Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,

Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914

ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E)

https://ejournal.uinsaid.ac.id/index.php/al-balagh

SOCIAL SUPPORT, SELF-EFFICACY, AND

STUDENT’S MENTAL HEALTH IN ONLINE
LEARNING DURING PANDEMIC

Sriwiyanti
Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia
Wahyu Saefudin*
Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia
Adinda Shofia
Universitas Pendidikan Muhammadiyah Sorong, Indonesia
Mujib
Politeknik Negeri Pontianak, Indonesia

Abstract
Keywords: The Covid-19 pandemic influenced education policy in
mental health; Indonesia; the consequence of traditional learning switched
online learning;
self-efficacy; social to online learning. This transition affects students’ mental
support health at various universities in Indonesia. This study aimed
to examine the mental health level of 82 students who took
online learning course and explained the effect of social support
and self-efficacy on students’ mental health. The present study
utilized three measuring tools namely the Indonesian versions of
Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (CASSS), General
Self-Efficacy Scale, and Mental Health Continuum (MHC-SF).
Regression analysis was used to determine the effect of social
support and self-efficacy on students’ mental health. The results
obtained from this study were that the majority of respondents’
mental health, 81.7% were in the high category, 17.1% were in
the moderate category, and 1.2% of respondents were in the low

Correspondence:
e-mail: si3863@putra.unisza.edu.my
*
si3864@putra.unisza.edu.my
adindashofia@unimudasorong.ac.id
mujib@polnep.ac.id
Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E

category. Furthermore, social support and self-efficacy also affect

71.9% (R Square = 0.719, p = 0.000) of mental health, with
an effective contribution of 41.9% by social support and 30% by
self-efficacy. Thus, social support and self-efficacy are important
keys to improving students’ mental health in online learning.

Abstrak
Kata kunci: Pandemi Covid-19 mempengaruhi kebijakan pendidikan di
kesehatan mental;
pembelajaran
Indonesia, dampaknya pembelajaran tatap muka harus beralih
daring; efikasi diri; menjadi pembelajaran daring. Peralihan ini berdampak pada
dukungan sosial kondisi kesehatan mental mahasiswa di berbagai universitas di
Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat level kesehatan
mental pada 82 mahasiswa yang mengikuti pembelajaran
secara daring dan menjelaskan pengaruh dukungan sosial dan
efikasi diri terhadap kesehatan mental mahasiswa. Instrumen
pengukuran yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah Child
and Adolescent Social Support Scale (CASSS), General
Self-Efficacy Scale, and Mental Health Continuum (MHC-
SF). Pengaruh dukungan sosial dan efikasi diri terhadap
kesehatan mental mahasiswa, peneliti menggunakan analisis
regresi ganda. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah
mayoritas kesehatan mental responden, 81,7% berada pada
kategori tinggi, 17,1 % berada pada kategori sedang, dan 1,2%
berada pada kategori rendah. Selanjutnya, dukungan sosial dan
efikasi diri juga berpengaruh sebesar 71,9% (R Square=0,719,
p=0,000) terhadap kesehatan mental, dengan sumbangan
efektif sebesar 41,9% oleh dukungan sosial dan 30% efikasi dari.
Dengan demikian, dukungan sosial dan efikasi diri merupakan
kunci penting yang mampu meningkatkan kesehatan mental
mahasiswa dalam mengikuti pembelajaran online.

2 Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
 Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E)

How to cite this (APA 7th Edition):

Sriwiyanti, Saefudin, W., Shofia, A., & Mujib (2022). Social Support,
Self-Efficacy, And Student’s Mental Health In Online Learning During
Pandemic. Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah Dan Komunikasi, 7(1), 1–30, https://
doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914

