LEC# 15. Vapor Compression, Air Conditioning
LEC# 15. Vapor Compression, Air Conditioning
LEC# 15. Vapor Compression, Air Conditioning
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS
17 EL Section (I+II+III)
Engr. Suhaib Ansari
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REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE
• Recall from Previous Lectures that, the Carnot cycle is a
totally reversible cycle that consists of two reversible
isothermal and two isentropic processes.
• It has the maximum thermal efficiency for given temperature
limits, and it serves as a standard against which actual power
cycles can be compared.
• Since it is a reversible cycle, all four processes that comprise
the Carnot cycle can be reversed. Reversing the cycle does
also reverse the directions of any heat and work interactions.
• The result is a cycle that operates in the counter-clockwise
direction on a T-s diagram, which is called the reversed
Carnot cycle.
• A refrigerator or heat pump that operates on the reversed
Carnot cycle is called a Carnot refrigerator or a Carnot heat
pump. 4
VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCE
• A major application area of thermodynamics is
refrigeration, which is the transfer of heat from a lower
temperature region to a higher temperature region.
• The devices which produces refrigeration or cooling effect are called
refrigerators, and the cycles on which they operate are called
refrigeration cycles.
• The most frequently used refrigeration cycle is the vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle in which the refrigerant is vaporized
and condensed alternately and is compressed in the vaporphase.
• Another well-known refrigeration cycle, which is the gas
refrigeration cycle in which the refrigerant remains in the gaseous
phase throughout.
• Other refrigeration cycles is cascade refrigeration in which, more
than one refrigeration cycle is used and absorption refrigeration,
where the refrigerant is dissolved in a liquid before it is compressed.
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VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
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REFRIGERATION CYCLE
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IDEAL-VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
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IDEAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
• All four components associated with the vapor-compression
refrigeration cycle are steady-flow devices, and thus all four
processes that make up the cycle can be analysed as steady-flow
processes.
• The kinetic and potential energy changes of the refrigerant are
usually small relative to the work and heat transfer terms, and
therefore they can be neglected. Then the steady flow energy
equation on a unit– mass basis reduces to:
• The condenser and the evaporator do not involve any work, and
the compressor can be approximated as adiabatic.
• Then the COP of refrigerators and heat pumps operating on the
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle can be expressed as:
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ACTUAL-VAPOR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION CYCLE
• In the ideal cycle, the refrigerant leaves the evaporator
and enters the compressor as saturated vapor.
• In an actual cycle, the refrigerant leaves the evaporator
and enters the compressor as superheated vapor.
• It is easier to design the system so that the refrigerant
is slightly superheated at the compressor inlet.
• The compression process in the ideal cycle is internally
reversible and adiabatic, and thus isentropic.
• The actual compression process, however, involves
frictional effects, which increase the entropy, and heat
transfer, which may increase or decrease the entropy,
depending on the direction.
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ACTUAL-VAPOR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION CYCLE
• Therefore, the entropy of the refrigerant may increase (process
1-2) or decrease process 1-2’) during an actual compression
process, depending on which effects dominate.
• In the ideal case, the refrigerant is assumed to leave the
condenser as saturated liquid at the compressor exit
pressure.
• In reality, however, it is unavoidable to have some pressure
drop in the condenser as well as in the lines connecting the
condenser to the compressor and to the throttling valve.
• It is undesirable to route the refrigerant to the throttling
valve before the refrigerant is completely condensed.
Therefore, the refrigerant is subcooled somewhat before it
enters the throttling valve.
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ACTUAL VAPOR- COMPRESSION REFRIGERATIONCYCLE
• The throttling (expansion) valve and the evaporator are usually
located very close to each other, so the pressure drop in the
connecting line is small.
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ENERGY BALANCE EQUATIONS FOR REFRIGERATOR
Equation for Work input (Compressor):
𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
Equation for Rate of heat flow at lower temperature
medium (Evaporator):
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚 ℎ1 − ℎ4
Equation for Rate of heat flow at higher temperature
medium (Condenser):
𝑄𝐻 = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ3 )
Co-efficient of Performance for Refrigerator:
𝑄𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 = 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 > 1
𝑊𝑖𝑛
because 𝑄𝐿 > 𝑊𝑖𝑛
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PRINCIPLE OF AIR- CONDITIONING
• Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and small amounts of
some other gases. Air in the atmosphere normally contains
some water vapor (or moisture) and is referred to as
atmospheric air. By contrast, air that contains no water
vapor is called dry air.
• It is often convenient to treat air as a mixture of water vapor
and dry air since, the composition of dry air remains
relatively constant, but the amount of water vapor changes
as a result of condensation and evaporation from oceans,
lakes, rivers, showers, and even the human body.
• Although the amount of water vapor in the air is small, it
plays a major role in human comfort. Therefore, it is an
important consideration in air-conditioning applications.
