ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROJECT STUDY REPORT

FOR THE PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL HOUSING ESTATE AND

ATTENDANT ANCILLARY SERVICES (KISIMA PARK), LUKENYA AREA,
MACHAKOS COUNTYON L.R. NOs. 343/2, 343/3, 343/9, 343/10, and 343/11.

Prepared In Accordance With;-

Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (1999), Section 58

Environmental (Impact Assessment Audit) Regulations 2003 –
Regulation 6, 7, 8 and 9
Physical Planning Act (Cap 286), Section 36

May 2014

Authority; EIA Lead Expert; Project Proponent;

Director General EstonMurithi Kisima Real Estate Ltd

National Environmental Reg. No. 0633 P.O Box 72367-00200
Management Authority
P.O. Box 7894 – 00200 Nairobi
P.O. Box 67839 – 00200

Nairobi. Nairobi

Environmental Impact Assessment Project Study Report for the proposed Kisima Park Estate, Lukenya, Machakos County 1|Page
IDENTIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION

Project proponent: Kisima Real Estate Limited

Contact person: Geoffrey WachiraKagoto
Designation: Director
PIN Number: P051374404T

Signature: …………………………………………….

Date: ………………………………………………..

Address:
P.O. Box 72367 - 00200, Nairobi
Tel: +254-20-2132708/0705-071211
Fax: +254- 020) 2215520
Web:www.kisimaproperties.com/gwachira@fep-group.com

*************************************************************************

EIA/EA Lead Expert:EstonMurithi

NEMA Registration Number: 0633
PIN Number:A002775564J

Signature: ……………………………………...…

Date: ……………………………………………...

Address:
P.O. Box 7894 - 00200, Nairobi
Telephone: 0722-329201
Email: limcomafriconsults@gmail.com/; estonmus@yahoo.com; emurithi@kendat.org

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The lead expertise Mr.EstonMurithitakes this opportunity to thank the Kisima Real Estate
Limited forproviding an opportunity to carry out this Environmental Impact Assessment
Project Study for theproposed Kisima Park Estate within the Lukenya Plains, in Machakos
County. This was done in compliance with the Legal requirement as stipulated in section 58
of the EnvironmentalManagement and Co-ordination Act (EMCA) of 1999 legal Notice
No.8.We sincerely thankthe Kisima team and all other stakeholders consulted inproviding the
necessary support, documentation and facilitation of site visits that enabled the experts
toeffectively carry out this study.

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Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 3
DEFINITION OF ANALYTICAL TERMS ........................................................................................... 9
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................... 13
1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 13
1.1 Project Background ................................................................................................................. 13
1.2 Background and Rationale of Environmental Impact Assessment ......................................... 13
1.3 Terms of Reference ................................................................................................................. 13
1.4 Justification of the Proposed Project ....................................................................................... 14
1.5 Project Objectives ................................................................................................................... 15
1.6 Objectives of the EIA study .................................................................................................... 15
1.7 Scope of the Study .................................................................................................................. 15
1.8 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................................... 17
2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................ 17
2.1 Project Proponent ................................................................................................................... 17
2.2 The location of the project...................................................................................................... 17
2.3 Site Description ....................................................................................................................... 18
2.4 Site ownership, size, zoning and land use............................................................................... 18
2.5 Nature and Design Components of the Project ...................................................................... 19
2.6 Design Criteria, Standards and Neighborhood Development................................................. 23
2.7 Construction Activities and Inputs .......................................................................................... 24
2.8 Wastes..................................................................................................................................... 29
2.9 Air Emissions ........................................................................................................................... 30
2.10 Waste Management.............................................................................................................. 30
2.11 Solid Waste Management ..................................................................................................... 30
2.12 Effluent Treatment................................................................................................................ 31
2.13 Project Cost and Budget........................................................................................................ 31
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 32
3.0 BASELINE INFORMATION FOR THE STUDY AREA ........................................................................ 32

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 3.1 Location ................................................................................................................................... 32
3.2 Site Conditions .................................................................................................................. 32
3.3 Land Use Zoning in the Area ............................................................................................. 35
3.4 Socio-Economic Profile ..................................................................................................... 35
3.4.2 Housing Demand in Machakos and Nairobi City Counties .......................................... 37
CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 41
4.0 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ..................................................................................................... 41
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 41
4.2 Nil Project Alternative ............................................................................................................ 41
4.3 Proposed Project alternative.................................................................................................... 42
4.4 Alternatives to Site .................................................................................................................. 42
4.5 Construction Materials and Technology ................................................................................. 43
4.6 Solid Waste Management Alternatives ................................................................................... 43
CHAPTER 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 44
5.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION .............................................................. 44
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 44
5.2 Methodology in Public Consultation ...................................................................................... 44
5.3 Socio-economic concerns ....................................................................................................... 46
5.4 Environmental Concerns ......................................................................................................... 47
5.5 Support for the Proposed Project ............................................................................................ 47
CHAPTER 6 ......................................................................................................................................... 48
6.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................... 48
6.1 Relevant National Policies ...................................................................................................... 48
6.2 Legal Framework .................................................................................................................... 49
CHAPTER 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 56
7.0 IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ................................ 56
7.1 Basis of Identification of Impacts ........................................................................................... 56
7.2 Description of the Existing and Anticipated Impacts ............................................................. 57
7.3 Positive Impacts ...................................................................................................................... 59
7.4 Specific Negative Impacts During Construction and Operational Phases and Mitigation
Measures ....................................................................................................................................... 59
7.5 Socio-Cultural and Socio-Economic Impacts ......................................................................... 65
CHAPTER 8 ......................................................................................................................................... 72
8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION PLAN (ESMMP) ....... 72

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 8.1 Significance of ESMMP ......................................................................................................... 72
8.2 Environmental Monitoring and Audits ................................................................................... 72
CHAPTER 9 ......................................................................................................................................... 77
9.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................... 77
9.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 77
9.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 77
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 79
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................................... 81

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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 2-1: Site Location Map ................................................................................................................... 17

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 2-1; View of the Project Site ........................................................................................................ 18

Plate 2-2; View of existing electricity supply lines near project site .................................................... 21
Plate 2-3; View of already established tree nursery within proposed project site ............................... 22
Plate 2-4; View of other existing residential housing development within the neighborhood of
proposed project site. ............................................................................................................................ 24
Plate 2-5; View of agriculture (livestock keeping) and educational (Daystar University) land uses
within the neighborhood of proposed project site. ............................................................................... 24
Plate 3-1; Existing gravel surface site access road from Mombasa Road ........................................... 38
Plate 3-2; Existing Post Office Services at Daystar University centre ................................................. 39
Plate 5-1; View of focus group discussion meeting held at the proposed project site .......................... 44

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1; Tabulation of the Estimated Housing Project Cost ................................................................... 31
Table 3-1; Summary of population growth in Nairobi City County between 1989 and 2009:............... 35
Table 3-2; Summary of population growth in Machakos County between 1989 and 2009:................... 36
Table 3-3; Summary of population growth in Mavoko Sub-County area between 1989 and 2009: ..... 36
Tables 3-4; Presents a summary of total population growth in Nairobi City and Machakos Counties
between 1989 and 2009: ................................................................................................................................... 36
Table 3-5; Population and Total Housing Demand for Machakos and Nairobi for Next 40 Years
Based on 2009 Population Census .................................................................................................................. 37
Table 7-1; Assessment criteria for significant impacts ................................................................................ 57
Table 7-2; Potential environmental and Socio impacts ............................................................................... 57
Table 7-3; Positive impacts of the proposed development and justification............................................. 59
Table 10-0;Environmental & social management & mitigation plan (ESMMP) ..................................... 72
Table 10-1; EMP for Decommissioning......................................................................................................... 75

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

APM -Applicant Proposed Measures

EA– Environmental Audit
EHS - Environmental Health and Safety
EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment
EMCA - Environmental Management and Coordination Act
EMP - Environmental Management Plan
EPZ - Export Processing Zone
GCI - Galvanized Corrugated Iron
HA - Hectares
ITCZ - Inter-tropical Convergence Zone
KM – Kilometres
KPLC - Kenya Power and Lighting Company
LPDP - Local Physical Development Plan
MOH - Ministry Of Health
NEAP - National Environmental Action Plan
NEMA - National Environment Management Authority
NPEP - National Poverty Eradication Plan
OHS - Occupational Health and Safety
PEC - Poverty Eradication Commission
PPE - Personal Protective Equipment
PRSP - Poverty Eradication Strategies Paper
SQM – Square Metres
SWM – Solid Waste Management
TOR - Terms of Reference
UFL - Noise level lower the lower operating limit (50 dB) of the Mark
VAT - Value Added Tax
WRMA - Water Resources Management Authority
WSSD - World Summit for Social Development
WWTP - Waste Water Treatment Plant

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DEFINITION OF ANALYTICAL TERMS

1. Environmentally Sound Design: Is the design and implementation of activities and

projects such that the environmental harm associated with a particular development
objective is kept to a practicable minimum.

2. Positive Impact: A change which improves the quality of the environment (for
example byincreasing species diversity; or improving the reproductive capacity of an
ecosystem; or removing nuisances; or improving amenities).

3. Neutral Impact: A change which does not affect the quality of the environment.

4. Negative Impact: A change which reduces the quality of the environment (for
example, lesseningspecies diversity or diminishing the reproductive capacity of an
ecosystem, or property or by causing nuisance.

5. Significant impact: An impact which, by its character, magnitude, duration or

intensity alters asensitive aspect of the environment.

6. Profound impact: An impact which obliterates sensitive characteristics.

7. Do-Nothing Impact: The environment as it would be in the future should no

development of any kind be carried out.

8. Indeterminable Impact: When the full consequences of a change in the environment

cannot bedescribed.

9. Irreversible Impact: When the character, distinctiveness, diversity or reproductive

capacity of anenvironment is permanently lost.

10. Residual Impact: The degree of environmental change that will occur after the
proposed mitigation measures have taken effect.

11. Synergistic Impact: Where the resultant impact is of greater significance than the
sum of itsconstituents.

12. Worst Case Impact:The impacts arising from a development in the case where
mitigationmeasures substantially fail.

13. Cumulative impacts: Are identified as impacts that result from incremental changes
caused by other past, present or reasonably foreseeable actions.

14. Indirect impacts: Are defined as impacts on the environment which are not a direct
result of theproject, possibly produced some distance away from the project or as a
result of a complex pathway.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Overview
The primary objective of the proposed development project on plot L.R. NO. 343/2, 343/3,
343/9, 343/10, and 343/11, Off Mombasa Road, Lukenya area, Machakos County is to
develop a residential housing estate and its attendant infrastructure and utility services.
Presently the project site has no building development. The site has however shrubs and grass
vegetation.

The main project components include the following:

a) Clearing and preparation of the project site.

b) Development of 2039 No. residential housing units incorporating maisonettes and
bungalows.
c) Development of community facilities including a schools, shopping mall, club houses
and hotel.
d) Development all weather access roads, parking and walkways
e) Development of utilities services including community water supply borehole,
drainage systems, sewerage systems and electricity supply
f) Development of flood water reservoir/dam
g) Establishment of a tree nursery
h) Site landscaping especially tree planting and landscaped gardens
i) Provision of adequate recreation green area open spaces and parks
j) Establishment of 30 metre green valley belt
k) Development of perimeter wall fences, common gates and gate houses to constitute a
gated community estate.

2. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The potential negative environmental impacts of the proposed project and possible mitigation
measures are outlined below.

Potential Environmental Impacts

The potential negative environmental impacts of the project and possible mitigation measures
are summarized in the table below:

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Potential Negative Environmental Mitigation Measures
Impacts

1. Disruption of existing natural 1-1 Development restricted to approved density

environment and modification of building line, plot coverage and plot ratio.
micro-climate – Careful layout and orientation of buildings to
respect wind and sun direction.
- Increased development density 1-2 Adequate provision of green and open space
- Increased glare/solar reflection planted with grass, shrub and tree cover.
- Reduced natural ground cover Minimum use of reflective building material
- Obstruction of ventilating wind and finishes for roof, wall and pavement.
- Increased surface run-off Adoption of appropriate technology in
collection and disposal of storm water and
surface run off.
2. Pollution and health Hazards 2-1 Damping down of site e.g. sprinkling water to
dusty areas on construction site.
- Dust and other construction
waste Containment of noisy operation, including
- Noise generation from 2-2 locating noise operations away from sensitive
construction activities.
neighbors
- Pollution from disposal of
waste during operation phase Limit construction work to day hours only.
Construction work to take shortest time
possible.

Adoption of appropriate methods in disposal

of sewage and solid waste during operation
phase of the project

3 Increased loading on Infrastructure 3-1 Have paved local access road and walkway
and utility services system

- Increased vehicular and/or Provision of adequate roads and walkways

pedestrian traffic 3-2 with convenient widths
- Increased demand on water,
sanitation services, energy etc. Connect own KPLC electricity transformer
- Increase surface runoff
3-3 Encourage rainwater harvesting
3-4 Provide adequate storm water drainage
3-5 system.

4 Worker accidents and health infection 4-1 Employ skilled and trained workers, provide
protective clothing

Prepare clear work schedule and the

4-2

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 organization plan.

4-3 Have adequate worker insurance cover

4-4 Enforce occupational health and safety

standards.

5 Increased social conflict 5-1 Encourage formation of community policing,

contract private company security services
and establish neighbourhood association.

Increase economic activities – increased

5-2 employment opportunities, income earnings
and housing capital stock formation

Establish adequate social facilities to serve

the estate

5-3

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

The Environmental Impact Assessment Lead Expert has been commissioned by Kisima Real
Estate Limited to carry out a comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment study for the
proposed Kisima Park Residential Estate to be developed on L.R. No. 343/2, 343/3, 343/9,
343/10, and 343/11,at Lukenya area within Machakos County. This comprehensive study is
meant to address any possible positive and negative impacts and environment-related
conflicts that may result from different phases of the proposed project. This will in the long
term ensure not only a safe and clean environment, but also ensure that the proposed
development activities are in conformity with the existing environmental rules and
regulations.

