Gender and Development

Revisiting Fundamental Concepts

and Principles
Outline of presentation:

 Gender and Development

 GAD Related laws
 JMC No. 2013-01 and 2016-01
What words or ideas do we
associate with GAD?
QUIZ: Sex or gender?

1.Menopause and
Andropause
2. Women are more likely
to wear shirts with floral
prints than men.
3. Women in Saudi are now
allowed to drive cars.
4. Cross-dressers are
illegal in some parts of the
world.
5. Women can
breastfeed their
babies.
6. In Hollywood, male
actors enjoy higher
salaries than their
female counterparts.
7. Women are good at
cleaning the house.
8. The production of
androgens makes facial
hair among men dark and
coarse.
9. Boys do better in
science and math; girls do
better in art and literature.
10. A good number
of lesbians like
to sport short hair.
What is SEX?
 SEX
o …categories of
refers to the TWO being Male
and Female

o biologically determined (external genitalia

or sex organ; chromosomal make-up;
qualities of hormones)

o constant across time, across different

societies and cultures
 Primary Sex Characteristics

MEN
penis, testes
(androgen and
testosterone), scrotum,
sperm, vas deferens,
etc.
Primary Sex Characteristics

WOMEN
Uterus, ovary (estrogen and
progesterone)
ovum, fallopian tubes cervix,
vagina, clitoris, etc.
Women can become
pregnant.
Secondary Sex Characteristics

o Development of the breast

o Pelvic widens & hips broaden
o Voice deepens slightly
o Hair grown under the arms & in the
pelvic region
o Ovary starts to function
o Regular menstruation
Secondary Sex Characteristics

o The body becomes more muscular

o Shoulder & chest become broader
o Adam’s apple grows
o Vocal cord enlarges
o Underarm, pubic hair & hair on the
face, chest & shoulders start to grow
o Penis & testes enlarge
o Testes begin to produce sperm
 Sex is …
❖ generally permanent
❖ universal
❖ categorized as male and
female
❖ attributes are equally
valued
 What are Sex Roles?
A function in which a male or
female assumes because of the basic
physiological or anatomical difference
between the sexes.
A role which can only
be performed by only one of the sexes.
What is Gender?
Gender refers to ...
set of and values assigned
qualities, by culture and
differentiated society to women and
roles or men.
responsibilities,
attitudes,
Gender refers to …
Expectations, held about
the characteristics,
aptitudes,

and likely behaviors

of both women and
men.
In your family or
circle of friends or
in the workplace,
what are the
traits/descriptors
used for men and
women.
What is Gender?
• changing, time and place bound

• present in both women and men

• categorized as feminine and masculine

• attributes are marked by inequality

• sociologically constructed
What are Gender Roles?
o roles assigned to men and women based on their
gender
o refers to activities which are considered
appropriate and acceptable for boys or girls; men
or women.
o part of gender norms; it is society’s evaluation of
behavior as masculine or feminine
 Female gender roles are
associated with appropriate
concepts of Femininity

and traits such as:

_______________
Male gender roles are
associated with appropriate
concepts of Masculinity

and traits such as:

________________________
_______
GENDER STEREOTYPES

It is the tendency or attitude, to ascribe particular traits,

characteristics and roles distinctly to men and particular traits,
characteristics, roles distinctly women.

The assumption behind stereotyping is that the ascribed

attributes of men apply to all men and that of women apply
to all women in a given society.
The confusion between sex and gender gives rise to such
stereotypes as:

Men:

Physically stronger, thus, they are better engineers, architects,

welders or carpenters. They are the protectors of women.

Women:

Physically weak, thus, they need protection from men.

Men:

Brave, aggressive, independent,

and have the ability to control emotions

Women:

Timid, passive, while emotionally dependent,

demonstrative, loving, self sacrificing and being
peaceful
Men:

More fit to be leaders, head of families, business

enterprises, social and political organizations,
states, armies and communities

Women:

More fit to take secondary roles

What are the dangers of GENDER STEREOTYPING?
Traditional gender roles divide men and women from each
other.
Deny women access to the public world of: work, power,
independence and achievement

Deny men access to:

Their nurturing side, emotion, domestic life
 Agents of Gender
Socialization

• Family • School

• Media
What is Gender Discrimination?
What is Gender Discrimination?
Gender Discrimination means
to give differential treatment
to individuals on the grounds
of their gender.
Gender Subordination
Secondary status of women in
society, because of this they
have less access to and control
over resources for development
and its benefits.
Gender Biases
Personhood
Development

Economic
Violence
Marginalization
Against
Women Women
Political
Multiple Subordination
Burden of Women
Gender
Stereotyping
 We can refrain from being GENDER BIASED
by being GENDER SENSITIVE.
Being Gender Sensitive is understanding that this is:

Not a war of the sexes, Not anti-male

Both women and men are victims, although women

are affected more than men

Is a frame of mind and a set of attitude

The way we approach whatever we do in our

intimate relationships, in our work, in our everyday
transactions with the outside world.
 How then can you say that one is gender sensitive?

