Chapter:

4 4.1 Force on a Current-carrying

Conductor in a Magnetic Field
4.2 Electromagnetic Induction
4.3 Transformer

Electromagnetism

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AIM HIGH
NEVER GIVE UP
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 Dictionary: Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

TERMS DEFINITION / MEANING FORMULA

Electromagnet A temporary magnet made by winding a coil of insulated wire round a soft
iron core
A temporary magnet when current flow through a conductor
Magnetic field A region round a current – carrying conductor in which a magnetic force acts
A region where magnetic material experience force
Catapult field The resultant magnetic field due to the combination of the magnetic field
due to the current in the conductor and the external magnetic field
Electromagnetic The setting up of an electromotive force in a conductor due to a change in the
induction magnetix flux caused by the relative motion of the conductor and a magnetic
field. The induced emf will cause induced current to flow

Production of indueced current when there is a change in magnetic field / flux

magnet
Lenz’s Law The direction of the induced current in such that the change producing it
will be opposed
Faraday’s Law The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux or the rate of cutting of the magnetic flux
Direct current A current that flows in one direction only in a circuit and the magnitude of the
current maybe constant or changes with time
Alternating A current which flows to and fro in two opposite directions in a circuit and it
current changes its direction periodically
Transformer A device which works on the principle of electromagnetic induction which Np Ns
=
steps up or steps down alternating current voltages Vp Vs
Step-up A transformer where the number of turns in the secondary coil is greater than
transformer the number of turns in the primary coil, the voltage across the secondary coil
is greater than the voltage across the primary coil
Step-down A transformer where the number of turns in the secondary coil is less than the
transformer number of turns in the primary coil, the voltage across the secondary coil is
less than the voltage across the primary coil
Ideal A transformer in which the output power is equal to the input power and there Pout = Pin
transformer is no energy loss during the process of transforming the voltage
Vs I s = V p I p
Eddy current The current induced in the soft iron core due to the changing magnetic
field produced by the alternating current in the coils
National Grid A network system of cables which connects all the power stations and
Network substations in the country to the consumers in a closed network to transmit
electricity

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 idea & concept Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

NO. CHARACTERISTIC EXPALANATION

1 Catapult field The magnetic field from the current in the conductor and the magnetic
field from magnetic combine to produce resultant field
2 An electromotive force Is induced in a conductor when there is a relative motion that causes the
produced / Induced EMF conductor to cut the magnetic field lines
3 The direction of the Can be determined by Fleming ’s Left-hand rule.
magnetic force (used in electric motor)
4 The direction of the induced Can be determined by Fleming ’s Right-hand rule.
current (used in electric generator/ dynamo)
5 The speed of rotation of a (i) The size of the current
direct current (DC) motor (ii) The strength of the magnetic field from permanent magnet
depends on: (iii) The number of turn of the coil
(iv) The resistance of wire
6 The magnitude of magnetic (i) The size of the current
force on a current-carrying (ii) The strength of the magnetic field from permanent magnet
conductor depends on: (iii) The resistance of wire
7 Step-down transformer The secondary voltage produced is less than primary voltage
(i) To reduce voltage
(ii) To increase current flow
8 Step-up transformer The secondary voltage produced is more than primary voltage
(i) To increase voltage
(ii) To reduce current flow
9 Energy losses in a Eddy’s currents in the core
transformer because (produce by changing magnetic field)
Can be reduced by using a laminated iron core

Magnetism and demagnetization of the core

Can be made easy by using soft iron core

Leakage of magnetic flux

Can be reduced by winding the secondary and primary coils on top of
each other

Heating effect in the coils

Can be reduced using thicker wire made of good
conductor like copper (by reducing the wire resistance)

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 Structure Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

1. Diagram 1 shows a simple electric motor.

Diagram 1

(a) (i) Name the type of motor shown in the Diagram 1.

………………………………………………………………………………………...............
[1 mark]

(ii) What is the function of the part labeled X?

………………………………………………………………………………………...............
[1 mark]

(b) State one factor that affects the speed of rotation of the armature.

………………………………………………………………………………………..........................
[1 mark]

(c) Name the rule used to determine the direction of the force.

………………………………………………………………………………………..........................
[1 mark]

TOTAL 4 marks

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

2. Diagram 2 shows a transformer which changes the mains supply from 240 V to 9 V.

Diagram 2

(a) Name the type of transformer.