1.2 Background and Rationale of Environmental Impact Assessment

In an attempt to comply with the national and international legislation and protocols, Kisima
Real Estate Limited contracted the services of Mr. EstonMurithiwho is a lead EIA Expert as
registered by NEMA, to carry out an environmental impact assessment study for the proposed
Kisima Park Estate that will consist of 2,039 both residential maisonettes and bungalows
houses, perimeter wall fence, all weather murram roads, community water supply borehole, a
school, a shopping mall, hotel and an hospital.

1.3 Terms of Reference

The TOR for this EIA project study for the proposed development project addresses the
following key specific aspects:
i. To hold appropriate meetings with the project proponent to establish the procedures,
definerequirements, responsibilities and a time frame.
ii. To produce an EIA study report that contains among other issues potential negative
and positiveimpacts and recommendations of appropriate mitigation measures to
minimize or preventadverse impacts
iii. To carry out a systematic environmental assessment study at the proposed project site
and thesurrounding area.

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 iv. To provide a description of the proposed activities throughout the entire
implementation process of the project with a special focus on potential impacts to the
surrounding environment andfacilities.
v. To develop an Environmental Management Planandcost estimates for the proposed
project.

1.4 Justification of the Proposed Project

Increase in population and urbanization within and around Nairobi City has led to rapid
increase in demand for residential houses which has led to people moving out of city
centreand staying in the satellite towns within the vicinity of the city or staying in shanties.
The satellite areas like Mlolongo, Athiriver, Machakos and specifically Mavoko sub county
where the proposed project falls are currently experiencing enormous housing demand as
dormitory areas of Nairobi City County population.

Mavoko area, where the project falls is also home to a number of education, industrial,
commercial, administrative and health institutions that require accommodation for their staff
members. The housing needs of these people can only be taken care of through construction
of facilities like the proposed Kisima Park Estate. The scheme is planned to cater for housing
demand for all income level livelihoods. More importantly, it is vital to optimally utilize the
land especially now that the land mass in Nairobi City County area is rapidly dwindling.

There are also similar projects within the area which have been operational without
significantnegative impacts to the environment and the neighboring populations. This land
use is in harmony with the land use class of the area.The project will lead to economic
empowerment not only to the project proponent but also to a host of other people who will
both directly and indirectly benefit from jobs and business opportunities resulting from the
presence of the project within the neighborhood.

Revenue generation to the central government through land rates and taxes as a result of
theimplementation of this project will lead to the much needed economic development.

In terms of environmental degradation, the project is likely to lead to very minimal negative
impacts, which shall be easily taken care of in the design and the proposed mitigation
measures as suggested in Chapter 8 of this projectstudy report.

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1.5 Project Objectives
The overall objectives of the project is to put up of 2,039 both residential maisonettes and
bungalows houses, establish a community water supply borehole, a school, a shopping mall,
hotel and an hospital on L.R. No. 343/2, 343/3, 343/9, 343/10, and 343/11,at Lukenya area
within Machakos County. The specific objectives of the project are to provide quality
housing; to enhance governments (National and County) revenue through the remittance of
taxes arising from the project; to maximize returns on investment for the project proponent;
and to put the current land into a more productive and economic land use.

1.6 Objectives of the EIA study

Compliance with the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) 1999,
whichestablishes a requirement for environmental impact assessment (EIA) study for
projectsunder Schedule-II of the Act, forms the basis of this study. The broad objective of
undertaking this Environmental Impacts Assessment Project study is to identify significant
potential impacts of the proposed project to the environment and social aspects and formulate
recommendations to ensure the project takes into consideration appropriate measures to
mitigate any adverse impacts to the environment in all phases of its implementation.The key
objectives of this study include the following:
i. To identify and evaluate the significant environmental impacts of the proposed
project.
ii. To determine the compatibility of the proposed project facilities with the
neighbouring land uses.
iii. To assess and evaluate the environmental costs and benefits associated with the
proposed project.
iv. To evaluate and select the best project alternative from the various options identified.
v. To incorporate environmental management plans and monitoring mechanisms during
project implementation and operational phases.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The study was conducted to evaluate the potential and foreseeable impacts of the proposed
development. The physical scope is limited to the proposed site and the neighbouring
areas/environment as they may be affected by or may affect the proposed project. Any
potential impacts (localized or delocalized), are also evaluated as guided by EMCA 1999 and
the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003. This study report

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includes an assessment of impacts of the proposed sites and its environs with reference to the
following:
i. A review of policy, legal and administrative framework.
ii. Description of the proposed project.
iii. Review of baseline information.
iv. Assessment of the potential environmental impacts on the biophysical, socio-
economic, and cultural aspects.
v. Proposition of project alternatives.
vi. Development of mitigation measures.

1.8 Methodology
The methodology used in the study consisted of the following:
A site reconnaissance and visual survey to determine the baseline information of the
project area.
Comparative study of the project with existing land uses in the neighbourhood.
Analysis of the project documents.
Discussion with the proponent.
Seeking public views through public meetings with relevant stakeholders, interviews
andquestionnaires.
Focus group discussion at the project site.
Assessment of the site to detail the various existing and likely impacts.
Assessment of health and safety issues.
Proposal of mitigation measures to minimize any negative impacts.
Preparation and submission of the project report.

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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Project Proponent

The project proponent is Kisima Real Estate Limited of P.O. Box 72367-00200 Nairobi.

2.2 The location of the project

The proposed project is located in Lukenya area, off Mombasa road approximately 5km off
Mombasa road/ Daystar University road junction. The project site lies within geographical
coordinates 010 26ꞌ 51ꞌꞌ S and 370 03ꞌ 03ꞌꞌ Eat an altitude of 1610M above sea level.
The property also nears the proposed greater Eastern Bypass connecting Kiambu, Nairobi and
Machakos Counties. The proposed project site is within a neighbourhood of other proposed
and existing residential estates like green span estates, Moke Gardens and Ukulima Gardens.
The neighbourhood also has educational institutions and recreation facilities including
Daystar University, Lukenya schools, Monarch school, proposed Catholic University,
Lukenya Getaway and Lukenya Holiday Inn.

Fig 2-1: Site Location Map

Proposed Project Site

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 Source (Goggle Earth Map Imagery Extract, 2013)

2.3 Site Description

The site is falls within Lukenya plains that is constituted of grasslands, shrub vegetation with
sections of rocky ridges. Currently the land is utilized as a grazing land for cattle, sheep and
goats by the previous land owner. A view of the proposed project site is illustrated in plate 2-
1 below –

Plate 2-1; View of the Proposed Project Site

2.4 Site ownership, size, zoning and land use

2.4.1 Site Ownership and Size

The proposed site falls within Land Reference Numbers 343/2 (19.93ha), 343/3 (19.93ha),
343/9(36.91ha), 343/10(36.91ha) and 343/11(36.95ha), all measurement totaling
approximately 150.66 hectares and will all be utilized to develop the proposed development.
The land is registered in the name of the proponent, that is, Kisima Real Estate Limited.
The copies of ownership documents are appendixes 1-1.

2.4.2 Site Zoning and Land use

The proposed site is within an area formerly zoned for agricultural use though the proponent
has already obtained an approval for change of user from Agricultural to Residential,
Commercial and attendant public utility services.The subdivision scheme plans have also

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been approved by the Municipal Council of Mavoko.The change of user approval forms
PPA.2 and approved subdivision scheme plans are appendixes 1-2.

2.5 Nature and Design Components of the Project

2.5.1 Overview
The project is focused on development of a residential estate and its ancillary services on
150.66 hectares. The scheme plan for the proposed residential estate is appendices 1-3. The
actual components of the proposed development project include:

a) Clearing and preparation of the project site.

b) Development of 2039 No. residential housing units incorporating maisonettes and
bungalows.
c) Development of community facilities including schools, shopping mall, club houses
and hotel.
d) Development all weather access roads, parking and walkways
e) Development of utilities services including community water supply borehole,
drainage systems, sewerage systems and electricity supply
f) Development of flood water reservoir/dam
g) Establishment of a tree nursery
h) Site landscaping especially tree planting and landscaped gardens
i) Provision of adequate recreation green area open spaces and parks
j) Establishment of 30 metre green valley belt
k) Development of perimeter wall fences, common gates and gate houses to constitute a
gated community estate

2.5.2 Clearing and Preparation of the Project Site

The existing ground situation will be altered through clearing of existing vegetation and other
barriers to pave way for development of various proposed development projects on the site.

2.5.3 Residential Housing Development.

The project will include construction of about 2039 No. residential housing units. This will
incorporate residential maisonettes and bungalows catering for high, middle and low cost
housing needs. The housing development will provide accommodation for a population of
about 8156-12234 persons at an estimate rate of 4-6 persons per household. The proposed

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housing development scheme and layout is appendixes 1-3. Each of the residential housing
units will have the following components:

Lounge/ Dining area

Kitchen
Lobby
Toilet/ Bathrooms
Bedrooms, including a master bedroom

2.5.4 Community Facilities and Recreational Areas

The proposed estate development will provide for community facilities including schools,
shopping mall, club houses, sporting facilities, hotels and hospitals. Adequate
recreationalopen spaces and parks have also been planned for provision within the green area
reserves.

2.5.5 Local Access Roads, Parking and Walkways

The proposed housing estate development has provision for adequate width access roads. A
60 metre main road has been provided to access both sides of the proposed estate. The
proposed housing estate will have local internal access roads in hierarchy of 18m, 15m, 12m
and 9m depending on utility requirement. All the proposed roads will be developed to all
weather access standards. The internal plots access roads and walkways will be paved to give
motor vehicle traffic and pedestrians a proper surface on which to move. The walkways will
be at least 2.5 m wide. Car parking spaces will also be provided at the plots and communal
facility areas level.The grading for the roads will be based on the government adoptive
standards.

2.5.6 Trunk Infrastructure and Utilities

Water Supply: The proposed development will be served by a water borehole which will be
developed within the proposed project site. The hydrological survey for the borehole has been
undertaken and water extraction point and borehole location determined within the project
site. The borehole will also serve as a community water supply facility within the extended
neighbourhood.
Foul Water Drainage: The proposed development will generate substantive amount of waste
water per day.The proposed development will also incorporate development of a sewage

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treatment plant to serve the proposed housing estate development. The wastewater generated
will be discharged into the same sewage plant.
Storm Water Drainage: The proposed development will generate enormous surface water. It
is therefore recommended that adequate and well drainage channels be provided to
accommodate the increased discharge. The project site has an existing flood water course
draining surface runoff water from up hills through the project site. The water course will be
maintained and enhanced through development of an artificial flood water reservoir (dam)
along its channel and a 30 meter buffer for its protection. The proponent has also planned to
collect all the storm water generated by the proposed development into this artificial water
reservoir (dam) to be developed with the scheme.
Solid Waste Disposal: The proposed development will generate enormous solid waste. It is
recommended that private waste management contractors be contracted to collect the waste.
It is further recommended to have one common point on the plot to store the waste before
final collection.
Electricity Supply: The proposed development will be connected to the Kenya Power and
Lighting Company power supply line. The KPLC electricity supply lines are already
available within the neighbourhood of the proposed project site. Plate 2-2 shows a view of
existing electricity infrastructure along the adjacent main road.

Plate 2-2; View of existing electricity supply lines near project site

Telecommunication: Both fixed landline and cell phone services are available in the area for
connection to the proposed development.

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2.5.7 Landscaping, Tree Nursery and Planting
The project will involve clearing of vegetation and excavation of soil material. The site
development involves cut and fill arrangement, whereby excavated material is used for
backfilling. Any excess material will be disposed off-site.

The project site will be landscaped according to scheme plan. This will entail establishment
of landscaped gardens, planting of trees, grass and related ground cover to compensate for
any cleared vegetation and to improve general aesthetics of the estate. The proponent has
already established a tree nursery in preparation of the proposed landscaping and tree
planting project. Plate 2-3 shows a view of the already established tree nursery by project
proponent. The topsoil will be treated with manure/fertilizer where necessary to ensure better
and faster plant and tree growth.

Plate 2-3; View of already established tree nursery within proposed project site

2.5.8 Green Open Spaces, Parks and Green Valley Belt

The proposed project scheme has provided for establishment of green open spaces and parks
that will act as both recreation and lung facilities to the community. A 30 meter green belt has
been proposed along the existing natural surface water gorge. The green belt which will be
enhanced through tree planting will act as a buffer to the gorge and as a scenic recreation
facility.

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2.5.9 Perimeter Wall, Gates and Gates Houses
The proposed Kisima park housing estate is planned as a gated community entity. This will
involve development of a masonry perimeter wall fence all round the proposed project site.
The development of the perimeter wall will also include construction of respective gates and
gate houses at all proposed entry and exit points of the estate.

2.6 Design Criteria, Standards and Neighborhood Development

A preliminary investigation will be undertaken to determine the topography, ground water
tablelevel, nature and characteristics of the soil and bearing capacities. The results will
determine thenature of the structural forms that will be adopted with regards to foundations.
The structural design criteria will depend on the structure. The type of sewerage disposal
system and storm water drainage system adopted will also be influenced by the results of the
preliminary investigation. All the designs will comply with the applicable codes of practice.
The foundations will also be governed by the results from the geotechnical investigation. The
sewerage disposal system proposed will be that of a mechanical sewerage treatment system to
enable recycling of the waste water in the estate which can be used for irrigating the gardens
and cleaning purposes.

The design criteria, standards and characteristics of the proposed Kisima Park estate will also
include the following among others:
All works to be carried out in accordance with the local government authority’s
regulations
All drainage passing under building and drive areas to be of PVC pipes.
All sanitary work to be in accordance with MOH rules and regulations and
Mavoko Townarea standards and requirements
All reinforced concrete (RC) works to be to structural engineer’s details

The neighbourhood, where the proposed development is located is characterized by scattered

residential dwelling units and estates. These include individual residential household homes,
green park estate, proposed Ukulima Gardens and Moke gardens. The neighbourhood also
has educational institutions and recreation facilities including Daystar University, Lukenya
schools, Monarch school, proposed Catholic University, Lukenya Getaway and Lukenya
holiday inn. Other land uses within the neighbourhood include commercial business outlets

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and agriculture mainly cattle, sheep and goat rearing. The proposed development would
hence easily blend with the character of the area.