INTRODUCTION
The pandemic impacts the whole level of public activities, forcing
a shift from offline to online mode, including the educational system.
However, most students refuse online learning due to technological and
financial constraints (Baloran, 2020). The migration process of traditional
education settings to online learning also becomes controversial due to
the absence of appropriate planning, design, and development of online
instructional programs because of the emergency (Adedoyin & Soykan,
2020). This condition leads to decreased student motivation, self-efficacy,
and cognitive engagement (Patricia Aguilera-Hermida, 2020). Direct social
interactions in school were also related to students’ quality of life (Cleofas,
2020). For example, involvement in school organizations in traditional
settings has been known to decreased depression levels. Therefore, the
transition to online learning affects student mental health.
Recent literature reviews regarding the psychosocial impact of
previous epidemics found that fears, anxieties, and depression were
common psychological symptoms (Chew et al., 2020). A cross-sectional
study involving 746,217 students in China found psychological problems
among students during the lockdown (Ma et al., 2020). Students experienced
acute stress (34.9%), anxiety (21.1%), and depressive symptoms (11.0%).
In addition, 24.9% of college students experienced increased anxiety
levels due to disturbance in student academic activities, social distancing,
and parental economic prospects (Cao et al., 2020).

Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic 3
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E

According to Westerhof and Keyes (2010), mental illness and mental

health are not opposites but occur and overlap on separate continua. Levels
of mental illness co-exist with levels of mental health, creating different
states of subjective well-being. In our research, emotional well-being
refers to the presence or absence of emotional difficulties on the mental
illness continuum. Meanwhile, mental health refers to the continuum
between flourishing and languishing, well-functioning, and experiencing
subjective feelings of incompleteness, emptiness, or stagnation. Mental
health includes the following three core components: emotional health
(happiness and satisfaction), psychological well-being (purpose in life,
self-realization), and social well-being (being of social value) (Westerhof
& Keyes, 2010).
Various factors may influence adolescents’ mental health. One
critical factor is social support from family members, peers, and significant
others. Social support effectively decreases depression and anxiety among
adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19 (Qi et al., 2020). Social
support also plays a primary role in mediating trait gratitude and subjective
well-being in Chinese adolescents. Adolescents with high trait gratitude
can build positive relationships and gain high social support from family,
peers, and significant others. It may increase their subjective well-being
(Kong et al., 2021).
Furthermore, a study by Cohen and Wills (1985) identified the
correlation between social support and general well-being. Their findings
discuss the structure and function of social support in an individual and
whether social support plays a role as a buffering or primary process.
They also emphasized that social support could directly affect well-being
by enhancing the social network, and on additionally side social support
plays a role as stress buffer. Similar to this study, Sarason et al. (1987)
also described the implications of social support where the relationship
is a provider of support, and the absence of this support drives anxiety.
4 Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
 Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E)

Besides that, Sandler and Barrera (1984) explained that when people
perceive that they are receiving a proper level of support, the adverse
outcomes of stress are not manifested. Furthermore, support satisfaction
showed a direct association with any psychological symptomatology.
Social support in an educational context focuses on types of support
and sources of support perceived by students (Nolten, 1994). This theory
was also developed by Malecki and Elliot (1999), which primarily based
on a work by Tardy (1985). It emphasized the operational definitions
of social support, which primarily discuss the source of support for
children and adolescents. Providing support to students in educational
and psychological difficulties is a natural disclosure and consequently is
a fragment of interventions designed to strengthen the functioning of
children and adults. In addition, Malecki and Demaray (2002) stated that
social support plays a role in decreased clinical and school maladjustment
indicators that arise from family support, friends’ support (peers and close
friends), and teachers’ support. Child and Adolescents Social Support
Scale (CASSS) is a measurement that encompasses all of those facets.
The CASSS contains a different aspect of social support (Malecki
& Demaray, 2002). First, emotional support consists of various types
such as trust, caring, empathy, acceptance, and intimate interaction (Tardy,
1985). Second, instrumental support consists of helping behaviors in
various forms, such as giving money, helping act in a difficult situation,
spending precious time together, and providing necessities (Wills &
Shinar, 2000). Third, informational support is defined as providing
knowledge or advice such as valuable insight as a problem solving,
providing information, guidance, and advices. Fourth, appraisal support
means providing evaluative feedback and rewards in many ways; e.g.,
giving verbal affirmation, praising, and delivering feedback regarding the
progress (Birch, 1998). It also includes constructive critique or evaluation
for maintaining self-evaluation.
Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic 5
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E

