Individual vs Aging Population

INDIVIDUAL AGING = Growing Older

Chronological Age = a person’s age based on the date of birth
Physical Age = aging of the body
Functional Age = our ability to carry on an independent, self-sufficient life in which we take care of our own
basic personal needs like self-care.

Factors that affect Individual aging

 Heredity
 Nutrition
 Habits and vices
 Lifetime working condition
 Lifestyle and attitudes towards life in general
POPULATION AGING
• Is a condition that describes the state of a population.

• Phenomenon where the proportion of older people to total population is increasing steadily so that a significant
percentage now lives up to advances old age.

• Country is considered Aging if the proportion of people aged 60 is over at least 7%

Stages of Population Growth

• Stage 1 (Pre-transition Stage) = main distinguishing feature high births and deaths
• Stage 2 = High Births and Low Deaths

• Stage 3 (Transition Stage) = not equal

• Stage 4 (post Transition Stage) = very low in population growth

Total fertility rate

• Average number of children that a woman expects to have if she were to subjected to the same
schedule of fertility as the women population at that specific period of time.
Fertility Rate
2.1 and above = Population Growth
Less than 2.1 = population decline
Mortality Decline
Declining deaths
 Economic Implications of Population Aging
Life Expectancy
• Number of years that person expects to live if he/she were subjected to the same risk of dying
prevalent in the population at that time.
Life Expectancy by Country:
 Africa – 48 (Year 2000)
 Japan – 81.5 (Year 2000)
 Philippines – 71 (Year 2019)
OLD
• Age
• Life course stage
• Culture
• Diminished earning capacity and increasing risk of health problems
• Changing roles of society, such as Grandparents assuming parental roles in the lives of their gran
children
Economic implications of Aging population
• strain on social insurance programs and pension systems. (Pay as you go)
• money coming into social security will lessen due to fewer contributions from workers and
more funds going to an aging retired population. 
•  GSIS and SSS
Increase in health care costs.
• As the population ages, health generally declines with more medical attention required such as
doctor visits, surgery, physical therapy, hospital stays, and prescription medicine PhilHealth
There will also be shortages of skilled labor trained to care for aged patients.
• t is projected that the registered nurse workforce in the United States will see a decline of
nearly 20 percent by 2020 which is below projected requirements
Increase in the age dependency ratio which is the ratio of working-age to old-age individuals.
• Developing countries with young populations rely on the traditional social support system of family
and kin networks-mainly children.
Sociocultural Implications

 Increasing older population increase dependency

 Dependency according to culturally prescribed
Confucian Ethic- primary source of support is the oldest son.
Other Asian countries no gender preferences.
 Asia and Africa, older people depend of their families for needs (economic, social and emotional
support and assistance with ADL)
Asian model of elderly care
Filial piety =  virtue and primary duty of respect, obedience, and care for one's parents and elderly family
members.
Social reciprocity requires that we repay in kind what another has done for us. It can be understood as the
expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits, and
responding with either indifference or hostility to harms.
“Utang na loob” =debts of gratitude
Western Cultures
• Elderly appear less dependent on family networks
• Due to life ling autonomy and independence, elderly strongly value their privacy and their
independence. (Desire to be respected by family members)
European Societies
• Belief in social contract bet the citizen and the state
• State guarantees care of the elder
 THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION:
Health Implications of Population Aging
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION
• Describes the long term trend in mortality across populations.
• It focuses on the complex change in patterns of health and disease and on the interactions between
these patterns and their demographic, economic and sociological determinants and consequences in a
population.
• Epidemiologic transition claims that long term decline in mortality levels is liked to changes in the
major causes of death in a population.
• Epidemiologic transition paralleled demographic transition and is believed to go through three stages.
Demographic Transition Phase
PRE-TRANSITION
- Major cause of mortality are infectious diseases.
- Mortality rates are generally high at all ages but are higher among the youngest group- infants and children.
TRANSITION
- population experiences a mix of both infectious and chronic diseases as the major cause of mortality.
- the population structure affected are characteristically young. (Death rates are elevated at all ages but are
higher among the youngest-infants and children.)
POST-TRANSITION
- The major cause of death is chronic disease.
EMERGENCE OF CHRONIC DISEASES (NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES)
1) Implications of High Prevalence of Chronic Diseases in an Aging Population.
• High Health Care Cost
2) Having to pay for medications or medical consultations to effectively manage the condition.
• The need to build health services and health infrastructure required.
3) Requires a shift toward preventive services as an integral part of medical care as an addition to curative
services.
4) Increasing average length of time between the onset of illness and death.
• Infectious disease – period between onset and death is not normally prolonged.
• Chronic Disease – duration between onset and death is generally longer.
PROFILE OF OLDER FILIPINOS
1. Sex Distribution of Older Filipinos
a. Majority of older people in the Philippines are in the young elderly, ages, 60-64 and 65-69
years.
• Men have relatively “younger” composition.
• As age advances, the proportion of women relative to men increases.
• Moreover, the gap between male and female populations widens with increasing age.
2. Marital Status

 The most predominant marital status is married.

 A third of all elderly are widowed.

 5 percent never married

3. Education
• One in ten elderly has not gone to school.
• Vast majority have gone through elementary schooling only.
• Minority of 10 percent had some college education.
4. Regional Affiliation
• The distribution of the elderly by Region is but a reflection of the relative distribution of the entire
population across Regions.
• The highest concentration of older people is in the more densely populated regions of Central Luzon,
Southern Tagalog, NCR and Western Visayas.
5. Employment
• The percentage of the elderly whose reported incomes fall in the bottom tier of the income
distribution categorized by selected background characteristics;
• Percentage with very low incomes generally increases with advancing age.
• Unmarried women are more likely to have lower incomes than married ones.
• Those with no education are most likely to have low incomes compared with the better educated.
• Those who had accumulated assets in terms of investments, own business, savings or pensions are less
likely to end up in the bottom tier of the income distribution.
• Very high percentage of those who have no assets of their own and have to depend on their children
and other relatives end up with the lowest incomes.
• Those who live with married children or alone with spouse only tend to have very low income
compared with those who live with unmarried children or with others.
 6. Living Arrangement
• The most dominant living arrangement is living with a child.
• The older elderly are more likely to live alone or with others and are less likely to live with any child,
compared to the younger elderly.
• Older elderly are less likely to have a living spouse, and to have children who are still in the family
home.
• In terms of gender, more females than males live alone or live with others.
• This table indicated the importance of having children among the current cohort of the elderly in the
Philippines.
7. Activities of Daily Living
• The table presents self reported difficulties in performing selected activities of daily living; walking
around the house, eating without assistance, bathing / using the toilet, and dressing.
• The percentages of having difficulty in performing each of the ADL’s increase with age.
• Walking around and bathing are two of the ADL’s most affected by increasing age.
• There is no apparent gender differential.
PRIMARY CARE

 Prevention ( waray pa sakit)

SECONDARY CARE

 Need to have diagnostic examination (mayda na signs)

TERTIARY CARE

 May sakit na
FOCUSED OF HEALTH PROMOTION EFFORT
1. Health screening
2. Self management
3. Physical activity
4. Nutrition
5. Tobacco and alcohol
6. Safety
7. Polypharmacy or pharmacology
8. Immunization
9. Mental health screening
10. Elder abuse and neglect