Plate 2-4; View of other existing residential housing development within the
neighborhood of proposed project site

Plate 2-5; View of agriculture (livestock keeping) and educational (Daystar University)
land uses within the neighborhood of proposed project site.

2.7 Construction Activities and Inputs

All the construction inputs shall be obtained from licensed dealers. The following will be
required for successful implementation of construction activities:
Construction tools and equipment including machinery mainly transportation
vehicles will beused for the transportation of materials and in the execution of the
proposed works.

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 A construction labour force of both skilled and non-skilled workers
Water for construction purposes

2.7.1 Inputs during Construction

Typical inputs which will be used in construction phase are land and water which will be
readily available. The materials that shall be used include building sand, aggregates, natural
stones, either hand or machine cut construction stones, steel and timber for making structural
formwork and interior design, tiles for roofing and floor tiles. Others include concrete block
for constructing selected internal and external pavements, precast units for drains, PVC pipes
for sewer and water reticulation, paints, electrical wiring and fitting, barbed wires, wire mesh,
water tanks and gutters. Window casement and glasses, spades, pick axes, and other hand
held tools will also be needed.

2.7.2 Construction Activities and Timetable.

The construction activities shall begin from the time NEMA gives approval of the
Environmental Impact Assessment Study. The construction activities shall begin with drilling
of borehole, development of the artificial water reservoir, perimeter wall fence, gates and gate
houses and grading of internal access roads. Site clearing, setting out and excavations for
laying of various housing units and ancillary facilities will then proceed. Materials from the
excavations of the ground and foundation work will be reused for earth works and
landscaping. The site will then be filled with hardcore and murram then be compacted as
other civil and engineering works shall follow.

2.7.3 Project implementation sequencing/Phasing

i. Pre-construction stage
a) Plan preparation and seeking of the appropriate approvals from the relevant
authorities.
b) Appraisal of baseline condition to determine supply and demand for required
infrastructural utility services.
c) EIA Project Report and Study Report preparation including the necessary approvals.

ii. Construction stage

a) Establishment of related works and all support infrastructure that are significant
for the construction work: This would involve the transportation of machinery and
deployment of the workers to theconstruction site. The machinery would be used for
ground breaking and transportation of materials from the sources to the site. The

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 major machineries that will be used include mixers, welding machines and
transmission machines. The contractor will also mobilize human workforce at casual,
permanent, skilled and unskilled levels.

b) Acquisition and transportation of building materials: The contractor shall source for
materials for construction from the various available suppliers.Supply of materials
will be a continuous activity throughout the project life since different materials will
be needed at different phases of the construction. The materials that shall be used in
the construction include among others building stones, sand, ballast, cement, timber,
reinforced concrete frame, steel, bars, G.I pipes, PVC pipes, pavement blocks,
concrete slabs, murram, hardcore, insulated electrical cables and timber among others.

c) Drilling borehole, construction of residential houses and ancillary facilities and

services: The engineering designs and site layout plans that have been approved shall
be implemented. Thesetting out will comply with the specifications set out by the
client to the contractor under thesupervision of qualified engineers. In accordance
with the designs and the layout plans, theconstruction of the proposed project and
associated infrastructure will begin immediately NEMAapproves the EIA study
report. The contractor will then be supplied with all the approved documentsincluding
the EIA study report.

d) Excavation and land filling works: Excavation will be carried out to prepare the site
for construction of foundations to lay the residential houses and all other proposed
facilities and utilities. This will involve the use of heavy earthmoving machinery such
as tractors, tippers and bulldozers.

e) Masonry, Concrete Work and Related Activities: The construction of the perimeter
walls, building walls, foundations, floors, pavements, drainage systems among other
components of the project will involve a lot of masonry work and related activities.
General masonry and related activities will include stone shaping, concrete mixing,
plastering, slab construction, construction of foundations, and erection of building
walls and curing of fresh concrete surfaces. These activities are known to be labour
intensive and will be supplemented by machinery such as concrete mixers.

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 f) Structural Steel Works: The buildings will be reinforced with structural steel for
stability. Structural steel works will involve steel cutting, welding and erection.

g) Roofing and Sheet Metal Works: Roofing activities will include sheet metal cutting,
raising the roofing materials such as concreteroofing tiles and structural timber to the
roof and fastening the roofing materials to the roof.

h) Transportation of the construction wastes from the site: Construction waste that
cannot be used for either back filling or landscaping work at the site will be deposited
in approved dumpsites by a contracted licensed waste handler.

i) Electrical Work: Electrical work during construction of the premises will include
installation of electrical gadgets and appliances including electrical cables, lighting
apparatus, sockets etc. in addition, there will be other activities involving the use of
electricity such as welding and metal cutting.

j) Power distribution: The position for location of power transformer to serve the
proposed estate will be determined by experts from KPLC. The project will increase
power demand in the area and it is proposed that the proponent should consider other
power sources like solar to reduce on the power demand. The proposals include solar
power especially for water heating purposes and to supplement power supply when
experiencing power outage problems.

k) Plumbing: Installation of pipe work for water supply and distribution will be carried
out within theproposed residential houses and associated facilities. In addition, pipe
work will be done to connect sewage from the premises to the main waste water
disposal lines, and for drainage of storm water. Plumbing activities will include metal
and plastic cutting, the use of adhesives, metal grinding and wall drilling among
others.

l) Fire protection: Self-contained fire detection and alarm system complete with manual
call points, optical smokedetectors, heat detectors and electronic sounders will be
proposed especially in the kitchen areas.Hose reel fire protection system will be
provided to cover the buildings. The system will comprise of a water storage tank,

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 distribution of pipe work and fire hose reels and portable fire extinguishers will be
provided at convenient spots. Additional provision will be made for special hazards
and highrisk areas.

m) Landscaping and tree planting: To improve the environmental and aesthetic value
or visual quality of the site once construction ceases, the proponent will carry out
landscaping and tree planting. This will include establishment of flower gardens and
lush grass lawns and will involve replenishment of the top soil. It is noteworthy that
the proponent will use plant species that are available locally preferably indigenous
ones for landscaping. The proponent has already established a tree nursery in
preparation of the trees to be used for landscaping and tree planting.

2.7.4 Occupation/Operational stage

This stage shall involve running and managing the facility as per the laid down rules and
procedures.
a) Residential activities: Once construction is complete, the houses will be ready for
occupied by respective owners.
b) Solid waste and waste water management: The proponent will provide facilities for
handling solid waste generated within the facility. Thesewill include dust bins/skips
for temporarily holding waste within the premises before final disposal by the
contracted licensed waste handler at the designated dumping site.Sewage generated
from the residential buildings will be discharged into the main wastewater disposal
system, while the storm water drainage system will also consist of a network of
Inverted Block Drains, manholes and road gullies which will discharge to the
proposed artificial water reservoir (dam).
c) Compound Cleaning: The neighbourhood association will be responsible for regular
washing and cleaning of the paved and non-paved areas. Cleaning operations will
involve the use of substantial amounts of water, disinfectants and detergents, blooms,
rakes, wheelbarrows among others.
d) General Repairs and Maintenance:The residential and other facilities buildings will
be repaired and maintained regularly during the operational phase of the project. Such
activities will include repair of building walls and floors, repairs and maintenance of
electrical gadgets and equipment, repairs of leaking water pipes, painting,

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 maintenance of the gardens and grass lawns and replacement of worn out materials
among others.

2.7.5 Decommissioning Phase

Decommissioning of operations is here taken to mean that the buildings cease to operate and
the premises are closed down or reverted to another use. Under such circumstance, thehouse
owners will be expected to adhere to the legislation applicable to such undertaking in the
laws of Kenya but in general the decommissioning shall be staggered through a number of
steps and measures to rehabilitate the site to its status before the commencement of the
buildings occupancy or to a suitable state for its next use. This will involve looking for
alternative uses for the site that is compatible to the surrounding and to the former use. An
environmental impact assessment shall be commissioned to advice on the environmental
aspects with respect to the identified new use if found necessary. If no other use(s) are found
for the site, rehabilitation measures to revert it to its former use a state shall be implemented
that include:-
i. Building stones, paving slabs, and other installations of economic use can be sold-off
in themarket through a biding or auction sale.
ii. Dug up areas such as the boreholes should be backfilled with uncontaminated earth.
iii. All solid wastes including debris shall be disposed in a designated dumpsite.
iv. The site shall be re-vegetated with vegetation capable of protecting the soil from
erosion

The owners will then, deregister its operations and legal requirements such as the certificates
ofoperations will be surrendered to the relevant issuing bodies.

2.8 Wastes
There will be liquid, solid and gaseous wastes from the project site. These will be from
projectactivities during construction, operation and decommissioning phases. There shall be
wastewaterfrom civil works, workers and the storm water.It is envisaged that at the
construction stage, wastewater that shall be discharged will also besprinkled on work areas to
reduce dust generation by construction machinery. Other wastes fromconstruction site will be
mainly material residues of the construction material. These include pieces of concrete, heaps
of sand and aggregates, bits and pieces of various pipe types, cans of paint, polythene sheets,
paper packing materials, pieces of timber, pieces of iron (metals) among others scattered
within the project site. All debris and garbage generated during all stages of thedevelopment

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will be placed in a central place on the project site and collected by a licensed garbage
disposal company who will deposit an approved disposal site.

Wastes during operation will include used papers, kitchen waste, plastic wrappings, boxes,
emptybottles and effluent from toilet flushing, among others. It is expected that the liquid
waste shall bemanaged through connection to the wastewater disposal system. During
operationalphase, the residents shall contract a private waste handler to dispose of their
household waste after an agreed time interval.Wastes from decommissioning of the project
will include salvaged equipment; water tanks, windows, doors and other demolished stone
blocks among others.

2.9 Air Emissions

Relative air emission is expected during construction when dust from demolition/
constructionactivities and smoke from construction machinery will be emitted. It is
recommended thatwatering the site especially during dry periods be enforced to keep dust at
minimal levels. Theemployees at the site especially during construction activities shall be
provided with dust masks to protect them from dust and fumes associated with construction
activities.

2.10 Waste Management

The principle objective of waste management program is to minimize the pollution of
theenvironment as well as to utilize the waste as a resource. This goal should be achieved in a
way that is environmentally and financially sustainable.

2.11 Solid Waste Management

The technologies for the management of the solid wastes will incorporate the collection of the
waste from the source, transportation of the waste to the place of storage and final disposal
through a contracted waste handler. The following waste management techniques shall be
used in the different stages of the project.

a) During construction: The main wastes from the construction site will consist of material
residues of the constructionmaterials. These include pieces of concrete, heaps of sand
and aggregate, bits and pieces of various pipe types, cans of paint, polythene sheets,
paper packaging materials, pieces of timber, and off cuts of metals among others. They
shall be managed as follows:

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 Express condition shall be put in the contract that before the contractor is issued
with acompletion certificate; he will clear the site of all debris and restore it to a
state acceptable by thesupervising architect and environmental consultant.
Materials from excavation of the ground and foundation works shall be reused for
earthworksand landscaping.

b) During operation: During operation phase, residents will contract a licensed waste
handler who will collect theirhousehold waste at agreed intervals and dump them at
licensed waste dumping sites.

2.12 Effluent Treatment

During construction stage, wastewater that shall be discharged shall be sprinkled on the
workingareas to reduce dust generation by the construction machinery.Wastewater during
operational stage shall be managed through connection to the wastewaterDisposal system.The
waste water disposal systems will meet the standard set by the County Government of
Machakos, Department of Public Health and NEMA specifications.

2.13 Project Cost and Budget

The total project cost and budget is approximately Ksh. 15,006,300,750.00. This total cost
has been generated from the estimates of expected cost of constructing all the proposed
residential housing units, land value and attendant facilities. Summary of estimated cost of
construction for the proposed 2039 housing units and ancillary facilities is as tabulated below
–

Table 2-1; Tabulation of the Estimated Housing Project Cost

Item No. Facility Total Cost Estimate (Ksh)

A. 1223 Maisonettes @ 186 SQM/Unit 7,961,730,000.00

B. 816 Bungalows @ 155 SQM/Unit 4,426,800,000.00
C. Land Value (As per Sale Agreement) 1,064,778,000.00
D. Attendant Social Ancillary Facilities 1,222,992,750.00
E. Attendant Infrastructure Facilities 330,000,000.00

Total Estimate Project Cost 15,006,300,750.00

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CHAPTER 3
3.0 BASELINE INFORMATION FOR THE STUDY AREA

3.1 Location
The study area is located within Lukenya plains, off Mombasa road approximately 6 KM off
Mombasa road/ Daystar University road junction. The area falls within Mavoko sub County
of Machakos County. The proposed project is located about 2KM from Daystar University,
Athi River campus. The project site lies within geographical coordinates 010 26ꞌ 51ꞌꞌ S
and 370 03ꞌ 03ꞌꞌ E at an altitude of 1610M above sea level as indicated in site location
map figure 2-1.

3.2 Site Conditions

3.2.1 Climate
The climatic conditions of an area highly influences the land use patterns, levels of
productivity and general development decisions of the area. The climate of the proposed
project site in Lukenya area identifies with that of the wider Athi River – Mavoko area. The
climatic of this area is of semi-humid, cool temperate, tropical highland type. Below is a
summary of the climatic conditions of Athi River-Mavoko area where the proposed
residential housing estate development is located:

i) Rainfall

The average annual rainfall is 875 mm, which may actually vary from 500mm to more than
1500 mm. The rainfall pattern exhibits a bi-modal distribution, with wet seasons in March –
May and October – December corresponding to the long and short rains respectively.
Between 70% to 85% of precipitation falls during these rainy seasons.

ii) Temperature

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The average annual temperature of the area ranges between 16o C to 18o C, with average
minima and maxima of 10o C to 12o C and 22o C to 28o C respectively. The warmest period
occurs from January to March with coolest period falling between months of May to August.

iii) Wind Patterns

The area experiences occasional dry season, hot sun with strong winds. A significant feature
of the climate of Athi River/ Mavoko area is the frequency with which the wind comes from
the North East and to a somewhat lesser degree to the South East. These are the North East
and South East Monsoon, which blow very steadily but without high intensity. Both wind run
and mean wind speed are at a maximum in December. Winds also remain high during
January, February and March which coincides with the period of higher potential
evaporation.

