Communication is a two-way process of connecting to both living - One-way communication

and non-living things. It is also a means of sharing and exchanging - No feedback

messages, information, ideas, and feelings for mutual understanding
Shannon-Weaver Model
(Gregoriom, J.C., 2015).
Communication connects people and the world they live in. It is
through communication that people are able to express their thoughts and
ideas or convey information and messages through word of mouth, gestures
and signals, signs, and others. People have always communicated with one
another in various forms.
An example of linear type of communication is the Shannon-Weaver model
Functions of Communication (1949). It is also considered as the mother of all communication models. It
Why do we communicate? has a one-way process starting from a source (producer of message);
Since communication is certain in our lives, it comes naturally and passing through a channel (signals adapted for transmission) which may at
unknowingly. Communication serves many purposes. The following are times be interrupted by noise (barrier) to a receiver (decoder of message
some of the many reasons why we communicate: from the signal). The process stops after the message has arrived at its
destination.
Inform Inspire Counsel Sell
Clarify Question Express Promote Process:
Buy Understand Confirm Advise  A source of information which produced a message
Teach Learn Persuade Reveal  A transmitter which encoded the message into signals for
Accept Affirm Clarify Motivate transmission
Criticize Deny Conceal And many  A channel through which the signals were to be transmitted
others  A receiver that decoded the message from the signals that were
transmitted
 A destination where the message arrived after the decoding
Module 1: Nature of Communication
 Communication is a process.
 Communication occurs between two or more people. B. Interactive
 Communication comes in various forms. Key Features:
- Two-way communication
Verbal Communication - It is defined as any communication that uses
- All elements exist
spoken or written words to convey a message.
- Used mostly for new media
Non-verbal Communication - It is a type of communication that does NOT
use words in expressing a message. Schramm Model
Schramm (1954) visualized the process of
Key Factors to Successful Communication: communication as an exchange of thoughts and ideas.
Feedback is an added element to Schramm’s Model. The
1. Speaking
recipient of the message decodes it and creates a feedback
2. Listening based on his understanding of the information sent and vice
versa.
3. Understanding
Encoding is when an idea or information is translated into words
and expressed to others.
Elements of Communication
Decoding is when this idea or information is understood and
interpreted by the receiver.

C. Transactional Model
Key Features:
- Two-way communication
- All elements exists
- Used for f2f
- Simultaneous/ instant feedback
- Encourages non-verbal communication
Sender- source, it will formulate the message -
Message- it is the idea being transmitted by the sender to the receiver. It Module 3: Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown
includes 3 aspects- content, structure and style. Communication is a process of exchanging thoughts, ideas, and
opinions in order to connect with other people. Its goal is to achieve a
Encoding – the process of converting the message into words or actions. clear and effective understanding resulting to good relationships in the
Channel – the medium on how the message is conveyed. community. However, there are times when this goal is not attained due
to certain factors. When this happens, there is communication
Receiver - decodes or interprets the message sent and responds accordingly breakdown.
based on his interpretation of the message.
The elements involved in communication are important in the success
Decoding – the process of interpreting the message of the speaker. or failure of this process. These very same elements (sender, message,
receiver, feedback, etc) can pose a threat to the efficiency or
Barriers – factors that may affect the flow of communication effectiveness of the process. Communication breakdown may occur
Feedback – reaction or response to the message, we can give feedback in when problems in any of the elements involved arise. They become
verbal or non-verbal. barriers to communication.