………………………………………………………………………………………..........................
[1 mark]

(b) The electric current in the primary coil, Ip, and the secondary coil, Is, is 0.1 A and 2.0 A respectively.
(i) Calculate the efficiency of the transformer.

[2 marks]

(ii) What is the power loss in the transformer?

[2 marks]

TOTAL 5 marks

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

3. Diagram 3 shows the various components found in an electric bell.

Diagram 3

(a) State the principal based on which the electric bell operates.

………………………………………………………………………………………..........................
[1 mark]
(b) When the switch is pressed,
(i) What happens to the soft iron core?

………………………………………………………………………………………..............
[1 mark]

(ii) State the polarity of the end X.

………………………………………………………………………………………..............
[1 mark]
(iii) What happens to the hammer?

…………………………………………………………………………………......................
[1 mark]
(c) What happens when the soft iron core is replaced with steel?

………………………………………………………………………………………..........................

………………………………………………………………………………………..........................

[2 marks]

TOTAL 6 marks

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

4. Diagram 4.1 shows an alternating current generator.

Diagram 4.1

(a) (i) Name the phenomenon used to produce an e.m.f in the coil.

………………………………………………………………………………………................
[1 mark]

(ii) What is the effect on the current produced if the magnets are moved further apart from each
other? Give a reason.

………………………………………………………………………………………................

………………………………………………………………………………………................

[2 marks]
(b) Diagram 4.2 shows the graph of the output current against time.

Diagram 4.2

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

(i) State the value of the peak current.

………………………………………………………………………………………................
[1 mark]

(ii) Calculate the frequency of the alternating current.

[2 marks]

(c) What are the changes that need to be made to convert this generator to a direct current motor?

………………………………………………………………………………………..........................
[1 mark]

TOTAL 7 marks

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

5. Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show identical copper rods placed on bare copper wires in the magnetic field.

Diagram 5.1

Diagram 5.2

When the switch is on, the pointer of the ammeter deflects and the copper rod is moved to the final position
as shown in the diagrams.
(a) What is the meaning of magnetic field?

………………………………………………………………………………………..........................
[1 mark]
(b) Observe Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2.
(i) Compare the deflection of the pointer of the ammeters.

………………………………………………………………………………………...............
[1 mark]
(ii) Compare the final position of the copper rods.

………………………………………………………………………………………................
[1 mark]

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

(c) Relate the final position of the copper rod to the magnitude of electric current.

………………………………………………………………………………………..........................
[1 mark]

(d) (i) Explain why the copper rods moved in the direction as shown in diagrams when the switch is on.

………………………………………………………………………………………................

………………………………………………………………………………………................

[2 marks]

(ii) How can the magnitude of the force be increased?

………………………………………………………………………………………................

………………………………………………………………………………………................

[2 marks]

TOTAL 8 marks

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

6. Diagram 6.1 shows an electricity transmission system from the power station to the consumers.

Diagram 6.1

(a) (i) What is the function of transformer?

………………………………………………………………………………………..............
[1 mark]
(ii) State the type of transformer X and transformer Y.
Nyatakan jenis transformer X dan transformer Y.

Transformer X : …………………………………..

Transformer Y : …………………………………..

[2 marks]
(iii) Practically a transformer is not 100% efficient.
Some energy is lost in the transformer.
List the factors that cause the energy loss in a transformer.

……………………………………………………………………………………….............

………………………………………………………………………………………..............

[2 marks]

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

(b) Diagram 6.2 shows a simple transformer used to light up a bulb labeled 24 V, 36 W.

Diagram 6.2

When the mains supply is switched on, the bulb is very dim.
(i) State two ways in which the brightness of the bulb can be increased without changing the
voltage of the mains supply.

………………………………………………………………………………………..............

………………………………………………………………………………………..............

[2 marks]

(ii) Explain why the core is made from iron.

……………………………………………………………………………………..................
[1 mark]

TOTAL 8 marks

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

7. Diagram 7.1 shows an a.c. generator in which a coil is being turned in a magnetic field.

Diagram 7.1

(a) (i) What is the meaning of magnetic field?

……………………………………………………………………………………......................
[1 mark]

(ii) Why does the bulb light up?

…………………………………………………………………………………….......................
[1 mark]

(b) Some modifications need to be done to the a.c. generator in Diagram 7.1 to convert it into a d.c. motor.
(i) State the modification that has to be done to the slip rings.

…………………………………………………………………………………….......................
[1 mark]

(ii) What component should replace the light bulb?

