1.

DEFINITION AND ROLE OF MEDIA

The media are means of communication or transmission of information, they mediate between
different social factors (government-citizens, different interest groups-the public,...) and are an
important institution whose actions change relations between members of society.
In communication science, a medium is a physical or technical means by which a message is
converted into a signal that is then sent through a channel.
Media can be:
- presentational – the medium is the presenter/communicator himself; we are the medium,
the medium is also the face, voice, body...
- representational – the medium is a photograph, book, picture; it uses cultural and
aesthetic conventions to create communicative works and a certain discourse.
- mechanical/digital - the medium is TV, radio, telephone, computer...which transmit both
presentational and representational media.
We classify the media according to chronological order into:
- Books
- Newspapers (daily, weekly, magazines, brochures...)
- The movie
- The radio
- Television
- Digital media (hybrid media, new media, intermediality...)
- Books and newspapers belong to the category of printed media. Radio and television are
designated as electronic media.
Throughout the history of media development, every technological advance has also meant
progress for the media. After the printing revolution, which followed the invention of
Gutenberg's printing press in the period close to 1430, there was also the book revolution, which
became more accessible to the general public, its price became more acceptable, and thus
influenced the increase in literacy and the development of overall culture and knowledge. New
knowledge necessarily led to new cuts in society, and thus to broader social changes that swept
across Europe. By the end of the 15th century, more than 1,100 printing houses were opened in
260 European cities. Nearly 40,000 publications were published in a total circulation of 10-12
million copies. The first books published in Europe until the end of 1500 are called incunabula.
At the beginning of the 16th century, books began to resemble the books we use today, and
became a powerful medium that is inextricably linked to overall social progress.
The spread of printing in Europe almost coincided with the beginning of the Reformation. The
beginning of the reformation is linked to the event that took place on October 31, 1517. On that
day, Doctor of Theology Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses against the Catholic Church to the
door of the church in Wittenberg. With this symbolic act, the Reformation began, which led to
religious wars and the division of Europe into Catholic and Protestant states.
Luther's translation of the Bible into German made the Holy Scriptures accessible to all people
(until then it was only printed in Latin, op. a.) His numerous sermons, biblical commentaries,
hymns, lectures and catechisms have seen many more editions since then.
With the further development of technology and distribution, the media also evolved, so with the
appearance of newspapers, film, radio and television, as well as today's new, digital media, the
awareness of their influence and importance also developed. Media culture is a kind of
technological culture because it is closely related to technological progress and uses
technological achievements to fulfill its role.
Regardless of the technology, the fundamental role of the media remains the same: to collect,
process and market information for the public. What changes it, among other things, is
distribution and contact with the audience. The availability and speed of information
dissemination has also changed significantly. Today, information through social networks is
available in "real time", mostly without the obligation of ethical norms, professional standards
and institutional mediation and prescribed patterns. Contact with the audience, i.e. recipients of
messages and information, feedback and interactivity has never been more direct and faster in
the history of the media than it is today. Mass communication media therefore have an
exceptional influence and an important role in shaping our personal perceptions and beliefs. This
is shown in situations and events about which we do not have much information, which are of a
crisis nature, and which is explained through Kurt Lewin's gatekeeper theories and framing
according to the communication interpretation of Michael Kunczik and Astrid Zipfel.
Mass media are means of mass communication. They have in common that the messages are
potentially available to everyone, their audience is heterogeneous, anonymous and spatially
dispersed. Mass media refers to a diverse array of media technologies that reach large audiences
through mass communication.
Within the mass media we distinguish:
- traditional media (newspapers, radio and television, agencies) and
- new, digital, media (media driven by internet technology, websites and portals, podcasts,
social networks, e-mails, electronic publications...and collaborative channels such as
WhatsApp, Viber...gaming platforms).
An important division of the media that should also be highlighted is:
- according to level and reach (local, national, regional, international, global),
- form of ownership (private, public, state and communal),
- as well as by program and method of income (public or commercial, i.e. profit and
non-profit)

