KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

P.O.BOX 1, KYAMBOGO-KAMPALA, UGANDA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND BUILDING ENGINEERING

‘DESIGN OF A WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FOR NABUMALI

TOWN COUNCIL‘

CASE STUDY

MBALE DISTRICT – NABUMALI TOWN COUNCIL

By

BALAYO STEVEN

17/U/19196/ECE/PE

SUPERVISOR: DR NYEDE JACOB

FINAL YEAR INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING IN THE
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AS PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
CIVIL AND BUILDING ENGINEERING DEGREE OF KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY.
 DECLARATION
I, BALAYO STEVEN , hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that it
contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material that has
been accepted for the award of any other degree by the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text and reference list.

Signature: ……………………………………………. Date:…………………...……………..

Name of student: BALAYO STEVEN

Registration Number: 17/U/19196/ECE/PE

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, I want to thank the Almighty God for giving me the courage and
knowledge to start this program. To my supervisor, Dr. Nyende Jacob, thank you for
accepting to lead me through this project.

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 DEDICATION
I dedicate this project report to all my friends, relatives and all my mentors at each stage of
compiling it. To my donors who have been a great component in providing the finances to
smoothen it flow. Thank you.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION........................................................................................................................i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................................................................ii

DEDICATION..........................................................................................................................iii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................1

1.0 Introduction......................................................................................................................1

1.2 Background of the study..................................................................................................1

1.2 Problem Statement...........................................................................................................2

1.3 Main Objective.................................................................................................................2

1.4 Specific objectives...........................................................................................................2

1.5 Significance of the study..................................................................................................3

1.6 Scope of study..................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................4

2.0 Introduction......................................................................................................................4

2.1 Water supply situation in Uganda....................................................................................5

2.2 Need for water For humanity...........................................................................................5

2.3 Gravity flow system.........................................................................................................5

2.4 Computer-based Models for Water Distribution Network Analysis................................6

2.4.1 EPANET...................................................................................................................6

2.4.2 WaterGEMS..............................................................................................................7

2.5 Types of water sources.....................................................................................................7

2.5.1 Rain water based water supply system......................................................................7

2.5.2 Ground water supply systems...................................................................................7

2.5.3 Surface water supply systems...................................................................................7

2.6 Types of water supply systems........................................................................................8

2.6.1 Gridiron system.........................................................................................................8

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 2.6.2 Ring systems.............................................................................................................8

2.6.3 System radial.............................................................................................................8

2.6.4 Dead-end systems......................................................................................................8

2.7 Water source selection.....................................................................................................8

2.8 Topographic surveying.....................................................................................................9

2.8.1 Site reconnaissance...................................................................................................9

2.8.2 Establishment of site boundaries...............................................................................9

2.8.2.1 Production of topographical map.........................................................................10

2.9 Population Projection.....................................................................................................10

2.9.1 Population forecasting method................................................................................11

2.10 Water Demand.............................................................................................................12

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY................................................................................12

3.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................12

3.1 Engineering surveying...................................................................................................12

3.2 Population projection.....................................................................................................13

3.3 Main Pipelines............................................................................................................13

3.3.1 Pipe design and selection........................................................................................13

3.3.2 Transmission line....................................................................................................13

3.3.3 Distribution, service line and tap stands.................................................................13

3.3.4 The pipe network layout..........................................................................................14

3.3.5 Break-pressure valve...............................................................................................14

3.3.6 Model parameters....................................................................................................14

3.3.7 Water demand.........................................................................................................14

3.4 The Epanet model..........................................................................................................15

3.4.1 Pipe optimisation.....................................................................................................15

Appendices...............................................................................................................................15

Project Budget..........................................................................................................................15

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Project Schedule.......................................................................................................................16

References................................................................................................................................16

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 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

The backdrop of the study, the primary goal of the study, the particular goal of the study, the
scope of the work, which is broken down into time, content, and geographic scopes, and the
significance of the study are all included in this chapter. A water supply system combines a
pumping and conveying system that moves water through pipes inside of an enclosed
conduit.