The strongest winds occur during the dry season just prior to the "Long Rains" when speeds
of 20 to 2miles per hour are not uncommon from mid-morning to early afternoon; at other
times of the year wind speeds are usually 10 to 15 miles per hour. During the night the wind
is usually light. In the squalls sometimes associated with thunderstorms, short-lived strong
winds of up to 70 miles per hour have been known to occur.

iv) Sunshine and Solar Radiation

Solar radiation and sunshine is considered together since they are so closely connected. The
area experiences a total of about 2,500 hours of bright sunshine per annum, which is
equivalent to annual mean of approximately 6.8 hours of sunshine per day. July and August
are characterized by cloudiness and during these months the average daily sunshine in the
area is about 4 hours. Frequently there are several days in succession when the sun fails to
penetrate the thick stratocumulus cover, although on other days the cloud does break to a
greater or lesser extent for a short period. There is about 30% more sunshine in the afternoon
than in the morning and it follows that westerly exposures receive more isolation than
easterly one.

v) Evaporation

The annual variation of evaporation is as expected from consideration of temperature and

sunshine factors. The mean annual evaporation as measured by the pan is seen slightly to
exceed the mean rainfall at the altitude of area but it would be expected that at higher

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altitudes this position would be reversed. The peak evaporation values are during March,
followed by January, February and October. The average annual evaporation ranges between
1550 to 2200mm per year.

vi) Smog

Smog is common during the rainy season. The most common hazards to flying occur over
this period. This is mostly associated with the development of towering cumulus and
cumulonimbus clouds. A further hazard common in Athi River/ Mavoko area is the formation
of low stratus clouds during the early morning.

vii) Water resource

The surface water and sub-surface water resources in the county are abit scarce. Most natural
rivers and wells in the area and its neighbourhood are seasonal in nature. Therefore the only
most reliable source of water in the area are boreholes. This underground water resources are
greatly exploited and boreholes drilled in most major developments within the area. A
substantial percentage of households in the area also harness rain water through roof
catchment.

3.2.2 Physiography
i) Geology and Soils
The geology and soils of an area have a great influence on the type of physical development
and also determine the type of land use appropriate for the area. The site has generally loamy
sandy soils with plenty of silt especially for all land falling within altitudes lower than 1700m
above sea level. The areas lying at altitudes above 1800m are majorly constituted by rocky
structures made of Athi tuffs and Kapitiphonolites.

ii) Relief and Topography

The proposed development project site in Lukenya area is relatively sloping in most
expansive area with hilly parts at the eastern and western ends. The area slopes from Eastern
to Western directions.

3.2.3 Vegetation
The project site is under shrubs and savanna grass vegetation cover. Exotic grass and trees are
found along the riparian buffer zones. The proposed project site is situated in an area where
cattle, sheep and goats grazing is dominant, hence vegetation is highly consumed by the
grazing animals.

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3.3 Land Use Zoning in the Area

3.3.1 Current Physical Development Planning Policy

There is not current physical development plan for the area. There is no current local physical
development plan and no regional physical development plan for the area.

3.3.2 Land Uses Adjacent to the Site

The neighbourhood, where the proposed development is located is characterized by scattered
residential dwelling units and estates. These includes individual residential household homes,
green park estate, proposed Ukulima Gardens and Moke gardens. The neighbourhood also
has educational institutions and recreation facilities including Daystar University, Lukenya
schools, Monarch school, proposed Catholic Univeristy, Lukenya Getaway and Lukenya
holiday inn. Other land uses within the neighbourhood include commercial business outlets
and agriculture mainly cattle, sheep and goat rearing. The proposed development would
hence easily blend with the character of the area.

3.4 Socio-Economic Profile

Development of the proposed residential housing estate project will be influenced by two
important socio-economic aspects, i.e. population/demography and economic trends in the
neighbourhood, Mavoko area, Machakos County, and Nairobi City County.

3.4.1 Population Demography

The City County of Nairobi and Machakos County at large are among the key county areas in
Metropolitan region that have continued to experience high rates of demographic transition
over time. This is mainly due to the urban rural migration as well as natural population
increase. The increased population in these areas has lead to sprawl of increased housing
demand into Athi River/Mavoko area, which acts as a dormitory zone for these adjoining
counties.The dynamisms of population growth of Nairobi City County, Machakos County
and specifically Mavoko Sub county area where the proposed development falls has been
analysed below.

Table 3-1 Summary of population growth in Nairobi City Countybetween 1989 and 2009:
Demographic Attributes

Year Total No. Of Area

Population Households (Km2)

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 1989 1,324,570 382,863 693

1999 2,143,254 649,426 696

2009 3,138,369 985,016 695

Source: Population and Housing Census Surveys – 1989, 1999 and 2009

Table 3-2 Summary of population growth in Machakos County between 1989 and 2009:
Demographic Attributes

Year Total No. Of Area

Population Households (Km2)

1989 1,402,002 237,160 13,968

1999 906,644 186,297 6281

2009 442,930 117,873 1975

Source: Population and Housing Census Surveys – 1989, 1999 and 2009

Table 3-3 Summary of population growth in Mavoko Sub-County area between 1989 and 2009:
Demographic Attributes

Year Total No. Of Area

Population Households (Km2)

1989 21,789 6,651 729

1999 48,936 15,569 957

2009 227,711 73,015 1,608

Source: Population and Housing Census Surveys – 1989, 1999 and 2009

Tables 3-4 Presents a summary of total population growth in Nairobi City and Machakos Counties
between 1989 and 2009:
1989 1999 2009

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 Nairobi 1,324,570 2,143,254 3,138,369
Machakos 1,402,002 906,644 442,930
Total 2,726,572 3,049,898 3,581,299

Source: Population and Housing Census Surveys – 1989, 1999 and 2009

3.4.2 Housing Demand in Machakosand Nairobi City Counties

In the year 2009 census, with inter-census population growth rate of about 3.8%, the two
counties had a total population of 3,581,299 persons, with 1,102,889 households, which also
represents the housing demand. This is projected to 15,919,694persons, with
4,902,594households/housing demands in the year 2049 as outlined in table 3-5 below:

Table 3-5: Population and Total Housing Demand for Machakos and Nairobi for Next 40 Years
Based on 2009 Population Census
Years 2009 2019 2029 2039 2049

Total 3,581,299 5,200,129 7,550,708 1,096,3802 15,919,694

Population

Housing 1,102,889 1,601,420 2,325,299 3,376,389 4,902,594

Demand

Source: 2009 Census Survey used as base for projection

The table underscores that an increase of the county’spopulation will subsequently lead to an
increased number of households, hence an increased housing demand which must be met by
both public and private investments in Nairobi and Machakos Counties and their metropolitan
region areas. Therefore, the proposed residential housing development will significantly
contribute towards meeting this increasing housing demand for the rapidly growing
population within Nairobi and Machakos counties.

3.4.3 Employment Trends in the Area

Currently numerous educational facilities, recreational facilities, industrial establishment and
commercial outlet businesses are located in vicinity to this proposed development project.
Some of these people would prefer to live close to their places of work. This further justifies
the relevance of the proposed housing estate development project in Lukenya area.

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3.4.4 Trunk Infrastructure, Utilities and Community Social Services
a) Transport Network

Machakos County, where the proposed project falls is served by a well established network
of all weather access roads. The project site is only about 5KM from the main Mombasa road
which an international class A road. The project is also in proximity to the proposed Greater
Eastern Bypass connecting Nairobi and Machakos Counties. The main access road
connecting the project site to Mombasa road is all weather murramsurface and evenly graded.
Plate 3-1 indicates view of existing murram/gravel surface road to project site.The area is
also adequately served by the public service vehicles. An international class railway line also
travervesAthi River town which also within same vicinity of the proposed project site. A
railway station is also well established in Athi river town and Syokimau area which are all
well accessible at distances of about 10KM to 15 KM from the project site. The
JomoKenyatta International Airport is also well accessible at a distance of about 18 KM from
the project site.

Plate 3-1; Existing gravel surface site access road from Mombasa Road

b) Water Supply

The area has existence of natural water sources including underground water, seasonal rivers,
streams, wells and dams. Due to unreliability of the seasonal natural water sources, most
existing major development in the area have exploited underground water sources through
drilling of boreholes which have proofed as adequate and reliable source of water.

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c) Foul and Storm Water Drainage Systems

Movoko/ Athi river area has a major trunk sewer line running from Kitengela/Athiriver EPZ
to the sewerage treatment plants at Kenani. Most developers within the project area, who are
at long distances from existing sewer line, have adopted septic tanks system for foul waste
management.

Storm water drainage channels for all surface run off are well provided in existing roads
within the area. Storm water generated from existing housing developments in the area is
usually harnessed and consumed by the community. The terrain of the area is also very
suitable for harnessing and collection of both roof and surface water run off into man-made
dams and reservoirs for consumption in various uses by the community.

d) Solid Waste Disposal

The solid wastes generated by existing communities in the area is disposed to farm compost
pits with some developers especially within organized or gated estates seeking private
contractor waste disposal services. Mavoko town area waste disposal trucks also collect
damped solid wastes for final disposal especially in areas close to commercial centres.

e) Energy Supply

The area is well developed and has proper network of Kenya Power and Lighting Company
power supply lines. Some development in the area have also exploited solar energy as an
alternative or back up source of electricity. The community in the area mostly use charcoal,
LPG and firewood as sources of cooking energy.

f) Communication Facilities

The project area is well served with communication network and facilities. This has a strong
implication on the socio- economic development activities of the area. Mobile phone services
like Orange, Safaricom and Airtel are present in the area. Daystar post office also serves the
area for mailing purposes. Plate 3-1 shows existing post office services within Daystar
commercial centre which is about 2 km from proposed project site.

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g) Community Social Services and Facilities

The area is well equipped and in access to community services and facilities including
commercial centre services, police posts, government administration offices, health facilities,
educational facilities, religious centres and recreation facilities.

3.4.5 Socio-Economic Importance of Proposed Housing Development Project

Housing is a significant input in the process of economic production. People who are
well housed will be in the right mental and physical health to contribute their labour or
entrepreneurship as important factors of production. Well-housed population will
therefore increase the general productivity of the national economy. Housing is also a
very important social commodity/service.

A dwelling unit is the refuge for each family or social unit in the community. Good
housing or lack of it therefore has a lot of implications on the welfare of families.
Housing type and quality will reflect the social status of a family. But on an overall scale
shelter is considered a basic need of mankind and hence responsibility.

3.4.6 Economic Importance of Construction Industry

The construction industry plays a very important role in the economy. Indeed construction
index is one of the indicators of overall economic performance. Construction plays an
important role in the economy, in that it is a labour intensive activity that utilizes both skilled
and unskilled labour. It also makes use of locally available materials both from the formal
industry (cement, timber) and informal/Jua Kali industry (fabrications). For that matter it
creates a lot of forward and backward linkages. It also means that money spent in a
construction project circulates in the local and national economy.

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CHAPTER 4
4.0 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

4.1 Introduction
This section examines alternatives to construction of these residential developments in terms
of thesite, products, materials, technology and waste management. Also, impacts of each
alternative areidentified, discussed and compared with those of this development proposal.
With such information,reviewers have basis for decision making.

4.2 Nil Project Alternative

This option implies that the existing situation prevail i.e. no construction/development
activity to takeplace. This option is mostly applicable in situations where the proposed project
area is in ecologicallysensitive areas. The land in which the building is to be constructed is in
a stable environment andtherefore will not be affected by this development activity. From a
socio-economic perspective the“no action” alternative may not be the best alternative as the
numerous benefits to be gained from thedevelopment both locally and nationally would not
be realized and the resources in the area wouldcontinue to be underutilized since the land lies
idle. The ‘Nil Project Option’ is the least preferredfrom the socio-economic and partly
environmental perspective since if the project is not done: -
The economic benefits especially during constriction i.e. provision of jobs for skilled
and non-skilledworkers will not be realized
There will be no generation of income by the developer and the Government.
The social-economic status of Kenyans and local people would remain unchanged.
The local skills would remain under utilized
No employment opportunities will be created for Kenyans who will work in the
project area.
Discouragement for investors to produce this level of standard and affordable
developments.

From the analysis above, it becomes apparent that the ‘No Project Alternative’ is not the
appropriatealternative to the local people, Kenyans, and the Government of Kenya. This
alternative describes asituation where the proposed development fails to be implemented. In

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case this happens, positiveimpacts associated with the proposed development will not accrue
to the stakeholders including theresidents to be, the development consultants, contractors and
suppliers of materials. However, froman environmental conservation perspective, this
alternative will be beneficial in the sense that anypotential negative impacts associated with
the project will be avoided. The “No Action Alternative”should not be adopted, as we need to
encourage development so long as it is undertaken on asustainable basis as per the
environmental management plan developed in this study report. In addition,adopting the no
action alternative will mean that the existing shortfall in housing needs will continueto
prevail unabated. This is not viable since the proponent had already committed finances and
landto a development project that suits development objectives. Construction of these houses
will createemployment to most of the youths in the area. If the project is stopped then the
trickle-downof financial resources will not be felt in this area. In this respect, the “No project
alternative” is notdeemed appropriate.

4.3 Proposed Project alternative

The development area for the proposed Kisima Park Estate will see some changes to
itsenvironmental attributes (physical and biological). Ecologically there will be loss of habitat
andspecies diversity in the area. While not discounting the value of the ecology that persists
in the area,the loss to be incurred will be significant but not major as the species diversity in
the area is not veryhigh. Moreover the proponent plans to retain most of the ecological
sensitive areas. Drainagepatterns, groundwater, surface water and soil quality may also be
affected. From a Socio-Economicperspective the proposed development would contribute
significantly to a partial national, regionaland local income generation. In addition numerous
jobs would be created by the development eitherdirectly or indirectly as well as community
growth and development for the surroundingcommunities.

4.4 Alternatives to Site

Currently, there is no other alternative site available to the proponent for the proposed
development.Looking for the land to accommodate the scale and size of the project and
completing officialtransaction on it may take a long period. In addition, it is not a guarantee
that such land would beavailable. The project design and planning before the stage of
implementation would call for cost;already incurred in the proposed development i.e.
whatever has been done and paid to date would becounted as a loss to the proponent.
Assuming the project will be given a positive response after (sayrelocation) by the relevant
Authorities including NEMA, it (project) would have been delayed for along period before

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implementation. The other consequence of this is that it would discourage bothforeign and
local investors especially in the building sector. In consideration of the above concernsand
assessment of the current proposed site, relocation is not a viable option.

