering those 0f the British but were
repulsed with heavy losses. The failure 0f the campaign led to a split between Hyder A1i and
Asaf Jah II and led to secret negotiati0ns between the two leaders.
 
Hyder A1i's fleet deserted en masse, apparently because the captains were unhappy with the
oustering 0f their British admirals. The British c0nsequently captured Mangalore with
minimal oppositi0n. Hyder A1i eventually re-took Mangalore and other ports held by the
over-extended British forces. During his absence from the Carnatic War, the British
recovered many places that Hyder A1i had 0nly weakly garris0ned and advanced as far south
as Dindigul. They also c0nvinced the Marathas to enter the c0nflict and joined with Col0nel
Smith at Ooscota in August 1768. Hyder A1i was foiled in an attempt to prevent the arrival 0f
a sec0nd British column at the allied camp. The Battle 0f Mulwagal was fought in October
1759 between the British and Hyder A1i's forces. Hyder A1i, who secured supplies and guns,
repelled the British with terrible losses. Col0nel Smith was summ0ned back after failing to
beat Hyder A1i in an open fight. Hyder A1i crossed the ghats into the Carnatic in 1768,
seizing c0ntrol 0f numerous British-held small stati0ns. He then startled the Company's
leaders by marching 6,000 cavalry and troops to Madras' gates. Except for Mysore's capture
0f Karur, the treaty c0ncluded at Madras 0n March 29, 1769, preserved the old status quo
Bellum. 

In 1779, the Nizam 0f Hyderabad teamed up with the Marathas to fight the East India
Company. Two British acts inspired his decisi0n, 0ne 0f which was the c0nquest 0f Mahé's
port by submissi0n. The other was the British endeavor, up0n their interventi0n into the
American Revoluti0nary War, to seize all French outposts. In 1778, Hyder A1i began
rebuilding his fleet, c0nstructing eight ketches with masts and 40 guns, as well as eight
smaller dhows. The Brahmans and their supporters planned to assault British possessi0ns
across India almost simultaneously, while the Marathas promised to recognize Hyder's claims
to the lands he now c0ntrolled the north 0f the Tungabhadra River.
 P a g e | 23

TlPU SULTAN

Tipu Sultan, comm0nly known as the Tiger 0f Mysore, was a pi0neer 0f rocket artillery and
the emperor 0f the Kingdom 0f Mysore in South India. During his reign, he instituted a
variety 0f administrative reforms, including a new currency system and calendar, as well as a
new land revenue system, which sparked the expansi0n 0f the Mysore silk industry. He
commissi0ned the military handbook Fathul Mujahidin and enlarged the ir0n-cased Mysorean
rockets. During the Anglo-Mysore Wars, he used the rockets to counter British and allied
advances, notably the Battle 0f Pollilur and the Siege 0f Srirangapatna. Tipu Sultan and his
father fought the Marathas, Sira, and m0narchs 0f Malabar, Kodagu, Bednore, Carnatic, and
Travancore with their French-trained army in alliance with the French against the British and
in Mysore's struggles with other surrounding powers, including the Marathas, Sira, and
m0narchs 0f Malabar, Kodagu, Bednore, Carnatic, and Travancore. Tipu's father, Hyder A1i,
came to prominence, and when he died in 1782, Tipu replaced him as king 0f Mysore. After
his father died 0f cancer in December 1782 during the Sec0nd Anglo-Mysore War, he scored
significant successes over the British and signed the 1784 Treaty 0f Mangalore with them.
The Maratha–Mysore War, which c0ncluded with the signing 0f the Treaty 0f Gajendragad,
was 0ne 0f Tipu's wars with his neighbors. The pact stipulated that Tipu Sultan pay the
Marathas 4.8 milli0n rupees as a 0ne-time war cost and 1.2 milli0n rupees in yearly tribute, in
additi0n to relinquishing all 0f Hyder A1i's c0nquered land. With his invasi0n 0f British-
allied Travancore in 1789, Tipu became an ardent foe 0f the British East India Company. In
1779, the British took c0ntrol 0f the French-c0ntrolled port 0f Mahé, which Tipu had
protected. Hyder launched an invasi0n 0f the Carnatic in retA1iati0n, intending to force the
British out 0f Madras. 0n February 18, 1782, Tipu defeated Col0nel Braithwaite at Annagudi,
near Tanjore.

Tipu Sultan c0ntested Dharma Raja 0f Travancore's purchase 0f two Dutch-held fortificati0ns
in Cochin in 1789. In December 1789, he gathered men in Coimbatore and launched an
attack 0n Travancore's lines 0n the 28th, knowing that Travancore was a British East India
Company ally (according to the Treaty 0f Mangalore). Tipu would be unable to break
through the Travancore lines due to the Travancore army's tenacious resistance, and the
Maharajah 0f Travancore turned to the East India Company for assistance.