1.2 Background of the study

People's lives depend heavily on water, and its contamination as a result of rapid population
increase, industry, and urbanization is a severe health hazard (Ki-moon, 2015). On average,
75% of the surface of the globe is covered by water, however it might be difficult to get
portable water. Despite the fact that there is abundance of water, it can be difficult to make
portable water available to the growing population. Although it is "life," water's quality is
"health." The secret to excellent health is drinking water that is clean and safe. (Muhammad
et al., 2021)
According to (Malik et al., 2012) more than 50,000 people each day pass away from water-
borne illnesses, and in underdeveloped nations, the number of children under five who die
each year from these illnesses is believed to be around 4 million. Even worse, 2.3 billion
people globally experience mortality and morbidity from water-related illnesses (WHO,
2022)
Low-income countries frequently report these illnesses due to inadequate access to clean
water, sanitary conditions, and hygienic practices. People in underdeveloped nations are still
compelled to use locally accessible, unimproved water sources since access to safe drinking
water is still a concern. The most well-known waterborne diseases, including cholera,
amoebic dysentery, and typhoid, have been reported from nearly all African countries,
particularly in the region's tropical areas, including Uganda. This is because these water
sources are frequently microbiologically dangerous. (Osiemo et al., 2019) According to
estimates, diarrheal disease causes 24% of child fatalities in Uganda, making it one of the
main causes of infant mortality. (Omona et al., 2020) In addition to these facts, Uganda is one
of the world's fastest-growing nations, with over 35 million citizens, 43 percent of whom lack

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access to safe water (Mungyereza, 2012) Water scarcity has been a significant problem in
Uganda for decades, primarily due to years of repeated droughts, inadequate water supply
management, contamination of the existing water, and a steep increase in water demand as a
result of relatively rapid population development. The government's lack of water investment,
particularly in rural areas, has in many ways worsened Uganda's water scarcity.(Eurien et al.,
2021)
In contrast to the urban population, where 85 percent of people have access to safe water,
only slightly less than half of the rural population, including Nabumali Town Council, does.
Alternative methods of obtaining portable water should be considered when constructing a
water delivery system that the town council can afford. (Group, 2018)

1.2 Problem Statement

With a population of 7500 in 2021, the communities of Muluti, Neaangaalo, Tagalo, Madodo,
and Bugube have struggled to receive safe water to their homes over the years. The residents
must carry water long distances and up steep hills from the valleys on Mount Elgon's slopes
to their dwellings. The primary occupation of those who go to dig is agriculture. When they
return, they must go get water for themselves to use for domestic chores and the construction
of mud dwellings, among other things. Some people utilize it for brick production as a
business to maintain their financial stability. Agriculture is the main industry, with a focus on
food crops.
Putting in account that all the yield is so small in that the production can’t fully serve the
districts of Mbale and Tororo to their satisfaction. With all that, I was prompted to come up
with this project so that it can totally improve the livelihood of the people in the town
council.

1.3 Main Objective

To develop a pumped water delivery system that will increase Nabumali Town Council's
access to clean, safe, and sufficient water.

1.4 Specific objectives

1. To evaluate the population in each ward's category of water demand.

2. To conduct an engineering survey for the research area to produce water point
elevations for design purposes.
3. To use Epanet 2.0 to design and analyze the hydraulics of the pipe network for the
Nabumali Town Council's water delivery system.
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 4. To prepare project's Bill of Quantities (BOQ).
5. To conduct the project's economic evaluation.

1.5 Significance of the study

The study will help determine whether the community's water supply is adequate and safe, as
well as whether the Nabumali Town Council community is aware of the causes of waterborne
diseases and what can be done to limit their occurrence.
The outcomes will help to improve the community's access to clean water and sanitization
services provided by the sub county water authority.
The study's findings will offer data that will be used to create guidelines and policies for safe
drinking water in rural Uganda and around the world.
The research results will help decision-makers choose and put into practice the best practices
to safeguard people from the risks of drinking contaminated water. They will also assist water
supply and distribution authorities in developing appropriate mitigation measures to ensure
that domestic water supplies are protected.
Because they may use the BOQ rates in this report as a guide, the study's findings will make
it easier for the water department for the government, district authorized, and the sub county
to create their budgets.

1.6 Scope of study

The proposed site is located in Mbale District along the Tororo Mbale highway.

Latitude: Zone 36N 108613.00 m N Longitude: 634518.34 m E

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Figure 1 Showing nabumali town council

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 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

In the humanities, a literature review typically has an organizational framework and involves
both summary and synthesis, frequently within predetermined ideas. However, according to
(Knopf, 2006) a literature review could just be a summary of key sources. While a synthesis
is a reorganization or shuffle of that information that informs how you plan to investigate a
research problem, a summary is a reorganization or shuffle of that information that informs
how you plan to analyze a research topic.
The majority of fresh water sources come from rainfall, which is slightly acidic because it
results from the dissolving of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This surface run-off then
collects a sizable amount of organic and mineral debris, soil particles, and microorganisms.
Groundwater is created when surface runoff infiltrates into the subsoil. The fountains of
bodies of surface water, such as rivers, streams, and lakes, are perennial springs. Water
supply has an impact on costs and water system design. Various amounts of treatment are
necessary depending on the water source (Liu et al., 2017)
The availability of water has been a key logistical challenge since civilization collapsed.
When the population's needs for water are not met, diseases, dehydration, and, in the worst
case scenario, death, occur. People tended to live in places where there was a lot of fresh
water.

2.1 Water supply situation in Uganda

In order to serve the cities of Kampala, Entebbe, and Jinja, the National Water and Sewerage
Corporation (NWSC) was founded in Uganda in 1972 by Decree No. 34. It is wholly owned
by the government of Uganda. The NWSC regulations led to a 1995 reorganization of
NSWC. The corporation was given more authority and freedom, as well as the duty to
manage and provide water and sewage services in the areas assigned to it on a stable and
viable commercial basis. As of October 2016, about 40 towns, municipalities and city were
receiving services from NWSC. NWSC has in position to established more than 247 kiosks
/public stand posts in areas under their operation and strengthening the existing water vending
management system for the urban (Sekabira, 2021)
Background information on the various concepts that serve as the project's foundation is
provided in this review. Six sections make up the review, including the creation of a
topographical map, determining the stream's water quality and amount calculating the parish's

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projected population, identifying the ideal hydraulic gradient line, and selecting the most
appropriate distribution pipelines and water supply tap stands.

2.2 Need for water For humanity

Water is essential to human life as it is to all other animal and plant life on the earth. We need
water not only for our everyday survival—our bodies require it to function—but also for the
production of our food, the production of our energy, and the operation of our industries. "On
average, each person needs 70 liters of water every day." It involves the requirement for
water to uphold a minimal level of household and personal hygiene necessary to preserve
health. Inadequate access to clean water has negative consequences on health, daily collection
demands time and effort, expenses per unit are considerable, etc. Many nations have not yet
deemed the provision of basic daily water needs to be a human right (Weinthal, 2020)

2.3 Gravity flow system

A gravity-fed supply from a small uphill river, stream, or spring constrained inside a
protected watershed provides a sustainable, treatment-free water source. Another benefit is
that water delivery labor can be reduced by using gravity-fed pipes to supply water to tap
stands close to homes.
Projects that use gravity-fed systems often have higher capital costs than those that use
underground sources of water. This is primarily due to the expensive cost of constructing
storage tanks and extending pipes from highland sources to communities. On the other hand,
operating costs are frequently low-cost; maintenance typically consists of simple tasks like
replacing tap washers and cleaning screens. Because of the high level of dependability, the
service is often of a high degree. The source (stream, spring, catchment, dam, or intake),
main pipeline, storage and break-pressure tanks, distribution pipes, and tap stands are all
components of a gravity-fed system. (WaterAid, 2013)
The catchment region of a spring or river must be clear of animals and crops to avoid
pollution of the source by chemical or biological pollutants. If only a small area is involved, it
may be completely enclosed. To keep people and animals out of communities, bylaws are
routinely enforced.(Aid, 2013)

2.4 Computer-based Models for Water Distribution Network Analysis

Following the introduction of window-based software by Microsoft and Apple Macintosh,

programmers began creating programs like FOTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, C++, and MS Excel,
among others. This software features logic circuits and the ability to quickly perform
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complex calculations (Works, 2012) Engineers and scientists quickly discovered that the
majority of the Hardy Cross Method's manual iterative effort could be accomplished with
ease using these platforms.
Recently, scientists have concentrated on stochastic optimization techniques that search for
the global optimum while simultaneously addressing a number of points. In 1997, Savic and
Walters merged the EPANET network solver with the gradient algorithm. There are now
several modeling software options for both commercial and academic use. Many personal
computer applications have recently been developed and made available, including EPANET,
UNWB-LOOP, WADISO, U of K KYPIPE, and WATER.
2.4.1 EPANET
EPANET is a piece of software that simulates water distribution networks and is used all
around the world. It can be used for a range of additional distribution system analytical
objectives in addition to helping to understand the flow and effects of drinking water
constituents in distribution systems. Engineers and consultants are now using EPANET to
plan for crises, build and size new water infrastructure, upgrade outdated infrastructure,
optimize tank and pump operations, and consume less energy. By mimicking contamination
hazards, it can also be used to test a system's resilience to security threats and natural
calamities. EPANET is public domain software that is free to use, copy, and distribute.
2.4.2 WaterGEMS
OpenFlows WaterGEMS is a thorough and user-friendly decision-support tool for water
distribution networks. Your comprehension of how infrastructure works as a system, how it
reacts to operational strategies, and how it should change as demand and population grow is
aided by the software.
Everything you require in a versatile multiplatform environment is included in OpenFlows
WaterGEMS, from criticality and energy cost studies to models of fire flow and water
quality.

2.5 Types of water sources

Water is used by household users for a variety of functions, including drinking, cooking,
cleaning, washing hands and bodies, washing clothes, watering animals, irrigating gardens,
and frequently for many business activities. Water can be utilized for a variety of purposes,
and the sources that are available can change with the seasons.

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2.5.1 Rain water based water supply system
In areas where the pattern of rainfall permits it, rain water harvesting can be thought of as a
source of water supply. Long stretches of time without rain are feasible in nations with
significant rainfall.
In arid and semi-arid regions with dispersed settlements and no other sources accessible, it is
a particularly useful supply. Harvesting rainwater may be beneficial for both household and
communal needs. In cases where other sources' supplies are erratic, it can also be used in
conjunction with them. Roof catchment is used at the individual household level, whereas
subsurface catchments are used at the communal level to store water.
2.5.2 Ground water supply systems
The most practical option among the many sources is by far ground water. Perennial springs
or open wells or tube wells, which often produce safe drinking water in rural regions, can be
used to extract it. The lone exception is where there is limestone, where surface runoff can
contaminate ground water.
2.5.3 Surface water supply systems
The system is supplied with surface water. Although the quality is good, conventional
treatment is necessary to get rid of turbidity and dangerous germs.

2.6 Types of water supply systems

The pressure and flow rates of the water provided by municipal water supply systems should
be adequate for the end user. Four different types of water distribution systems are employed
to accomplish this:
2.6.1 Gridiron system
Gridiron systems have a centrally located main water supply line, with sub mains branching
off perpendicular to the main line. There are no dead ends in this system because each pipe is
connected to every other pipe. This kind of gridiron-like rectangular city plan is ideal for this
kind of water supply system.
2.6.2 Ring systems
Systems with circular or ring configurations have a supply main that surrounds the
distribution region in the form of a circle or ring. In this system, the supply mains, the
branches, and both are cross-connected. This kind of layout, which is appropriate for towns
and cities with well-planned highways and streets, offers similar benefits and drawbacks as
gridiron systems.

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2.6.3 System radial
The distribution region in radial systems is split up into various distribution districts or zones.
Each zone has a central elevated distribution reservoir from which supply lines radiate
outward to the edge of the distribution district. Rapid distribution is possible with radial
systems, and design calculations are made easier.
2.6.4 Dead-end systems
The greatest option for cities and towns without well-defined traffic patterns is dead-end
water supply networks. One main line with sub-mains branching off to the left and right
traverses the town or city in this type of system. The branch lines that provide service
connections are formed from the division of these sub-mains. (Blair, 2020)

2.7 Water source selection

In selecting a source of drinking water, there are a number of factors that must be considered
e.g.:-
a. Quantity: Will there be enough water at the source to support future development?
b. Quality: Is the raw water's quality such that it can be provided with water that satisfies or
exceeds the standards outlined in the "Water Quality Chapter" with the proper treatment?
c. Can human waste, industrial waste, and agricultural runoff be kept from entering the river
now and in the future? Can the land of the catchment, such as a forest, be effectively
safeguarded to maintain the quantity and quality of the raw water?
d. Possibility: Is the source reasonably priced, taking into account both the initial investment
and ongoing operating and maintenance costs? Can the source be used with
straightforward and dependable transmission and treatment technology?

2.8 Topographic surveying

According to (Paul, 2018) is a process of direct measurement and analysis used to record the
existence, identity, location, and dimension or size of natural or artificial features on land, in
the air, space, or water in order to create accurate and reliable maps that can be visualized if
necessary. In order to identify horizontal and vertical spatial correlations, he also describes
topographic surveying as a survey of selected natural and man-made features on a segment of
the earth's surface. It may be required to do a topographic land survey to determine various
characteristics and elevations of the land before beginning any big building project
development. (Basak, 1891)

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2.8.1 Site reconnaissance
The primary duty of the survey crew, according to (Breach, 2019) is to carry out a
reconnaissance survey of the area, which entails merely strolling around to identify the
optimal places for survey stations. Care must be used while selecting the places because they
are impacted by a number of factors. The area should be divided into well-conditioned
triangles. This is justified by the fact that charting such triangles is both easier and more
accurate than plotting a triangle with weak conditions.
2.8.2 Establishment of site boundaries
According to (Hallmann, 1994) a boundary survey should ordinarily start with a sketch of the
property in question and any nearby properties that need to be surveyed. This information on
nearby distances gives the engineer a better idea of what to look for at each alleged property
corner. Data is typically downloaded to a computer for boundary calculations after evidence
has been gathered. The border and textual legal description of the property being surveyed
are determined by interpreting the measured angles and distances in relation to local legal
descriptions. When the corner points are located and the property area and extents are
defined, the collected data is then calculated to a UTM coordinate system and recorded in a
manner a CAD application can read.
2.8.2.1 Production of topographical map
(F. McIlwraith, 1994)claims that topographic maps are created based on the characteristics of
the terrain; for example, steep terrain has closely spaced contours, while flat territory has
widely separated contours. Both types of contours are used to illustrate the land's horizontal
and vertical locations. There are two ways of developing topographic maps which include;

2.8.2.2 Manual process

This approach involves drawing contour lines with drawing pencils and other tools on a sheet
of paper that is the right size and accurately scaled to create a topographical map. On the
graph paper, a horizontal line is then created to represent the length of the profile line. Above
the starting and ending points, a vertical line is drawn. Label the heights on the axis using the
y-axis (vertical lines), making sure that the scale ran from the cross-highest section's point to
its lowest point.
On the graph paper, an approximate instrument point is placed, and horizontal distances and
angles are measured from the point to determine the respective spot heights and boundary
points. Contour lines are then drawn, accounting for reduced levels of spot height, and the