4.5 Construction Materials and Technology

There is a wide range of construction and furnishing materials which can be sourced locally
andinternationally. In this construction, certified raw materials/equipments and modern
technology willbe used. Also, electrical appliances that save energy will be given first
priority. The concrete wallswill be made using locally sourced stones, cement, sand (washed
and clean), metal bars and fittingsthat meet the Kenya Bureau of Standards requirements.

4.6 Solid Waste Management Alternatives

Throughout construction, the project will produce wastes such as soil, wood chips, metal
scraps andpaper wrappings among other. Wastes to be generated during operation phase are
mainly domestic innature. The Proponent is expected to observe EMCA (Waste Management
Regulations, 2006).Priority will be given to reduction of wastes, recycling, and reuse. This
will minimize environmentalpollution.

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CHAPTER 5
5.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

5.1 Introduction
Public participation is basically concerned with involving, informing and consulting the
public inplanning, management and other decision-making activities for the project. Public
participation ensures thatdue consideration is given to public values, concerns and
preferences when decisions are made. Itencompasses the public actively, sharing in the
decisions that government and other agencies make intheir search for solutions to issues of
public interest.Public consultation in this project was done with the following aims:
To inform the neighbours and other stakeholders about the proposed project and
its objectives.
To seek views, concerns and opinions of local community and other people
around the area concerning the project.
To establish if the local people foresee any positive or negative environmental
effects from theproposed project and if so, how they would wish the perceived
impacts to be addressed.

5.2 Methodology in Public Consultation

Public participation was mainly achieved through direct interviews, observations
andquestionnaire administration. Traditionally the tool used to collect information is
theadministration of open ended
questionnaires where the
respondent is free to comment
on the identified issues.
Stakeholder consultation
questionnaires administered are
appendices 1-4 and 1-5.
Focused group discussions were
held to identify any issues of
concern not captured in the
questionnaire. Plate 5-1 shows
view of a focus discussion Plate 5-1; View of focus group discussion meeting held at the
proposed project site
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meeting held at the project site.Respondents were selected among the
communitiessurrounding the proposed project site. Most of those consulted were happy to fill
thequestionnaire freely. The following is a detailed discussion of public consultation
methodologyused by the EIA team.

5.2.1 Direct Interviews

Direct interviews were used to get responses from the project proponent whose comments
weresought through engaging the project unit in discussions about the proposed project and
other related issues.

5.2.2 Questionnaire Administration

Questionnaire Administration within Machakos County Government Offices
The County Government of Machakos is a major stakeholder in all physical developments
undertaken within Machakos County area of jurisdiction. Survey was therefore undertaken
within various government offices of Machakos County to collect viability, socioeconomic
and environmental views regarding the proposed project. 100% of the officers interviewed
were in support of the project. Some of the reasons cited for support of project were positive
socio economic growth of the area and provision of infrastructure and utility services in the
area. Some officers also advised that the proponent needs to embrace use of green energy and
sustainable environmentally friendly waste management mechanisms at both implementation
and operation phases. Sample of questionnaires administered within various Machakos
County government offices are appendixed 1-4.

Questionnaire Administration within Project Neighborhood

Questionnaires were uniformly distributed around the proposed project site. The local people
and neighbours wereinformed of the proposed project and requested for their views
concerning the project. The sample area covered up to a radius of about 2KM within the
project area. The questionnaires wereused to capture views in terms of the positive and
negative impacts that the locals anticipate from theproject and the mitigation measures. They
were also requested to provide information about thearea, focusing on aspects such as
sensitive ecosystems, provision of various infrastructure facilities and socioeconomic
environmental impacts of the project in thearea amongst other issues. Sample of
questionnaires administered within project area neighborhood are appendixed 1-5.

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5.3 Socio-economic concerns
The local communities were keen to talk to the EIA field team on the proposed project and
they were appreciative of the fact that the field team involved them in responding to the
questionnaire in a consultative manner. The people encountered participated activelyin
raising their concerns and they expressed their hope that lawful procedures will be taken
intoconsideration during the project implementation. In addition, below are the various social
economic aspects that the community members raised:

Water:Generally, there is a problem of accessing clean and reliable water in the proposed
project area. There is no piped water within the project site and communities’ access water
from boreholes, seasonal water pans and streams. All the people interviewed expressed
confident and optimistic that the proposed project will lead to reliable availability of clean
water accessible to the local community.

Power and Energy Supply: There are distant scattered localities around the project site that
are connected with national electricity grid. However, there are numerous residents utilizing
generators and solar energy to light their premises. Other sources of energy especially for
cooking with the project area are Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), firewood, charcoal and
paraffin. All the people interviewed were in agreement that the proposed project will
accelerate access to the national electricity grid and power connectivity by Kenya Power
Electricity Company to the neighborhood.

Security: There is an established police post at the nearby Day Star University commercial
center that serve the general proposed project general area. According the respondents, the
project area is generally secure. However, the respondents expressed concerns that upon
completion of the proposed project there shall be need to enhance security because of the
anticipated increase in human population into the area. The respondents proposed that in
addition to the existing police post, there will be need to contract private security firms, and
installation of security lights.

Population: The respondent noted that the proposed project will lead to an increase in human
population in the project areas. However, they were positive that there is adequate land to
accommodate the anticipated population increase.

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Employment:Already there are four people employed in the project site. In addition, all
respondent were in agreement that the proposed project will provide the much needed
employment in the general project area, during the construction and operation phases of the
project.

5.4 Environmental Concerns

Waste Management: Waste disposal was highlighted by the local communities as one
component from the project activities that will pollute the environment if not properly
handled. Respondents proposed waste management methods such private contractor, dust bin
installing within estate, waste recycling, county government disposal services, use of septic
tanks, connection to main sewer line, and construction of own sewerage treatment plant.

Air Quality: Fifteen out of twenty respondents were of the opinion that the proposed project
will not affect level of air quality in the area. The rest of respondents were of the opinion that
the project will affect air quality of the project area in terms of dust generation during
construction phase. A number of respondents proposed planting of trees to minimize
deterioration of air quality.

Traffic: Seventeen out of twenty respondents were of the opinion that the proposed project
will lead to an increase in both vehicular and pedestrian traffic generation with the area.
These respondents proposed that the project proponent should ensure provision of good road
network, with proper widths and all weather surface to manage the increase in traffic. The
rest of respondents were of the opinion that the proposed project will have nil impact in
relation to traffic generation within the area. Some respondents also noted that the anticipated
increase in traffic will necessate improvement of roads in the area leading to convenient
access to various community facilities and services during all weather seasons.

5.5 Support for the Proposed Project

A hundred percent of the total respondents interviewed were in support of the project. Most
of these respondents argued that the proposed development was good and recommendable for
general development and opening up of the project area and its neighborhood.

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CHAPTER 6
6.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
There are a number of policy and legal provisions that have implications on the optimum
operationof the proposed development. They include the following:

6.1 Relevant National Policies

6.1.1 The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP)

The NEAP was a deliberate policy effort to integrate environmental considerations into the
country’seconomic and social development. The integration process was to be achieved
through a multi-sectoralapproach to develop a comprehensive framework to ensure that
environmental managementand conservation of natural resources are an integral part of
societal decision making.

Relevance to the proposed project:The NEAP has indicated how resources within particular
sections of the country should be managedin order to ensure their sustainable utilization. The
project should be implemented and operated basedon these guidelines.

6.1.2 Environment and Development Policy (Sessional Paper No.6 of 1999)

The aim of this policy is to harmonize environmental and development goals so as to
ensuresustainability. The sessional paper provides comprehensive guidelines and strategies
for government actions regarding environment and development.
Relevance to the proposed project:The interaction of the proposed project with physical
elements may lead to some negative impacts.Mitigation measures are therefore necessary to
ensure balanced co-existence of the project and thesurrounding environment and facilities.

6.1.3. Vision 2030

Kenya Vision 2030 aims to provide the country’s population with adequate and
decenthousing in a sustainable environment. Improvement in the quality of life of all
Kenyans which is thesupreme goal of Vision 2030cannotcome about if large sections of the
rural and urban population are inadequately housed. Therefore, the housing sector has a
critical role to play in the achievement of the goals envisaged by Vision 2030. Housing
construction is a labour-intensive activity that will create jobs for youth and the unemployed
and the construction also has strong linkages with other sectors of the economy. Demand for

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new housing units in urban areas currently stand at 150,000 units annually and only 23 per
cent of this demand is being met, the national gap is big and requires an urgent solution.

Relevance to the proposed project:One of the flagship projects under Vision 2030 is to
produce 200,000 housing units annually by 2012 through a mixture of initiatives inorder to
fill the huge housing gap in the country. The proposed project will contribute towards this
flagship projects.

6.2 Legal Framework

6.2.1. Kenya Constitution, 2010

Article 43 (b) on Economic and Social Rights for Kenyans emphasize that every person has a
right to accessible and adequate housing, and to reasonable standards of sanitation.
Relevance to the proposed project: The proposed project will contribute towards this
Constitutional right and shall offer an opportunity for over 2,000 Kenyans to access housing
and standard sanitation.

6.2.2 Environment Management and Coordination Act, 1999

Section 58(1) of the Act states that notwithstanding any approval, permit or license granted
under thisAct or any other law in force in Kenya, any person, being a proponent of a project,
shall, beforefinancing, commencing, proceeding with, carrying out, executing or conducting
or causing to befinanced, commenced, proceeded with, carried out, executed or conducted by
another person anyundertaking specified in the Second Schedule to this Act, submit a project
study report to the Authority, inthe prescribed form, giving the prescribed information and
which shall be accompanied by theprescribed fee.
Relevance to the proposed project:Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999
provide a legal and institutional frameworkfor the management of the environmental related
matters. This study report has been written pursuant to section 58(1) of this Act.

6.2.3 Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations 2003.

These regulations stipulate how an EIA project study report should be prepared and specifies
all therequirements that must be complied with. It highlights the stages to be followed,
information to bemade available, role of every stakeholder and rules to be observed during
the whole EIA projectstudy report.

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Relevance to the proposed project:The proposed project will be planned, designed,
constructed and operated based on these regulations.It shall also be maintained and guided by
the same regulations and an environmental audit study shall be done periodically to monitor
compliance with the set environmental standards.

6.2.4 Water Quality Regulations (2006)

The Water Quality Regulations (2006) are contained in the Kenya Gazette Supplement No.
68, LegalNotice No. 120. Water Quality Regulations apply to water used for domestic,
industrial, agricultural,and recreational purposes; water used for fisheries and wildlife
purposes, and water used for anyother purposes. Different standards apply to different modes
of usage. These regulations provide forthe protection of lakes, rivers, streams, springs, wells
and other water sources. It is an offence tocontravene the provisions of these regulations.
In addition, of immediate relevance to the proposed project for the purpose of this Project
Study Report isPart II Sections 4-5 as well as Part V Section24.Part II Section IV states that
“Every person shall refrain from any act which directly or indirectlycauses, or may cause
immediate or subsequent water pollution”.Part IV Section 24 states that “No person shall
discharge or apply any poison, toxic, noxious orobstructing matter, radioactive wastes, or
other pollutants or permit any person to dump any suchmatter into water meant for fisheries,
wildlife, recreational purposes or any other uses”.According to these regulations, “Every
person shall refrain from any action which directly orindirectly causes, or may cause
immediate or subsequent water pollution, and it shall be immaterialwhether or not the water
resource was polluted before the enactment of the Act”.

Relevance to the proposed project: The only reliable sources of water within the project site
are boreholes. Therefore, the contractor shall take care and precaution not to cause any
pollution on surface dams and pans, and if a pollution incidence occurs the contractor should
notify the authorityimmediately.

6.2.5 EMCA (Waste Management) Regulation, 2006

The Waste Management Regulations (2006) are contained in the Kenya Gazette No. 69,
Legal NoticeNo. 121. The Waste Management Regulations are meant to streamline the
handling, transportationand disposal of various types of waste. The aim of the Waste
Management Regulations is to protecthuman health and the environment. The regulations
place emphasis on waste minimization, cleanerproduction and segregation of waste at source.

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The regulation requires licensing of transporters ofwastes and operators of disposal site
(sections 7 and 10 respectively). Of immediate relevance toproposed development for the
purposes of this project study report is Part II Sections 4(1-2), 5 and 6.Section 4 (1) states that
“No person shall dispose of any waste on a public highway, street, road,recreational area or
any other public place except in a designated waste receptacle”.Section 4(2) and 6 explain
that the waste generator must collect, segregate (hazardous waste fromnon-hazardous) and
dispose waste in such a facility that shall be provided by the relevant localauthority.Section 5
provides method of cleaner production (so as to minimize waste generation) which
includesthe improvement of production processes through conserving raw materials and
energy.In section 14 (1) every trade or industrial undertaking is obliged to install anti-
pollution equipmentfor the treatment of waste emanating from such trade or industrial
undertaking.

Relevance to the proposed project:The Developer shall ensure that the garbage collector
contracted has a valid license from the NationalEnvironment Management Authority
(NEMA).So as to comply with this, the contractor shall take precaution not to dumb wastes in
areas notregistered and designated as so. Further, the project proponent shall be required to
ensure, throughpublic education and other law enforcement mechanism to ensure that all road
users don’t dumbwastes along the road.

6.2.6 EMCA (Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution Control) Regulations, 2009
These Regulations determine that no person or activity shall make or cause to be made any
loud,unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual noise that annoys, disturbs, injures or endangers
the comfort,repose, health or safety of others and the environment. In determining whether
noise is loud,unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual, the following factors may be considered:
Time of the day
Proximity to residential area
Whether the noise is recurrent, intermittent or constant
The level and intensity of the noise
Whether the noise has been enhanced in level or range by any type ofelectronic or
mechanical means
Whether the noise is subject to be controlled without unreasonable effort or
expense to theperson making the noise.

