DESIGN OF A TWO STOREYED CLASSROOM BLOCK FOR ARIPEA

SECONDARY SCHOOL

A FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL

UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF

SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

BY

EMBATIRU FLAVIA

1153-03104-02500

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES

SEPTEMBER 2019
 DECLARATION

I, Embatiru Flavia, do declare that this final year project of the design of a two storeyed
classroom block for Aripea secondary school is my original work and has never been
submitted in any form in any university or institution of higher learning for the award of
a Bachelor’s degree in civil engineering.

Date signature

………………… …………………………….

i
 APPROVAL
This final year project, design of a two storeyed classroom block has been done under
the supervision of;

MR BUKENYA STANLEY

Sign……………………………………………. Date …………………………………………….

ii
 DEDICATION
This project report is dedicated to all who are aspiring to be women engineers, my
parents, and siblings, friends who greatly contributed in terms of knowledge, skills,
finance and many other things.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank the almighty God for the good health and care given to me ever since first year
up to this level amidst the challenges.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to
carry out this project report .I deeply appreciate my supervisor who tirelessly sacrificed
to enhance me with knowledge to come up with this report, not forgetting to give
special thanks to my parents and guardians for the financial support, care and love
which has enabled me to complete this project report. GOD reward abundantly on my
behalf.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL ....................................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION .................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................ix
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... x

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1

1.0 Introduction................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Problem statement ...................................................................................... 2
1.3 objectives of the study ................................................................................ 3
1.3.1 Main objectives ........................................................................................ 3
1.3.2 Specific objectives .................................................................................... 3
1.5 Scope of the project. ................................................................................... 3
1.5.1 Time scope ............................................................................................. 3
1.5.2 Geographical scope .................................................................................. 4
1.6 Justification ................................................................................................ 4

CHAPTER TWO : LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................... 5

2.0 Introduction................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Design ....................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Design method ......................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Design working life ................................................................................... 7
2.1.3 Durability, workmanship and materials ....................................................... 7
2.1.4 Limit States Design ................................................................................... 7
2.1.4.1 Ultimate state design ............................................................................. 7
2.1.4.2 Serviceability limit state.......................................................................... 8

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2.1.4.3 Characteristic design loads ..................................................................... 8
2.2 Materials, properties and design strengths .................................................... 9
2.3 Detailing................................................................................................... 10
2.4 Design Process ......................................................................................... 11
2.5 Structural Elements ................................................................................... 12
2.5.1 Beams ................................................................................................... 12
2.5.1.1 Curtailment and anchorage of bars in beams. ........................................ 12
2.5.2 Slabs ..................................................................................................... 12
2.5.3 Columns ................................................................................................ 13
2.5.4 Foundations ........................................................................................... 15
2.5.4.1 Axially loaded pad bases ...................................................................... 15
2.5.4.2 Footings ............................................................................................. 16
2.5.4.3 Types of Footings ................................................................................ 16
2.5.5 Walls ..................................................................................................... 17
2.5.6 Frames .................................................................................................. 17

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ........................................................... 19

3.0 Introduction.............................................................................................. 19
3.1 Reconnaissance study ............................................................................... 19
3.2 Preparation of the Architectural drawing ..................................................... 19
3.3 Structural layout. ...................................................................................... 19
3.4 Design loads. ............................................................................................ 19
3.4.1 Imposed loads ....................................................................................... 19
3.4.2 Dead loads ............................................................................................ 20
3.5.5 Preparation of structural drawings ........................................................... 20

CHAPTER FOUR:ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ... 21

CHAPTER FIVE : CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMANDATIONS.................... 46

5.1 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 46

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4.2 Recommendations ..................................................................................... 46
References ..................................................................................................... 48
APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 49
APPENDIX I: BUDGET FOR THE PROJECT ......................................................... 49
APPENDIX II: SCHEDULE OF THE WORK. ......................................................... 50
APPENDIX III: ANALYSIS FOR THE SLAB RIB .................................................... 51

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Design process (Chanakya A., 2009)................................................ 11
Figure 2.2: Types of footing (Breen, J. E. 1991) ................................................ 17

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Strength of Reinforcement ................................................................. 9
Table 2.2: Values of fy for various load combinations........................................... 9
Table 2.3: Defining slenderness ratios for short columns .................................... 14
Table 2.4 constants for moment distribution ..................................................... 14

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 ABSTRACT
This is my final year project report for the award of a Bachelor’s degree in civil
engineering at Kampala International University that presents the structural Design of a
two storied classroom block for Aripea secondary school.

This report comprises of three chapters, highlighting the order in which the design was
carried out.

A detailed introduction of the project that was considered for the design; which includes
the background and introduction of both the project and the site.

Problem statement, objectives i.e. main and specific objectives, the scope of the
project, project significance and justification.

The Literature Review presenting clear information in details concerning the type of
structure, the design philosophy, and safety measures that were ensured for successful
design of the project.

The Methodology presents the materials and methods that were undertaken to achieve
the desired aims and objectives of the project. It covers the Loading computations,
Choice of materials, Structural analysis and design analysis.

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 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the definition of terms, back ground of the project, the problem
statement, project objectives (purpose of study), research questions, scope of the
project all applied to suit the context of the report .

1.1 Background

Arua district is located strategically at the vanguard of two countries namely; south
Sudan and democratic republic of Congo. It lies in the north western corner of Uganda
between latitude 20 30’N and 30 50’N and longitude 300 30’E and 310 30’E. it is
bordered by Maracha district to the north west, Yumbe district to the north east,
democratic republic of Congo to the west, Nebbi district to the south and Gulu district to
the east. Arua is 1211 meters above sea level. According to Uganda bureau of statistics
figures the district had a total population of 782,077 in 2014 with a projected
population of 862,700 in 2018 of which 52.1% are female.

The administrative and commercial headquarters of the district is 520 kilometers away
from Kampala, Uganda’s capital city. The district covers a total Area of 4,274.12km2

Aripea Secondary school is a government aided school found in Aripea town, Aii-vu Sub-
County, Arua District. It was established in 1990 under the pioneer-ship and ownership
of Fr. Tonino Cosmas. Aripea town has a population of about 65000.

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Geographical location of Arua district.

1.2 Problem statement

The increasing population of Aripea village with Aripea S.S being the only secondary
school in the area led to over population in the school.

The school was initially built to accommodate about 450 students but now it has over
1000 students where by the students are over congested in every classroom, this has
led to inadequate facilities in the school such as classrooms, toilets, etc leading to poor
health and poor education services since teacher to student ratio is very small. Hence
Design of a two storey classroom block for Aripea secondary school

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1.3 objectives of the study
1.3.1 Main objectives
To Design a two story classroom block for Aripea secondary school.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

• To produce architectural drawing of Aripea S.S classroom block
• To analyze the structure.
• To design the structure
• To produce structural drawings

1.4 The significance of the project

• The project bridged the gap between theoretical skills studied in class and the
practical skills that are always needed in day today practice in the field of Civil
Engineering.

• The project enhanced the academic experience through carrying out research,
engineering practice to come up with the architectural and structural drawings,
as well as design of a two story classroom building.

• The project also expanded my creativity while seizing the professional ethical
values as a basis to venture into the professional career in future. This has build
confidence and skills to be competitive in the current job market.

1.5 Scope of the project.

This project involved generation of architectural drawings, analysis of the members,
designing and producing structural drawings.

1.5.1 Time scope

The project started January 2019 and ended in September 2019.

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1.5.2 Geographical scope
The project is located in Aripea secondary school, Aii-vu sub-county, Terego County,
Arua district

1.6 Justification
This project is intended to provide enough space and accommodation for the increasing
number of students in the school.

It also includes the various facilities required in a school such as the library, offices,
science laboratory, and sick bay. All this provides conducive environment for learning
and reduces unnecessary movements on the compound hence increasing the rate of
concentration of students improving their performance.

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 CHAPTER TWO : LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
The primary aim of a structural design is to ensure that the structure performs
satisfactorily throughout its design lifespan.

Checks were made to ensure that the structure is capable of carrying the loads safely
and that it does not deform excessively due to applied loads. Realistic estimates of the
strengths of the material composing the structure and the loading to which it may be
subject during its design lifespan was made, therefore, a basic understanding of
structural behavior is needed.

The task of the Structural Engineer is to design a structure, which satisfies the needs of
both the client and the intended user.

Specifically, the structure must be safe, economical to build and maintain, and
aesthetically pleasing.