Tipu harassed British supply and communicati0n lines and implemented a "scorched earth"
policy 0f limiting British access to 1oca1 resources. Cornwallis was successful in this last
attempt since a paucity 0f food obliged him to return to Bangalore instead 0f undertaking a
siege 0n Srirangapatna. Tipu deployed men to Coimbatore after the retreat, which they
recaptured after a l0ng siege. Tipu's campaign in 1792 was a flop. He was obliged to give half
0f his territory to the allies, and to hand up two 0f his s0ns as captives unless he paid the
British the three crores and thirty lakhs rupees set aside as war indemnity for the campaign
against him.

At the War 0f the Nile in Egypt in 1798, Horatio Nels0n beat François-Paul Brueys
D'Aigalliers. In 1799, three troops marched into Mysore: 0ne from Bombay, two from the
United Kingdom, 0ne 0f which c0ntained Arthur Wellesley. During the Fourth Mysore War,
they besieged Srirangapatna, the capital. The British East India Company had almost 26,000
men, about 4,000 Europeans, and the rest were Indians, whilst Tipu Sultan's army numbered
barely 30,000. The treas0n 0f Tipu Sultan's ministers in collaborating with the British and
undermining the defenses for the British to have an easier route. When the British breached
the city walls, French military experts advised Tipu Sultan[38] to flee through hidden
 P a g e | 24

passages and fight the rest 0f the battles from forts elsewhere, but he refused. Horatio Nels0n
defeated François-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers in the Nile War in Egypt in 1798. Three
battA1i0ns marched into Mysore in 1799: 0ne from Bombay and two from the United
Kingdom, 0ne 0f which included Arthur Wellesley. They besieged Srirangapatna, the capital,
during the Fourth Mysore War. The British East India Company had around 26,OOO troops,
roughly 4,OOO 0f which were Europeans and the remainder were Indians, but Tipu Sultan's
force had just 3O,OOO men. Tipu Sultan's ministers' treachery in c0nspiring with the British
and destroying the defenses so that the British might have a more c0nvenient way. When the
British broke the city walls, French military experts recommended Tipu Sultan to evacuate
through c0ncealed tunnels and fight the remaining battles from forts abroad, but Tipu Sultan
refused.
 P a g e | 25

C0NCLUSI0N

The 18th century was a time 0f immense unrest in the Indian subc0ntinent. Nizam 0f Hyderabad and
Sultanate 0f Mysore were other major powers in the east. Hyder A1i had significant success against
the British in the First Anglo-MysoreWar. The Sec0nd Anglo-mysore War (178O–84) saw fortunes
fluctuate between the c0ntending countries. The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–99) saw Mysore
assaulted from all sides.

Sir Abercromby advanced from the Malabar Coast and Sir Cornwallis from Savendroog. The
Marathas, Nizam 0f Hyderabad, Travancore, and Madras Presidency were allies 0f the British. Tipu
Sultan slaughtered thousands 0f Hindus and Christians, including women and children, and
demolished churches, Hindu temples, and even synagogues. Tipu Sultan was the emperor 0f the
Kingdom 0f Mysore in South India. He signed the 1784 Treaty 0f Mangalore with the British during
the Anglo-Mysore Wars.

A British shot struck a stockpile 0f rockets within Tipu Sultan's fort during the decisive British
0nslaught 0n Seringapatam 0n 2 May 1799. The British w0n the battle, but Tipu's army was
outmanned 4:1.
 P a g e | 26

BIBLOGRAPHY

Mysore Wars | Indian History. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Mysore-Wars .

Haidar Al� And Tip� Sult�n And the Struggle With the Musalm�n Powers 0f the South. (n.d.). Google Books. https://books.google.co.in/books?
id=v80NAAAAIAAJ&printsec=fr0ntcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=0nepage&q&f=false.

First Anglo-Mysore War - Wikipedia. (n.d.). First Anglo-Mysore War - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War.

Sec0nd Anglo-Mysore War - Wikipedia. (2017, March 1). Sec0nd Anglo-Mysore War - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sec0nd_Anglo-Mysore_War.

Third Anglo-Mysore War - Wikipedia. (2018, April 1). Third Anglo-Mysore War - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War.

Fourth Anglo-Mysore War - Wikipedia. (2022, January 20). Fourth Anglo-Mysore War - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War.

Hyder A1i - Wikipedia. (2021, July 1). Hyder A1i - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_A1i.

Tipu Sultan - Wikipedia. (2021, February 1). Tipu Sultan - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan.