2

Section A

For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.

Use of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some questions.

1 Which molecule contains six bonding electrons?

A C2H4 B H2S C NCl 3 D SF6

2 The mass spectrum of a sample of lithium shows that it contains two isotopes, 6Li and 7Li.

The isotopic abundances are shown in the table.

isotope isotopic abundance

6
Li 7.42%
7
Li 92.58%

What is the relative atomic mass of this sample of lithium, given to three significant figures?

A 6.07 B 6.50 C 6.90 D 6.93

3 Which property of an atom does not affect its first ionisation energy?

A the atomic radius

B the number of electron shells
C the number of neutrons
D the number of protons

4 Which molecule has the largest overall dipole?

A B C D

H CH3 CH3 Cl H3 C Cl

C C O C O C C C

H CH3 CH3 Cl Cl CH3

5 A 0.216 g sample of an aluminium compound X reacts with an excess of water to produce a

single hydrocarbon gas. This gas burns completely in O2 to form H2O and CO2 only. The volume
of CO2 at room temperature and pressure is 108 cm3.

What is the formula of X?

A Al 2C3 B Al 3C2 C Al 3C4 D Al 4C3

 3

6 The ion Y3– contains 18 electrons and has a mass number of 31.

How many protons and neutrons does Y3– contain?

protons neutrons

A 15 16
B 15 18
C 18 13
D 21 10

7 Which equation correctly describes the complete combustion of an alkene, CnH2n?

A CnH2n + 3
2
nO2 → nCO2 + 2nH2O

B CnH2n + 3
2
nO2 → nCO2 + nH2O

C CnH2n + 2nO2 → nCO2 + nH2O

D CnH2n + 2nO2 → nCO2 + 2nH2O

8 Two conversions are shown.

NH4+ → NH3

C2H4 → C2H6

Which similar feature do these two conversions have?

A change in oxidation state of an element

B decrease in bond angle
C formation of a lone pair of electrons

D loss of a π bond

9 All gases listed are at the same pressure.

Which gas will most closely approach ideal behaviour?

A ammonia at 100 K
B ammonia at 500 K
C neon at 100 K
D neon at 500 K

10 Why is the second ionisation energy of sodium larger than the second ionisation energy of
magnesium?

A The attraction between the nucleus and the outer electron is greater in Na+ than in Mg+.
B The nuclear charge of Na+ is greater than that of Mg+.
C The outer electron of Na+ is more shielded than the outer electron of Mg+.
D The outer electron of Na is in the same orbital as the outer electron of Mg.
 4

Section B
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 Structure and bonding can be used to explain many of the properties of substances.

(a) Copper, ice, silicon(IV) oxide, iodine and sodium chloride are all crystalline solids.

Complete the table with:

● the name of a type of bonding found in each crystalline solid,
● the type of lattice structure for each crystalline solid.

crystalline solid type of bonding type of lattice structure

copper

ice

silicon(IV) oxide

iodine

sodium chloride
[5]

(b) (i) Name the strongest type of intermolecular force in ice.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw a fully labelled diagram of two water molecules in ice, showing the force in (i) and
how it forms.

[3]
 5

(c) The graph represents how the temperature of a sample of copper (melting point 1085 °C)
changes as it is gradually cooled from 1200 °C.

1200

temperature, T
/ °C
T1

X Y Z

time / t

(i) Identify the state(s) of matter present during each stage of the process shown in the
graph.

X .........................................................................................................................................

Y .........................................................................................................................................

Z .........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) S
tate what is happening to the energy and movement of the particles in the copper during
stage X.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Explain why the temperature stays constant at T1 during stage Y.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 15]
 6

2 The composition of atoms and ions can be determined from knowledge of atomic number, nucleon
number and charge.

(a) Complete the table.

atomic nucleon number of number of number of

symbol
number number electrons protons neutrons

3 2 3Li
6 +

23 26 32
[2]

(b) Boron occurs naturally as a mixture of two stable isotopes, 10B and 11B. The relative isotopic
masses and percentage abundances are shown.

isotope relative isotopic mass abundance / %

10
B 10.0129 19.78
11
B to be calculated 80.22

(i) Define the term relative isotopic mass.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the relative isotopic mass of 11B.

Give your answer to six significant figures. Show your working.

[2]

[Total: 6]
 7

3 (a) Chemists recognise that atoms are made of three types of particle.

Complete the following table with their names and properties.

name of particle relative mass relative charge

1/1836

[3]

(b) The relative atomic mass of an element can be determined using data from its mass spectrum.

The mass spectrum of element X is shown, with the percentage abundance of each isotope
labelled.

60

49.61
50

40

percentage
abundance 30
23.77

20

10 9.37 7.63 8.73

0.89
0
73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83
m/e

(i) Define the terms relative atomic mass and isotope.

relative atomic mass ...........................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

isotope ................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
 8

(ii) Use the data in the mass spectrum to calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of X.
Give your answer to two decimal places and suggest the identity of X.

Ar of X ....................................

identity of X ....................................
[2]

(c) The element tellurium, Te, reacts with chlorine to form a single solid product, with a relative
formula mass of 270. The product contains 52.6% chlorine by mass.