For the structural engineer the major difference between low and tall buildings is the
influence of the wind and earthquake forces on the behavior of the structural elements.
Generally, it can be stated that a tall building structure is one in which the horizontal
loads are an important factor in the structural design. In terms of lateral deflections a
tall building is one in which the structure, sized for gravity loads only, will exceed the
allowable sway due to additionally applied lateral loads. This allowable drift is set by the
code of practice. If the combined horizontal and vertical loads cause excessive bending
moments and shear forces the structural system must be augmented by additional
bracing elements. These could take several forms. Cross-sections of existing beams and
columns can be enlarged. The analysis of tall structures pertains to the determination of
the influence of applied loads on forces and deformations in the individual structural
elements such as beams, columns and walls.

The design deals with the proportioning of these members for reinforced concrete
structures this includes sizing the concrete as well as the steel in an element. Structural
analyses are commonly based on established energy principles and the theories

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developed from these principles assume linear elastic behaviour of the structural
elements. Non-linear behaviour of the structure makes the problem extremely complex.
It is very difficult to formulate, with reasonable accuracy the problems involving
inelastic responses of building materials. At present the forces in structural components
and the lateral drift of tall structures can be determined by means of an elastic method
of analysis regardless of the method of design.

The starting point for the designer is usually a conceptual brief from the client, who
may be a private developer or perhaps a government body. The conceptual brief may
simply consist of some sketches prepared by the client or perhaps a detailed set of the
Architect’s drawings.

The engineering design process can often be divided into two stages:

1. A feasibility study involving comparison of the alternative forms of structures and

selection of the most suitable type.

2. A detailed design of the chosen structure.

The success of stage 1, the conceptual design, relies to a large extent on engineering
judgment and instinct, both of which are the outcome of many years’ experience in
designing structures. Stage 2, the detailed design, requires these attributes but is
usually more dependent upon a thorough understanding of the codes of practice for
structural design, e.g. BS8110 and BS5950. These documents are based on the past
experience of many generations of Engineers, and the results of research. They help to
ensure safety and economy of construction, and that mistakes are not repeated.

2.1 Design
The design of reinforced concrete elements BS 8110 is based on the limit state method.
2.1.1 Design method
The design method outlined in this team project report is the limit state design. In
addition, considerations were given to the requirement for durability and fire resistance.

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Equally important are the consideration of suitable materials, workmanship and quality
control.
2.1.2 Design working life
The design working life from code of practice assumes a design working life of 50
years, which is deemed appropriate for general buildings and other common structures
(T.J McGinley, 1981).
2.1.3 Durability, workmanship and materials
The structure should be designed such that deterioration over its design working life
does not impair the performance of the structure below that intended, having due
regard to its environment and the anticipated level of maintenance. In order to achieve
an adequately durable structure, the following should be taken into account; The
intended or foreseeable use of the structure, the required design criteria, the shape of
members and the structural detailing, the quality of workmanship and the level of
control (T.J McGinley, 1981).
2.1.4 Limit States Design
In general, structural design requirements relate to corresponding limit states, so that
the design of a structure that satisfies all the appropriate requirements is termed a limit
states design. Structural design criteria may be determined by the designer, or may use
those stated or implied in design codes. The stiffness design criteria are usually related
to the serviceability limit state. These may include excessive deflections, vibration, noise
transmission, member distortion, etc. Strength limit states pertain to possible methods
of failure or overload and include yielding, buckling, and brittle fracture. (T.J McGinley,
1981).
The two principal categories of limit states normally considered in design are:
(i) Ultimate limit state
(ii) Serviceability limit state. (Chanakya, 2009)

2.1.4.1 Ultimate state design

Ultimate limit state (ULS) is related to the safety of people and the safety of the
structure. The ultimate limit state is concerned with the strength, stability, collapse,

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overturning, and buckling of the structure. The ultimate limit state models the behavior
of the element at failure due to a variety of mechanisms including excessive bending,
shear and compression or tension. In reinforced concrete structures, the ultimate limit
states of bending and shear are used to determine the size of the beam. The design is
then checked for the remaining limit states, e.g. deflection and cracking. (Chanakya,
2009)
2.1.4.2 Serviceability limit state
The serviceability limit state models the behavior of the structural members at working
loads and in the context of reinforced concrete; design is principally concerned with the
limit states of deflection and cracking. (Chanakya, 2009) The serviceability limit states
are discussed in BS8110: Part 1, section 2.2.3. The code states that account is to be
taken on temperature, creep, shrinkage, sway and settlement. The main serviceability
limit states and code provisions are as follows.
• Deflection
The deformation of the structure should not adversely affect its efficiency or
appearance. Deflections may be calculated, but in normal cases span-to-effective depth
ratios can be used to check compliance with requirements (T.J McGinley, 1981).
• Loads

The loads acting on a structure are divided into three basic types namely dead, imposed
and wind. Associated with each type of loading there are characteristic and design
values which must be assessed before the individual elements of the structure can be
designed (T.J McGinley, 1981).

2.1.4.3 Characteristic design loads

The characteristic or service loads are the actual loads that the structure is designed to
carry. These are normally thought of as the maximum loads which will not be exceeded
during the life of the structure. In statistical terms, the characteristic loads have 95%
probability of not being exceeded. The characteristic loads used in design are defined in
BS8110: Part 1, clause 2.4.1, are as follow:

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 ❖ The characteristic dead load Gk is the self-weight of the structure and the weight
of finishes, ceilings, services and partitions;
❖ The characteristic imposed load Qk is load imposed movements of people,
furniture and equipment. On floors and snow on roofs. Imposed loads for various
types of buildings are given in BS 6399: Part 1
2.2 Materials, properties and design strengths
The characteristic strengths or grades of materials are as follows; Concrete, fcu is the
28 days cube strength in Newton per square millimeter Reinforcement, Fy is the yield or
proof stress in Newton per square millimeter. The minimum grades for reinforced
concrete are given in Table 3.4, BS 5338 in the code. These grades are; 25, 30, 35, 40,
45 and 50 in Newton per square millimeter. The specified characteristic strengths of
reinforcement given in the table below
Table 2.1: Strength of Reinforcement
Designation Characteristic specified strength fy(N/mm2)
High yield steel, hot rolled or cold worked 460
Hot rolled mild steel 250
(Source BS 8110-1:1997)
Table 2.2: Values of fy for various load combinations

(Source, BS 8110-1:1997)

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2.3 Detailing
The general arrangements of drawings give the overall layout and principal dimensions
of the structure. The structural requirements for the individual elements are presented
in the detail drawings. The output of the design calculations are sketches giving sizes of
members, arrangement, and spacing and cut-off points for reinforcing bars at various
sections of the structure. Detailing translates this information into a suitable pattern of
reinforcement for the structure as a whole.

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2.4 Design Process

Figure 2.1: Design process (Chanakya A., 2009)

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2.5 Structural Elements
The complete building structure can be broken down into the following elements:
Beams, slabs, columns, walls, bases and foundations (pads or strips).
2.5.1 Beams
Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry lateral loads.
Quite often they are classified according to the way they are supported (R.C.Hibbeler,
2012). Beams carry lateral loads in roofs, floors, etc. and resist the loading in bending,
shear etc. The design must comply with the ultimate and serviceability limit states.
• Simply supported beams; simply supported beams do not occur as frequently
as continuous beams in in-situ concrete construction. They are an important
element in precast concrete construction. The effective span of a simply
supported beam is defined in BS 8110: Part 1.

• Continuous beams; Continuous beams are common elements in cast-in-situ

construction. A reinforced concrete floor in a multistory building (T.J McGinley
1981).
2.5.1.1 Curtailment and anchorage of bars in beams.
General and simplified rules for curtailment of bars in beams are set out in BS 8110:
Part 1, section 3.12.9. The same section also sets out requirements for anchorage of
bars at a simply supported end of a beam. These provisions are set out as; Clause
3.12.9.1 of the code states that except at end supports every bar should extend beyond
the point at which it is no longer required to resist moment by a distance equal to the
greater of;
• Twelve times the bar.
• The effective depth of the beam.

2.5.2 Slabs
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs in buildings which normally carry
uniformly distributed loads. Slabs may be simply supported or continuous over two or
more supports and are classified according ribbed and precast. These can be classified
according to BS 8110-1:1997 as both two way (ly/lx ≤2) and one way (ly/lx>2)

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spanning slabs. In practice, the choice of slab for a particular structure largely depends
upon economy, build-ability, the loading conditions and the length of the span.

Slabs can be classified as one way slab, two way slab, flat slab, ribbed slab with
definitions in BS 8110 Cl. 5.2.1.1 of BS Code.

One way slab is defined by the BS 8110 as one subjected predominantly to uniformly
distributed load (U.D.L). Either it possesses two free and parallel edge or it is the
central part of a rectangular slab supported on four edges with a ratio of the longer to
the shorter span greater than 2.