Komponen apa yang harus menggantikan bola lampu?

…………………………………………………………………………………….......................
[1 mark]

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

(c) Diagram 7.2 shows the cross-sectional view of the coil and magnet of the d.c. motor.

Diagram 7.2

In Diagram 7.2, draw the resultant magnetic field that causes the coil to rotate.
Show the direction of the force, F that acts on the coil.
[2 marks]

(d) Further modifications need to be done to make the motor turn faster. State the modifications and give a
reason for your answers.
(i) The coil

…………………………………………………………………………………….......................
[1 mark]
Reason

…………………………………………………………………………………….......................
[1 mark]
(ii) The magnet

…………………………………………………………………………………….......................
[1 mark]
Reason

…………………………………………………………………………………….......................
[1 mark]

TOTAL 10 marks

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

8. Diagram 8.1 shows a simple electromagnet used for lifting and releasing a small metal ball.

Diagram 8.1

(a) (i) In Diagram 8.1, mark the direction of the current flow in the solenoid when the switch is on.

……………………………………………………………………………………..................
[1 mark]

(ii) Name the magnetic pole at the end of the core P when the switch is on?

……………………………………………………………………………………..................
[1 mark]

(iii) State the rule used to determine the pole of the magnetic field.

……………………………………………………………………………………..................
[1 mark]

(iv) Based on the solenoid in Diagram 8.1, draw the magnetic field lines that is form around the
solenoid when the switch is on. In your diagram show the direction of the magnetic field lines.

[2 marks]

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

(b) State two application of iron rod with the coil in everyday life.

………………………………………………………………………………………..........................

………………………………………………………………………………………..........................

[2 marks]

(c) Based on Table 8, state the suitable properties to be chosen to build an electromagnet and state the
reason for your choice.

Electromagnet Material used for the core Shape of the core

P Steel

Q Soft iron

R Aluminium

Table 8

(i) Material used for the core

……………………………………………………………………………………..................
[1 mark]
Reason

……………………………………………………………………………………..................
[1 mark]

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

(ii) Shape of the core

……………………………………………………………………………………..................
[1 mark]
Reason

……………………………………………………………………………………..................
[1 mark]

(iii) Determine the most suitable electromagnet.

……………………………………………………………………………………..................
[1 mark]

TOTAL 12 marks

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 Understanding: Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

concept
1. TRIAL SBP 2009 : QUESTION NO. 9(b)
Diagram 1 shows a circuit breaker.

Diagram 1
Explain how the circuit breaker works.
[4 marks]

2. TRIAL SBP 2009 : QUESTION NO. 9(c)

Diagram 2 shows an a.c generator.

Diagram 2

Explain how the generator works to produce alternating current.

[4 marks]

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

3. SPM 2006 : QUESTION NO. 10(d)

Diagram 3 shows two thin copper strips, PQ and RS, connected to a circuit.

Diagram 3

Explain what happens to PQ and RS, when the switch is on.

[4 marks]

4. TRIAL SBP 2012 : QUESTION NO. 10(c)

Diagram shows two aluminium rods connected to two different circuits and hung close to each other.

Diagram 4

State what happens to the aluminium rods when both switches are close. Explain your answer.
[4 marks]

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

5. TRIAL TERENGGANU 2017

Explain how the efficiency can be increased in the long distance transmission of electricity by using alternating-
current.
[4 marks]

6. SPM
Explain briefly the importance of the national grid network system in distributing electrical energy to the users.
[4 marks]

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 Section B
Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

1. Diagram 1.1 shows a nail attract the pins.

Diagram 1.1

(a) What is a meaning of electromagnet?

[1 mark]

(b) Diagram 1.2 shows a graph of number of paper clips attached, n against current, I, for a solenoid.

Diagram 1.2

(i) Based on Diagram 1.2, state the relationships between n and I.

What can you conclude about the strength of electromagnet?
[2 marks ]

(ii) State two physical quantities that affect the strength of electromagnet?
[2 mark]

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

(c) Diagram 1.3 shows alternating current generator.

Diagram 1.3

You are asked to investigate the design and the characteristics of four alternating current generators shown
in Table 1.4.
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the alternating current generators and determine the
alternating current generators which can supply a large direct current to an electrical component S shown in
Diagram 1.3.