You respect every person/individual, regardless of age, ability

(physical or mental), belief/religion, educational attainment, race,
ethnic group, status in society, marital status, region of origin, color,
sexual orientation and gender identity.
You recognize that there is inequality between men and
women that can be passed on from one generation to the
next.

You recognize that this inequality in the home, in the

community and institutions should be changed.

You work towards the transformation of such inequality in

the home, in the community and institutions.
 Development means both the
improved material well-being
(welfare) of people and the process
by which this improved well-being is
achieved.
 The concept of development also
includes an element of equality- that
material benefits from the
development process should be fairly
distributed, especially to benefit those
most in need, the disadvantaged and
the most vulnerable.
Equality of Opportunity means that everybody
has an equal chance, especially for equal access,
there is no structural discrimination standing
in the way of any individual
or social group.
Gender sensitivity is the ability to
recognize gender issues, and especially
the ability to recognize women’s different
perceptions and interests arising from
their different social location and
different gender roles
Empowerment is an important
element of development, being
the process by which people take
control and action in order to
overcome obstacles.
Equality of opportunity
for women
would mean ending all
gender
discrimination.
Gender issues are
deterrents to
development. Thus, it is
important to address them
in development planning.
 Gender and Development (GAD)
GAD is a development perspective that recognizes the
unequal status and situations of women and men in
society.
 WHY GAD ?
More importantly,

a gender-responsive development is crucial

in attaining GROWTH with
women to be effective as half of the national
producers of goods and services

Because it aims to provide more to those who have

less according to needs.
52
 WHY US ?
Gender issues affect all of us. But
instead of solving them, we all
contribute to their perpetuation.
We are mandated by international
treaties/commitments, laws and policies

We are custodians of peoples’ trust and

resources. We have the power,
knowledge, skills and resources to make development work
for everybody.
 Where do we go from here ?
A. Personal
• check personal gender biases, including our language
• look at everyone and deal with them
as human, not as women/men, male/
female, girls/boys
Where do we go from here ?

B. Professional
•take the lead in gender mainstreaming
• comply with the requirements of GAD-related laws
and issuances
• make GFPS functional
Where do we go from here?

B. Professional

• make spaces for disadvantaged men

and women
• treat each one as equals; demolish
hierarchical social transactions
 Gender Mainstreaming
Strategies and processes to integrate gender-
responsive goals in the directions, policies,
projects and services of organizations and
agencies.
GAD related laws
 Republic Act (RA) No. 11313 Safe Spaces Act (2018)

Sec. 8. Duties of Local Government Units (LGUs). — local government units (LGUs) shall bear
primary responsibility in enforcing the provisions under Article I of this Act. LGUs shall have the
following duties:
(a) Pass an ordinance which shall localize the applicability of this Act within sixty (60) days of its
effectivity;
(b) Disseminate or post in conspicuous places a copy of this Act and the corresponding ordinance;
(c) Provide measures to prevent gender-based sexual harassment in educational institutions, such as
information campaigns and anti-sexual harassment seminars;
(d) Discourage and impose fines on acts of gender-based sexual harassment as defined in this Act;
(e) Create an anti-sexual harassment hotline; and
(f) Coordinate with the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) on the
implementation of this Act.
RA 10398: An Act Declaring November Twenty-Five Of Every Year As
“National Consciousness Day For The Elimination Of Violence Against
Women And Children

SEC. 2. The following activities shall be undertaken in observance of this

occasion:

(a) Heads of government agencies and instrumentalities, government-owned

and -controlled corporations, local government units and employers in the
private sector shall, together with their employees, organize, engage or
participate in activities designed to raise public awareness on the problem of
violence, and the elimination of all forms of violence, against women and
children.
• -Republic Act No. 10361: Domestic Workers Act or Batas
Kasambahay
-Republic Act 10354: The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive
Health Act of 2012

-Republic Act No. 10174: An Act establishing the people’s survival fund
to provide long-term finance streams to enable the government to
effectively address the problem of Climate Change

- Republic Act 10121: Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Act of 2010
Republic Act 9710: Magna Carta of Women
The Magna Carta of Women (MCW) is a comprehensive women’s human rights law that seeks
to eliminate discrimination through the recognition, protection, fulfillment, and promotion of the
rights of Filipino women, especially those belonging in the marginalized sectors of the society. It
conveys a framework of rights for women based directly on international law.
- Republic Act 9995: Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of 2009

-Republic Act 9775: Anti-Child Pornography Act of 2009

- Republic Act 9501: Magna Carta for Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises
- Republic Act 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women and Their
Children Act of 2004

- Republic Act 9208: Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003

An Act to institute policies to eliminate trafficking in persons

especially women and children, establishing the necessary
institutional mechanisms for the protection and support of trafficked
persons, providing penalties for its violations, and for other
purposes.
- Republic Act 8980: Early Childhood Care and Development Act

An Act promulgating a comprehensive policy and a national system for Early Childhood Care
and Development, providing funds therefore and for other purposes.