10
boundary lines are joined. Man-made and natural features are then indicated on the map using
the same method. (Chandra, 2005)
2.8.2.3 Software approach
In this approach, the field data is computed and organized in an Excel file that includes
bearing, horizontal distances, cross-hair readings, vertical circle readings, and decreased
levels. These are used to determine UTM coordinates, which are then calculated and saved in
a format readable by CAD software. Copies of the coordinates and values for the decreased
levels are made in another Excel sheet, where they are arranged in PNEZD format and saved
as a.csv file. After that, the file is uploaded to the Auto-CAD 3D computer program, where
the points are connected by triangulated lines to create a contour surface, which, when
properly cropped, creates a topographical map. The contour intervals and boundary lines are
set to create a complete topographical map. (Hargitai, 2019)

2.9 Population Projection

A drinking water and sanitation plan is designed based on a projection of the population of a
city during the design period. Any value that will be undervalued makes the system
ineffective for its intended use, and any value that is overvalued made it expensive. Because
the population fluctuates throughout time, it is important to plan the system with the
population at the end of the design era in mind. Population changes are influenced by a
number of causes, including increases due to births, decreases due to deaths,
increases/decreases due to migration, and increases due to annexation. The census population
records contain information on the city's present and past populations. Following the
gathering of this demographic data, the population at the end of the design period is predicted
using a variety of approaches suitable for that city, taking into account the tendency of the
city to develop. (Mekonnen, 2018)
2.9.1 Population forecasting method
The following are the standard methods by which the forecasting of population is done:
1. Arithmetical Increase Method.
2. Geometrical Increase Method.
3. Incremental Increase Method
4. Decreasing Rate Method
5. Simple Graphical Method
6. Comparative Graphical Method
7. Master Plan Method

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 8. The Logistic Curve Method
9. The Apportionment Method

2.9.1.1 Arithmetical Increase Method.

This approach is predicated on the notion that population growth is steady. Population
changes throughout time at a steady rate.
dp
=C Eqn 2.1
dt
integrating P2-P1 = C(t2-t1)
Where P1 = Population at the time t1 first census
P2 = Population at the time t2 last available census
The value of constant C is determined.

2.9.1.2 Geometrical Increase Method

This approach is predicated on the notion that the rate of population growth is constant across
time. This method calculates the average percentage growth over the last few decades;
population projection is based on the assumption that the percentage rise will be the same
every ten years.
The population at the end of n years will be as follows if the current population is P and the
average annual growth rate is IG:

( )
n
I ti
Pn=P 1+ Eqn 2.2
100

2.9.1.3 Incremental Increase Method:

Compared to the first two ways, this one is better. The mathematical approach is used to
calculate the average population growth, and to this is added the average of the net
incremental growth once for each subsequent decade.
After 'n' years, the population will be
Pn = P + n (la + Ic) Eqn 2.3
where P is the current population, la is the average arithmetic increase, and lc is the average
incremental increase. (Confidence, 2021)

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2.10 Water Demand

The amount of water users need to meet their demands is known as their water demand.
Though conceptually distinct from water abstraction, it is frequently equated with the latter in
a simplistic sense. (European Environment Agency, 1999)

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

With the help of secondary data and a site visit, I carried out a geophysical analysis. The
information I gathered includes:
a. Alternative water sources in the area.
b. The geographical location of the area by use of Google earth.
c. Facilities for education, rural centers, and health care comprise the socio-
infrastructure.
d. Population estimates and projections.

3.1 Engineering surveying

I'll conduct an investigation to find the utilization points near populated areas using the
handy Android app Softwel Maps (SW Maps), arrange them, and import the data to civil 3D
software to create pipelines and distribution networks.
A free GIS and mobile mapping program called SW Maps is used to gather, display, and
share geographic data. During the exercise, GPS location information for the boundary,
points, and pipeline will be gathered. The satellite connection and SW Maps app are both
active. The mapping process begins by selecting points of interest on the ground, such as
usage locations, housing features, and parish boundaries. A layer, point color, and style are
then produced. All feature descriptions are attached and kept in the apps archive.
The information, which also provides the elevation of the demand spots, is utilized to create
a topographical map of the research region and to plan the network.
The locals will decide where the water point for the public tap will be located. a central
location that is nearly equally far from most residents' dwellings as a walking route.
The location of the taps will be determined by each institution's master plan for buildings
including schools, hospitals, and markets.