Context - It is a situation where a communication takes place. Simply, communication breakdown happens when the intended
message of the sender is not clearly understood by the receiver.
Barriers to communication are present.
Module 2: Communication Models
Communication plays a crucial role in human life. It facilitates the sending
and receiving of knowledge and information. It allows people to develop Recognizing the barriers or obstacles to effective communication is
various kinds of social relationships. It provides an avenue for people to important in order to avoid communication breakdown. Here are some
express their ideas, thoughts, feelings, and insights. Without it, societies of the barriers that may cause communication failure.
will be restrained from developing and progressing.
Barriers to Communication
Models of Communication Process Physical Barriers are the natural or environmental conditions that act as
A. Linear Communication barriers in communication in sending the message from sender to receiver.
Linear communication which focuses on the transmission of a message to Examples:
a receiver who never responds or has no way of responding to the
1. people talking too loud
information conveyed is one-way.
2. noise from a construction site
Key Features:
 3. loud sound of a karaoke idea to say something like, "I've got a few ideas here. Let me go
4. blaring of jeepney horns through them one at a time. We can treat each one on its own
merit."
Psychological Barriers are called as mental barriers. These refer to
social and personal issues of a speaker towards communicating with 2. Learn to Listen
others. Examples: As simple as it sounds, you’ll be surprised how many people out
1. trauma there don’t know how to listen well.
2. shyness, lack of confidence Not understanding those whom you are trying to communicate
3. depression with will lead to a conversation fraught with misunderstandings.
4. fear, stage fright Don’t be afraid to ask them to repeat or explain further in polite
manner once you don’t understand the point.
Cultural Barriers pertain to communication problems encountered by
people regarding their intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in conflict 3. Take Care of your Body Language and Tone
with others. People’s culture affects the way they communicate and relate Keep your emotions in check, try to maintain eye contact, and
to others Examples:
adopt a relaxed tone when conversing with others.
1. different beliefs
2. traditions, and customs
3. manners of dressing 4. Build up your confidence by asking for feedback and observing
4. speaking others
Focus on improving your skills by practicing in front of those
whom you may feel more comfortable with. You can also ask those
Linguistic Barriers pertain to conflicts with regard to language and word whose advice you value to give you feedback and critique your
meanings. Because words carry denotative and connotative meanings, they communication style after a discussion.
can 5. Communicate Face to Face on the important issues
sometimes cause confusion and misunderstanding. Meanings of words and
Having that face to face dialogue means you can convey your
symbols also vary depending on culture.
Examples: point more clearly, with your body language as well as your tone of
voice.
1. difference in language It can also help to clear up any misunderstanding or distortion
2. accent and dialect of the message that could occur through other mediums.
3. use of jargon and slang Remember, becoming an effective communicator takes time and
4. speech defects or language impairments practice. Over time, using these strategies can lead to better
communication in your personal relationships, and more productive
work environment as well.
External Noises are the sight, sound and other stimuli that
draw people’s attention away from intended meaning.

Examples:
1. noise from vehicles
2. singing at theneighborhood 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
3. visual aids in front of the classroom 𝐛𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧.
4. the barking of the dog  𝗞𝗲𝗲𝗽 𝗙𝗼𝗰𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗱
5. the sound of airplane - One way of being focused is to put in mind the purpose communication.
- As a speaker identify your purpose for speaking and as a listener find the
speaker's purpose thru his/her verbal and non-verbal cues.
Internal noises are the thoughts and feelings that interfere with
meaning.  𝗦𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗸 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲
- Speaking intelligible or clearly means using the appropriate speaking
Examples: volume, pitch rate, proper enunciation, stress, and acceptable
1. confrontation with a friend pronunciation. We speak in order to be understood.
2. fear of speaking in front ofthe class.  𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗘𝘆𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗘𝗮𝗿𝘀
3. racial prejudice - Pay attention to verbal and non-verbal message. Effective
communication depends on what people say and how they say it.
 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘇𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
Semantic noises are the alternate meanings aroused by a speaker’s - Look for a place where you can minimize distractions or noise like
symbols. This idea means that a word may have another meaning in the closed area, empty room, or quiet places. Lessening the cause for
minds of the students. This is affected by the language in which they confusion means giving more room to focus and concentrate.
use and theculture they have.  𝗕𝗲 𝗦𝗽𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰
- Use simple and concise words as much as possible in delivering a
Examples: message. Being specific means being particular and direct to the point.
1. incorrect grammar
2. excessive technical jargon  𝗗𝗼 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗝𝘂𝗺𝗽 𝘁𝗼 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗹𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀
3. idiomatic expressions - Before you give your comments and judgement, be sure that you have
listened attentively to the speaker. Conclusions should be drawn after a
thorough analysis of point given or information received.

𝐓𝐢𝐩𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐨 𝐀𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧

Broom, Cutlip and Center (2012) listed the 7Cs of Effective

Communication in their book Effective Public Relations. These are
Completeness, Conciseness, Consideration, Concreteness, Courtesy,
Clearness, and Correctness.
 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀
Here is an article entitled 5 Ways to Avoid Communication - It is important to whole communication process. The speaker should
Breakdown by Ronnie Peterson. include everything that the receiver needs to hear, respond, react, or
evaluate properly. S/he should be able to convey all pertinent details so
listener or audience will be able to grasp the intended message.
5 Ways to Avoid Communication
 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀
Breakdown by Ronnie Peterson
- The message should be direct or straight to the point and should be
Communication breakdown can cause issues or problems at home, school, expressed in the least possible number of words. Irrelevant information
and community. There are so many barriers to communication like, should not be included.
physiological, psychological, cultural, and linguistics.  𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
Sometimes some communication barriers are too difficult to solve and this - In order to be effective, the speaker should give high regard and courtesy
will lead to slowing the progress and efficiency. to audience's background information such as his/her culture, education,
Here are the possible strategies to avoid communication breakdown: religion, status, mood, feelings, and needs. This will result in building
rapport or connection with the audience.
 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀
1. Have Clarity of thought before speaking - Effective communication is backed up by facts, figures, and real-life
Arrange your thoughts before verbalizing them. This can help message examples better or situations. This will make the receiver to
you communicate much more clearly and consistently. It's a better understand the message better.
  𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘁𝗲𝘀𝘆
- The speaker can show respect to his/her receivers through understanding
their culture, values, and beliefs. The speaker can show respect to the
listeners by demonstrating an understanding of their beliefs, values, and
culture.
- This implies good choice of words and language and a consideration of
the audience's perspectives and feelings on the part of the sender.
Showing courtesy helps create a positive vibe with the audience.
- This implies good choice of words and language on the part of the sender
and consideration of audience's perspectives.
 𝗖𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀
- It implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas. When
the speaker focuses on specific ideas, it will not confuse the audience.
 𝗖𝗼𝗿𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀
- Avoiding mistakes in grammar helps to boost the credibility and
effectiveness of the message, and at the same time it eliminates negative
impact on the audience. When talking to one person or a small group of people

Breakdowns in communication may arise because of several factors. But

these factors may be avoided if we follow strategies put forward by experts
in the field.
Communication is a transaction that we do every day. By following the 7
Cs of communication espoused by Broom, Cutlip and Center (2012), we may
achieve understanding in communicating with others and avoid confusion
and misinterpretations.
Avoiding communication breakdown helps you to be an effective When talking to the public
speaker.

Module 4: Functions of Communication

Basically, there are five functions of communication. These are control or

regulation, social interaction, motivation, emotional expression, and
information dissemination.
Module 5: Types of Speech Context
1. CONTROL OR REGULATION. Communication functions to control
behavior. Used to regulate the nature and no. of activities people engage
Speech Style
in. The way we communicate varies depending on a lot of factors such as the
Example: Orders, instructions and commands speech context, speech purpose, and speech delivery. The form of language
that the speaker uses which [sic] characterized by the degree of formality is
2. SOCIAL INTERACTION. Communication allows individuals to known as speech style (Martin Joos, 1976:156).
interact with others. Because of the needs to interact daily, people
communicate.
3. MOTIVATION. Persuades or encourages another person to change Types of Speech Style
his/her opinion, attitude and behaviour. There are five (5) types of speech style that can be used in various
4. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION. Communication facilitates people's speaking situations. To know them, accomplish first the comic strip below
expression of their feelings and emotions such as love, fear, anger, joy by sharing a day in your life as you go to school. Supply the needed
etc. statement(s) in each scenario. Use the drawings as your guide.
5. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION. Communication functions to
convey information and used in giving and getting information. Types of Speech Style
Module 5: Types of Speech Context
1. Intimate
Speech Context
- Context, when referring to communication is the surroundings, - is used for very close relationships.
circumstances, environment, background or setting that determine, - example: couple
specify, or clarify the meaning of an event. - note: Language used in this style may not be shared
- “Context refers to the setting in which the communication takes place.
in public.
Context helps to establish meaning and can influence what is said and
how it is said.” - DeVito (2005) 2. Casual
1. Intrapersonal – This refers to a type of communication that is focused - is an informal communication between groups and peers who have
on one person. The message is made up of thoughts and feelings while something to share and have shared background information but do not
the medium is the brain that processes what you think and feel. (Hybels have close relations.
& Weaver, 2012, p 16) - example: classmates
2. Interpersonal – This refers to the type of communication that takes
- note: Jargon, slang, and vernacular language are used
place and creates personal relationship between and among people. It can
vary from casual and very personal to formal and impersonal. 3. Consultative
Types of Interpersonal Communication - is used in semi-formal and standard communication.
A. Dyad Communication –A communication that happens between two - example: teacher and student
people. - note: Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in this
B. Small Group– This applies to interactions involving at least three but style.
not more than twelve people engaged in face-to-face interactions to
4. Formal
achieve the desired goal. In this type of conversation, all participants can
freely express their ideas throughout the discussion. - is a one-way straightforward speech.
3. Public– This type refers to a communication that enables you to send or - example: State of the Nation Address
deliver a message before a crowd. The message can be transmitted for
- note: What the speaker says is something that has been prepared
informative or persuasive purposes.
beforehand.
4. Mass Communication – This refers to communication through television,
radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, the internet, and other 5. Frozen
types of media.
REMINDERS!! - is the most formal communicative style that is usually used during
solemn ceremonies and events.
- example: pledges • “Hello!” (greeting someone)
• “Get out!” (a strong command)
- note: It does not require any feedback from the audience.
2. Illocutionary act is the social function of what is said. In an
illocutionary speech act, it is not just saying something itself but
Module 6: Speech Style
with the act of saying something with the intention of:
1. Types of Speech According to Purpose • stating an opinion, conforming, or denying something;
a. informative or expository speech
- is mainly performed for the purpose of educating the audience on new or • making a prediction, a promise, a request; • issuing an
relevant piece of information on a particular topic. order or a decision; or
- example: lecture of a teacher • giving advice or permission.
b. persuasive speech
- is given solely for the purpose of convincing the audience to agree with
This Speech Act uses the Illocutionary Force of a statement, a
the speaker’s opinion on a particular topic. example: speech of a lawyer
confirmation, a denial, a prediction, a promise, a request, etc.