-Republic Act 9178: Barangay Micro Business Enterprises Act of 2002

An Act to promote the establishment of Barangay Micro Business Enterprises, providing

incentives and benefits therefor, and for other purposes.

- Republic Act 8972: Solo Parents’ Welfare Act of 2000

An Act Providing for benefits And privileges to Solo Parents and their Children, Appropriating
Funds Therefor And For Other Purposes.
Republic Act 8425: Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act

An Act Institutionalizing the Social Reform And Poverty Alleviation Program, creating for the purpose
the National Anti-poverty Commission, defining Its Powers And Functions, and for other purposes.
 GAD Policies related to COVID-19

CHR-DILG JMC No. 2020-01

Ensuring Gender-responsive Interventions to Covid-19 and the

New Normal including Ensuring prompt, effective, and survivor-
centered response to all forms of gender-based violence
 PURPOSE

 Aims to make concrete directives and

recommendations towards gender-responsive and
intersectional interventions during COVID-19 crisis
 COVERAGE

 It covers all LGUs and shall guide programming and

implementation by LCEs of interventions in response
to COVID-19
 GENERAL GUIDELINES

5.1) Gendered and Intersectional Response during COVID-1 9 Crisis

 Ensure participation in the design, planning,

implementation of crisis interventions, transition and
recovery plans
 Render visible needs of women and girls, of LGBTQI+
persons and other vulnerable and marginalized groups,
and thus design and implement interventions with these
needs and multiple and intersecting vulnerabilities in
mind
 Ensure that women’s and girl’s specific health needs are
addressed at the community level, during containment
measures, during transition and recovery
 Ensuring Prompt, Effective, and Survivor-Centered Response
to Gender-Based Violence
5.2) Gendered and Intersectional Response during
transition and recovery

 Women with disabilities

 Girl children
 Elderly women
 Women deprived of liberty
 Children in Conflict with the Law
 Members of the LGBTQI+
 Urban poor women
 Women in the informal and formal economy
 Women PUIs, PUMs and Covid Positive
 Moro and Muslim Women
 Rural and Indigenous Women
 Internally displaced women
 Migrant workers
 Persons living with HIVs
 Women frontline workers
 Women Human Rights Defenders
 Single mothers
 Teenage mothers
 JMC No. 2013-01 and 2016-01

GAD Planning and Programming for LGUs

DILG-DBM-NEDA and PCW JMC 2013-01 and JMC 2016-10: Guidelines on the
Localization of MCW

Discusses the roles of the oversight agencies and LGUs

Prescribes institutional mechanisms

Provides the steps in developing annual GAD plans and budgets (GPB) and GAD
accomplishment reports (AR)
 Institutional Mechanisms to Implement the MCW
1. Creation and strengthening of GAD Focal Point System
(GFPS)

2. Establishment and Maintenance of GAD Statistics and sex-

disaggregated database

3. Mainstreaming gender perspective in Local Development

Plans
GAD Agenda
GAD Planning and Budgeting
4. Formulation/Enforcement and Implementation of LGU
GAD Code and
 Priority PPAs in GAD Plans

🔸 In identification of GAD PPAs, priority shall be

given to those that address emerging and
continuing issues on:
🔸 Provision of basic services and facilities to protect
and fulfill women’s human rights
🔸 Women’s economic empowerment
🔸 Participation in local governance and decision-
making
 Priority PPAs in GAD Plans

🔸 For effective planning and implementation of GAD PPAs,

priority inclusion of GAD elements in GPBs
🔸 Creation and strengthening of LGU GFPS
🔸 Capacity development of gender mainstreaming, analysis,
planning and budgeting, gender assessment, and other GAD tools
🔸 Institutionalization of GAD database
🔸 Formulation/Enhancement of GAD Code
 Costing and Allocation of the GAD Budget
🔸 GAD budget, which is the cost of implementing the GAD
plan shall form part of and is not in addition to the LGUs’
Annual Budget.

🔸 GAD Budget is at least 5% of total LGU budget which can

be in the form of MOOE, CO and PS

🔸 LGUs shall endeavor to influence the remaining 95% of

LGU budget toward gender-responsiveness thru HGDG
"Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a precondition
for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty, promoting
sustainable development and building good governance."
— Kofi Annan