Two way slab is a square or rectangular one supported on four sides with length to
breadth ratio smaller than 2 (T.J McGinley, 1981)

2.5.3 Columns
Columns are structural members in buildings carrying roof and floor loads to the
foundations. They are classified as short when Lex/h and ley/b are less than15 (braced)
and 10 (unbraced) otherwise slender. The primary purpose of the column is to transfer
loads in the vertical direction to the foundation. In braced frames, i.e. those in which
the lateral loading is transferred by structural elements such as shear walls, core or
bracing, the columns are subjected to axial loading in addition to moments due induced
by the dead and imposed loads only (BS 8110-1:1997)
The recommendations of 3.8 of BS 8110: part 1:1997 clause 3.8.1.3 defines the column
as short or slender. Slender columns are subjected to moments due deflection of the
columns which must be added to those calculated for the loading and sway effects. The
definition of short and slender is dependent on Lex/h and ley/b ratios of the column.
Slenderness ratios definitions are given in BS 8110: part 1:1997 clause 3.8.1.3 and
summarized in the table 2.3 below:

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Table 2.3: Defining slenderness ratios for short columns
Defining slenderness ratios for short columns
Lex/h ley/b
Braced column 15 15
Un-braced column 10 10
Source BS 8110: part 1:1997 Clause 3.8.1.3
The columns that have values greater than in the table above are considered to be
slender. The effective height (Lex) can be evaluated using the le=𝛽lo where 𝛽 is a
coefficient which is dependent on the end condition of the column and lo is the clear
height between the end restraints.
These conditions are defined in BS 8110: part 1:1997 clause 3.8.1.6.2 of the code as
shown in table below
Table2.4 constants for moment distribution
Values of 𝛽 for braced columns
End condition at the top End condition at the bottom
1 1 2 3
2 0.75 0.80 0.90
3 0.80 0.85 0.95
4 0.90 0.95 1.00
Values of 𝛽 for un-braced columns
End condition at the top End condition at the top
1 2 3
1 1.2 1.3 1.6
2 1.3 1.5 1.8
3 1.6 1.8 -
4 2.2 - -

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2.5.4 Foundations
A foundation is a constructed unit that transfers the load from a superstructure to the
ground. With regard to vertical loads, most foundations receive a more or less
concentrated load from the structure and transfer this load to the soil underneath the
foundation, distributing the load as a stress over a certain area. Part of the soil
structure interaction is then the condition that the stress must not give rise to a
deformation of the soil in excess of what the superstructure can tolerate. (Bengt H
Fellenius, 1992) Foundations transfer loads from the building or individual columns to
the earth. Types of foundations are;
• Isolated basis for individual columns
• Combined bases for several columns
• Rafts for whole buildings which may incorporate basements.

Foundation failure can produce catastrophic effects on the overall stability of structure
so that it may slide or even overturn. The size of a foundation bearing directly on the
ground depends on the safe bearing pressure of the soil, which is taken to mean the
bearing pressure that can be imposed without causing excessive settlement (Bengt H
Fellenius, 1992). Values for various soil types and conditions are given in BS 8004
2.5.4.1 Axially loaded pad bases
For axially loaded pad footing the following symbols are used:
Gk = characteristic dead load from the column (KN)
Qk = characteristic imposed load from the column (KN)
W = weight of the base (KN)
Lx, ly = base length and breadth (m)
Pb= safe bearing pressure (kN/m2)
The area required is obtained from the characteristic loads including the weight of the
base:
Area= 𝐺𝑘+𝑄𝑘+𝑤𝑃𝑏=𝑙𝑥𝑙𝑦 (𝑚2)

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The design of the base is made for the ultimate load delivered to the base by the
column shaft, i.e. the design load is 1.4Gk+1.6Qk.
There are many types of foundations which are commonly used, namely strip, pad and
raft. The foundations may be directly on the ground or be supported on piles. The
choice of foundation type will largely depend upon;
• Ground conditions ( strength and type of soil)
• Type of structure (layout and level of loading)
2.5.4.2 Footings
Footings are structural members used to support columns and walls and to transmit and
distribute their loads to the soil in such a way that;
• The load bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded
• Excessive settlement, differential settlement, and rotations are prevented
• Adequate safety against overturning or sliding is maintained
When a column load is transmitted to the soil by the footing, the soil becomes
compressed. The amount of settlement depends on many factors, such as the type of
soil, the load intensity, the depth below ground level, and the type of footing. (Breen, J.
E. 1991)

2.5.4.3 Types of Footings

Different types of footings may be used to support building columns or walls. For walls,
a spread footing is a slab wider than the wall and extending the length of the wall.
Square or rectangular slabs are used under single columns when two columns are so
close that their footings would merge or nearly touch a combined footing. When a
column footing cannot project in one direction, perhaps because of the proximity of a
property line, an adjacent footing with more space may be incorporated; either a
combined footing or a strap (cantilever) footing may be used under the two. For
structures with heavy loads relative to soil capacity, a mat or raft foundation may prove
economical. A simple form is a thick, two-way-reinforced-concrete slab extending under
the entire structure. In effect, it enables the structure to float on the soil, and because
of its rigidity, it permits negligible differential settlement (Breen, J. E. 1991).

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Figure 2.2: Types of footing (Breen, J. E. 1991)
Pad footings (Simple Spread Footing) are usually square or rectangular slabs and used
to support a single column. The pad may be constructed using mass concrete or
reinforced concrete depending on the relative size of the loading. (Breen, J. E. 1991).
For this case, isolated pads were designed.
2.5.5 Walls
Walls are vertical plate elements resisting vertical and lateral loads. As a general rule,
the exterior walls of a reinforced concrete building are supported at each floor by the
skeleton framework, their only function being to enclose the building. Such walls are
called panel walls. They may be made of concrete (often precast), concrete block, brick,
tile blocks, or insulated metal panels. The thickness of each of these types of panel
walls vary according to the material, type of construction, climatological conditions, and
the building requirements governing the particular locality in which the construction
takes place. The pressure of the wind is usually the only load that is considered in
determining the structural thickness of a wall panel, although in some cases exterior
walls are used as diaphragms to transmit forces caused by horizontal loads down to the
building foundations. (Breen, J. E. 1991)
2.5.6 Frames
A structural frame is a three-dimensional structural system consisting of straight
members that are built monolithically and have rigid joints. The frame may be one bay
long and one story high such as portal frames and gable frames or it may consist of
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multiple bays and stories. All members of the frame are considered continuous in three
directions, and the columns participate with the beams in resisting external loads.
Consideration of the behavior of reinforced concrete frames at and near the ultimate
load is necessary to determine the possible distributions of bending moment, shear
force, and axial force that could be used in design. It is possible to use a distribution of
moments and forces different from that given by linear elastic structural analysis if the
critical sections have sufficient ductility to allow redistribution of actions to occur as the
ultimate load is approached. (Breen, J. E. 1991)

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 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction
This chapter involves the methods that were undertaken, tools and procedures used to
come up with a two storey classroom block for Aripea S.S

3.1 Reconnaissance study

Assessment study was carried out to know whether the proposed project would fit in
the proposed area. This was done by simple observation using the naked eye and
measurements using a tape measure were done to confirm the observation.

3.2 Preparation of the Architectural drawing

Architectural drawings were prepared using Arch CAD 18, a platform from which the
plans, elevations, and pictorial views were prepared (this objective was already
achieved in the proposal).

3.3 Structural layout.

The structural layout were prepared using Auto CAD where the structural elements
(beams, slab, columns and foundation) were allocated in different positions on the
structural plan. The reinforcement bars and the cross sections of the structural
elements were also shown on this layout

3.4 Design loads.

Two types of design loads were considered as discussed below;

3.4.1 Imposed loads

The imposed loads adopted in the design were in accordance with BS 6399 depending
on the functionality of the areas being designed. The details were obtained from table 1
of BS 6399 for floor and beam loads. Columns and the foundation were derived from
the summation of load from roof to where the structural elements were.

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3.4.2 Dead loads
Dead loads for structural members were assessed basing on the forces due to: weight
of the member itself, weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the
building to be supported permanently by the member, weight of permanent partitions
and weight of fixed service equipment. Dead loads were calculated from the unit
weights given in BS6399 or from the actual known weights of the materials used. Dead
loads of beams, columns and bases were calculated depending on their sectional areas.

Analysis of the structure.

The structure was analyzed using the force method of truss analysis and moment
distribution method.

Design of the structure.

The structure was designed using BS8110, Bs 648, and Bs 6399 codes, design of
structural elements by chanakya.

3.5.5 Preparation of structural drawings

Structural drawings were prepared using AutoCAD software.