In addition, self-efficacy is also a variable that can reduce the

negative impact of anxiety and doubt in online learning (Saefudin et al.,
2021a). High self-efficacy prepares an individual to face various online
learning difficulties, such as anxiety, stress, and depression (Lemay et al.,
2021; Tsuroya, 2020). Various studies related to self-efficacy during the
pandemic also confirmed the important role of self-efficacy for students.
Self-efficacy was found to be related to procrastination, academic flow,
and academic performance (Khotimatussannah et al., 2021; Pantu, 2021;
Rahmadina et al., 2020).
Furthermore, self-efficacy is a variable that can predict an
individual’s mental health. Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s belief in
his ability to succeed in something (Bandura, 1977). It includes knowing
what needs to be done and being emotionally capable of doing it. People’s
belief in their abilities will affect how they respond to certain situations
or conditions (Shofia, 2021). In general, self-efficacy is self-confidence
or individual belief in their ability to do something, produce something,
organize, achieve their goals, and implement actions to realize certain skills
(Saefudin, 2020).
Self-efficacy affects the mental health of medical students in learning
during COVID-19 pandemic (Arima et al., 2020). Therefore, self-efficacy
can predict psychological distress in medical students in Japan during the
pandemic. In addition, self-efficacy is a strong variable in predicting mental
health among people in Turkey (Yıldırım & Güler, 2020). Therefore, if
a student has high self-efficacy, the student will also have good mental
health. High self-efficacy will help students avoid the negative effects
of online learning during the pandemic; including burnout, depression,
anxiety, and somatic symptoms (Bolatov et al., 2021).
Studies about social support and mental health have been conducted
multiple times in many countries (Colarossi & Eccles, 2003; Daly et al.,
2015; Laird & Kuhn, 2014; Qi et al., 2020). It also includes studies about
6 Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
 Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E)

self-efficacy and mental health (Annisa et al., 2020; Bolatov et al., 2021;
Deliviana et al., 2021; Jin et al., 2021; Walean et al., 2021). However, there
is a lack of research in the educational context, specifically in pandemic
situations, related to the emergency regulation of online learning that
bring out various challenges (Adedoyin & Soykan, 2020; Patricia Aguilera-
Hermida, 2020). Also, It is crucial to examine the influence of social support
and self-efficacy on students’ mental health, which will significantly affect
various aspects of the educational system.
In addition, this study had two hypotheses. Firstly, the alternative
hypotheses: 1. there was a significant effect of social support on students’
mental health in online learning during the pandemic; 2. there was a
significant effect of self-efficacy toward students’ mental health in online
learning during the pandemic. 3. there was a significant effect of social
support and self-efficacy toward students’ mental health in online learning
during the pandemic. The study also proposed three null hypotheses:
1. there was no significant effect of social support on students’ mental
health in online learning during the pandemic; 2. there was no significant
effect of self-efficacy on students’ mental health in online learning during
the pandemic. 3. there was no significant effect of social support and
self-efficacy toward students’ mental health in online learning during the
pandemic.

METHODS
This study was a correlational research between three variables.
First, the study examined the mental health level among university
students during online learning. Second, it aimed to identify the effect
of social support and self-efficacy on university students’ mental health
during online learning. The entire survey consisted of 67 items and took
about 15 minutes to complete. The sampling method used in this research
is non-probability, namely convenience sampling. Further, the scale was
Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic 7
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E

delivered using Google Form to distribute the form online to students.

We also announced the survey using a flyer on social media to reach
eligible participants. Respondents in this study were 82 college students.
The data collection period was from December 1-15, 2021. The inclusion
criteria include college students in Indonesia, students who at that time
underwent online learning in university for at least a semester, and aged
18-25.
The instruments used in this study were: the social support scale, the
general self-efficacy scale, and the mental health scale. The scale used to
measure social support was originally developed by Malecki and Demaray
(2002), namely the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (CASSS)
in Germany and the English language. However, a theses research from
the University of Islam Indonesia by Suharti (2020) has modified the
scale to Indonesian language and online learning context in senior high
school participants. Therefore, this study modified the latest scale based
on the research requirement and try-out result. Moreover, the researchers
reduced the 48 items into 43 items to fit the participants’ backgrounds.
As a result, Cronbach’s alpha score was 0.980, categorized as a high score.
The scale used to measure self-efficacy, originally from the General
Self-Efficacy Scale from Schwarzer and Jerusalem (1995), consisted of 10
items and was available in Indonesian language. The scale was constructed
to assess perceived self-efficacy to predict coping ability to daily hassles
and adaptation after experiencing stressful life events. The basis for using
this scale is that in a sample of 23 countries, the obtained Cronbach’s
alpha scores ranged from 0.76 to 0.90, with the majority being 0.80.
The Mental Health Continuum (MHC-SF) assesses mental health
as Keyes (2002) defined. This 14-item scale contains three items that
assess emotional health, six items that measure Ryff ’s dimensions of
psychological well-being (i.e., self-realization, positive relationships,
autonomy, mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth), and five items
8 Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
 Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E)

