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AP SSC 10th Class Maths Notes Chapter 3 Polynomials

April 6, 2021 by Mahesh

Students can go through AP SSC 10th Class Maths Notes Chapter 3 Polynomials to understand and
remember the concepts easily.

AP State Syllabus SSC 10th Class Maths Notes Chapter 3

Polynomials
→ Polynomial: An algebraic expression in which the variables involved have only non-negative
integer power is called a polynomial.

Ex: 2x + 5, 3x2 + 5x + 6, -5y, x3, etc.

→ Polynomials are constructed using constants and variables.

→ Coefficients operate on variables, which can be raised to various powers of non negative integer
exponents.

, etc. are not polynomials.

→ General form of a polynomial having nth degree is p(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 …….. + an-1x + an
where a0, a1, a2,…… an-1, an are real coefficients and a0 ≠ 0.
→ Degree of a polynomial:

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The exponent of the highest degree term in a polynomial is known as its degree.

In other words, the highest power of x in a polynomial f(x) is called the degree of a polynomial f(x).

Example:

i) f(x) = 5x + 1

3
is a polynomial in the variable x of degree 1.

ii) g(y) = 3y2 – 5

2
y + 7 is a polynomial in the variable y of degree 2.

→ Zero polynomial: A polynomial of degree zero is called zero polynomial that are having only
constants.

Ex: f(x) = 8, f(x) = – 52

→ Linear polynomial: A polynomial of degree one is called linear polynomial.

Ex: f(x) = 3x + 5, g(y) = 7y – 1, p(z) = 5z – 3.

More generally, any linear polynomial in variable x with real coefficients is of the form f(x) = ax + b,
where a and b are real numbers and a ≠ 0.

Note: A linear polynomial may be a monomial or a binomial because linear polynomial f(x) = 7

5
x– 5

is a binomial, whereas the linear polynomial g(x) = 2

5
x is a monomial.

→ Quadratic polynomial: A polynomial of degree two is called quadratic polynomial.

Ex: f(x) = 5x2, f(x) = 7x2 – 5x, f(x) = 8x2 + 6x + 5.

More generally, any quadratic polynomial in variable x with real coefficients is of the form f(x) = ax2
+ bx + c, where a, b and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0.

Note: A quadratic polynomial may be a monomial or a binomial or a trinomial.

Ex: f(x) = 15 x2 is a monomial, g(x) = 3x2 – 5 is a binomial and

h(x) = 3x2 – 2x + 5 is a trinomial.

→ Cubic polynomial: A polynomial of degree three is called cubic polynomial.

Ex: f(x) = 8x3, f(x) = 9x3 + 5x2

f(y) = 11y3 – 9y2 + 7y,

f(z) = 13z3 – 12z2 + 11z + 5.

→ Polynomial of degree ‘n’ in standard form: A polynomial in one variable x of degree n is an

expression of the form f(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + …….. + a1x + a0 where a0, a1, a2,…… an, an are constants
and an ≠ 0.

In particular, if a0 = a1 = a2 = …… = an = 0 (all the constants are zero; we get the constants zero), we
get the zero polynomial which is not defined.
→ Value of a polynomial
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at a given point: If p(x) is a polynomial
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number. Then the
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value obtained by putting x = a in p(x) is called the value of p(x) at x = α.

Ex : Let p(x) = 5x2 – 4x + 2, then its value at x = 2 is given by

p(2) = 5(2)2 – 4(2) + 2 = 5(4) – 8 + 2 = 20 – 8 + 2 = 14 Thus, the value of p(x) at x = 2 is 14.

→ Graph of a polynomial: In algebraic or in set theory language, the graph of a polynomial f(x) is the
collection (or set) of all points (x, y) where y = f(x).

i) Graph of a linear polynomial ax + b is a straight line.

ii) The graph of a quadratic polynomial (ax2 + bx + c) is U – shaped, called parabola.

→ If a > 0 in ax2 + bx + c, the shape of parabola is opening upwards ‘∪’.

→ If a < 0 in ax2 + bx + c, the shape of parabola is opening downwards ‘∩’

→ Relationship between
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Note: Formation of a cubic polynomial : Let α, β, and γ be the zeroes of the polynomial.

∴ Required cubic polynomial = (x – α) (x – β) (x – γ).

→ How to make a quadratic polynomial with the given zeroes : Let the zeroes of a quadratic
polynomial be α and β.

∴ x = α, x = β

Then, obviously the quadratic polynomial is (x – α) (x – β) i.e., x2 – (α + β)x 4- ap.

i.e., x2 – (sum of the zeroes) x + product of the zeroes.

→ Division Algorithm : If6th
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p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x)
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polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that, p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)

i.e., Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

where, r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x). This result is known as the division algorithm for
polynomials.

→ Some useful relations:

α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 – 2αp

(α – β)2 = (α + β)2 – 4αβ

α2 – β2 = (α + β) (α – β) = (α + β)√(α + β)2 − 4αβ

−−−−−−−−−−−−

α3 + β3 = (α + β)3 – 3αβ(α + β)

α3 – β3 = (α – β)3 + 3αβ(α – β)

Class 10
AP SSC 10th Class Maths Notes Chapter 2 Sets
AP SSC 10th Class Maths Notes Chapter 4 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

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