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    2.types of Lasers

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    Diptiranjan Sahoo
    This document discusses different types of lasers and laser pumping mechanisms. It describes ruby and Nd:YAG lasers in particular. Ruby was the first laser, operating in 1960 using chromium-doped aluminum oxide as the lasing medium. Nd:YAG lasers were demonstrated in 1964 using neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet. Both lasers use optical pumping via flash lamps to excite electrons to higher energy levels, creating population inversion and stimulating laser emission. Ruby operates as a three-level laser system while Nd:YAG is a four-level system.

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    2.types of Lasers

    Uploaded by

    Diptiranjan Sahoo
    33 views12 pages
    This document discusses different types of lasers and laser pumping mechanisms. It describes ruby and Nd:YAG lasers in particular. Ruby was the first laser, operating in 1960 using chromium-doped aluminum oxide as the lasing medium. Nd:YAG lasers were demonstrated in 1964 using neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet. Both lasers use optical pumping via flash lamps to excite electrons to higher energy levels, creating population inversion and stimulating laser emission. Ruby operates as a three-level laser system while Nd:YAG is a four-level system.

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    2.Types of lasers

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    This document discusses different types of lasers and laser pumping mechanisms. It describes ruby and Nd:YAG lasers in particular. Ruby was the first laser, operating in 1960 using chromium-doped aluminum oxide as the lasing medium. Nd:YAG lasers were demonstrated in 1964 using neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet. Both lasers use optical pumping via flash lamps to excite electrons to higher energy levels, creating population inversion and stimulating laser emission. Ruby operates as a three-level laser system while Nd:YAG is a four-level system.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views12 pages

    2.types of Lasers

    Uploaded by

    Diptiranjan Sahoo
    This document discusses different types of lasers and laser pumping mechanisms. It describes ruby and Nd:YAG lasers in particular. Ruby was the first laser, operating in 1960 using chromium-doped aluminum oxide as the lasing medium. Nd:YAG lasers were demonstrated in 1964 using neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet. Both lasers use optical pumping via flash lamps to excite electrons to higher energy levels, creating population inversion and stimulating laser emission. Ruby operates as a three-level laser system while Nd:YAG is a four-level system.

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    Unit-II

    Lasers and Applications

    1)Types of Lasers

    2) Pumping Mechanisms

    3) Ruby Laser

    4) Nd-YAG Laser
    Types of Laser
    Based on the mode of operation
    (i) Pulsed Laser systems
    (iii) Continuous wave Laser systems

    Based on the mechanism in which Population Inversion is achieved


    (i) Three level lasers
    (ii) Four level lasers

    Based on state of active medium used


    (i) Solid state Laser: Ruby laser, Nd-YAG laser
    (ii) Gas Laser: He-Ne laser, CO2 laser, Argon laser
    (iii) Liquid Laser: sodium fluorescein, rhodamine B and rhodamine 6G
    Important Prefixes/Symbol/Multiplying Factor
    (Useful for numericals)
    Pumping Mechanism
    Pumping is the process to achieve population inversion. The pumping
    mechanism maintains a higher population of atoms in the upper energy level
    relative to that in the lower level

    The most commonly used pumping methods are

    1) Optical Pumping: Solid state lasers use this method. Generally for
    optical pumping Xenon flash lamps are used. (Used in ruby, Nd: YAG Laser)

    2) Electrical Discharge Pumping: Gas lasers use this method. The electric
    discharge acts as the pump source. A high voltage electric discharge is
    passed through the laser medium or gas. After that the high electric field
    speeds up the electrons to high speeds. Resulting in collision with neutral
    atoms in the gas. Thus electrons gain energy and get excited. (Used in He-
    Ne laser, CO2 laser)
    3) Injection Current Pumping : In case of semiconductors,
    injection of current through the junction also results in
    population inversion among the minority charge carriers. (Used
    in GaAs and InP)

    4) Inelastic Atom-Atom Collisions Pumping: In addition to


    electric discharge method Here also a high voltage electric
    discharge acts as a pump source. However in this method, a
    combination of two types of gases X and Y are used. Both X
    and Y gases are having the same excited states (X+ and Y+).
    (Used in Helium-Neon (He-Ne)).
    RUBY LASER

    Ruby Crystal

    First laser = operated successfully in 1960 by Maiman.


    Lasing medium: Aluminum oxide doped with chromium ions
    4Al+ 3O2 = 2Al2O3.
    Then Al ions are replaced with Cr
    Energy levels of the chromium atoms take part in lasing action
    A three level laser system.
     It is a pulsed Laser.
    Typical set up:

    Working:
    Ruby is pumped optically with the help of intense Xenon flash lamp. This
    causes Chromium ions to be excited by absorption of Radiation around
    550nm.
    Internal Processes in Ruby Laser
    Chromium ions are excited to levels E(3) levels.
    Excited ions decay non-radiatively to the level E(2) lasing level
    E(2) metastable level has a lifetime of ~ 3ms and atoms from E(1) is
    excited due to optical pumping which produces population inversion.
    Laser emission occurs between level Metastable and ground state G at
    an output wavelength of 0.6943 µm

    Spontaneous
    Stimulated
    Nd-YAG laser:

    YAG Rod
    Neodymium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet is Solid state lasers and same as
    Ruby laser (Ruby Rode replaced by YAG (Y3Al5O12 )Rod) And was first
    demonstrated by J. E. Geusic in 1964.
    Energy levels of the Neodymium (Nd3) ion takes place in lasing action
     Neodymium replaces 1% of Yttrium.
    4 level laser systems
    Nd:YAG lasers typically emit light with a wavelength of 1064 nm,
    in the infrared.
    Typical set up:

    Pump band for excitation are 0.81 µm and 0.73 µm


    Internal Processes in Nd YAG Laser
    Nd ions are excited to levels E(4) levels by optically pumping.
    Excited ions decay non-radiatively to the level E(3) lasing level
    E(3) metastable level has a lifetime of ~ 3ms and atoms from E(1) is excited
    due to optical pumping which produces population inversion.
    Laser emission occurs between level E(3) and ground state E(2) at an output
    wavelength of 1.06 µm
     Ions comes back to E(1) by non-radiatively emission.
    Thank you….

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