that measure Keyes’ dimensions of social well-being (i.e., being of value

to society). On a 4-point scale, the MHC-SF measures the frequency of
respondents’ experiences of each mental health dimension. This study
used the MHC-SF Indonesian version scale by Alfikalia (2020) with a
good internal consistency of 0.881 and item discrimination indices ranging
between 0.3 – 0.807. High score indicates flourishing mental health,
whereas a low score indicates languishing mental health (Keyes, 2002).
In conducting the analysis, this study utilized SPSS version 25.
Moreover, two statistical analysis techniques were implemented in this
study. First, researchers used the normality, linearity, heteroscedasticity, and
multicollinearity test to test the assumption. The normality test checked
whether the research data comes from a population normally distributed
as a requirement for the next analysis step. In this study, the normality test
shown from the Kolmogorov Smirnov table was assessed by obtaining
skewness and kurtosis values. The probability value is > 0.05 indicates
that the data is normally distributed. However, if the probability value is <
0.05, the data is not normally distributed. Then, the skewness or kurtosis
value is divided by the Standard Error value, not more than 1.95 (5%) or
2.58 (1%).
Furthermore, the linearity test determines whether the dependent
variable has a linear relationship (George & Mallery, 2020). If the value
of Deviation of linearity Sig>0.05, then there is a significant linear
relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Moreover,
if the value of Deviation of linearity Sig<0.05, then there is no significant
linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
Moreover, the heteroscedasticity test is a test that assesses whether
there is an inequality of variance from the residuals for all observations
in the linear regression model. This test is one of the classical assumption
tests performed on linear regression. In this study, the researcher focuses
on looking at the dots that form a certain regular pattern (wavy, widened,
Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic 9
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
 Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. xxxx, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN 2527-5704 (P) ISSN 2527-5682 (E)
narrowed, or vice versa), then indicating that heteroscedasticity occurs.
In Patterns
this study,
canthealso
researcher focuses
occur with the on
dotslooking at theabove
spreading dots that
the form
Y-axisa or
certain regular
below.
pattern (wavy,
If there widened,
is no clear narrowed, or vice versa), thenoccurs
pattern, homoscedasticity indicating
andthat
is heteroscedasticity
declared to
occurs.
meet Patterns can also
the classical occur with
assumption the dots spreading above the Y-axis or below. If
test.
there is no clear
The pattern,analysis
second homoscedasticity occurs
used in this and is
study declared
was to meet
multiple the classical
regression
assumption test.
analysis to test
the hypothesis. Again, the R square showed the effect of
theThe second analysis used in this study was multiple regression analysis to test the
dependent variable on the independent variable.
hypothesis. Again, the R square showed the effect of the dependent variable on the
independent variable.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Research Results
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Descriptive data analysis aims to describe the tendency of
Research Results
respondents’ answers to the questions posed in the questionnaire, then
Descriptive data analysis aims to describe the tendency of respondents' answers to
used to obtain respondents’ answers regarding the condition of the
the questions posed in the questionnaire, then used to obtain respondents' answers
variables. Based on the data processing results, the value of the frequency
regarding the condition of the variables. Based on the data processing results, the value
distribution is divided into three categories: low, medium, and high. Figure
of the frequency distribution is divided into three categories: low, medium, and high.
1 explains that student’s mental health during online learning was mostly
Figure 1 explains that student's mental health during online learning was mostly in the
in the high category.
high category.