20
 CHAPTER FOUR:ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

REFERENCE CALCULATION OUTPUT

SLAB DESIGN
Specifications
B s 8500-1 Exposure condition; exposure class Xc1
2006
Table A.1
Concrete grade C 20/25
B s 8500-1 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
2006
Table A.3 concrete cover= 15 + ∆𝑐
=15+10 𝑐 = 25𝑚𝑚
=25

Depth of the slab

𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
= 26
Bs8110-1 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
Table 3.9 4000
= 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
26
Depth =153.8 Depth =154mm

Thickness of slab , h ∅𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 12𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑎𝑟
ℎ =𝑑+𝑐+∅
2
h=154+25+6 h=185mm
=185mm

LOADINGS;
Imposed load
Purpose of the structure; school
Imposed load𝜃𝑛 = 3.0𝐾𝑁/𝑀2
B s 6399-1
Table 1 Dead load
Unit weight of concrete =24KN/m3
Finishes =20kn/m3
Screed =50mm
B s 648 Weight of finishes =0.05x20
1.0kn/m2
Self-weight of slab= slab thickness x unit of concrete
= 0.185x24
=4.44kn
Dead load G k=weight of finishes + self- weight of G k=5.4kn/m2
21
 slab
=1.0+4.44
Design load 𝑛 = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘
=1.4*5.4+1.6*3.0 n=12.36kn/m2
=12.36kn/m2

Analysis

𝑙𝑦 = 5𝑚

𝑙𝑦
=5/4 ≤2.0
𝑙𝑥
=1.3

Moments
B s 8110 𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 × 𝑛 × 𝑙𝑥2
Cl 3.5.3.4 𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 × 𝑛 × 𝑙𝑥2
One long edge-discontinuous

Table 3.14 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝛽𝑠𝑦

-v e moment 0.062 0.037
+v e moment 0.047 0.028

Moments at the mid span

𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 × 𝑛 × 𝑙𝑥2

=0.047*12.36*4^2 𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 9.29𝐾𝑁𝑚
= 9.29

𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 × 𝑛 × 𝑙𝑥2

𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 5.54𝐾𝑁𝑚
=0.028*12.36*4^2
=5.54KNM

Reinforcement at the mid span

in x-direction
𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 9.29𝐾𝑁𝑚
Effective depth d=154mm

22
 Breadth b=1000mm
𝐾 = 𝑀𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
=9.29*10^6/25*1000*1542
B s 8110 part =0.01567 K=0.01567
1
Cl 3.4.4.4 K<K’ single reinforcement Compression
reinforcement not
required
𝑘
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) ≤ 0.95𝑑
0.9
0.0157
𝑍 = 154(0.5 + √(0.25 − )) ≤ 0.95 ∗ 154
0.9
151.23>146.3 Z=146.3

𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 =
Table 3.22 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍
chanakya =9.29*10^6/0.95*460*146.3
=145.31mm2 𝐴𝑠 = 145.31𝑚𝑚
Approve=377mm2
In Y-direction T12@300mm cc
𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 5.54𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝐾 = 𝑀𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
=5.54*10^6/25*1000*1542
=0.00934 K=0.00934
B s 8110 part
1 K<K’=0.156 single reinforcement Compression
Cl 3.4.4.4 reinforcement not
required
𝑘
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) ≤ 0.95𝑑
0.9
0.00934
𝑍 = 154(0.5 + √(0.25 − )) ≤ 0.95 ∗ 154
0.9 Z=146.3
152.44>146.3

𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 = 86.65𝑚𝑚
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍
Table 3.22 Approve=377mm2
=5.54*10^6/0.95*460*146.3
chanakya T12@300mm cc
=86.65mm2

Moment at the support

𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 × 𝑛 × 𝑙𝑥2

=0.062*12.36*4^2

23
 = 12.26 𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 12.26𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 × 𝑛 × 𝑙𝑥2

=0.037*12.36*4^2
=7.32 KNM 𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 7.32𝐾𝑁𝑚

Reinforcement at the support

in x-direction
𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 12.26𝐾𝑁𝑚
Effective depth d=154mm
Breadth b=1000mm
𝐾 = 𝑀𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
=12.26*10^6/25*1000*1542 K=0.02
B s 8110 part =0.02
1 Compression
Cl 3.4.4.4 K<K’=0.156 single reinforcement reinforcement not
required
𝑘
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) ≤ 0.95𝑑
0.9
0.02
𝑍 = 154(0.5 + √(0.25 − )) ≤ 0.95 ∗ 154 Z=146.3
0.9
150.53>146.3

𝑀𝑢
Table 3.22 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 = 192𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍
chanakya =12.26*10^6/0.95*460*146.3 Approve=377mm2
=192mm2 T12@300mm cc

In Y-direction
𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 7.32𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝐾 = 𝑀𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
=7.32*10^6/25*1000*1542
=0.0123 K=0.0123
B s 8110 part
1 K<K’=0.156 single reinforcement Compression
Cl 3.4.4.4 reinforcement not
required
𝑘
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) ≤ 0.95𝑑
0.9 Z=146.3
0.0123
𝑍 = 154(0.5 + √(0.25 − )) ≤ 0.95 ∗ 154
0.9
24
 151.86>146.3

𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 =
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍
Table 3.22 =7.32*10^6/0.95*460*146.3 𝐴𝑠 = 114𝑚𝑚2
chanakya =114mm2 Approve=377mm2
T12@300mm cc

Deflection at mid span

Basic l/d ratio=26
𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝐹𝑇 = 0.55 + (477 − 𝑓𝑠𝑑)/120(0.9 + )
𝑏𝑑2
𝑓𝑠𝑑 = 2/3𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠/𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 × 1/𝛽𝑏
=2/3*460*145.3/377*1
=283.8N/mm
Mu/bd2=9.29*10^6/1000*154^2
=0.39
MFT=0.55+(477-283.8)/120(0.9+0.39)
=1.8<2
Allowable l/d ratio=Basic l/d ratio*MFT
=26*1.8
=46.8
Actual l/d=4000/154=26
Allowable l/d >actual l/d Deflection is
satisfactory
Shear check
𝑣
Design shear stress 𝑉 = ≤ 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝑏𝑑

V= 𝑉𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑣𝑥 × 𝑛 × 𝑙𝑥2

Table 3;15 B v x=0.31 B v y=0

V s x=0.31*12.36*4^2

V=61.31*1000/1000*154

V=0.398N/mm
V=0.398N/mm
100𝐴𝑠 100 ∗ 377
=
𝑏𝑑 1000 ∗ 154

=0.245
Vc=0.51
Table 3.8 V c = 0.51 > v = 0.398

25
Bs 8110-1 No shear
reinforcements
required
Maxspan slab
Imposed load 𝜃𝑘 = 3.0𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Dead load
Bs6399
6” maxspan. 300*300*150 8 maxpans/m2

Uganda clays Weight of maxspan =9.0Kg/unit

Weight of maxspan in 1m2 =9.0*8*10/1000

=0.72KN/m2

Bs8110-1 Topping to maxspan

Table 3.17 Topping 50mm

Fig 3.2 Rib width 150mm

Volume of concrete =volume of 1m2-volume of

maxspans

=0.2*1*1-0.3*0.3*0.15*8

=0.092

Weight of concrete in 1m2 =0.092*24

=2.208KN/m2

Total self-weight of slab

=weight of maxspan in1m2+weight of concrete in

1m2

=2.928Kn/m2

G k=2.928+1.0
=3.93
Design load W = (1.4Gk+1.6Qk)*0.45 G k=3.93KN/m2

=(1.4*3.93+1.6*3)*0.45 W=4.81KN/m

26
 Reinforcement at the ribs
At mid span
Moment at mid span=6.63KNm

𝐾 = 𝑀𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
=6.63*10^6/25*150*1692
=0.06
K=0.06
B s 8110 part
1 Compression
Cl 3.4.4.4 K<K’=0.156 single reinforcement reinforcement not
required
𝑘
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) ≤ 0.95𝑑
0.9
0.06
𝑍 = 169(0.5 + √(0.25 − )) ≤ 0.95 ∗ 169
0.9
156.86>160.55 Z=156.86

𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 =
Table 3.22 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍 𝐴𝑠 = 266.82𝑚𝑚2
chanakya =6.63*10^6/0.95*460*56.86 Approve=339mm2
=266.82mm2 3T12

At the support
𝐾 = 𝑀𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
=6.50*10^6/25*150*1692 K=0.061
=0.061
B s 8110 part Compression
1 K<K’=0.156 single reinforcement reinforcement not
Cl 3.4.4.4 required