Among the mass media, we often include books, film, audio carriers, etc. since they can
significantly influence the culture, beliefs and behavior of individuals, and society as a whole.
This type of media has the characteristic of being centralized in the creation of media content,
here the communication is one-way, that is, the audience, the audience, does not have the
possibility to react directly to the media publication.
Media centralization is achieved when the power to create media content is held by a small part
of the public/society (influential groups or individuals) with access to the necessary technology
to create and distribute media content, while the majority of the public is only a consumer.
Changes are caused by the technical revolution in the digital age, the mass application of the
Internet and computer technologies, the connection of smartphones to communication and media
platforms, the possibility is open for everyone to be creators and receivers of media content. The
tools that serve this purpose are supplemented daily and through their application in digital
media, the possibility of monopoly and centralization of media and communication is reduced.
The media developed under different circumstances different genres that do not have a single and
generally accepted typology in the theory of media science, but the following categorizations can
be distinguished from contemporary journalistic practice and media theory:
- informative or factual genre (news, interview and report)
- interpretative (news, extended report, commentary, column, note, review, dash,
chronicle),
- analytical or investigative (reportage, column, featurette, interview, article, art criticism,
editorial, commentary and note),
- nonfiction/fiction (story, essay, column, satire, sarcasm, burlesque, aphorism feuilleton,
art criticism),
- illustrative (photo, comic, drawing, caricature, map, table, graph, infographic)
- non-journalistic, but exceptionally present in the media (advertisements, advertisements,
notices...outdoor advertising as a special type of mass media).
A more general categorization of media genres implies:
- genres of reality (news, current events, documentaries...)
- genres of fiction (film, drama, gaming...)
- competition genres (sports, quizzes, show competitions, reality...)
- genres of persuasion (advertising and commercials, propaganda...).
To whom and how media content is presented through these genres largely depends on how the
media is financed. Depending on that, the target group, that is, the audience, the consumers of
that media content, is also determined.
Public media should be public services of citizens who, through their donations, finance the
state, entities, cantons, municipalities or cities, and who practically own and manage these
media. Public media, as a public service or parts of that service, are financed by citizens' taxes,
that is, by the budget of public institutions, partly from subscriptions paid by citizens, and more
and more often from advertising funds that they generate by selling their media space. These
media should not be primarily focused on profit, at their core they are non-profit and act in favor
of the common good. The profit they make should be used to improve the program and develop
media capacities. The target group is all citizens, especially groups that are not covered by the
content of other (profit) media, such as particularly vulnerable categories of the population,
children, the elderly, minorities... They should represent topics of public interest, health,
education, security, culture, science ...Politics led by such media should be for the good of all,
without politicking and political calculations, with respect for differences and different views on
public issues. Also, the public service should have a developed sense of respect for all opinions
that make up the political spectrum under the authority of the institutions that are the practical
owners of such media. The public service has an important role in mediating between citizens
and political institutions/politicians, that is why its influence is great and therefore responsibility
is extremely important. The responsible approach of journalists in the public service refers to all
segments of the program and is subject to public criticism due to the role these media employees
play. Therefore, the selection of employees of the public media service should be carefully
profiled, media workers should be professionals, with extensive experience and broad education,
who do not damage the reputation of the institution they represent with their engagement. Equal
representation of various topics, political, cultural, national, religious and social viewpoints
should be the standard in the work of the public media. Public media must cultivate a
professional and pluralistic approach when processing the topics and content they publish. In its
definition, the public media has a determination that avoids triviality, sensationalism, and should
nurture justice and respect for human rights, truth, principles of tolerance, the institute of civil
society, democratic values, to improve the culture of public dialogue, and respect the privacy,
dignity and honor of everyone.
Commercial/profit media are financed from commercial activities such as advertisements,
sponsorships, and donations, or are owned by a for-profit interested party that, along with the
media, realizes additional interests in terms of influence trading. They operate with the aim of
achieving benefits for media owners. The realized profit can be used for any purpose, they have
no obligation to invest in their own capacities and business development. In the country in which
it operates and has a license to operate, the commercial media must still comply with the laws
and regulations on media work and meet the conditions for obtaining a license for media activity.
Since these media choose content that will attract as many audiences as possible, the quality of
what they broadcast does not have to be at the level of professionalism, the topics are usually not
diverse, and, for the most part, the rules and standards of journalism are respected in what they
publish. Trivia, sensationalism, populism, dominance of entertainment content are often
present... The sphere of public interest is almost not represented. Numerous internet portals
follow this way of working and are an example of extensive trivia and trending titles in order to
increase the number of visits and increase content views in order to satisfy advertisers.
Different media with different categorizations are ultimately divided mostly by their role in
society, that is, by how the public of a society perceives them. Thus, in a society with a low rate
of media literacy, a society exposed to media manipulations in the long-term process of lowering
value criteria, a certain medium, despite all the characteristics that classify it as lower quality
according to professional media standards, can have great influence and enormous popularity.

2. DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDIA I

The media act and develop alongside the development of society and its characteristics. During
social development, the relationship between media and society has changed, but media has
always been part of the social structure since its inception. Media is technical equipment that
enables people to communicate and transmit thoughts, whatever their form and purpose (Gone,
1998:14). At the beginning of man's existence, the first medium was speech, followed by
writing. After the discovery of the press and the spread of the printing press, and the mass
distribution of literacy, books, and newspapers, followed the discovery of the telegraph,
photography, film, radio, television, and digital media - computers and the Internet.
Throughout history, the development of media and means of communication is linked to political
and economic interests. From the oldest "messages" found by Neolithic cavemen (40,000 years
ago) through the first discussions in ancient Greece to the present day, literacy, information
transfer, and communication are considered significant social resources, recognized first of all by
rulers, merchants, and religious leaders, encouraging the development of media most often out of
self-interest. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, in the 1920s people started talking
about "media" as we understand it today, and a decade later about the "communication
revolution", but the interest in means of communication goes back much further. In ancient
times, in ancient Greece and later in Rome, oral and written communication was considered a
serious activity within the art of rhetoric. The agonistic drive of Greek society developed rhetoric
as a skill of competition and self-affirmation. Rhetoric, including political rhetoric, was
considered a serious skill even in later periods, in the 18th and 19th centuries. The concept of
"public opinion" appeared at the end of the 18th century, while interest in the mass audience and
the masses appeared at the beginning of the 19th century with the penetration of printing and the
development of newspaper editions (through which the formation of national consciousness is
also influenced). The term media in its modern meaning appeared at the beginning of the 20th
century describing the increasingly widespread appearance of mass communication tools as a
consequence of the great technological progress.
In feudal society, the most effective media were the church and fairs, in developed capitalism, it
was the press and television, and now it is the Internet with numerous information resources. The
contemporary society of neoliberalism imposes the need to determine the role of mass and
post-mass media, media of the digital generation created on Internet platforms, metamedia, as a
factor of social structure and creation of changes in the globalization society.