Figure 1. Mental Health’s

Figure Respondents Chart.
1. Scatterplot

10 Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib

Social Support, Self-Efficacy, And Student's Mental Health In Online Learning During Pandemic
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
 Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E)

Table 1.
Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi
Frequency Distribution
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. xxxx, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN 2527-5704 (P) ISSN 2527-5682 (E)
Valid Cumulative
Frequency Percent
Table 1. Percent Percent
Valid Low 1
Frequency 1.2
Distribution 1.2 1.2
Moderate 14 17.1 17.1 18.3
Valid Cumulative
High Frequency
67 Percent
81.7 81.7 100.0
Percent Percent
Valid Total
Low 182 100.0
1.2 100.0
1.2 1.2
Moderate 14 17.1 17.1 18.3
BasedHigh
on the Table67
1, most respondents
81.7 have81.7
mental health100.0
scores
Total 82 100.0 100.0
in the high category, with 67 respondents or around 81.7%. Meanwhile,
there were 14 respondents in the moderate category or around 17.1%.
Based on the Table 1, most respondents have mental health scores in the high
Finally,
category, withrespondents
67 respondents who or scored
aroundin the low
81.7%. categorythere
Meanwhile, amounted
were 14to respondents
1 student
in the or 1.2% from
moderate totalorrespondents.
category around 17.1%. Finally, respondents who scored in the low
The first
category amounted to 1stage
studentin or
the1.2%
classical assumption
from total test is the normality test
respondents.
by looking
The at the
first stage normal
in the probability
classical assumption plots.
test Data
is theisnormality
normallytestdistributed
by looking if at
the lines
the normal (dots) follow
probability the diagonal
plots. Data is normally line. Therefore,
distributed based
if the lineson the follow
(dots) normalthe
probability
diagonal plots inbased
line. Therefore, Figure on2,the
it can be concluded
normal probabilitythat theindata
plots in this
Figure 2, itstudy
can be
are normally
concluded distributed.
that the data in this study are normally distributed.

Figure 2. Normal Probability Plots

Figure 2. Normal Probability Plots
The second stage in the classical assumption test is the heteroscedasticity test by
Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic 11
observing the image
Sriwiyanti, scatterplot.
Wahyu BasedShofia,
Saefudin, Adinda on theMujib
observation in Figure 3, it can be seen that
there are points that spread below and above the Y-axis and do not have a regular
pattern. Thus, it can be concluded that there is no heteroscedasticity or homoscedasticity
 Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E

The second stage in the classical assumption test is the

heteroscedasticity test by observing the image scatterplot. Based on the
observation in Figure 3, it can be seen that there are points that spread
below and above the Y-axis and do not have a regular pattern. Thus, it
Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi
can be concluded that there is no heteroscedasticity or homoscedasticity
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. xxxx, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
between the independent variables. ISSN 2527-5704 (P) ISSN 2527-5682 (E)

Figure 3. Scatterplot
Figure 3. Scatteplot Of Heteroscedasticity.
The third stage in the classical assumption test is the autocorrelation test by
observingThe third stage
the results of thein the classical assumption
Durbin-Watson test
Test. Based on is the
Table 2, itautocorrelation
can be seen that the
test by
results observing
of the the results
Durbin-Watson Test of
are the Durbin-Watson
2.174. Test. than
This value is greater Basedtheon Table
value of the
2, itDurbin-Watson
table can be seen that thewhich
Test, results
is of theTherefore,
1.45. Durbin-Watson Test
there is no are 2.174. This
autocorrelation in the
value isingreater
residuals thandata.
this research the value
of the table Durbin-Watson Test, which is
1.45. Therefore, there is no autocorrelation
Table 2. in the residuals in this research
data. Autocorrelation Test Result
Adjusted R R Square p Durbin-Watson
R R Square F Change
Square Change
.848a .719 .712 .719 101.175 .000 2.174

The fourth stage in the classical assumption test is the multicollinearity test by
observing
12 theSocial
VIFSupport,
value Self-Efficacy,
(Table 3). and TheStudent’s
magnitude of theinvalue
Mental Health tolerance
Online Learning (a)Pandemic
During used is 10
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
percent, so the VIF is 10, the calculation results show that each independent variable has
a VIF value of less than 10, so it can be concluded that there is no multicollinearity
between independent variables.
 Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E)

Table 2.
Autocorrelation Test Result
R R Adjusted R Square F p Durbin-
Square R Square Change Change Watson
.848a .719 .712 .719 101.175 .000 2.174

The fourth stage in the classical assumption test is the

multicollinearity test by observing the VIF value (Table 3). The
magnitude of the value tolerance (a) used is 10 percent, so the VIF is
10, the calculation results show that each independent variable has
a VIF value of less than 10, so it can be concluded that there is no
multicollinearity between independent variables.

