INTRODUCTION TO GAD CONCEPTS - It helps promote participatory process,

empowerment, equity and sustainable

1. Gender is the biological characteristics of development.
being a female or a male. - The community/institution must be free
DISAGREE from violence, respectful of human rights,
2. Sex is sociologically constructed and can supportive of self-determination and
be changed. actualization of human potential.
DISAGREE
3. Gender sensitivity is the presence of Gender and Development (GAD)
programs, projects and processes that It seeks to achieve gender equality as a
systematically address gender concerns fundamental value that should be reflected
and issues. in development choices and contends that
DISAGREE women are active agents of development,
4. Gender and Development is a not just passive recipients of development
development perspective and process (PCW, 2011).
adopted by the national government in the
1970s. GENDER MILESTONES
DISAGREE
5. Gender issues are gender linked beliefs, Gender Blind
systems and processes, conditions and Lack of recognition of gender as an
situations that block an individual’s essential determinant of life choices that are
attainment of full potential and satisfying life. available in society.and control
AGREE Gender Aware
Recognition of gender inequality, that there
Outline of Presentation: are differences between men and women in
A. Foundational Concepts terms of access to, and control over
- Gender and Development (GAD) resources, including opportunities for
- Sex and Gender development.
- Gender Socialization Gender Sensitive
-Power Relations Recognition of the underlying and hidden
-Manifestations of Gender Bias cause of gender inequality. Differences are
B. Essential Instrumentalities felt undesirable and unjustifiable. Problems
resulting from inequality and discrimination
- International Commitment to are identified.
Gender Equality Gender Responsive
- National Mandates and Legal Presence of programs, projects and
Obligations to processes that systematically incorporate or
-Gender Equality address gender concerns and issues.
Gender Fair and Equity
Society where women and men equitably
Gender and Development (GAD) share in the responsibilities, power authority
- development perspective and process and decision making and enjoy the benefits.
adapted by the national government in the
1980s.
Equality is often defined as an equal - hair grown under the arms & in the pelvic
distribution of opportunities, such as region
everyone being provided with the same - ovaries start to function
thing to ensure they achieve their best. - regular menstruation

Equity is often referred to as an equitable MEN

distribution of opportunities, such as - the body become more muscular
everyone being provided with what they - shoulder & chest become broader
need to ensure they do their best. - adam's apple grows
- vocal cord enlarge
Gender Sensitivity - underarm, pubic hair & hair on the face,
- the ability to recognize gender issues and chest & shoulders start to grow
especially the ability to recognize women's - penis & testes enlarge
different perceptions. and interest arising - testes begin to make sperm
from their different social location and
different gender roles. Sex Roles
They are socially coded behaviors and
practices often related to a person's
SEX AND GENDER reproductive capacities, such as women
Sex is ... with the roles of motherhood and men with
- biological characteristics of being a female fatherhood.
or a male (kasarian)
Physical attributes pertaining to a Female
person's body contours, features, - Gestation
hormones, genes, chromosomes - Lactation
and reproductive organs (genitals). - Child-bearing
- generally permanent and universal Male
- attributes are equally valued. - Ovum fertilization
- Produces spermatozoa which determine
Primary Sex Characteristic child's sex.
MEN
Penis, testes (androgen and testosterone), Gender
scrotum, sperm, vas deferens, etc. - Set of qualities, differentiated roles or by
responsibilities, attitudes, and values
WOMEN assigned culture and society to women to
Uterus, ovaries (estrogen and women and men.
progesterone) ovum, fallopian tubes, cervix,
vagina, clitoris, etc. -expectations, held about the
characteristics, aptitudes, and likely
Secondary Sex Characteristic behaviors of both women and men.
WOMEN
- development of the breast - sociologically constructed
- pelvic widens R & hips broaden - categorize as feminine (pagkababae) and
- voice deepens slightly masculine (pagkalalaki)
- time and place bound
- learned and changing Socializing Agents
Any person or social institution that shapes
Typical Roles, Characteristics, Attitudes, a person's values, attitude, behavior,
Values and Expectations of Women and beliefs, etc.
Men
AGENTS OF GENDER SOCIALIZATION
GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR
1. Family
MEN VERBAL APPELLATION - Telling children
Productive Role what they are and what is expected of them.
Tasks that contribute economically (income
generating) to the household and to the
FEMININE MASCULINE
community like agriculture, manufacturing,
livelihood enterprise, services, wage Submissive Dominant
employment, etc. Gentle Aggressive
Women Emotional Adventurer
Reproductive Role Talkative Not emotional
Passive Assertive
Care and maintenance of the households
and its members, including the bearing and
caring of children, food preparation, water, CANALIZATION
fuel collection, shopping, housekeeping and People direct children's attention to gender
family health care. appropriate objects.
Community Role
Tasks that have to do with managing MANIPULATION
activities of community organizations and People handle girls and girls differently even
projects or they have to do with leadership as infants.
of community organizations and political
structures related to political concerns and 2. School
affairs of the locality. - Gendered lessons
- Unequal treatment of teachers to female
Gender Gap and male students
A condition wherein men and women in a - Textbooks, computer softwares, and
particular culture and society have unequal teaching styles perpetuate gender bias.
access to and control of resources and
benefits, and thus have an unequal status 3. Media
or are give unequal value in that culture or Reinforces gender stereotypes and sex
society. based discrimination through media
portrayal of men and women.
Gender Socialization
The process by which the individuals are 4. Church
informed about norms, traditions, behaviors - There are texts and verses that glorify
and attitudes associated in the assigned sex sufferings, oppression and subordination
usually during childhood development.
- Gender differentiation and inequality and accorded lesser importance. This is
between women and men is preached and predominantly a social phenomenon by
conveyed in religious doctrines and symbols which a minority or sub-group is excluded
and their needs or desires are ignored.
5. Workplace
- Unequal pay MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN (RA 9710)
- Conflict between family life and work Marginalized Sectors
- Power relations as well as access to and - Small farmers and rural workers:
control over resources - Fisher folks:
- Sexual harassment and other forms of - Urban poor.
discrimination persist - Workers in the formal economy.
- Workers in the informal economy:
- Migrant workers;
Expression of Power/Power Relations - Indigenous Peoples,
- Moro; Children:
Power to - one's ability to act on his/her - Senior citizens;
own, the unique potential of every person to - Persons with disabilities, and
shape his/her life and world. - Solo parents.