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These regulations also relate noise to its vibration effects and seek to ensure no harmful
vibrationsare caused by controlling the level of noise.Part II Section 4 state that: except as
otherwise provided in these Regulations, no person shall:
a) Make or cause to be made excessive vibrations annoys, disturbs, injures or endangers
thecomfort, response, health or safety of others and the environment; or
b) Cause to be made excessive vibrations which exceed 0.5 centimeters per second
beyond anysource property boundary or 30 meters from any moving source.
Part III Section 2(1) states that any person wishing to (a) operate or repair any machinery,
motorvehicle, construction equipment, pump, fun, air conditioning apparatus or similar
mechanical device;or (b) engage in any commercial or industrial activity, which is likely to
emit noise or excessivevibrations shall carry out the activity or activities within the relevant
levels provided in the FirstSchedule to these Regulations. Any person who contravenes this
Regulation commits an offence.

Section 13 (1) states that except for the purposes in sub-Regulation (2) hereunder, no person
shalloperate construction equipment (including but not limited to any pile driver, steam
shovel, pneumatichammer, derrick or steam or electric hoist) or perform any outside
construction or repair work so asto emit noise in excess of the permissible levels as set out in
the Second Schedule to theseRegulations. These purposes include emergencies, those of
domestic nature and/or public utilityconstruction.

Section 14 relates to noise, excessive vibrations from construction, demolition, mining or

quarryingsite, and state that: where defined work of construction, demolition, mining or
quarrying is to becarried out in an area, the Authority may impose on how the work is to be
carried out including butnot limited to requirements regarding a) machinery that may be used,
and b) the permitted levels ofnoise as stipulated in the Second and Third Schedules to these
Regulations.

Relevance to the proposed project: The contractor shall be required to implement these
measures, ensure that all machineries are in goodworking condition to reduce noise. The
contractor should also make sure that all constructionactivities are carried out between
8:00am - 5:00pm so as not to disturb the neighbours.

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6.2.7 Draft Environmental Management and Coordination (Air Quality) Regulations,
2008
The objective of these Regulations is to provide for prevention, control and abatement of
airpollution to ensure clean and healthy ambient air. The general prohibitions state that no
person shallcause the emission of air pollutants listed under First Schedule (Priority air
pollutants) to exceed theambient air quality levels as required stipulated under the provisions
of the Seventh Schedule(Emission limits for controlled and non-controlled facilities) and
Second Schedule (Ambient airquality tolerance limits).

Relevance to the proposed project: The proponent shall implement the mitigation measures
provided in the EMMP to prevent airpollution.

6.2.8 Occupational Health and Safety Act of 2007, CAP 514.

The Act makes provision for the health, safety and welfare of persons employed in factories
andother places of work. The provision requires that all practicable measures be taken to
protect personsemployed in the factory and other places of work from any injury. The
provisions of the act are alsorelevant to the management of hazardous and non hazardous
wastes, which may arise at the projectsite. The act provides that all measures should be taken
to ensure safety, health and welfare of all thestakeholders in the work place.

Relevance to the proposed project: Workers safety will be given priority during both
construction and operation phases of the project.

6.2.9 The Physical Planning Act of 1996, CAP 286

Part V clause 36 of the act requires that, “If in connection with a development application a
localauthority is of the opinion that proposals for industrial location, dumping sites, sewerage
treatment,quarries or any other development, will have injurious impact on the environment
the applicantshould be required to submit together with the application an environmental
impact assessmentstudy report”

Relevance to the proposed project: This Act provides for order in terms of development
execution. This development should thereforecomply with all the provisions of this law
including vertical zoning requirements.

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6.2.10The Penal Code CAP 63
Chapter XVII on “Nuisances and offences against health and convenience” contained in the
penalcode strictly prohibits the release of foul air into the environment which affects the
health of thepersons. It states “Any person who voluntarily vitiates the atmosphere in any
place so as to make itnoxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or carrying on
business in the neighborhood orpassing along a public way is guilty of a misdemeanor”.

Relevance to the proposed project: Waste disposal and other project related activities shall
be carried out in such a manner as to conformto the provisions of the code.

6.2.11TheCounty Governments Act, No. 17 of 2012

This is an Act of Parliament to give effect to Chapter Eleven of the Constitution, which is to
provide for county governments' powers, functions and responsibilities to deliver services
and for connected purposes. Section 48 provides for decentralization of county government
administration units into city or urban areas, sub counties, wards and villages. Section 134
repeals the Local Government Act, CAP 265 that provided for local authorities as institutions
of development control. The proposed project area was formerly under control of Municipal
Council of Mavoko but is currently under the Town area of Mavoko under the devolved
system of government. The proposed project area is within Mavoko sub county area of
Machakos County. Section 103 establishes aspects of county land use and development
planning with main objective of facilitating the development of a well-balanced system of
settlements and ensure productive use of scarce land, water and other resources for economic,
social, ecological and other functions across a county.

6.2.12The Town Area of Mavoko By-Laws

Project will operate within MavokoTownship and is thus under jurisdiction of Town Area of
Mavoko. The council operates by laws to govern all aspects of town management and is also
at libertyto use the various pieces of legislation to enforce conservation and pollution control
measures at the Sub-County. The by-laws relevant to conservation, the general nuisance by
laws is quite pertinent and they include:

Deposit of Rubbish: Any person who shall without authority deposit or cause or permit to be
deposited anysoil, vegetation, refuse or debris or any land in the council shall be guilty of an
offence.

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Noise: Any person who in connection with any building operations, demolition or road
construction work,causes or allows to be building caused noise which is so loud, continuous
or repeated as tooperations constitute a nuisance to the occupants of any premises in
neighborhood, shall be guilty ofan offence.

Approval of Building Plans: After the site has been successfully identified, plans must be
drawn and submitted for approval by thelocal authority. Amongst other requirements, the
plan must have:
Proper drainage system
An approved incinerator or legal waste disposal facility
Proper sanitary facilities
Adequate natural and artificial light and ventilation

Occupational Certificate: After the plans are approved and construction work completed the
premises must be inspected by the Sub-County Authority for the purpose of confirming
whether the site complied with the approved plansthen an occupation certificate issued as
provided by the public Health Act and Building Code.

Relevance to the proposed project:Mavoko Sub-County is responsible for provision of

services within the project area and theirrules should be strictly followed.

6.2.13 The Building Code 2000

The building code under Septic and conservancy tanks, section 202 allows for installation of
septictanks where a sewer system has not been provided that the proponent abides with the
provisions. The area where the project is to be located abit far from the existing sewer line
thoughthe proponent will ensure that wastewater and sewage is well disposed either through
connection to this trunk sewer line or development of own treatment plant.

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CHAPTER 7
7.0 IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

7.1 Basis of Identification of Impacts

In order to accurately identify the environmental impacts the following environmental
issueswere considered pertinent and important as per the Terms of Reference.

7.1.1 Physical Environment (Biophysical Impacts)

a) Water quality aspects for both surface water sources like piped water, storm water,
and otherrelated aspects.
b) Soil conditions, soil contamination and landscape alterations/degradation (based on
aestheticaspects) associated with the proposed project.
c) Drainage patterns especially in relation to wastewater effluents
d) Air quality aspects especially atmospheric emissions and related discharges from
machinerylike diesel run equipment etc.
e) Noise and vibrations where applicable

7.1.2 Natural Environment

a) Flora and fauna from the adjacent ecosystem (i.e. effects to natural plants and animals
whereapplicable).
b) Adjacent river pollution indicators, impacts on water flow patterns and quality
aspects, userinterference and contamination.
c) Topography: effects on soil and landscape.

7.1.3 Social welfare, Economic and Cultural Environment

a) Determination of implications to the human society distribution, demographic
details,settlement patterns, changes to the cultural lifestyle and indigenous knowledge
of the localsociety/public where applicable.
b) Notable changes in land use systems and the general land utilization types where
applicable.
c) Aesthetic, landscape alterations and changes to infrastructural facilities, among others.
d) Effects associated with the construction and operation activities and related handling
and disposal of wastes generated during the operations.

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 e) Effects associated with income generation opportunities created by the project due to
the upcoming operations.
f) Implications on the employees, visitors and public health, safety and related
hazards/risks suchas HIV/AIDS, consumption of contaminated intravenous infusions
products due to diseaseoutbreaks, sanitary facilities, etc.
g) Introduction of nuisances, such as pests, invasive species and related multiplication
breeding sites

7.2 Description of the Existing and Anticipated Impacts

7.2.1 Existing impacts

There were no major environmental impacts at the time of the study. The only notable aspect
was degradation of vegetation especially shrub trees through acts of firewood fetching by the
local community within the project area.

7.2.2 Anticipated impacts

The anticipated impacts of the proposed project on the environmental elements are both
positive and negative. The magnitude of each impact is described in terms of being
significant, minor or permanent, short-term or long term, specific (localized) or widespread,
reversible or irreversible. The table below shows the assessment criteria for the significant
impacts are.

Table 7-1; Assessment Criteria for Significant Impacts

Key Type of impact Key Type of impact
++ Major positive impact. + Minor negative impact
-- Major negative impact - Minor negative impact
0 Negligible/Zero impact NC No change
Sp Specific/Localized impact W Widespread impacts
R Reversible impacts Ir Irreversible impacts
Sh Short term impacts L Long term impacts
T Temporary impacts P Permanent impacts

On the basis of information gathered during the desktop and field study, the potential
environmental impacts of the proposed project are tabulated below:

Table 7-2; Potential Environmental and Socio Impacts

Impacts on Construction Occupation Remarks
Or due to
Noise - 0 During construction, hooting of construction
Pollution vehicles and communication by workers may
generate relative noise and vibration that may have
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 some negative effect to the neighborhood. This
will however be very minimal as light tools and
equipment will be used for construction activities.
There shall be no noise pollution during operation
stage as residential related activities do not cause
significant noise.
Oil waste - - Petroleum oils and grease used in vehicles and
pollution construction machinery may spill or leak on/into
the ground hence into the soil or water system
within the neighborhood.
During occupation, oil waste mainly from the
kitchens may find their way into the sewerage
network. Sound and up to date pollution control
measures will be put in place to mitigate this
impact.
Air/Dust - 0 During construction, dust and exhaust emission
Pollution from the construction activities, may pollute the
ambient air. This will be minimal as the site will
be dampened to reduce dust generation.
Operation phase of the project is not associated
with dust/air pollution.
Soil erosion - 0 Earthworks during project construction usually
influence soil erosion. By Incorporating
appropriate soil conservation measures and proper
drainage facilities both during construction and
operation phase of the project, soil erosion
problem will completely be minimized.
Pressure on - 0 During construction, the proponent will source
water reasonable amounts of water for the construction
Resources activities from water vendors in the neighborhood.
Waste water from Construction activities will be
recycled and used to wet the site.
A borehole will be drilled to serve the residents
after the proponent has acquired a water
abstraction permit from WRMA during the
operation phase.
Vegetation - 0 There will be minimal clearance of vegetation
and flora during excavation and demolition activities. The
proponent will landscape with vegetation within
the compound once construction activities are
completed.
Water - 0 The removal of vegetation will increase the runoff
Quality and therefore sedimentation will increase in these
areas as well.
Public Health - 0 During the construction process, health threats will
only be limited to the workers on site.
HIV/AIDS - - Immigration is expected during the construction
phase as the youth will be looking for casual jobs
and also during operational phase as residents

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 move in to occupy the houses. This may lead to
increased incidences of sexually transmitted
diseases which may exacerbate HIV/AIDS.

7.3 Positive Impacts

There are a number of positive benefits associated with the proposed development. The
following aresome of the positive benefits anticipated:

Table 7-3; Positive Impacts of the Proposed Development and Justification

No Positive Impacts Justification
1 Provision of high classand The proposed project will provide affordable housing to
affordable housingto the the residentswith emphasis on their safety and well being
residents.
2 Generation of direct and Besides the direct employment by the proposed
indirect employment and development, otherforms of employment are likely to
income result from the spillover effects,through indirect services
during the construction and operation phases.

The employment opportunities will generate income and

improve theliving standards of the local population and its
environs.
3 Contribution Through payment of relevant taxes, rates and fees to the
toGovernment Revenue national and county governments, the project will
contribute towards the nationaland local revenue earnings.

The proponent is also expected to pay a fee to NEMA for

the EIAlicense of 0.05% of the total cost of the Project.
4 Economic investment. The proponent will receive returns on his
investmentshence increasesin wealth.
5 Improved Security. Security will be ensured around the proposed development
throughdistribution of suitable security lights andpresence
of 24 hour securityguards. This will lead to improvement
in the general security in thesurrounding area.
6 Social amenities such as The proposed project willboost social amenities in the
schools, hospital, a general area and this will stimulate more development for
shopping center and the Machakos County
feeder roads.
7 Creation of market for The proposed project will create demand for local farm
local goods and services. produce and this will greatly benefit small scale farmers
within the project area.

7.4 Specific Negative Impacts During Construction and Operational Phases and
MitigationMeasures
The issues that are seen as likely to negatively affect the environment and population therein
includethe following:

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7.4.1 Air quality
Construction Phase
Dust is likely to be generated due to excavation activities, during building construction and
deliveriesof sand. There may be minimal air pollution due to combustion of fossil fuels
expected from construction machinery. The proponent will ensure that plant and equipment
which will be acquired for on site preparation of pre-cast materials and concrete mixing will
utilize the latest technology to have minimum emission.

Operational Phase
During operational phase, air quality is not likely to be affected.

Potential mitigation measures

Provision of full protective gear for workers. Workers shall also be sensitized on
hazardsencountered in such work environment and shall undergo regular health
check-ups.
Watering access roads and the site to suppress dust
Covering truck loads using tarpaulins
Personnel will be also provided with dust masks to avoid inhalation of the same.
Buildings under construction will covered with adequate screens to contain dust.
Stock piles willalso be covered with tarpaulins

7.4.2 Soil Erosion

Construction Phase
The activities involved in the site preparation and construction phase of the development may
have amajor negative and moderate impact on soil and geology of the project site. This is due
to theremoval of vegetation from the area which will leave considerable areas of soil exposed
to theelements, which may result in soil erosion. Heavy machinery will be traversing the site
due to theconstruction activities this may lead to soil compaction and erosion of the soil.
Uncontrolled soilerosion can have adverse effects on the local water bodies.