Table 3.
Multicollinearity Test Result
Variable VIF Tolerance Value Description
Social support 2.647 .378 No multicollinearity
Self-efficacy 2.647 .378 No multicollinearity

Researchers used a multiple linear regression test to determine the

effect of social support and self-efficacy on students’ mental health during
online learning. Based on the ANOVA table (Table 4), it is found that
the social support and self-efficacy variables can predict mental health
variables with the regression equation (F= 101.175, p<0.05) and the
significance value obtained is 0.000 (p<0.05). This study’s coefficient of
determination (R Square) was 0.719 or 71.9% (Table 5). Therefore, the
two independent variables can predict the dependent variable by 71.9%.
Therefore, social support and self-efficacy can predict students’ mental
health during online learning with a prediction rate of 71.9%.

Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic 13
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E

Table 4.
Multiple Linear Regression Test Result

Mental Social Self-efficacy

health support
Pearson Correlation Mental health 1.000 .815 .787
Social support .815 1.000 .789
Self-efficacy .787 .789 1.000
Sig. (1-tailed) Mental health . .000 .000
Social support .000 . .000
Self-efficacy .000 .000 .
N Mental health 82 82 82
Social support 82 82 82
Self-efficacy 82 82 82

Table 5.
Multiple Regression Analysis
Dependent Predictors Contribution F p R R2 Description
Variable
Mental health Social 101.175 0.000 .848 .719 There is
0.419 (p<0.05) correlation
support
Self-efficacy 0.300

The effective contribution of social support and self-efficacy

variables to student’s mental health during online learning is obtained by
using the following calculation formula:
SE(X)% = βx x rxy x 100%
Based on the results of statistical calculations, it is known that
several coefficients are shown in Table 5. The calculation results of the
effective contribution formula show that the effectiveness of social
support provides an effective contribution of 0.419 or 41.9, and self-
efficacy provides an effective contribution of 0.300 or 30%.

14 Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
 Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E)

The Description Of Student’s Mental Health

Based on the research results, most respondents have a high mental
health condition. The number of respondents in the high category was
67, or about 81.7% of the total respondents in this study. Furthermore,
14 respondents were in the medium category and one in low. These results
are in line with research conducted by Aziz et al. (2021) that the pandemic
affects the mental condition of students in online learning. In a study
to 123 respondents, 70% reported good mental health conditions, and
30% had poor conditions. In addition, students often experience mental
health forms, including burnout, anxiety, depression, anxiety, and somatic
symptoms (Annisa et al., 2020; Bolatov et al., 2021).
Furthermore, these results are also in line with Hasanah et al.’s (2020)
study conducted to measure the psychological state of 190 students. The
study results explained that 96.32% of respondents had normal levels of
depression, 87.89% had normal stress levels, and 41.5% experienced mild
anxiety levels during online learning. Therefore, the score can mean that
all students have good mental health. Furthermore, research from Walean
et al. (2021) also confirmed that most students have a level of anxiety in
the mild category.
Good mental health will impact students’ success in following
and completing the online learning process. In addition, students with
good mental health can also face various situations in life and adapt well
(Deliviana et al., 2021). Conversely, poor mental health may cause failure
in following online learning. Other negative impacts of declined mental
health are burnout, depression, and other anxiety symptoms (Bolatov et
al., 2021). Academic burnout due to poor mental health during online
learning also causes student to feel tired, become cynical, and experience
a sense of incompetence in completing assigned tasks (Novianti, 2021).

Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic 15
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E

The Effect Of Social Support On Student’s Mental Health

According to the result of regression analysis, it can be concluded
that social support strongly affects mental health in online learning during
the pandemic. This finding has proven the finding to be aligned with some
previous studies. A systematic review by Harandi et al. (2017) examined
64 similar studies and concluded that social support is related to mental
health. For instance, perceived social support can inhibit the damaging
physiological complications of diseases. While in university, students are
likely to contact social networks and be more used to receiving social
support when encountering stressful situations. Another study by Karaca
et al. (2019) found that social support in students’ education is a protective
factor for mental health. Students’ main social support sources were their
families, peers, and spouses or partners.
In a more detailed explanation, every source of social support has
also been proven to have a direct link to mental health. For instance,
family support as a form of social support, is one of the predictors that
lower mental health service use, levels of depression, and the prevalence
of suicide attempts (LeCloux et al., 2016). Family support also becomes
an effort to prevent mental health problems. Family support program
developed by counselor becomes a part of the treatment for adolescents
diagnosed with mental health problems (Laird & Kuhn, 2014). Adolescents
with warm family relationships believe that their family can be trusted
and reliable. This condition leads to higher self-efficacy and motivation
to achieve goals (Triana et al., 2019). It means positive mental health in
adolescents is affected by family functions as strong support systems.
Specifically, family influences emotional well-being, psychological well-
being, and social well-being (Florensa et al., 2019).
Family support is service-oriented and aims to improve family
functioning and conduct supportive relationships. This service is mainly

16 Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
 Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E)

about care, psychological support to family members, and economic

provision to establish well-being (Daly et al., 2015). Moreover, emotional
or esteem support includes giving positive regard and encouragement,
tangible or instrumental support such as direct assistance and offering help
or money, and informational support such as giving advice or suggestions
(Sarafino & Smith, 2011). However, lower emotional support reduces
family cohesion and increases conflict (Pierce et al., 1996). Therefore,
students living independently at home or dormitory, far away from their
families have lower social support and are more vulnerable to those who
live with a family (Tahmasbipour & Taheri, 2012).
In addition, friends or peer support also plays a role in mental health
particularly in relation to self-esteem and the prevalence of depression.
Perceived support may affect mental health outcomes by increasing
beliefs that are negatively associated with depression and low self-esteem,
such as acceptance, self-worth, the belief that significant others will
help, and connectedness to others (or lack of loneliness) (Colarossi &
Eccles, 2003). Another study found that general friendships and support
predict students’ social integration at university. Then, social integration
predicts students’ mental health and well-being (Rubin & Kelly, 2015).
The next corroborating study (Rubin et al., 2016) also stated that social
contact with university friends negatively correlated with depression and
positively predicts well-being. Social contact with university friends acts
as a significant mediator toward satisfaction with life (Rubin et al., 2016).
Additionally, teacher is one of the sources of support in students’
mental health. A better teacher-student relationship is linked to lower
student mental health issues. Reversely, the absence of teachers’ support
is associated with higher psychological distress (Harding et al., 2018).
Teachers also have a role in delivering school mental health interventions
as they offer the most effective mental health services to students in school
settings (Franklin et al., 2012). Therefore, teachers should implement their
Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic 17
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E

support in many ways, such as discussions of real cases related to practical

guidance on how to help students dealing with difficulties, focused on
supporting rather than solving a student’s problem, and engaging and
being active in educational processes (Shelemy et al., 2019).
We can conclude that in university students, social support can
positively affect mental, physical, and social health; it has protective
and fundamental effects (Tahmasbipour & Taheri, 2012). Furthermore,
perceived social support predicted greater mental health levels in college
students, including fewer depressive and anxiety symptoms, lower stress
level, and higher satisfaction with life (Shelton et al., 2017). In this study
context, a similar insight also arises from the finding; students’ mental
health remained high in online learning processes during pandemics
and was affected by social support from family, friends, and teachers.
Therefore, during difficult times, students need different types of support:
emotional support, informational support, instrumental support, and
appraisal support.
This study also confirmed the previous research conducted by
Arima et al. (2020) on students in Japan, explaining that self-efficacy
affects students’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. If schools
expect students’ mental health to be good, intervention programs are
needed to improve their self-efficacy. Furthermore, Yıldırım and Güler’s
(2020) study in Turkey supported the findings, that self-efficacy can be
used as a preventive measure in preventing mental health. This finding
might be explained by high self-efficacy in individuals that helps them
deal with stressful conditions experienced during a pandemic, through
effective coping strategies (Yunita et al., 2021). Students also experience
some negative mental health conditions during the pandemic, including
burnout syndrome, depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms, and declined
academic performance (Bolatov et al., 2021; Saefudin et al., 2021b).

