Laser 2

The ruby laser
The ruby (Cr3+:Al2O3) laser was the first operable laser source,
presented by Maiman and Asawa in 1960.
Since this laser type is a three-level system, more than 50% of
ions have to be excited in order to obtain population inversion
and laser operation, respectively.
Excitation is accomplished by flash lamps; ruby lasers are thus
generally pulsed laser systems . The ruby is made into a
cylindrical rod of 10 to 15 cm long and about 5 mm in diameter.
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One end of the rod is completely polished while the other end
is partially reflecting. Therefore, the ends act as the cavity
mirrors.
The actual laser active medium of ruby lasers is the chromium
ion Cr3+ which replaces aluminum ions (Al3+) within the host
crystal ruby where the concentration of chromium ions is 0.05
at% by weight.
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Optical pumping of this laser gain medium results in excitation from
the ground state 4A2 to the excited states 4F1 and 4F2, respectively, of
the chromium ion. As shown in figure suitable pump wavelengths are
410 and 560 nm where ruby crystals feature high absorption
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After pumping, a fast radiationless decay from the excited
states 4F1 and 4F2 to the upper laser level E2, a metastable level
occurs.
Laser light is then emitted as a result of the de-excitation from this

level to the ground state 4A2. Since the metastable level E 2 consists
of two neighbouring levels which slightly differ in terms of energy,
the emitted laser light can principally feature two different
wavelengths, 694.3 nm or 692.7 nm.
Usually, ruby lasers are operated at an emission wavelength of

694.3 nm.
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Properties, parameters and characteristics
• Laser active gain medium: ruby crystal, doped with the

actual laser active chromium ion.
• Emission wavelength: 694.3 nm (typical) or 692.7 nm.
• Exclusively pulsed operation possible.
• First operable laser source.
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Types of Lasers
• Based on nature of operation.
1. Pulsed laser systems.
2. High power Q- switched systems.
3. Continuous wave laser systems.
• Based on the mechanism in which population
inversion is achieved.
1. Three level systems
2. four level systems.
• Based on the state of active medium.
1. Gas lasers
2. Solid state laser
3. Semiconductor laser.
4. Tunable dye laser.
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Numerical
1. Find the ratio of population of the two energy states of the ruby laser, the
transition between which is responsible for the emission of photons of
Wavelength 694.3nm. Assume the ambient temperature as 27oc
2. The ratio of population of the two energy states is 1.059 x10 -30 Find the
wavelength of the light emitted at 300K.
3. A laser is emitting a laser beam with an average power of 4.5W. Find the number
of photons emitted per second by the laser. The wavelength of the emitted
radiation is 6328Ao.
4. A pulsed laser emits photons of wavelength 780nm with 20mW average
power/pulse. Calculate the pulse duration, If number of photons contained in
each pulse is 7.86x108.
5. Evaluate the ratio of spontaneous emission to stimulated emission at a
temperature of 300K for transition that occur in (i) The visible region (ii)
Microwave region.
6. Laser action occurs by stimulated emission for an excited state to a state of
energy 30.5eV. If the wavelength of laser light emitted is 690nm, what is the
energy of the excited state.
1. Consider a system with E1 = 166658.484 cm-1 and E2 = 148259.749 cm-1 ,
What is the wavelength (in μm) of the photons emitted or absorbed?
2. For a certain two-level system at thermal equilibrium at 600 K, the

densities of occupied states are N1 = 1024 cm-3and N2 = 1014 cm-3. What is
the wavelength (in μm) of the photons absorbed or emitted by the system?
3. Find the ratio N2/N1 of a two-level system at thermal equilibrium at

room temperature (300 K),if the transition wavelength falls in:
a) Near IR region, say 1.0 μm.
b) IR region, say 10.0 μm.
c) 1.0 mm.
4. Given a two-level system at room temperature. If the number of photons

radiated due to the stimulated emission process is the same as that due to
the
spontaneous emission process, what is the wavelength of the radiation? If
the wavelength of radiation is 10.6 μm, what is the operating temperature of
the system? 25

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The ruby laser

Laser light is then emitted as a result of the de-excitation from this

Usually, ruby lasers are operated at an emission wavelength of

• Laser active gain medium: ruby crystal, doped with the

• Emission wavelength: 694.3 nm (typical) or 692.7 nm.

• Exclusively pulsed operation possible.

• First operable laser source.

2. For a certain two-level system at thermal equilibrium at 600 K, the

3. Find the ratio N2/N1 of a two-level system at thermal equilibrium at

4. Given a two-level system at room temperature. If the number of photons

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