c. entertainment speech Examples of Illocutionary Acts:

- aims to share laughter and enjoyment to the audience through witty and • It’s more fun in the Philippines. (opinion)
humorous lines. example: speech of a comedian • I’ll help you clean the house tomorrow. (promise)
• Get my things in the office. (order)
3. Perlocutionary act refers to the consequent effect of what was said.
2. Types of Speech According to Delivery This is based on the particular context in which the speech act was
a. manuscript speech mentioned.
• is the word-for-word iteration of a written message This is seen when a particular effect is sought from either the
using visual aids. example: news anchor with a speaker or the listener, or both. The response may not necessarily
teleprompter be physical or verbal and is elicited by:
• inspiring or insulting

b. memorized speech • persuading/convincing; or

• is the rote recitation of a written message that the • deterring/scaring
speaker has committed to memory. example: actor’s
dialogue

c. extemporaneous speech
• is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed
speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief The aim of Perlocutionary Speech Act is to change feelings,
notes. example: a campaign speech before a voting thoughts, or actions.
public
Examples of Perlocutionary Acts:

d. impromptu speech • “We can do this. We heal and win as one!” (inspiring)
• is the presentation of a short message without advance • “It is crucial that we give all our collective efforts to fight
preparation and is for people knowledgeable about the against this pandemic. We must start working together.”
subject. (persuading)
• “Smoking destroys your health, certain as it brings diseases, it
example: a doctor’s response to the question of a patient kills – you, your loved ones, and others!” (deterring)

Searle’s Classification of Speech Act

Module 7: Types of Speech Act As a response to Austin’s Speech Act Theory, John Searle (1976), a
Three Types of Speech Act professor from the University of California, Berkeley, classified
illocutionary acts into five distinct categories.
According to J. L. Austin (1962), a philosopher of language and the
developer of the Speech Act Theory, there are three types of acts in 1. Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker
every utterance, given the right circumstances or context. These are: expresses belief about the truth of a proposition. Some
examples of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward,
swearing, boasting and concluding.
By uttering the locution “Please do the
“Please do the would lead to the
dishes” Example:
“Please do the the speaker requests addressee washing the
dishes,” No one can love you better than I do.
dishes.” the addressee to wash dishes
the dishes.
Locutionary Illocutionary Perlocutionary 2. Directive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker
tries to make the addressee perform an action. Some examples
of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting,
1. Locutionary act is the actual act of uttering or saying something. advising, and begging.
This act happens with the utterances of a sound, a word or even a
phrase as a natural unit of speech. Example:
For the utterances to be a Locutionary Act, consider the Please maintain the cleanliness of our school.
following:
• It has sense, and mostly importantly, for communication to 3. Commissive – a type of illocutionary act which commits the
take place. speaker to doing something in the future. Examples of a
• It has the same meaning to both the speaker and the listener. commissive act are promising, planning, vowing, and betting.
• Utterances give rise to shared meaning when it is adjusted by Example:
the speaker for the listener. From this moment on, I will love you and honor you for the
rest of my life.
Examples of Locutionary Acts:
4. Expressive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker
• “Doh!” (favorite expression of TV cartoon character Homer expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. Some
Simpson) examples of an expressive act are thanking, apologizing,
• “Wow!” (When someone is amazed) welcoming and deploring.
 Example:
Thank heavens, you came to save me! I owe you my life.

5. Declaration– a type of illocutionary act which brings a change

in the external situation. Simply put, declarations bring into
existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to.
Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing,
bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating.
Example:
You are hired!

By saying that someone is hired, an employee causes or brings about

the person’s acceptance to job; consequently, this changes
his external
situation.