AE Lab 10

Lab report # 5
Name: Usman Khalil

Section: BEEE 3A
Registration No: 190322
Subject: AE
Department of Electrical Engineering
OBJECTIVES:
 To study the common collector collector configuration.
 To simulate the circuit in Proteus.
 Implementation of common collector circuit on Hardware.
EQUIPMENTS:
 Oscilloscope
 Function Generator
 Power Supply
 Transistor
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Digital Multimeter
THEORY:
There are three basic configurations for implementing single stage BJT amplifiers.
 Common Emitter
 Common Collector
 Common Base
In each case, one terminal is common to both input and
output signal. Common Collector Configuration: In
electronics, a common-collector (also known as an emitter
follower or voltage follower) amplifier is one of three basic
single-stage bipolar junction transistor (BJT) amplifier
topologies. It is typically used as a voltage buffer.
In this circuit, the base terminal of the transistor serves as the input, the emitter
as the output, and the collector is common to both (for example, it may be tied to
ground reference or a power supply rail), hence its name. The properties are high
input impedance, a very low output impedance, a unity (or less) voltage gain and
a high current gain. The aim of any small signal amplifier is to amplify the entire
input signal with the minimum distortion possible to the output. In other words
the output signal must be an exact reproduction of input signal but only bigger
(amplified).
It is called the common-collector
configuration because (ignoring the
power supply battery) both the signal
source and the load share the collector
lead as a common connection point. It
should be apparent that the load
resistor in the common-collector
amplifier circuit receives both the base
and collector currents, being placed in
series with the emitter. Since the
emitter lead of a transistor is the one handling the most current (the sum of base
and collector currents, since base and collector currents always mesh together to
form the emitter current), it would be reasonable to presume that this amplifier
will have a very large current gain (maximum output current for minimum input
current). This presumption is indeed correct: the current gain for a common-
collector amplifier is quite large, larger than any other transistor amplifier
configuration. Unlike the common-emitter amplifier, the common-collector
produces an output voltage in direct rather than inverse proportion to the rising
input voltage. As the input voltage increases, so does the output voltage. More
than that, a close examination reveals that the output voltage is nearly identical
to the input voltage. This is the unique quality of the common-collector amplifier:
an output voltage that is nearly equal to the input voltage. This amplifier has a
voltage gain of almost exactly unity 1. It is simple to understand why the output
voltage of a common-collector amplifier is always nearly equal to the input
voltage. Referring back to the diode-regulating diode transistor model, we see
that the base current must go through the base-emitter PN junction, which is
equivalent to a normal rectifying diode. So long as this junction is forward-biased
(the transistor conducting current in either its active or saturated modes), it will
have a voltage drop of approximately 0.7 volts, assuming silicon construction. This
0.7 volt drop is largely irrespective of
the actual magnitude of base current,
so we can regard it as being constant.
Given the voltage polarities across the
base-emitter PN junction and the load
resistor, we see that they must add
together to equal the input voltage, in
accordance with Kirchhoff's Voltage
Law. In other words, the load voltage
will always be about 0.7 volts less than
the input voltage for all conditions
when the transistor is conducting. Cutoff occurs at input voltages below 0.7 volts,
and saturation at input voltages in excess of battery (supply) voltage plus 0.7
volts. Because of this behavior, the common-collector amplifier circuit is also
known as the voltage-follower or emitter-follower amplifier, in reference to the
fact that the input and load voltages follow each other so closely. Applying the
common-collector circuit to the amplification of AC signals requires the same
input "biasing" used in the common-emitter circuit: a DC voltage must be added
to the AC input signal to keep the transistor in its active mode during the entire
cycle. When this is done, the result is a non-inverting amplifier.
Since this amplifier configuration doesn't provide any voltage gain (in fact, in
practice it actually has a voltage gain of slightly less than 1), its only amplifying
factor is current. The common-emitter amplifier configuration had a current gain
equal to the β of the transistor, being that the input current went through the
base and the output (load) current went through the collector, and β by definition
is the ratio between the collector and base currents.
In the common collector configuration, though, the load is situated in series with
the emitter, and thus its current is equal to the emitter current. With the emitter
carrying collector current and base current, the load in this type of amplifier has
all the current of the collector running
through it plus the input current of the base.
This yields a current gain of β plus 1.
A popular application of the common-collector amplifier is for regulated DC

power supplies, where an unregulated (varying) source of DC voltage is clipped at
a specified level to supply regulated (steady) voltage to a load.
 The output voltage of a common-collector amplifier will be in phase with
the input voltage, making the common-collector a non-inverting amplifier
circuit.
 The current gain of a common-collector amplifier is equal to β plus 1. The
voltage gain is approximately equal to 1 (in practice, just a little bit less).
PROTEUS SIMULATION:
GRAPH:
CONCLUSIONS:
 In this lab students were able to work on common collector amplifier.
 They simulated the circuit on proteus.

AE Lab 10

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Lab report # 5

Name: Usman Khalil

A popular application of the common-collector amplifier is for regulated DC

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