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3.2 Population projection

The population of the research region will be obtained from the local councils in the area
because they hold all the data of the entire population in the villages. Additionally, the
population will be obtained from the offices of the respective head teachers for the schools
and health institutions.
3.3 Main Pipelines
A municipal water distribution system's main underground conduit is called a water main. It
is a large artery that carries water to smaller pipes that travel to residences and commercial
buildings.
3.3.1 Pipe design and selection
The choice of pipe will be influenced by its strength, flexibility of joints, maintenance
requirements, water leakage, durability, hydraulic performance, time and effort necessary for
transport, and the availability of expert workers. This will be accomplished by looking at
several sources of information and contrasting their marketable qualities.
3.3.2 Transmission line
The line that carries water from the pump to the reservoir tank is this one. Ductile iron (DI),
which is well recognized for withstanding high pressure and making it impossible for people
to illegally tap pipes, is the pipe material used most frequently in Uganda for transmission.
HDPE pipe can be utilized in the event that DI pipe increases in price.
3.3.3 Distribution, service line and tap stands
The service line distributes water from the distribution line to the end customers while the
distribution line transports water from the reservoir tank close to the consumers.
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (UPVC) and polyethylene are the pipe materials primarily
utilized for distribution and service lines (PE). this is due to the fact that since most pipes are
delivered in rolls of extremely long lengths, it might eliminate the requirement for
connection.

3.3.4 The pipe network layout

According to the nature of the council members' settlement patterns and with the help of the
four main network types that are most frequently used for design, the kind of network will be
chosen. The many types include radial, ring, grid iron, dead end or branched systems. The
choice of network will also be based on a variety of considerations, including ease of
maintenance, future connections, and hydraulic analyses.

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3.3.5 Break-pressure valve
When operational pressures need to be lowered, break-pressure tanks—typically made of
concrete or ferrocement—are occasionally necessary.
If these tanks are large enough to accommodate peak demand, they can be used as storage
tanks inside the system.
3.3.6 Model parameters
You must be certain of the input parameters needed before considering a hydraulic model, for
example, enter point heights, discharge pipelines, nodes (junctions), pumps, valves, storage
tanks, and reservoirs. The Water Supply Design Document (2013) published by the Ministry
of Water and Environment will serve as the basis for this study's direction, and all study
requirements will be in accordance with this manual.
3.3.7 Water demand
The amount of water users need to meet their demands is known as their water demand.
Though conceptually distinct from water abstraction, it is frequently equated with the latter in
a simplistic sense. Factors that affect water demand include: size of the city or town, with a
rise in town or city size, there is an increase in water demand: The living standard and rate at
which water is consumed are directly related to the consumer's financial situation: When it's
hot outside, people use more water than when it's freezing outside: The rate at which water is
required is increased by industrial and commercial activity. etc

3.4 The Epanet model

With the knowledge obtained from class, I will gather it all to model and size the pipes
appropriately in the model. I will connect all the points in civil 3d, save it in a format Epanet
can read, then import it to form a connected network of points.
3.4.1 Pipe optimisation
This is a key feature in modelling, different pipe diameters will be sized and recalculations so
as the pressure and velocities are met as per the design manual.

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 Appendices

Project Budget
Activity Period Amount

Surveying 1 week Shs 800,000

Stationary Services lumpsum Shs 200,000

Meals lumpsum Shs 300,000

Transport lumpsum Shs 120,000

Miscellaneous lumpsum Shs 350,000

Internet Services lumpsum Shs 100,000

Total Shs 1,870,000

Project Schedule

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