• The temperature of air in air-conditioning applications
ranges from about -10 degree C to about 50 degree C. 18
PRINCIPLE OF AIR- CONDITIONING
Specific or Absolute Humidity:
The amount of water vapor in the air can be specified in various
ways. Probably the most logical way is to specify directly the
mass of water vapor present in a unit mass of dry air. This is
called absolute or specific humidity (also called humidity ratio)
and is denoted by ω:
𝑚𝑣
𝜔= (kg water vapor/kg dry air)
𝑚𝑎
Consider 1 kg of dry air. By definition, dry air contains no water
vapor, and thus its specific humidity is zero. Now let us add some
water vapor to this dry air. The specific humidity will increase. As
more vapor or moisture is added, the specific humidity will keep
increasing until the air can hold no more moisture. At this point,
the air is said to be saturated with moisture, and it is called
saturated air. Any moisture introduced into saturated air will
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condense.
PRINCIPLE OF AIR- CONDITIONING
Relative Humidity:
The amount of moisture in the air has a definite effect
on how comfortable we feel in an environment.
However, the comfort level depends more on the
amount of moisture the air holds (𝑚𝑣 )relative to the
maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at the
same temperature ( 𝑚𝑔 ). The ratio of these two
quantities is called the relative humidity Φ.
𝑚𝑣
Φ=
𝑚𝑔
The relative humidity ranges from 0 for dry air to 1 for
saturated air.
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PRINCIPLE OF AIR- CONDITIONING
Dew Point Temperature:
When air is saturated, and its relative humidity is 100
percent. Any further drop in temperature results in the
condensation of some of the moisture, and this is the
beginning of dew formation.
The dew-point temperature (Tdp) is defined as the
temperature at which condensation begins when the air is
cooled at constant pressure.
Human beings have an inherent weakness; they want to
feel comfortable. They want to live in an environment that
is neither hot nor cold, neither humid nor dry. However,
comfort does not come easily since the desires of the
human body and the weather usually are not quite
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compatible.
PRINCIPLE OF AIR- CONDITIONING
Achieving comfort requires a constant struggle against the
factors that cause discomfort, such as high or low
temperatures and high or low humidity. In the past, this
was partially accomplished by fire and simple indoor
heating systems.
Today, modern air-conditioning systems can heat, cool,
humidify, dehumidify, clean, and even deodorize the air. In
other words, condition the air to peoples’ desires. Air-
conditioning systems are designed to satisfy the needs of
the human body; therefore, it is essential that we
understand the thermodynamic aspects of the body.
Maintaining a living space or an industrial facility at the
desired temperature and humidity requires some
processes called air-conditioning processes. 22
PRINCIPLE OF AIR- CONDITIONING
These processes include simple heating (raising the
temperature), simple cooling (lowering the temperature),
humidifying (adding moisture), and dehumidifying
(removing moisture). Sometimes two or more of these
processes are needed to bring the air to a desired
temperature and humidity level.
While most people associate air conditioning with cold, the
science behind making your home cooler actually deals
with the transfer of heat. When that heat is lost, or
removed, the remaining cold air cools your home. The air
conditioning system has two key components: the indoor
unit, and the outdoor unit. They work in tandem to keep
your home comfortable year-round.
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PRINCIPLE OF AIR- CONDITIONING
Indoor Unit:
The indoor unit is typically located in a closet or basement,
and is near where your furnace filter is located. The unit
consists of a coil box that contains what is called an
evaporator. The evaporator allows for the refrigerant- a
cooling fluid inside the coil piping sometimes known by a
brand name such as Freon, (R-22, R-410 etc) to evaporate and
absorb heat. Once the heat is absorbed from inside your
home, it leaves nothing but cool air to be sent back into your
home.
Outdoor Unit:
The outdoor unit is usually located in the rear or side of your
house and it is where the heat from inside your home is
dispersed. It contains the compressor, condenser coil and a
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fan.
PRINCIPLE OF AIR- CONDITIONING
The heat absorbed from your home’s air is transferred to the
refrigerant and then pumped to the outdoor unit. As this heat
is absorbed and moved by the refrigerant to the outdoor coil, it
passes through the compressor.
The compressor in your air conditioning system has the
primary job of moving the refrigerant throughout the system.
This is important as we can then keep reusing the refrigerant to
cool our house. The refrigerant is compressed to a higher
pressure, and moved through the outdoor coil known as the
condenser. As the refrigerant passes through the condenser, a
fan delivers ambient air across the condenser coil causing it to
cool. As the process completes, the heat from inside your
house is dispersed to the air outside your house. The
refrigerant is then pumped back indoors and the whole process
repeats. 25
PRINCIPLE OF AIR- CONDITIONING
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PRINCIPLE OF AIR- CONDITIONING
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PRINCIPLE OF AIR- CONDITIONING
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