Linux comand

Some File Commands in linux

ls – directory listing
ls -al – formatted listing with hidden files
cd dir - change directory to dir
cd – change to home
pwd – show current directory
mkdir dir – create a directory dir
rm file – delete file
rm -r dir – delete directory dir
rm -f file – force remove file
rm -rf dir – force remove directory dir *
cp file1 file2 – copy file1 to file2
cp -r dir1 dir2 – copy dir1 to dir2; create dir2 if it doesn't exist
mv file1 file2 – rename or move file1 to file2 if file2 is an existing directory, moves file1 into
directory file2
ln -s file link – create symbolic link link to file
touch file – create or update file
cat > file – places standard input into file
more file – output the contents of file
head file – output the first 10 lines of file
tail file – output the last 10 lines of file
tail -f file – output the contents of file as it grows, starting with the last 10 lines

File Permissions in linux

chmod octal file – change the permissions of file to octal, which can be found separately for user,
group, and world by adding:
 4 – read (r)
 2 – write (w)
 1 – execute (x)
Examples:
chmod 777 – read, write, execute for all
chmod 755 – rwx for owner, rx for group and world For more options, see man chmod.

Network in linux

ping host – ping host and output results

Banking Terms
What is MICR

MICR code is a character-recognition technology used mainly by the banking industry to ease the
processing and clearance of cheques and other documents. The MICR encoding called the MICR line, is
at the bottom of cheques and other vouchers and typically includes the document-type indicator, bank
code, bank account number, cheque number, cheque amount, and a control indicator. The technology
allows MICR readers to scan and read the information directly into a data-collection device. Unlike
barcodes and similar technologies, MICR characters can be read easily by humans.

What is Batch processing

Batch processing is the execution of a series of jobs in a program on a computer without manual
intervention (non-interactive). Strictly speaking, it is a processing mode: the execution of a series of
programs each on a set or batch of inputs, rather than a single input (which would instead be a custom
job). However, this distinction has largely been lost, and the series of steps in a batch process are often
called a job or batch.

What is Real-time gross settlement (RTG-S)

Real-time gross settlement are specialist funds transfer systems where the transfer of money or securities
takes place from one bank to another on a real time and on a gross basis. Settlement in real time means a
payment transaction is not subjected to any waiting period, with transactions being settled as soon as they
are processed. Gross settlement means the transaction is settled on one-to-one basis without bundling or
netting with any other transaction. Settlement means that once processed, payments are final and
irrevocable.
RTGS systems are typically used for high-value transactions that require and receive immediate clearing.
In some countries the RTGS systems may be the only way to get same day cleared funds and so may be
used when payments need to be settled urgently. However, most regular payments would not use a RTGS
system, but instead would use a national payment system or network that allows participants to batch and
net payments.
RTGS systems are usually operated by a country's central bank as it is seen as a critical infrastructure for
a country's economy. Economists believe that an efficient national payment system reduces the cost of
exchanging goods and services, and is indispensable to the functioning of the interbank, money, and
capital markets. A weak payment system may severely drag on the stability and developmental capacity
of a national economy; its failures can result in inefficient use of financial resources, inequitable risk-
sharing among agents, actual losses for participants, and loss of confidence in the financial system and in
the very use of money.
RTGS system does not require any physical exchange of money; the central bank makes adjustments in
the electronic accounts of Bank A and Bank B, reducing the balance in Bank A's account by the amount
in question and increasing the balance of Bank B's account by the same amount. The RTGS system is
suited for low-volume, high-value transactions. It lowers settlement risk, besides giving an accurate
picture of an institution's account at any point of time. The objective of RTGS systems by central banks
throughout the world is to minimize risk in high-value electronic payment settlement systems. In an
RTGS system, transactions are settled across accounts held at a central bank on a continuous gross basis.
Settlement is immediate, final and irrevocable. Credit risks due to settlement lags are eliminated. The best
RTGS national payment system cover up to 95% of high-value transactions within the national monetary
market.

What is SMS banking

SMS banking is a form of mobile banking. It is a facility used by some banks or other financial
institutions to send messages (also called notifications or alerts) to customers mobile phones using SMS
messaging, or a service provided by them which enables customers to perform some financial transactions
using SMS.

What Online banking

Online banking, also known as internet banking, e-banking or virtual banking, is an electronic payment
system that enables customers of a bank or other financial institution to conduct a range of financial
transactions through the financial institution's website. The online banking system will typically connect
to or be part of the core banking system operated by a bank and is in contrast to branch banking which
was the traditional way customers accessed banking services.

What is Point of sale (POS)

The point of sale (POS) or point of purchase (POP) is the time and place where a retail transaction is
completed. At the point of sale, the merchant calculates the amount owed by the customer, indicates that
amount, may prepare an invoice for the customer (which may be a cash register printout), and indicates
the options for the customer to make payment. It is also the point at which a customer makes a payment to
the merchant in exchange for goods or after provision of a service. After receiving payment, the merchant
may issue a receipt for the transaction, which is usually printed but is increasingly being dispensed with
or sent electronically.

What is ATM Card

An ATM card is any payment card issued by a financial institution that enables a customer to access an
automated teller machine (ATM) in order to perform transactions such as deposits, cash withdrawals,
obtaining account information, etc. ATM cards are known by a variety of names such as bank card, MAC
(money access card), client card, key card or cash card, among others. Most payment cards, such as debit
and credit cards can also function as ATM cards, although ATM-only cards are also available. Charge and
proprietary cards cannot be used as ATM cards. The use of a credit card to withdraw cash at an ATM is
treated differently to a POS transaction, usually attracting interest charges from the date of the cash
withdrawal. Interbank networks allow the use of ATM cards at ATMs of private operators and financial
institutions other than those of the institution that issued the cards.

What is Payment gateway

A payment gateway is a merchant service provided by an e-commerce application service provider that
authorizes credit card or direct payments processing for e-businesses, online retailers, bricks and clicks, or
traditional mortar. The payment gateway may be provided by a bank to its customers, but can be provided
by a specialized financial service provider as a separate service, such as a payment service provider.
A payment gateway facilitates a payment transaction by the transfer of information between a payment
portal (such as a website, mobile phone or interactive voice response service) and the front end processor
or acquiring bank.
Payment card

Payment card is part of a payment system that enables its owner (the cardholder) to make a payment by
transfer. The most common types of payment cards are credit cards and debit cards.
Some Card Types
1. Credit card
2. Debit card
3. Charge card
4. ATM card
5. Stored-value card
6. Fleet card
7. Other

Some Technologies
1. Embossing
2. Magnetic stripe
3. Smart card
4. Proximity card
5. Re-programmable magnetic stripe card

Bitcoin

Bitcoin is a worldwide crypto currency and digital payment system called the first decentralized digital
currency, since the system works without a central repository or single administrator. It was invented by
an unknown programmer, or a group of programmers, under the name Satoshi Takemoto and released as
open-source software in 2009. The system is peer-to-peer, and transactions take place between users
directly, without an intermediary. These transactions are verified by network nodes and recorded in a
public distributed ledger called a block chain.

PayPal

PayPal Holdings, Inc. is an American company operating a worldwide online payments system that
supports online money transfers and serves as an electronic alternative to traditional paper methods like
checks and money orders. PayPal is one of the world's largest Internet payment companies. The company
operates as a payment processor for online vendors, auction sites and other commercial users, for which it
charges a fee.