18 Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
 Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E)

High self-efficacy can also reduce student academic stress, so

students will handle pressure, demands, competition, and expectations
from the environment better (Wistarini & Marheni, 2018). Other studies
have demonstrated that high self-efficacy also affects students’ academic
procrastination. Students with high self-efficacy will not delay the
completion of a given task in ongoing online learning (Rahmadina et al.,
2020). Self-efficacy plays an important role in determining attitudes and
the amount of effort that students put toward their study, so they can think
and react to complete tasks. Concerning online learning activities, self-
efficacy also affects strategic self-regulated learning (Lee et al., 2020). Self-
regulated learning is one of the important factors influencing academic
success in face-to-face learning.
Furthermore, Alemany-Arrebola et al. (2020) also confirmed that
the COVID-19 pandemic affected student anxiety (state anxiety and trait
anxiety). Students with high trait anxiety also showed an increased state
anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is inseparable from the
COVID-19 pandemic, which impacts the stressful situation (Sriwiyanti et
al., 2021). Students’ self-efficacy can reduce the anxiety experienced in
learning during COVID-19 pandemic. The higher the anxiety rate, the
lower the self-efficacy (Alemany-Arrebola et al., 2020). Poor individual
self-efficacy may also lead to emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion
due to excessive and prolonged stress, a condition known as burnout (Ulfa
& Aprianti, 2021). Burnout made individuals feel emotionally exhausted;
causing them unable to carry out daily responsibilities. As stressful
conditions continue, burnout people can lose interest and motivation.
Self-efficacy affects motivation to solve the problems at hand; therefore,
high self-efficacy reduces burnout in students (Pellerone, 2021; Ulfa &
Aprianti, 2021).
A study by Chen et al. (2020) to young Chinese nurses revealed
self-efficacy can also be a mediator of job stress and mental health
Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic 19
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E

problems, including depression and anxiety . Self-efficacy is also able

to mediate adverse childhood experiences and mental health. Thus, the
effects of adverse childhood experiences such as social, emotional, and
health problems can be reduced (Treat et al., 2020). Among children who
experienced bullying, self-efficacy can also be a mediator in reducing the
prevalence of poor mental health state (Lin et al., 2020). The various
studies above confirm that students’ confidence in their ability to master
situations and produce positive affects their mental health.
In conclusion, this study has proved that social support and self-
efficacy can affect the students’ mental health in online learning during
a pandemic. The effect of independent variables that conclude social
support and self-efficacy can predict students’ mental health during online
learning with a predictive rate of 71.9%. There are other variables outside
these two independent variables that influence students’ mental health.
Moreover, this study does not discuss the demographic factors of the
respondent that may contribute to dependent factor. This study also had a
small sample size (82 students).

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

Conclusion
This study explained online learning students’ mental health levels
during the COVID-19 pandemic. From the results of the data analysis
conducted, the majority of respondents have mental health scores in the
high category. This study also explained the simultaneous contribution
of social support and self-efficacy toward students’ mental health with
a coefficient of determination of 0.719. Social support has a bigger
contribution towards mental health. The greater the social support
students receive and the higher their level of self-efficacy, the moreincrease
of mental health conditions they will gain while participating in online
learning.
20 Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Student’s Mental Health in Online Learning During Pandemic
Sriwiyanti, Wahyu Saefudin, Adinda Shofia, Mujib
 Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi,
Vol. 7, No. 1, January – June 2022, pp. 1 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v7i1.4914
ISSN: 2527-5704 (P) ISSN: 2527-5682 (E)

Suggestion
Future researchers can advance this research topic by perfecting the
limitations of this study. There is space for further researchers to study
other variables in improving students’ mental health. Future studies can
analyze other related topics, especially related to the challenges and complex
adaptation in pandemic situations. Furthermore, it can be organized by
involving more participants from various regions or varying levels of
education. Future studies may also involve the demographic factors of
the respondents to make the study more holistic. Therefore, the broader
research scope will help future researchers to achieve robust results.

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