𝑘
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) ≤ 0.95𝑑
0.9
0.061
𝑍 = 169(0.5 + √(0.25 − )) ≤ 0.95 ∗ 169
0.9
156.64>160.55 Z=156.64

𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 =
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍
Table 3.22 𝐴𝑠 = 94.957𝑚𝑚2
=6.50*10^6/0.95*460*156.64
chanakya Approve=226mm2
=94.957mm2

27
 2T12

Deflection at mid span

Basic l/d ratio=26
𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝐹𝑇 = 0.55 + (477 − 𝑓𝑠𝑑)/120(0.9 + )
𝑏𝑑2
𝑓𝑠𝑑 = 2/3𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠/𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 × 1/𝛽𝑏
= 2/3 ∗ 460 ∗ 266.82/339 ∗ 1
= 241.37𝑁/𝑚𝑚
Mu/bd2=6.63 ∗ 10^6/1000 ∗ 169^2
= 0.232
MFT=0.55 + (477 − 241.37)/120(0.9 + 0.232)
= 1.738 < 2
Allowable l/d ratio=Basic l/d ratio*MFT
=26 ∗ 1.738
= 45.188
Actual l/d=4000/169 = 23.6686 Deflection is
Allowable l/d >actual l/d satisfactory

Shear check
𝑣
Design shear stress 𝑉 = ≤ 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝑏𝑑

V=6.50*1000/150*169

V=0.256N/mm V=0.256N/mm

100𝐴𝑠 100 ∗ 226

=
𝑏𝑑 150 ∗ 169

=0.892 Vc=0.78

V c = 0.78 > v = 0.256 No shear

reinforcements
required

Design of beam on grid H-H

Depth of the beam
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
= 26
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
4000
= 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
26
Depth =153.8 Depth=154mm

B s 8110-1 Thickness h=350mm b=300mm

28
Table 3.9 𝜃𝑘 = 3.0𝐾𝑁/𝑚

Loading

Self- weight of the beam (KN/m) =0.35 ∗ 0.3 ∗ 24

= 2.52𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Weight of walls

Hollow blocks / light weight aggregate

25.4𝑚𝑚 = 25.9𝐾𝑔/𝑚2
B s 648
300𝑚𝑚 = ( 25.9/25.4) ∗ 300 ∗ 10/1000

= 3.06 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Weight = 3.06 ∗ 3 = 9.18𝐾𝑁/𝑚

𝐺 𝑘 = 9.18 + 2.52 = 11.7𝐾𝑁/𝑚 G k=11.7KN/m

Design load 𝑤 = 1.4 𝐺 𝑘 + 1.6 𝑄 𝑘

= 1.4 ∗ 11.7 + 1.6 ∗ 3.0

= 16.38 + 4.8 = 21.18𝑘𝑁/𝑚 W=21.18KN/m

𝐹 = 𝑤𝑙 = 21.18 ∗ 4 = 84.72𝐾𝑁
Moment and shear on beam H-H
Mid span moment
Table 3.12
𝑀 = 0.09𝐹𝑙 = 0.09 ∗ 84.72 = 7.6248𝐾𝑁𝑚

Moment at the support

𝑀 = 0.11 𝐹 𝑙 = 0.11 ∗ 84.72 = 9.32𝐾𝑁𝑚

Shear 𝑉 = 0.6 ∗ 84.72 = 50.832𝐾𝑁

Reinforcement at mid span

Effective depth d=154mm
Thickness=350mm
breadth b=300mm

𝐾 = 𝑀𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
=7.6248 ∗ 10^6/25 ∗ 300 ∗ 1542

29
 = 0.0429
B s 8110 part K=0.0429
1 𝐾 < 𝐾’ = 0.156 single reinforcement
Cl 3.4.4.4 Compression
reinforcement not
𝑘
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) ≤ 0.95𝑑 required
0.9
0.0429
𝑍 = 154(0.5 + √(0.25 − )) ≤ 0.95 ∗ 154
0.9
108.16 < 146.3 Z=108.16

𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 =
Table 3.10 0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍 𝐴𝑠 = 161.32𝑚𝑚2
chanakya = 7.6248 ∗ 10^6/0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 108.16 Approve=402mm2
= 161.32𝑚𝑚2 2T16

Reinforcement at the support

𝐾 = 𝑀𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
=9.32 ∗ 10^6/25 ∗ 300 ∗ 1542 K=0.052
B s 8110 part = 0.052
1 Compression
Cl 3.4.4.4 𝐾 < 𝐾’ = 0.156 single reinforcement reinforcement not
required
𝑘
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) ≤ 0.95𝑑
0.9
0.052
𝑍 = 154(0.5 + √(0.25 − )) ≤ 0.95 ∗ 154
0.9
106.6< 146.3 Z=106.6

𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 = 200.06𝑚𝑚2
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍
=9.32 ∗ 10^6/0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 106.6 Approve=402mm2
= 200.06𝑚𝑚2 2T16

Table 3.7 Shear check

Bs 8110-1 Design shear stress 𝑉 =
𝑣
≤ 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
1997 𝑏𝑑

Shear 𝑉 = 0.6 ∗ 84.72 = 50.832𝐾𝑁

𝑉 = 50.832 ∗ 1000/300 ∗ 154

𝑉 = 1.10𝑁/𝑚𝑚
Table 3.13

30
Chanakya 100𝐴𝑠 100 ∗ 402
=
𝑏𝑑 300 ∗ 154

= 0.87 𝑉𝑐 = 0.78
Provide shear
𝑉 𝑐 = 0.78 < 𝑣 = 1.0898 reinforcement

0.4𝑥𝑏𝑣𝑥𝑆𝑣
𝐴𝑠𝑣 =
0.95𝑓𝑦𝑥𝑣

𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 0.4 ∗ 300 ∗ 275.25/0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 1.02

𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 74.10𝑚𝑚2
Approv=0.335m2
𝐴𝑠𝑣/𝑆𝑣 = 74.10/275.25 = 0.269 R8@300mm

Deflection at the mid span

Basic l/d ratio=26

𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝐹𝑇 = 0.55 + (477 − 𝑓𝑠𝑑)/120(0.9 + )
𝑏𝑑2
𝑓𝑠𝑑 = 2/3𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠/𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 × 1/𝛽𝑏
=2/3 ∗ 460 ∗ 637.564/646 ∗ 1
= 302.66𝑁/𝑚𝑚
Mu/bd2=84.348 ∗ 10^6/300 ∗ 344^2
= 0.2376
𝑀𝐹𝑇 = 0.55 + (477 − 302.66)/120(0.9 + 0.2376)
= 1.28 < 2
Allowable l/d ratio=Basic l/d ratio*MFT
= 26 ∗ 1.28
= 33.28
Actual l/𝑑 = 5000/344 = 14.53
Allowable l/d >actual l/d Deflection is
satisfactory
Beam on grid 8-8

Loading
Weight of walls =9.81𝐾𝑁/𝑚

Self-weight of walls =0.4 ∗ 0.3 ∗ 24

= 2.88𝐾𝑁

31
 𝐺 𝑘 = 9.18 + 2.88𝐾𝑁

= 12.06𝐾𝑁/𝑚 G k=12.06KN/m

Design load from slab = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘

= 1.4 ∗ 3.93 + 1.6 ∗ 3.0

= 10.302𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

Loading from slab (2*1) = 2 ∗ 10.302

= 20.604𝐾𝑁/𝑚

𝑊 = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 20.604

= 1.4 ∗ 12.06 + 20.604

= 37.488𝐾𝑁/𝑚

𝐹 = 𝑤𝑙 = 37.488 ∗ 5

= 187.44𝐾𝑁
Moment and shear on beam 8-8
Mid span moment
M= 0.09𝐹𝑙

= 0.09 ∗ 187.44 ∗ 5 = 84.348𝐾𝑁𝑚

Support moment 𝑀 = 0.11 𝐹 𝑙

𝑀 = 0.11 ∗ 187.44 ∗ 5 = 103.092𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑉 = 0.6 ∗ 187.44 = 112.464𝐾𝑁

Reinforcement at the mid span

Breadth 𝑏 = 300𝑚𝑚

Overall depth ℎ = 400𝑚𝑚

h= d + diameter of principal bar + diameter of link +

cover

32
 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝐶 − 𝑄/2
𝑑 = 400 − 25 − 8
𝑑 = 367𝑚𝑚

Effective depth 𝑑 = 344𝑚𝑚

𝐾 = 𝑀𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
=84.348 ∗ 10^6/25 ∗ 300 ∗ 3672
= 0.083 K=0.083

K>K’=0.156 single reinforcement Compression

reinforcement not
𝑘 required
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) ≤ 0.95𝑑
0.9
0.083
𝑍 = 367(0.5 + √(0.25 − )) ≤ 0.95 ∗ 367
0.9
329.27< 348.65 Z=329.27

𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 =
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍 𝐴𝑠 = 586.19𝑚𝑚2
=84.348 ∗ 10^6/0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 329.27 Approve=603mm2
= 586.19𝑚𝑚2 3T16

Reinforcement at the support

𝐾 = 𝑀𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
=103.092 ∗ 10^6/25 ∗ 300 ∗ 3672
= 0.102 K=0.102

K<K’=0.156 single reinforcement Compression

reinforcement not
required
𝑘
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) ≤ 0.95𝑑
0.9
0.102
𝑍 = 367(0.5 + √(0.25 − )) ≤ 0.95 ∗ 367
0.9
319.17 < 348.65 Z=319.17

𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 =
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍

= 103.092 ∗ 10^6/0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 367

𝐴𝑠 = 642.802𝑚𝑚2
= 642.802𝑚𝑚2 Approve=804mm2

33
 4T16

Shear check
𝑣
Design shear stress 𝑉 = ≤ 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝑏𝑑

Shear 𝑉 = 0.6 ∗ 187.44 = 112.464𝐾𝑁

𝑉 = 112.464 ∗ 1000/300 ∗ 367

𝑉 = 1.02𝑁/𝑚𝑚 V=1.02N/m

100𝐴𝑠 100 ∗ 804

=
𝑏𝑑 300 ∗ 367
Vc=0.6
= 0.73 𝑉𝑐 = 0.62

𝑉 𝑐 = 0.62 < 𝑣 = 1.02 Provide shear

reinforcement

0.4𝑥𝑏𝑣𝑥𝑆𝑣
𝐴𝑠𝑣 =
0.95𝑓𝑦𝑥𝑣

𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 0.4 ∗ 300 ∗ 275.25/0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 1.02

𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 74.10𝑚𝑚2 Asv=74.10mm2

𝐴𝑠𝑣/𝑆𝑣 = 74.10/275.25 = 0.269 Approv=0.402m2

R8@250mm

Deflection at the mid span

Basic l/d ratio=26

𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝐹𝑇 = 0.55 + (477 − 𝑓𝑠𝑑)/120(0.9 + )
𝑏𝑑2
𝑓𝑠𝑑 = 2/3𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠/𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 × 1/𝛽𝑏
=2/3 ∗ 460 ∗ 586.19/804 ∗ 1
= 223.588𝑁/𝑚𝑚

Mu/bd2= 84.348 ∗ 10^6/300 ∗ 367^2 = 2.087

𝑀𝐹𝑇 = 0.55 + (477 − 298.12)/120(0.9 + 2.087)
= 1.257 < 2
Allowable l/d ratio=Basic l/d ratio*MFT

34
 =26 ∗ 1.257
= 32.682
Actual l/d = 5000/367 = 13.624 Deflection is
Allowable l/d > actual l/d satisfactory

Column
loadings
Roof loads 2.57 15.19
column 6.48
_
Second floor 137.72 75.95
Walls 31.95
Beams 10.02
column 6.48
First floor 137.72 75.95
Walls 31.95
beams 10.02
columns 6.48
Total 381.39 167.09

Design axial load

𝑁𝑒𝑑 = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘
= 1.4 ∗ 381.39 + 1.6 ∗ 167.09
Bs 8110 = 801.29 𝐾𝑁
Part 1
Cl 3.8.1.3 Short column

Cl 3.8.1.6.1 Effective height of column

𝐿𝑒 = 𝛽𝐿𝑜
𝐿𝑒 = 1.95

Cl 3.8.1.3 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑙𝑒/ℎ = 1950/300 = 6.5 < 15

Therefore it’s a short column.

Bs 8110 𝑁 = 0.35𝑓𝑐𝑢𝑥𝐴𝑐 + 0.7𝐴𝑠𝑐𝑥𝑓𝑦

part 1 𝐴𝑐 = 0.3^2 − 𝐴𝑠𝑐
Cl 3.8.4.4 801.29 ∗ 10^3
= 0.35 ∗ 25 ∗ (300^2 − 𝐴𝑠𝑐) + 0.7 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑐
∗ 460
801.29 ∗ 10^3 = 787500 − 8.75𝐴𝑠𝑐 + 322𝐴𝑠𝑐
801.29 ∗ 10^3 = 787500 + 313.25𝐴𝑠𝑐

35
 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 44.02 𝑚𝑚2 As prov =804mm2
Provide 4T16
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 As prov =452mm2
100𝐴𝑠𝑐/𝐴𝑐𝑐 = 0.4% Provide =4T12
𝐴𝑠𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.4𝑏ℎ/100 = 0.004𝑏ℎ
= 0.004 ∗ 300 ∗ 300
= 360𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑞

Cl 3.4.5.12
Crack control in columns
0.2𝑓𝑐𝑢 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 = 0.2 ∗ 25 ∗ 300 ∗ 300 ∗ 10^ − 3
Cl 3.8.6 = 450𝐾𝑁
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑁 = 801.29𝐾𝑁 > 450 No check required

Links
Maximum spacing = 12 ∗ 𝜑 = 192𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 300
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 175mm

ROOF DESIGN
Result from analysis
members forces
𝐹𝐴𝐽 = 𝐹𝐼𝐽 -24.725KN
𝐹𝐽𝐾 = 𝐹𝑃𝑂 27.165KN
𝐹𝐾𝐿 = 𝐹𝑂𝑁 23.188 KN
𝐹𝐿𝑀 = 𝐹𝑁𝑀 18.244 KN
𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 𝐹𝐼𝐺 22.03 KN
𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 𝐹𝐺𝐹 20.92 KN
𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 𝐹𝐹𝐸 19.115 KN

TRUTS VALUE TIES VALUE

S S
JC -2.4395 CK 2.174
KD -3.976 DL 3.543
LE -4.945 ME 4.406

36
 STRUTS AND TIES
Ec 3 part 1-1
𝑁𝑒𝑑
≤ 1.0
Cl 6.2.3 𝑁𝑐, 𝑅𝑑

Trial section 150 𝑥 90 𝑥 24

𝑆275
Strength classification
Table 9.4 𝑡𝑓 = 12.0𝑚𝑚
chanakya
since tf <16 fy=275N/mm2

√235
𝜀=
𝑓𝑦
=(235/275)^1/2

Section classification
Bs4 2004 Flange check in bending
page 10 𝐶
≤ 9𝜀
𝑡𝑓
𝑅 = 12.0𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑤 = 6.5𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 90𝑚𝑚

𝑏−𝑡𝑤−2𝑟 90−6.5−24
𝐶= = = 29.75
2 2
29.75
≤ 9 × 0.92 =2.479 ≤ 8.28 Class 1
12.0

Table 9.5
Chanakya
Web classification
𝐶∗
≤ 33𝜀 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐶 ∗ = 𝑑 = 102.0
𝑡𝑤

102
≤ 33 × 0.92 15.69 ≤ 30.36 Class 1
6.5

Web at bending(neutral axis

𝐶∗ 102.0
≤ 72𝜀 = ≤ 72 × 0.92
𝑡𝑤 6.5
= 15.69 ≤ 66.24

compression
EC 3 part 1.1 Ned is the design value of the compression force

37
Cl 6.2.4 𝑁𝑒𝑑
≤ 1.0
𝑁𝑐, 𝑅𝑑

𝐴 × 𝑓𝑦
𝑁𝑐, 𝑅𝑑 = = 30.4 × 102 × 275/1.0
𝛾𝑚𝑜
= 836𝐾𝑁

𝑁𝑒𝑑 4.945 Class 1

= = 0.0059 < 1
𝑁𝑐, 𝑅𝑑 836

Cl 6.3.1.1 Buckling resistance of members

𝑁𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑓𝑦
≤ 1.0 𝑁𝑏, 𝑅𝑑 = 𝑋
Cl 6.3.1.3 𝑁𝑏, 𝑅𝑑 𝛾𝑚1

𝜆1 = 93.9𝜀 = 93.9 × 0.92 = 86.388

𝑙𝑐𝑟 1 2500 1
𝜆= × = × = 1.0
Table 6.2 𝑖 𝜆1 28.9 86.388
Bs4 2004
Buckling curve C
Table 6.1
𝛼 = 0.49
Cl 6.3.1.2
𝜙 = 0.5[1 + 𝛼(𝜆 − 0.2) + 1.02 ]

= 0.5[1 + 0.49(1.0 − 0.2) + 1.02 ]