Operational phase
The building roofs and pavements will lead to increased volume and velocity of storm water
or runoffflowing across the area covered by the buildings. This will lead to increased
amounts of stormwater entering the drainage systems, resulting in overflow and damage to
such systems in addition toincreased erosion or water logging in the neighboring areas.

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Potential mitigation measures
Excavation should be done under controlled conditions which will include minimizing
vegetationremoval, avoiding creating large open expanses of bare soil, creating wind
breaks, installation of silttraps near the rivers, using of single or few designated tracks
to bring vehicles into the area andwatering using water.
Landscaping should be done on the land during the operation phase and de-
commissioning phase toensure that the same is returned to its original state. The
contractor should also provide adequate soilconservation structures to ensure that
areas prone to soil erosion are protected from runoff.

7.4.3 Solid Waste

Construction Phase
A significant amount of solid waste will be generated in this phase through the clearing
ofvegetation. The other activities that will generate related solid wastes include stones,
wood,broken glasses, containers, rods of metal, sharp objects (nails) etc. This will therefore
have amajor negative short-term impact on solid waste collection in the area. The proponent
shouldtake the initiative of removal of the solid waste which is expected to be generated
during thisphase of the development.

Operational phase
The project is expected to generate enormous amounts of solid waste during its operation
phase.Solid waste will be generated from the residential houses and the associated facilities.
Theaccumulation of solid waste can cause the proliferation of domestic pests such as rats
(Rattusnorvegicusand Rattusrattus. These vermin are very destructive and can rapidly
multiply especiallywhere garbage collection is infrequent and therefore food is abundant.
This phase may alsoencourage stray animals such as dogs which can be nuisance species
because they may bring withthem ecto-parasites such as fleas (Ctenocephalidescanis) and
ticks (Ixodes sp.) which can createhealth problems for domestic pets. The bulk of the solid
waste generated during the operation of theproject will consist of paper, plastic, glass, metal,
textile and organic wastes. Such wastes can beinjurious to the environment through blockage
of drainage systems, choking of water bodies andnegative impacts on animal health. Some of
these waste materials especially the plastic/polythene isnot biodegradable may cause long
term injurious effects to the environment. Even the biodegradableones such as organic wastes

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may be injurious to the environment because as they decompose, theyproduce methane gas, a
powerful greenhouse gas known to contribute to global warming.

Potential mitigation measures for solid waste

Express condition shall be put in the contract that before the contractor is issued
with acompletion certificate; he will clear the site of all debris and restore it to a
state acceptable to thesupervising architect and environmental consultant.
Materials from excavation of the ground and foundation works shall be reused for
earthworksand landscaping.
Bins/ receptacles shall be placed at strategic locations within the site as collection
centers tofacilitate separation and sorting of the various types of wastes.
The contractor and proponent shall work hand in hand with private refuse handlers
and Mavoko Sub-County to facilitate sound waste management.
The wastes shall be properly segregated and separated to encourage recycling of
some usefulwaste materials i.e. some demolished stone and concrete materials can
be used as backfills.
Use of an integrated solid waste management system through a hierarchy options
i.e. sourcereduction, recycling, composting and reuse shall be encouraged. This
will facilitate properhandling of solid waste during operation stage.

7.4.4 Noise pollution

Construction phase
This phase of the development may likely have the most negative impact to the ambient noise
andvibration in the development area. A number of measures may be undertaken by the
developer toreduce the impact of noise on the existing and potential residents as well as the
workers involved inthe project. This is temporary, however, and the aim at this point is to
make the increase in noise assmall as possible until this phase is complete. The cumulative
impact of the construction activitiesoccurring simultaneously with the other proposed
developments for the area may increase the noiseand vibration levels in the area significantly.

Operation Phase
This phase is not likely to cause noise pollution as residential activities do not cause any
significantnoise.

Proposed mitigation measures

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 Equipment to be used should be selected on the basis of the noise minimization
during acquisition.
Equipment should also be properly maintained while in use during the
construction phase.
The equipment to be used should be located far away from the receivers and also
so as to preventinterference, the proponent should ensure that construction is done
between 8:00am - 5:00pm.
The proponent should also establish the noise levels during construction and
install appropriatenoise barriers and acoustic screens.
Buffer zones of undeveloped land should be maintained between the project area
and the neighbors.

7.4.5 Increased Water Demand

Construction Phase
This phase of the development might place a strain on an already limited supply through
theconstruction of buildings and other infrastructural works proposed for the development.
This willcreate additional demand to the water supply within the project vicinity as most
people source waterfrom Mavoko Water and Sanitation Company. The impact on water
availability will therefore becompatible and short-term.

Operational phase
The operation phase of the proposed Kisima Park might place a strain on the wateravailability
in the area. Even with the use of recycled water for irrigation, the current supply willhave a
cumulative major negative impact on already limited supply. This phase of thedevelopment
will therefore have a major negative long-term impact on the water availability inthe area.
Potential mitigation measures
Provision of notices and information signs within the project site to notify on
means and needs toconserve water resource.
Installation of water conserving taps will be done.
Encourage water recycling during both construction and occupation phases of the
project.
During operational phase, water abstraction will be according to the amount stated
in theabstraction permit.
Practice rain water harvesting to supplement the borehole water.

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7.4.6 Surface Drainage
Construction phase
Clearance of land and excavation works will lead to increased soil erosion at the project site
andrelease of sediments into the drainage systems.

Operational phase
The building roofs and pavements will lead to increased volume and velocity of storm water
or runoff lowing across the area covered by the buildings. This will lead to increased amounts
of stormwater entering the drainage systems, resulting in overflow and damage to such
systems.

Potential mitigation measures

Terracing and leveling the project site to reduce run-off velocity and increase
infiltration ofrainwater into the soil.
Drainage channels shall be installed in all areas that generate or receive surface water.
Thechannels will be covered with gratings or other suitably approved materials to
prevent occurrenceof accidents and dirt entry that may compromise flow of run-off.
The channels shall be designed with regard to peak volumes.
Paving of the sidewalks, parking and other open areas shall be done using pervious
materials i.e.concrete blocks to encourage water percolation thus reducing run-off
volume.

7.4.7 Oil Leaks and Spills

It is important to note that oil/grease spills are prevalent in construction sites and in most
areas thatmake use of petroleum products. Such products contain detrimental elements to the
environment.They contain such heavy metals as mercury, lead, and sulphur among others.
Though this may not becommon at the site, it is wise to control and observe the little that
could occur especially duringmaintenance of the involved machinery.

Potential Mitigation Measures

All machinery must be keenly observed not to leak oils on the ground. This can be
affected through regular maintenance of the machinery.
Maintenance must be carried out in a designated area (protected service bays) and
where oilsare completely restrained from reaching the ground. Such areas should
be covered to avoidstorm from carrying away oils into the soil or water systems.
Waste water/ wash water fromthese areas should be properly disposed.

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 All oil products and materials should be stored in site stores or in the contractor’s
yard. Theyshould be handled appropriately to avoid spills and leaks.
Car wash areas and other places handling oil activities within the site must be well
managedand the drains from these areas controlled. Oil interceptors must be
installed along thedrainage channels leading from such areas.

7.5 Socio-Cultural and Socio-Economic Impacts

7.5.1 Increase in Population

There is currently no evidence of overcrowding in around the development area and
thereforethere will be minimal variations on its demography. The population growth rates in
the area arenot expected to be consistent in the future however, as there has been a significant
increase in thenumber of approved and proposed development for the Lukenya/Mavoko
areas. These proposeddevelopments will serve to attract migrants to the area who will be
seeking employment duringconstruction phase. This will result to an increase in population.
In the operational phase, the area will experience immigrants who will become the new
residentsof the constructed houses and this will impact on the population of the area.

Proposed mitigation measures

Planned settlement, ensuring that adequate social and other infrastructure meet the
needs of migrants.

7.5.2 Employment and Income

The residents polled in the area are excited about the increase in job availability that
thedevelopment of the proposed KisimaPark will bring. Any available jobs will be provide
animmediate positive impact on the employment and income situation at the level of the
study areaas well as at the county/district and national levels. This phase of the development
will providethe most benefits in terms of sustained employment and increase in income.
Initially, the sitepreparation phase will employ specific vehicles and equipment in order to
clear vegetation, forlandscaping and grading and leveling and the cutting of access roads for
these vehicles andlaborers to access the site. This means that many skilled workers will be
necessary to operatefront-end loaders, excavators, bulldozers and backhoes and other
vehicles. In addition to thisunskilled labourers will still be necessary for other tasks. This
phase of the development willtherefore have a short-term major positive impact on the

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employment and income at the locallevel.During operation phase, employment opportunities
will be created e.g. at the laundry and maintenance personnel.

Proposed mitigation measures

The proponent should encourage recruitment of labour from the locals for
unskilled andsemi-skilled labour. For skilled labour this will depend on how much
is available locally and theshortfall shall be supplemented by artisans from
outside.
The proponent will give equal opportunities to women where possible.

7.5.3 Increased Energy Demand

The construction and operation phases of the development will impact slightly on the
electricity supplying the area as well as demand will increase.

Proposed mitigation measures

All electrical appliances should be switched off when not in use during
construction andoperation phases.
Use of energy conserving electric lamps for general lighting during operational
phase.
Residents should utilize natural light when inside their houses to avoid using
electricity forlighting during the day.
The contractor should ensure that all buildings have access to natural light during
the day.

7.5.4 Workplace Accidents

Workers at the site may be exposed to various workplace accidents especially during
constructionperiod. These include being hit by falling objects and falling off from elevated
heights among others.During operation period, accidents may include exposure to exposed
electrical parts.

Potential mitigation measures

Occurrences of accidents may be prevented by observing the following:
Ensuring that the operational manuals are available and accessible for every
equipment/machinery used at the site.

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 Proper maintenance of all machinery and equipment to prevent premature failure
or possibleaccidents
Ensuring all electrical equipment and machinery are properly grounded
Only properly trained employees to operate equipment or machinery and proper
instructions intheir safe operation is provided.
Workers to wear personal protective equipment (PPE)
Naked wires should always be sealed

7.5.5 Site Security

Security of the site and those working within is of utmost significance and those operating
within thefacility must be assured of their security at all times. Security lapses that may lead
to injury ofoccupants of the building and loss of personal property should be taken care of.

Potential mitigation measures

The management shall strategically install lighting as well as security alarms and
backup systemsincluding surveillance of the area on a 24 hours basis.
Security guards shall guard the property in a 24-hour basis and document any
suspiciousmovement within the facility and its environs.
The proposed project site will be completely under a fence.

7.5.6 Fire Hazards

The operations that lead to fire outbreaks include poor handling of electricity systems,
faultyelectrical equipment, carelessness etc. These should be avoided both during
construction andoperation phases of the project.

Potential mitigation measures

In this regard, the design of the project has provided and recommended implementation of
firefighting measures and control facilities. These include the following:
Installation of an automatic fire alarm system for the building
Provision of firefighting equipment and hydrant points
Display fire excavation procedures and emergency at the buildings
Regular maintenance of fire electrical and first aid equipment
Provision of sufficient fire exit points and fire assembly points

7.5.7 Road Infrastructure

Construction Phase

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Traffic along Daystar University road may increase during construction phase since
vehicleswill be accessing the site to deliver construction materials, to take away waste
materials and experts coming for supervision purposes. The roads intheir current states will
be able to handle this increased traffic including for heavy-duty equipment traffic. Thisphase
of the development may have a major negative impact of surface status deterioration on the
present road network in thestudy area.

Operational Phase
During the operation phase of the project, there might be a major negative impact on the
roadnetwork in the area as the volume of traffic associated with the development will
increasesignificantly, therefore placing a strain on the existing road network.Within the
immediate environs of the project site the following traffic measures and rules will be
observed:
 A traffic marshal shall be stationed along Daystar University – Kisima Site road
within the project boundary tocontrol vehicles during transportation of materials.
 Maximum speed limit within this area will be 20km/hr for both operation and
personal vehicles
 Speed limits and all other road signs and traffic rules shall be strictly observed.
 Vehicles will be used for the purposes to which they are intended only.
 Roads will be maintained to best widths and all weather surface throughout.

7.5.8 Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)

Construction phase
During the proposed project construction works, there may be increased risks to health and
safety such as dust, air, andnoise pollution. The workforce and general public involved would
be more subjected to thesepossible environmental hazards and disturbances. Food for the
construction workforce is usually providedby individuals most of who in most cases operate
without public health licenses. This can compromise health of theworkers especially if such
foodstuff is not prepared following strict hygiene standards.Flammable substances including
diesel and motor oil may be stored or used within the project site forheavy-duty equipment.
These substances are precursors for fires and explosions, which may rangefrom small
incipient to larger fires of great intensity, which generates heat causing damage toproperty,
injuries or loss of human life.

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Operational phase
It is expected that most residents will used LPG for cooking which is also highly flammable,
whichmay increase the vulnerability of the operation to a fire or an explosion.

Potential mitigation measures

During construction, the contractor will be required to prepare a waste management plan for
the worksites and equipment camp at the start of the project. The site is to be kept clean,
neatand tidy at alltimes. The contractor shall implement measures to minimize waste and
develop a waste managementplan to include the following:
All personnel shall be instructed to dispose of waste in designated waste baskets.
At all places of work, the contractor shall provide litter collection facilities.
The final disposal of the site waste shall be done at the location that shall be
approved by theengineer on site. This must be in full recognition of the existing
legal requirements.
There shall be provision of sufficient bins to store the solid waste produced on a
daily basis.
Wherever possible, materials used or generated by construction shall be recycled.
Provision shallalso be made of responsible management of any hazardous waste
generated during theconstruction works.
Workmen shall be provided with suitable protective gear (such as dust masks, ear
muffs, helmets,overalls, industrial boots etc.) particularly during construction.
There must be fully equipped FirstAid kits on site and a safety officer who has
First Aid training and knowledge of safetyprocedures. In addition, the contractor
must have insurance for the workmen.
The contractor will be required to adhere to Occupational Safety and Health Act
(OSHA) of2007, especially the building operations and works of engineering
construction rules and itssubsidiary and supplementary regulations on safety and
public health in the constructionactivities.