Density of
Number of Strength of Rectification
Generator the coil/
turns of coil magnets circuit
kg m-3

A 9200 6000 High

B 11600 10000 Medium

C 8960 9000 High

D 10500 5000 Medium

Table 1.4
[10 marks]

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

(d) Diagram 1.5 shows a model for transmission of electrical power. The resistance of the transmission cable in
the model is 30 Ω.

Diagram 1.5

(i) Name a type of conductor that is most suitable to be used as transmission cable.

[1 mark]
(ii) Calculate the current that flows through the transmission cable.
[2 marks]
(iii) The power loss due to heating effect of the transmission cable.
[2 marks]

TOTAL 20 marks

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

2. (a) Generation of electrical power involves the use of renewable resources and unrenewable resources.
With the use of suitable examples, compare the two types of resources.
[4 marks]

(b) The transmission of electricity over the National Grid Network uses high voltage cables.
You are assigned to study the characteristics of cables which could be used as transmission cable.
Table 2.1 shows the characteristics of four transmission cables.

Resistivity Density Rate of thermal

Cable Cost
Ωm-1 Kgm-3 Expansion
P 3.0 x 10-7 5 x 105 Low High
Q 1.8 x 10-8 2 x 103 Low Low
R 7.5 x 10-7 8 x 102 High Low
S 7.0 x 10-8 4 x 103 High High

Table 2.1
Based on the Table 2.1;
Explain the suitability of the characteristics of the cables to be used as transmission cable.
Determine the most suitable transmission cable to be used and give reasons for your choice.
[10 marks]

(c) Diagram 2.2 shows an electric bell 12 V, 10 W is connected to the output of a transformer.
The efficiency of the transformer is 80%.

Diagram 2.2

(i) Name the type of transformer.

[1 mark]
(ii) Calculate
the electric current in the electric bell

the electric current in the primary coil

[5 marks]

TOTAL 20 marks

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 Section C Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

1. Diagram1.1 and Diagram 1.2 show a copper wire carrying current is placed in a permanent magnetic
field. The magnetic field produced is called catapult field.

Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2

(a) What is meant by catapult field ?

[1 mark]

(b) Using Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2, compare the number of magnet used, the angle of
deflection of the cooper wire and the angle of deflection of ammeter indicator.
[3 marks]

(c) State the relationship between the strength of the catapult field produced and
(i) number of magnet used
(ii) angle of deflection of copper wire
[2 marks]

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

(d) Diagram1.3 shows a set up used to study the effects of magnetic field of a current-carrying copper
rod.

Diagram1.3

(i) Explain what happens to the copper rod when the switch is turned on.
[2 marks]

(ii) The dry cells are replaced with 12 V a.c.

Explain what happens to copper rod when the switch is turned on.
[2 marks]

(e) Diagram 9.4 shows a d.c. electric motor . (i) Explain how the motor is able to rotate.

[4 marks]
(ii) Suggest three modifications that need to
be done on the d.c electric motor to increase
the efficiency of the motor. Give an explanation
for each suggestion given.

[6 marks ]

Diagram 1.4

TOTAL 20 MARKS

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

2. Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show two coils of identical wire wound around an iron core.
The primary coil is connected to 12V a.c power supply, while the secondary coil is connected to a bulb
labeled “24V , 36W”

Diagram 2.1

Diagram 2.2

(a) What is the meaning of ‘24 V, 36 W’?

[1 mark]
(b) Observe Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 compare:
(i) The brightness of bulb
(ii) The number of turns in the primary coil and secondary coil.
[3 marks]

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 Chapter 4: Electromagnetism

(c) Relate the brightness of bulb with:

(i) The number of turns in secondary coil.
(ii) The induced current produced in the secondary coil.
[2 marks]
(d) (i) Explain how induced current is produced at secondary circuit.
[3 marks]

(ii) State one way to increase the efficiency of a transformer.

[1 mark]

(e) Diagram 2.3 shows a cross section of a moving coil microphone.

Diagram 2.3

When the diaphragm moves in response to sound, the attached coil moves in the magnetic field
and generate a very small current in the wire of the coil.

Using an appropriate concept in physics, suggest and explain suitable modifications or ways to
enable the microphone to detect sound more effectively and generate a bigger current based on
the following aspects:
(i) Thickness of diaphragm
(ii) Strength of the material for diaphragm
(iii) Number of turns of coil
(iv) Diameter of the wire of coil
(v) Strength of magnet
[10 marks]

TOTAL 20 MARKS

Great THINGS NEVER CAME FROM Comfort Zones

KEEP MOVING Forward

WITH THE GREAT Momentum….

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