= 0.5[2.392] = 1.19

1
𝜒= ≤ 1.0
𝜙 + √𝜙 2 − 𝜆2

1
=
1.19 + √1.192 − 1.02

0.54<1.0

𝐴𝑓𝑦 275
𝑁𝑏, 𝑅𝑑 = 𝑋 = 0.54 × 30.4 × 102 ×
𝛾𝑚1 1.10
= 410.4𝐾𝑁
𝑁𝑒𝑑 4.945
≤ 1.0 = ≤ 1.0
𝑁𝑏, 𝑅𝑑 410.4

38
 The member is safe
0.012 < 1.0 to buckling

RAFTERS
compression
EC 3 part 1.1 Ned is the design value of the compression force
Cl 6.2.4
𝑁𝑒𝑑 27.165 Section is safe in
= = 0.032 < 1
𝑁𝑐, 𝑅𝑑 836 compression

Buckling resistance of members

𝑁𝑒𝑑 27.165
≤ 1.0 = ≤ 1.0
EC 3 part 1.1 𝑁𝑏, 𝑅𝑑 410.4
Cl 6.3.1.1 The member is safe
0.0662 < 1.0 to buckling

TIE BEAM
compression
Ned is the design value of the compression force
EC 3 part 1.1
Cl 6.2.4 𝑁𝑒𝑑 22.03 Section is safe in
= = 0.026 < 1
𝑁𝑐, 𝑅𝑑 836 compression

Buckling resistance of members

EC 3 part 1.1
Cl 6.3.1.1 𝑁𝑒𝑑 22.03
≤ 1.0 = ≤ 1.0
𝑁𝑏, 𝑅𝑑 410.4 The member is safe
to buckling
0.054 < 1.0

FOUNDATION DESIGN

B s 8500-1 Specifications
2006
Table A.1 Exposure condition; exposure class Xc2

B s 8500-1
2006 Concrete grade C 25/30
Table A.3 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 30𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 30𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

39
concrete cover=50mm 𝑐 = 50𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑦 = 460𝑁/𝑚𝑚^2

from the column , Gk=381.39KN

Qk=167.09

The safe bearing capacity of the soil is 200KN/m-2

Sizing the pad foundation
Plan area of the base
Loading
Design axial load (𝑁) = 1.0𝐺𝑘 + 1.0𝑄𝑘
= 1.0 ∗ 318.39 + 1.0 ∗ 167.09 = 548.48𝐾𝑁 N=548.48KN
Plan area=N/bearing capacity of soil
= 548.48/200 = 2.7424𝑚2
Dimension of the square base=√2.7424 = 1.656𝑚
Provide 1.8m square base
Therefore plan area 𝐴 = 1.8^2 = 3.24 Plan area A=3.24m2
Assume the overall depth of footing (ℎ) = 350𝑚𝑚
Bending reinforcement
Design moment
Total ultimate load(w) = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘
= 1.4 ∗ 381.39 + 1.6 ∗ 167.09 𝑤 = 801.29𝐾𝑁 w = 801.29KN
Earth pressure Ps=w/plan area of the base
= 801.29/3.24 𝑃𝑠 = 247.31𝐾𝑁/𝑚2 Ps =247.31KN/m2
Maximum design moment occurs at face of column
(𝑃𝑠 × 𝑙2 ) 247.31 × 0.75
=
2 2
M =69.56KN 𝑀 =69.56KN

L=(1.8-0.3)/2 =0.75mm
Ultimate moment
𝑀𝑢 = 0.156 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑢 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑2
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐 − ∅ = 350 − 50 − 12
=288mm
Mu=0.156*30*1000*2882
Mu=388.178KNm
Mu=388.178KNm > M=69.56KN

Main steel
𝐾 = 𝑀𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
= 69.56 ∗ 10^6/30 ∗ 1000 ∗ 2882
= 0.028 No compression
K<K’=0.156 single reinforcement reinforcement
required

40
 𝑘
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) ≤ 0.95𝑑
0.9
0.028
𝑍 = 288(0.5 + √(0.25 − )) ≤ 0.95 ∗ 288
0.9
278.7 < 273.6
𝑀𝑢 Z=273.6
𝐴𝑠 =
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍
= 69.56 ∗ 10^6/0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 273.6
Table 3.22 = 581.78𝑚𝑚2 As=581.78mm2
chanakya Aprov=646mm2
0.13 ∗ 1000 ∗ 350 T12@175mm
< 581.78
100
455 < 581.78
Critical shear stresses
Critical perimeter, Pcrit=column perimeter+8*1.5d = Ok
4 ∗ 300 + 8 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 288 4656𝑚𝑚

Area within perimeter =(300+3d)2

(300+3*288)^2
Ultimate punching force Area within perimeter
V=load on shear area =𝑃𝑠 ∗ (𝐴 − 𝐴𝑝𝑒𝑟) = 1.355m2
= 247.31 ∗ (3.24 − 1.355)
=466.18KN
Design punching shear stress 𝑉 = 𝑉/(𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 𝑑)
=466.18 ∗ 10^3/4656 ∗ 288 Punching failure is
= 0.347𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 unlikely and 350mm
100𝐴𝑠 100 ∗ 646 depth of slab is
= 𝑉 = 0.224
Table 3.11 𝑏𝑑 1000 ∗ 288 acceptable.
Design concrete shear stress , 𝑉𝑐 = 0.43
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑐 = 0.43 > 𝑉 = 0.47 No shear
reinforcement
Face shear required
Maximum shear stress (Vmax) occurs at face of
column
Hence 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑤/(𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝑑
801.29 ∗ 103
= = 2.32
4 ∗ 300 ∗ 288
Transverse shear.
Ultimate shear force (V)= load on shaded area
= 𝑃𝑠 ∗ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2447.31 ∗ (0.468 ∗ 1.8)
= 208.33𝐾𝑁
𝑉 = 𝑣/(𝑏 𝑑) = (208.33 ∗ 103 )/(1.8 ∗ 103 ∗ 288)
𝑣 = 0.40 < 𝑉𝑐 = 0.43

41
 No shear
reinforcement
required
DESIGN OF THE STAIRCASE
Specifications
Dead load 𝐺𝑘 = 0.225 ∗ 24 = 5.4𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑄𝑘 = 4.0𝐾𝑁
Design load= 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘 = 1.4 ∗ 5.4 + 1.6 ∗ 4.0
= 13.96𝐾𝑁/𝑀2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 13.96 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 3.35
= 56.12𝐾𝑁
𝑀 = 𝐹𝑙/8 = 56.12 ∗ 3.35/8 = 23.50𝐾𝑁𝑚
Reinforcement at the staircase
𝐾 = 𝑀𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
= 23.50 ∗ 10^6/25 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1242
= 0.06
K<K’=0.156 single reinforcement K=0.06
Compression
reinforcement not
𝑘 required
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) ≤ 0.95𝑑
0.9

0.06
𝑍 = 124(0.5 + √(0.25 − )) ≤ 0.95 ∗ 124
0.9
115< 117.8
𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 = Z=115
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍
= 23.50 ∗ 10^6/0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 115
= 467.6𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = As=467.6mm2
0.13 ∗ 1000 ∗ 124 Approv=566mm2
< 467.6 5T12@200mm cc
100
161.2 < 467.6
Ok

42
Shear check
𝑣
Design shear stress 𝑉 = ≤ 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝑏𝑑

𝑉 = 28.06 ∗ 1000/1000 ∗ 124

𝑉 = 0.226𝑁/𝑚𝑚

100𝐴𝑠 100 ∗ 566

=
𝑏𝑑 1000 ∗ 124

= 0.456 𝑉𝑐 = 0.67
No shear
𝑉 𝑐 = 0.67 > 𝑣 = 0.456
reinforcements
required
Deflection at the mid span
Basic l/d ratio=26
𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝐹𝑇 = 0.55 + (477 − 𝑓𝑠𝑑)/120(0.9 + )
𝑏𝑑2
𝑓𝑠𝑑 = 2/3𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠/𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 × 1/𝛽𝑏
= 2/3 ∗ 460 ∗ 467.6/566 ∗ 1
= 253.35𝑁/𝑚𝑚
Mu/bd2=23.50 ∗ 10^6/1000 ∗ 124^2 = 1.528
Fy=460 from table 3.10
MFT=1.14 <2
Allowable l/d ratio=Basic l/d ratio*MFT
=26*1.14
=29.64
Actual l/d 3350/124 =27.016
Allowable l/d > actual l/d Deflection is
satisfactory

RAMP DESIGN
Specifications

43
Dead load 𝐺𝑘 = 0.150 ∗ 24 = 3.6𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑄𝑘 = 4.0𝐾𝑁
Total load 𝐹 = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘 = 1.4 ∗ 3.6 + 1.6 ∗
4.0
= 11.44 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 3.35
= 45.99𝐾𝑁
𝑀 = 𝐹𝑙/8 = 45.99 ∗ 3.35/8 = 19.26𝐾𝑁𝑚
Reinforcements at the ramp
𝐾 = 𝑀𝑢/𝑓𝑐𝑢 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2
= 19.26 ∗ 10^6/25 ∗ 1000 ∗ 124^2
= 0.05
K<K’=0.156 single reinforcement