(i) Calculate the molecular formula of this chloride.

molecular formula .................................... [3]

(ii) This chloride melts at 224 °C and reacts vigorously with water.

State the type of bonding and structure present in this chloride and explain your reasoning.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Suggest an equation for the reaction of this chloride with water.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
 9

(d) Sodium and silicon also react directly with chlorine to produce the chlorides shown.

melting difference between the

chloride
point / °C electronegativities of the elements
NaCl 801 2.2

SiCl 4 –69 1.3

(i) Describe what you would see during the reaction between sodium and chlorine.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain the differences between the melting points of these two chlorides in terms of their
structure and bonding. You should refer to the difference between the electronegativities
of the elements in your answer.

NaCl structure and bonding ...............................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

SiCl 4 structure and bonding ................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

explanation .........................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 20]
 10

4 The relationship pV = nRT can be derived from the laws of mechanics by assuming ideal behaviour
for gases.

(a) The graph represents the relationship between pV and p for a real gas at three different
temperatures, T1, T2 and T3.

T1 T2

T3

pV

(i) Draw one line on the graph to show what the relationship should be for the same amount
of an ideal gas. [1]

(ii) State and explain, with reference to the graph, which of T1, T2 or T3 is the lowest temperature.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain your answer to (ii) with reference to intermolecular forces.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) State and explain the effect of pressure on the extent to which a gas deviates from ideal
behaviour.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
 11

(b) A flask with a volume of 100 cm3 was first weighed with air filling the flask, and then with
another gas, Y, filling the flask. The results, measured at 26 °C and 1.00 × 105 Pa, are shown.

Mass of flask containing air = 47.930 g

Mass of flask containing Y = 47.989 g

Density of air = 0.00118 g cm–3

Calculate the relative molecular mass, Mr, of Y.

Mr of Y = .................................... [4]

(c) Although nitrogen gas makes up about 79% of the atmosphere it does not easily form
compounds.

(i) Explain why nitrogen is so unreactive.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why the conditions in a car engine lead to the production of oxides of nitrogen.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Give an equation for a reaction involved in the removal of nitrogen monoxide, NO, from a
car’s exhaust gases, in the catalytic converter.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
 12

One of the main reasons for reducing the amounts of oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere is
their contribution to the formation of acid rain.

(iv) Write an equation for the formation of nitric acid from nitrogen dioxide, NO2, in the
atmosphere.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(v) Write equations showing the catalytic role of nitrogen monoxide, NO, in the oxidation of
atmospheric sulfur dioxide, SO2.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 15]
 13

5 (a) The iron(II) complex ferrous bisglycinate hydrochloride is sometimes prescribed, in capsule
form, to treat iron deficiency or anaemia.
A capsule containing 500 mg of this iron(II) complex was dissolved in dilute H2SO4 and titrated
with 0.0200 mol dm–3 KMnO4.
18.1 cm3 of KMnO4 solution were required to reach the end point.

The equation for the titration reaction is as follows.

5Fe2+ + MnO4– + 8H+  5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

(i) Describe how you would recognise the end point of this titration.

.............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate

● the number of moles of Fe2+ in the capsule,

● the mass of iron in the capsule,

● the molar mass of the iron(II) complex, assuming 1 mol of the complex contains 1 mol
of iron.

[4]

(b) In a redox reaction, 0.83 g of lithium reacted with water to form 0.50 dm3 of aqueous
lithium hydroxide.

2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of lithium that reacted.

 14

(ii) Calculate the volume of hydrogen produced at room temperature and pressure.

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the LiOH(aq) formed.

[5]

(c) The graph below shows the variation of the first ionisation energies across Period 3.

1600

1400

1200

1000
first ionisation
800
energy / kJ mol–1
600

400

200

0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

(i) Explain why the first ionisation energy of Ar is greater than that of Cl.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of Al is less than that of Mg.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of S is less than that of P.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
 15

6 Neon is a noble gas.

(a) Complete the full electronic configuration of neon.

1s2 ........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) (i) Explain what is meant by the term first ionisation energy.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of neon is greater than that of fluorine.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Neon has three stable isotopes.

isotope mass number percentage abundance

1 9.25

2 20 90.48

3 21 0.27

Use the relative atomic mass of neon, 20.2, to calculate the mass number of isotope 1.

mass number = ................................. [2]

 16

(d) A mixture of neon and argon has a mass of 0.275 g. The mixture was placed in a gas syringe
at a temperature of 25 °C and a pressure of 100 kPa. Under these conditions the mixture was
found to occupy a volume of 200 cm3.

(i) Calculate the average Mr of the mixture.

average Mr = ................................. [2]

(ii) Use your answer to (i) to calculate the percentage of neon in the mixture.
Give your answer to three significant figures.

percentage of neon = ................................. % [1]

(e) Neon and argon can both be obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air as they have different
boiling points.

Neon has a boiling point of 27.3 K. The boiling point of argon is 87.4 K.

(i) Name the force that has to be overcome in order to boil neon or argon and explain what
causes it.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain why argon has a higher boiling point than neon.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 18]