Power with - one's ability to cooperate with Gender Stereotyping

others to accomplish something. It multiplies It refers to overgeneralizations about the
individual talents and knowledge. characteristics of an entire group based on
gender. It can be positive or negative, but
Power within - related to the person's they rarely communicate accurate
sense of self-worth and self knowledge. It information about others.
includes the ability to recognize individual
differences while respecting others. Female Stereotypical Roles
- to marry and have children;
Power over - one's ability to dominate - to put her family's welfare before her own;
others, to make them do what they want. be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing
MANIFESTATION OF GENDER BIAS and sympathetic; - etc.

Subordination Male Stereotypical Roles

-the act of placing a person in a lower rank - To be the financial provider,
or position, the act of making a person - to be assertive, competitive, independent,
dependent, secondary or subservient, courageous, and career-focused;
Examples - etc.
The refusal to allow women to be
educated was part of society's Multiple Burden
subordination of women to men. Women perform paid work outside the
domestic sphere as well as homemaking
Marginalization and child-care work inside the home.
The process whereby something or
someone is pushed to the edge of a group Violence Against Women (VAW)
Any act of gender-based violence that UN's declaration of the International
results in or is likely to result in physical, Women's Year - 1975
sexual or psychological harm or suffering to
women, including threats of such acts, Our Country's International Commitment to
coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, Promote Gender Equality and
whether occurring in public or private life. Empowerment of Women

- battering Conventions on the Elimination of All Forms

- sexual harassment of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
- rape - 1979
- wife burning
- Female genital mutilation Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA)
- Other traditional practices harmful to - 1995
women
Millennium Development Goals
Gender Discrimination - 2000
- to give differential treatment to individuals
on the grounds of their gender. Sustainable Development Goals
- 2015
Gender Issues
- gender linked beliefs (ideas, attitudes and Our country is also a signatory to the
behavior), systems, processes, conditions following:
and situations that BLOCK an individual's - Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(man or woman) attainment of full potentials which establishes women's rights as human
or a satisfying life. rights;
- Equal Remuneration Convention and
Gender Issues (WOMEN) Discrimination (Employment and
- Obstacles to Personhood Occupation) Convention
- Violence Against Women - International Covenant on Civil and
- Multiple Burden Political Rights
- Economic Marginalization - International Covenant on Economic,
- Political Subordination of Women Social and Cultural Rights
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ON
MANIFESTATION OF GENDER BIAS APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT
The unequal gender relations between men
and women are manifested in gender WID (Women in Development)
biases that limit the opportunities available Sees that women are ignored and excluded
for women and men. from development programmes; it therefore
They are deterrents to development! requires the implementation of separate or
Integrated projects for women

WAD (Women and Development)

Argues that women are already integrated
into the development process; the problem
is that planners hold inaccurate
assumptions about women's specific
activities and this led to the neglect of their
real needs and over-exploit ation of their
labor.

GAD (Gender and Development)

Advocates not only for "adding women" into
the development process, but a rethinking
of development concepts and practice as a
whole through a gender lens.

Gender and Development (GAD)

- Unequal power relations between women
and men prevent equitable relations and the
full participation of women in development,
- Focuses on social, economic, political and
cultural forces that determine how men and
women can equally participate in, benefit
from and control project resources along
women's empowerment framework.
- Identifies and addresses practical and
strategic gender interests.

GENDER EQUALITY
It is achieved when women and men enjoy
the same rights and opportunities across all
sectors of society, including economic
participation and decision making, and
when the different behaviors, aspirations
and needs of women and men are equally
valued and favored.