𝑘
𝑍 = 𝑑 (0.5 + √0.25 − ) ≤ 0.95𝑑
0.9

0.05
𝑍 = 124(0.5 + √(0.25 − )) ≤ 0.95 ∗ 124
0.9
116.68< 117.8 Z=116.68
𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 =
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑍
= 19.26 ∗ 10^6/0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 116.68 Approv=452mm2
= 377.73𝑚𝑚2 4T12@250mm

𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
0.13 ∗ 1000 ∗ 124
< 467.6
100
161.2 < 377.73

Shear check
𝑣
Design shear stress 𝑉 = ≤ 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝑏𝑑

𝑉 = 19.26 ∗ 1000/1000 ∗ 124

𝑉 = 0.1553𝑁/𝑚𝑚

44
 100𝐴𝑠 100 ∗ 377.73
=
𝑏𝑑 1000 ∗ 124
no shear
= 0.305 𝑉𝑐 = 0.67
reinforcement
𝑉 𝑐 = 0.67 > 𝑣 = 0.1553 required

Deflection at the mid span

Basic l/d ratio=26
𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝐹𝑇 = 0.55 + (477 − 𝑓𝑠𝑑)/120(0.9 + )
𝑏𝑑 2
𝑓𝑠𝑑 = 2/3𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠/𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 × 1/𝛽𝑏
= 2/3 ∗ 460 ∗ 377.73/452 ∗ 1
= 256.28𝑁/𝑚𝑚
Mu/bd2=19.26*10^6/1000*124^2 =1.253
MFT=1.14<2
Allowable l/d ratio=Basic l/d ratio*MFT
=26*1.14
=29.64
Actual l/d 3350/124 =27.016 Deflection is
Allowable l/d > actual l/d satisfactory

45
 CHAPTER FIVE : CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMANDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions
To provide adequate classrooms and other academic facilities, a 2 storeyed structure
was designed by:-

➢ Establishing the design loads of the proposed structure which included both live and
dead loads. The soil bearing capacity was assumed to aid the design. The dead
loads were calculated basing on BS8110; Structural use of concrete while the
live/imposed loads were obtained from BS6399 part 1 & 3.
➢ Analyzing structural members such as beams, columns, slabs and footings. This was
done by manual calculations using BS 8110-1:1997
➢ Design of structural members. The obtained moments and shear forces from the
analysis were used for structural design where both steel and concrete are the main
components of these members. A concrete grade C25 and C30 were used in the
design while steel of tensile strength 460 was used.
➢ Carrying out Structural detailing. After obtaining the required steel in the structural
components, the next step was to draft the structural details of the respective
members. This was also accompanied with the foundation layout to ease execution
of setting out on site.
➢ And finally documentation to enable implementation of the project.
➢ Wind loads were not considered because its crucial for high rise buildings and since
Arua is not in the seismic region, earthquake designs were ignored.

4.2 Recommendations
Prior to the implementation of the project, structural drawings shall be followed
accordingly and no change shall be allowed without the designers consent. The sizes of
structural members and reinforcement areas must be provided accordingly as shown in
the structural details.

46
However because of time accompanied with the complexity of the project, not all the
structural members were designed. A representative sample of one column that carried
much loads were designed and also one base and at this point we recommend a further
study to whoever is interested to design the rest of the members. Slabs for all the floors
were typical (similar) so detailing was the same.

47
References
1. BS 8110: Part 1:1997.Structural use of concrete. Code of practice for design and
construction. London
2. BS 648: 1964: Schedule of weights of building materials. London.
3. BS 6399: Design loading for buildings; Part 1: Code of practice for dead and
imposed loads, 1996; Part 2: Code of practice for wind loads, 1997; Part 3: Code of
practice for imposed roof loads, 1988. London.
4. Bengt H Fellenius, (1992), Design of reinforced concrete structure, Volume 2.
5. Breen, J. E. (1991), Structural concrete theory and design, Fourth edition.
6. Chanakya (2009). Design of structural elements. USA: Spon press.
7. Cecil Jensen & Jay. D. Helsel (2001) Introduction to Engineering design, Fifth
Edition.
8. Design of Structural Elements: Concrete, steelwork, and masonry and timber
9. KONG & EVANS Reinforced and Pre-stressed Concrete, Third edition.
10. Newsletter, (2007) Birmingham Health. Safety & Environment Association.
11. Reynolds’s Reinforced Concrete Designer’s Handbook, 11th Edition
12. Second edition Reynolds, (1980) Reinforced concrete designers’ Hand book 11th
Edition.
13. T.J MacGinley, 1981. Reinforced Concrete Design Theory and Examples,

48
 APPENDICES
APPENDIX I: BUDGET FOR THE PROJECT

ITEM COST
COMMUNICATION 20,000
INTERNET 50,000
PRINTING 80,000
LAPTOP MAINTAINANCE 50,000
TRANSPORT 50,000
STATIONARY 1,000
Others 60,000
TOTAL 311,000

49
 APPENDIX II: SCHEDULE OF THE WORK.
The project was executed following the time schedule below

MONTHS NOV DEC JAN JUNE JULY AUGUST

Reconnaissance
A Survey
C Proposal
T Writing.
V Structure
I Analysis
T Structure
Y Design
Preparing
structural
drawings
Report Writing

50
 APPENDIX III: ANALYSIS FOR THE SLAB RIB

joint B C
members AB BA BC CB CD DC
loadings 4.8 4.8 4.8
length 4 2.96 2.6
stiffness 0.33 0.34 0.51
distribution factors 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.60
fixed en moments 0 -9.60 3.50 -3.50 2.70 0
distribution 3.03 3.07 0.32 0.48
carry over 0.16 1.53
distribution -0.08 -0.08 -0.61 -0.92
carry over -0.30 -0.04
distribution 0.15 0.15 0.02 0.02
carry over 0.01 0.08
distribution 0.00 0.00 -0.03 -0.05
carry over -0.02 0.00
distribution 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
carry over 0.00 0.00
distribution 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total 0.00 -6.50 6.50 -2.24 2.24 0.00

Reactions, maximum moment, where maximum moment occurs
reactions 7.98 11.22 8.54 5.67 7.10 5.38

where max moment

occurs 1.66 1.78 1.48

max moment 6.63 1.10 3.01

moments against distance
x 0.00 1.66 4 5.78 6.96 8.44 9.56
m 0.00 6.63 -6.50 1.10 -2.24 3.01 0.00
shear against distance
x 0.00 4.00 4.00 6.96 6.96 9.56
v 7.98 -11.22 8.54 -5.67 7.10 -5.38

51
 Bending moment diaram
8.00
6.63

6.00

4.00 3.01

2.00 1.10
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00

-2.00

-2.24
-4.00

-6.00

-6.50
-8.00

shear force
diagram
8.54
7.98
7.10

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

-5.67 -5.38

-11.22

52
 Analysis for the beam H-H

joint B C
members AB BA BC CB CD DC
loadings 16.38 16.38 16.38
length 4 2.96 2.6
stiffness 0.33 0.34 0.51
distribution factors 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.60
fixed en moments 0 -32.76 11.96 -11.96 9.23 0
distribution 10.33 10.47 1.09 1.65
carry over 0.54 5.24
distribution -0.27 -0.27 -2.08 -3.16
carry over -1.04 -0.14
distribution 0.52 0.52 0.05 0.08
carry over 0.03 0.26
distribution -0.01 -0.01 -0.10 -0.16
carry over -0.05 -0.01
distribution 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00
carry over 0.00 0.01
distribution 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01

Total 0.00 -22.17 22.17 -7.64 7.64 0.00

Reactions, maximum moment, where maximum moment occurs
reactions 27.22 38.30 29.15 19.33 24.23 18.36

where max moment occurs 1.66 1.78 1.48

max moment 22.61 3.77 10.28

moments against distance
x 0.00 1.66 4 5.78 6.96 8.44 9.56
m 0.00 22.61 -22.17 3.77 -7.64 10.28 0.00
shear against distance
x 0.00 4.00 4.00 6.96 6.96 9.56
v 27.22 -38.30 29.15 -19.33 24.23 -18.36

53
 Bending moment diaram
22.61

10.28

3.77
0.00 0.00

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

-7.64

-22.17

shear force
diagram
29.15
27.22
24.23

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

-19.33 -18.36

-38.30

54