7.5.9 HIV/AIDS
The proposed development will lead to immigration of people from outside the local areas
insearch of employment opportunities both during construction and operational
phases.During operational phase, immigration is also expected since the objective of this
proposedproject is to provide better affordable housing to Kenyans. Therefore, this increase

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of people inthe project areas may lead to increased incidences of sexually transmitted
diseases which mayexacerbate HIV/AIDS situation among the locals.

Potential Mitigation Measures

Conduct awareness campaigns on HIV/AIDS among the workers, residents and the locals.
Thiscan be undertaken by the various NGOs and government agencies in the county.Health
facilities already exist in the neighborhood. Additional health facilities will be provided in the
proposed project to serve the residents with all required attention to curb this menace.

7.5.10 Transportation
Site Preparation and Construction Phases
Access to public transportation is currently available from within Daystar centre. This
isfurther enhanced by the close proximity of the area to Mombasa Road. Transport to site
during construction phase will mainly be through private means.

Operation Phase
The increase in the population numbers of the development may have a minor positive impact
on thetransportation options of the study area, as the development may encourage a bus stop
to open upwithin the area. Persons would therefore be able to travel more freely between the
community andthe rest of the county. On the other hand, more workers attending to the
proposed project site may have an impact of attracting more means of transport in the area
and therefore impact more pressure on existing road infrastructure.

Potential Mitigation measures

The developer will improve the road network which provides access to the project area. This
shouldbe accompanied by an upgrade in the drainage along this road network. Ideally the
road improvementworks should take place prior to the infrastructural works at the
development site. These roadimprovements must be scheduled between 9:00a.m. and
4:00p.m daily, so as not to disrupt traffic inthe area and to abate the increase in ambient noise
levels in the area.

7.5.11Social Conflict with the Community

Projects of such magnitude usually attract public uproar (especially from the neighboring
residentsand community) if they are not made to own the project. Conflicts usually arise
mostly from theforeseen negative impacts and increased interactions from the increase in
population levels.

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Potential Mitigation measures
Consultation with neighbors on the mitigation measures prescribed for the negative impacts
as a way of conflict resolution and neighborhood association.
The proponent will give women equal employment opportunities as men whenever possible.
The proponent will give priority to the local community in allocation of jobs at both skilled
and unskilled levels.

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CHAPTER 8
8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION PLAN
(ESMMP)

8.1 Significance of ESMMP

This is aimed at identifying mitigation measures for negative impacts already identified so
thatthe mitigation measures are incorporated. The mitigation measures will on the one
handeliminate or offset adverse environmental and social impacts or reduce them to
acceptable levels and on the other hand reinforce measures for enhancements.The strategies
employed for impact mitigation are avoidance, reduction and remedy assuggested in the
Table 8-1 below.

8.2 Environmental Monitoring and Audits

Environmental monitoring and audits are essential in Projects life span as they are conducted
toestablish if project implementation has complied with set environmental management
standards forKenya as spelt out in EMCA 1999 and the Environmental (Impact Assessment
and Audit)Regulations 2003. In this Project, environmental monitoring and audit will be
conducted to ensurethat identified potential negative impacts are mitigated during the
project’s life span.

Table 8-1; Environmental & Social Management & Mitigation Plan (ESMMP)
Environmental Monitoring and Management Planfor Construction and Operation
Environment Mitigation measure Project Monitoring Responsibi Frequency
al and Social phase lity
Bio-physical
Environment
Bio-physical Environment
Disturbance - Maintain a 15m Construction Inspection Civil During the
to fauna and distance from the Engineer project
flora river bank in charge/ implementati
- Confirm sites and Operational Contractor on
locations in order to
avoid areas of
existing vegetation.
- Undertake tree
planting after

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 completion of
construction works.
Soil - Excavated soil to be Construction Inspection Civil Routine
Degradation used for back filling Engineer/
-Develop soil erosion Contractor
management
measure.
- Limit the use of
heavy machinery.
- Control earth
works.
Increase in - Abstract as Operational Water Civil Daily
water demand indicated in the meters Engineer/
WRMA permit WRMA
- Installation of toilet
flushes with low
volume cisterns
- Recycling of water
especially the treated
waste water from the
WWTPs to be used
for flushing, watering
lawns and washing
purposes.
Air emissions - Spray water on dry - -Inspection Civil During the
rough roads during Construction Engineer project
dry weather to in implementati
suppress dust. charge/Co on
- Cover loads of ntractor
friable materials - Operation
during transportation.
- Control speed of
construction vehicles
and switch off
machines when not
in use.
- Provide PPE e.g.
noise masks to
workers.
Sewage and - Routine checkups operation inspection Civil Routine
effluent and monitoring of Engineer
the sewage incharge.
treatment plants to
avoid leakages and
blockages.
- The proposed
capacity of the
WWTPs is
sufficient to
accommodate the

Environmental Impact Assessment Project Study Report for the proposed Kisima Park Estate, Lukenya, Machakos County 73 | P a g e
 anticipated people.
- Proper construction
of WWTPs will be
done to meet the
standards required
by
Mavokosubcounty.
- Construction of
separate storm
water and waste
water drains.
Seasonal - Limit construction Construction Periodic Engineer
River activities to and operation monitoring in-charge
Degradation necessary areas of water and estate
only and at least quality and manageme
15M away from quantity. nt.
riparian land.
Noise - Provide and enforce Construction Measure Engineer During the
Pollution use of PPE e.g ear noise levels in-charge project
muffs implementati
- Proper servicing of on
machinery and
equipment (oiling
and greasing)
- Construction
activities to be
carried out between
8am and 5pm
- Monitor noise
levels as per NEMA
guidelines
Dust - Workers to protect Construction Measure Engineer During the
nose and eyes using dust levels in-charge/ project
standard covers in the Contractor implementati
(dust masks). atmosphere on
- Vehicles carrying
construction
materials or debris
to be covered
Increase in - Solid waste to be Construction Observation Engineer Construction
solid waste put in designated and operation of waste and Estate and operation
areas for accumulatio manageme
appropriate disposal n nt
- Waste separation to
allow for waste
recycling
- Engage a competent
and effective waste
handler
Social Economic Impacts

Environmental Impact Assessment Project Study Report for the proposed Kisima Park Estate, Lukenya, Machakos County 74 | P a g e
 Occupational - Personnel to stick to Construction Continuous Engineer Constructio
health and standard operation and operation inspection in-charge n and
safety procedures of and estate operation
- Personnel to wear compliance manageme
complete protection to the nt
gear various
- Provision of requirement
firefighting s
equipment
- Put in place an
emergency response
plan.
- Put in place
guideline for
operation of
machinery and
appliances and
ensure workers are
aware of the same.
- Comply with
Kenyan safety
policy and safe
working
procedures, laws
and regulations
Population - Ensure adequate Operational Pressure on Estate Operational
increase social and other social manageme
infrastructure to infrastructur nt
meet needs of e
immigrants
Human - Provision of Construction Foul odor Engineer Constructio
sanitation and sufficient sanitary and operation and estate n and
waste conveniences and manageme operation
management hand washing nt
stations, and toilets
- Ensure proper
containment of
disposal of sanitary
waste
Public Health - Intensify public Construction Checking Health Constructio
awareness on and operation awareness facility n and
HIV/AIDS and levels and manageme operation
other public health infection nt
issues rates

Table 10.1. EMP for Decommissioning

Expected Recommended Measures Responsible Time Frame Frequency
Negative Party
Impacts

Environmental Impact Assessment Project Study Report for the proposed Kisima Park Estate, Lukenya, Machakos County 75 | P a g e
Construction machinery / Structure & Wastes
Scraps Use of an integrated solid Project During As per
material and waste management system Manager decommission schedule
other debris i.ethrough a hierarchy of &Contractor ing
options.
Wastes generated as a result of
facility decommissioning
activities will characterized in
compliance with standard
waste management procedures.
The contractor will select
disposal locations and the local
council based on the properties
of the particular waste
generated.
All buildings, machinery, Project During As per
equipment, structures and Manager & decommission schedule
partitions that will not be used Constructor ing
for other purposes should be
removed and reuse or rather
sold/given to scrap material
dealers.

Where recycling/reuse of the Project During As per

machinery, equipment, Manager & decommission schedule
structures and other waste Constrictor ing
materials is not possible the
materials should be taken to
approve dumpsites.
Rehabilitation of project site
Vegetation Implement appropriate re- Engineer and During As per
disturbance, vegetation and grass seeding estate decommission Schedule
land program to rehabilitate site management ing
degradation, landscape
soil erosion Proper management of storm
and water from surface run-off.
drainage
problem

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CHAPTER 9
9.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

9.1 Conclusion
The proposed project will provide affordable housing facilities to many families and will
thereforeaddress the current demand for housing in Nairobi and Machakos Counties. The
activities for which the proposeddevelopment is intended are compatible with the
neighborhood. The project has been planned in full cognizance and in conformity to the
requirements of the government. The project is an environmentally low riskproject and thus
poses no significant threat to the environmental aspects of the area. The negative and
positiveenvironmental impacts from the implementation of the proposed project have been
identified. Appropriate mitigation measures have been designed to address the identified
negative impacts during construction, operation and decommissioning phases.

9.2 Recommendations
The proponent and contractor are advised to implement the Environmental and Social
Management and Mitigation Plan (ESMMP) so as to reduce adverse impacts and boost good
environmental practices.Guidelines on environment, health and safety must also be followed
in order to reduce incidences ofaccidents, health problems and compromise to environmental
wellbeing.

Recommendations for the prevention and mitigation of adverse impacts are as follows: -
i) The proponent should provide signage in the proposed project site to inform
neighbors and thelocal community of the activities taking place
ii) Ensure that worker’s occupational health and safety standards are maintained through
capacitybuilding, proper training, providing protective clothing
iii) The proponent/contractor should ensure that the proposed management plan is
fullyimplemented
iv) Heavy construction activities should be limited (or avoided) during the rainy season
tominimize the chances of soil degradation (soil erosion). Maintenance activities
must be carriedout in service bay to reduce chances of oils or grease or other
maintenance materials, fromcoming into contact with environment (water or soil).

Environmental Impact Assessment Project Study Report for the proposed Kisima Park Estate, Lukenya, Machakos County 77 | P a g e
 Wastewater from such areas must berefrained from coming into contact with solid
mass or water bodies as it contains oil/greasespills.
v) All activities concerning construction and maintenance such as, work execution,
siteinspection, and material testing, shall be strictly monitored by a qualified
engineer and/or project manager. This is important to ensure quality of
maintenance works. Engineers and/or project managershall be trained and
experienced enough to judge the appropriateness of the workexecuted in order to
carry out the monitoring.
vi) Construction activities must be undertaken only during the day i.e. between 08:00
hours to 17:00hours. This will minimize disturbance to the general public within
the proximity of theproject site.
vii) Rainwater harvesting systems should be provided as well as standard storage systems
for everyunit to enhance collection of the run- off generated from the roof
catchments.
viii) Before the proponent drills a borehole, a hydrogeology report should be prepared
and approval sought from WRMA.
ix) All solid waste materials and debris resulting from construction activities must be
disposed offsite to approved dumpsites. There should be proper waste segregation
to allow for recycling. Someexcavation waste such as stone materials should be
used for backfilling.
x) There is need for community and workers’ awareness creation on the
environmentalmanagement issues.
xi) Once the residential buildings are completed and fully occupied, the residents should
engageservices of waste management companies registered by NEMA in
compliance withEnvironment Management and Coordination (Solid Waste)
Regulations 2006.
xii) The proponent should apply for a NEMA Effluent Discharge License before
discharging anyeffluent to the environment and should also engage a NEMA
designated laboratory to carry outeffluent analysis on a quarterly basis.
xiii) A complete firefighting system must be provided after completion of the project.
This must beinstalled or provided at strategic points.

Environmental Impact Assessment Project Study Report for the proposed Kisima Park Estate, Lukenya, Machakos County 78 | P a g e
REFERENCES

1. R Good land, J R Mercier and Shimwayi M (EdS) 1995: Environmental Assessment

in Africa. AWorld Bank commitment.

2. GOK 2002: water Act Law of Kenya. Kenya Gazette supplements no. 107 (Acts No
9) NairobiOctober 2002

3. GOK 1978: Local Government Act (cap 265) laws of Kenya.

4. GOK 1986: Sessional paper no 1 of 1986 on development prospects and policies,

GovernmentPrinters

5. GOK 1999: Sessional paper No 6 of 1999 on Environmental and Development.

6. GOK 1999: Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) 1999.

7. Republic of Kenya (2005). Machakos District Strategic Plan 2005-2010 for

Implementation of the National. Population Policy for Sustainable Development
8. Republic of Kenya, (1968): The Building Code.

9. Republic of Kenya, (1968): The Local Government Act (Cap 265).

10. Republic of Kenya, (1972): The Public Health Act, CAP 242.

11. Republic of Kenya, (2007): Occupational, safety and health Act No. 15, 2007.

12. Republic of Kenya, (1996): The Physical Planning Act, CAP 286.

13. Republic of Kenya, (1999): Environmental Management and Coordination Act, No. 8
of 1999.

14. Republic of Kenya, (2003) Legal Notice No. 101: The Environmental (Impact
Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003.

15. Republic of Kenya, (2009): National Land Policy, 2009.

16. Republic of Kenya, (2010): Constitution.

17. Republic of Kenya, (2012) The County Governments Act, No. 17 of 2012

18. Proposed development site and architectural plans

19. Reference to other EIAs of the area prepared by the consultants

20. Kenya Population and Housing Census, 2009

Environmental Impact Assessment Project Study Report for the proposed Kisima Park Estate, Lukenya, Machakos County 79 | P a g e
 21. Project documentation provided by the proponent

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APPENDICES

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Appendix 1-1: Property Ownership Documents

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Appendix 1-2: Approved Change of User Form PPA.2 and Subdivision
Scheme

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Appendix 1-3: Scheme Plan for Proposed Residential Housing Estate

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Appendix 1-4: Sample of Stakeholder Consultation Questionnaires
Administered to Machakos County Government Officials

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Appendix 1-5: Sample of Stakeholder Consultation Questionnaires
Administered in the Project Neighbourhood

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