PRINTING

For a long time, the only way to create and reproduce written works was to write by hand and
copy by hand. This changed with the discovery of the printing press and a kind of media
revolution was launched. (In China and Japan, printing was already known in the 7th century and
was practiced using the so-called "block printing" method, where a wooden carved plate is used
to print a certain text. At the beginning of the 15th century, Koreans invented a movable type that
the French historian of letters and books Henry-Jean Martin described as "almost hallucinating
similar to Gutenberg's"). With the invention of the printing press in Europe after 1430 in Mainz
(Germany), with movable metal letters, Johann Gutenberg laid the foundation for the age of
expansion of literacy and the book as a medium.
In addition to the scientific community that celebrated the discovery of printing as an overall
progress, the importance of printing was immediately recognized by the owners of capital,
merchants, and rulers, the economic and politically powerful of the time. The first advertising
leaflets and posters appeared, later also newsletters and newspapers.
Printing houses quickly spread across European cities and thus contributed to the spread of
knowledge and ideas, and thus stimulated economic development. Mass printing made it possible
for major social changes, such as the Protestant Reformation, that spread from their country of
origin to the rest of Europe and the world beyond. Although the printing press allowed for the
mass production of information, printing was still relatively slow, and publications remained
fairly expensive. The addition of steam power to the printing press in 1814 dramatically
increased the rate at which printed material could be reproduced.
Economic growth is aligned with scientific and technological development, and this enables
increasing the efficiency of the production apparatus and spreading consumption at lower and
lower prices to an ever wider circle of consumers. This is how capitalism developed, which arose
during the rise of industrialization in the 18th century in England. This process, however, caused
fundamental changes in social relations.
The last multitude of changes, the practice of language use and literacy standards in the society
of that time also changes. Books were written in Latin until the spread of typography technology,
but the situation is changing towards a wider use of the native language. Printing houses, books
and later newspapers, thus consolidate the linguistic rules of local dialects and standardize the
language, thus creating a framework for rounding off the identity of individuals, leading to the
consolidation of national identities.
After the increase in the volume of book printing, and later with the rise of newspaper circulation
in the 17th century, the power structures became concerned about the effect of the press.
Although the first printed book was the Bible (1455-1456), and a large part of the printed
material was controlled by the church, the church still viewed this innovation with suspicion and
created the Index of Prohibited Books. In England, the function of the chief censor was
established (in the middle of the seventeenth century) which, among other things, was supposed
to find an answer to the question: "Does the invention of typography cause more harm than good
for the Christian world?". Pope Paul IV. In 1559, he published the "Index Librorum
Prohibitorum", the first list of literature considered heretical and prohibited by the Catholic
Church. Such lists were issued by subsequent popes 20 times throughout history, the last one
being published in 1948, and finally, in 1966 the idea of a​ list with "forbidden books" was
rejected. This indicates that from the very beginning, the press has been subjected to censorship
due to the understanding of the governing structures of society about the power and influence of
this medium.

NEWSPAPERS
In the process of development of industrial society, the emergence of newspapers played a major
role. It is important to establish that a newspaper is considered to be any continuous publication
with periodicals published within one year. Daily newspapers are published at least four times a
week, and their purpose is public information. However, it was not like that in the very
beginning. Printed newspapers appeared in the 15th century in Europe, that is, immediately after
the invention of the printing technique. In the beginning, these are irregular and occasional issues
with various notices of public importance or just leaflets. (But it should be noted that there were
also rudimentary forms of the written journalist acta senatus o acta diurna - the first daily news in
ancient Rome, and in the 8th century the Chinese newspaper Kaiynan Za Bao, handwritten on
silk, which appeared between 713 and 734. which were intended for emperors and the upper
class and wrote about political issues. In Europe, the first periodical newspapers appeared in the
form of bulletins during the XIII and XIV centuries and contained trade information and were
spread by courier routes. During 1470 in Italy and 1488. In Vienna, special publications on four
pages are printed.
In France in 1619, the so-called "canard" sheets were printed on yellow paper, hence the term
"yellow press", and contained printed gossip about high society, merchants, and other public
figures sold by street vendors. In Venice at that time we had brolletti - sheets of four or eight
pages, often written by hand and copies cost 1 gazeta, so since then, it is often the name of a
newspaper, gazeta. Also, Luther's followers used a leaflet for news - Zeitung, hence it is the root
of today's name for newspapers in the German language.
Daily newspapers in many countries at that time were not published in national languages but
were printed in the languages of the current rulers of those areas or in Latin.
Thus, in Denmark in 1663, newspapers were published in the German language; in Hungary in
1721 in Latin; in Turkey in 1795 in French, etc. The first English-language newspaper was The
Weekly News, which began to be published in England in 1622.
Bosanski Vjestnik, the first newspaper printed in Bosnia and Herzegovina, appeared on
April 7, 1866. He is not the first newspaper in this area. That honor belongs to the Bosanski
prijatelj printed in 1850 in Zagreb. But Bosanski Vjestnik is not only the first newspaper printed
in Sarajevo, but also the beginning of modern and regular printing in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The paper is published and edited by Sopronova Pečatnja, owner Ignjat Sopron. The paper is
published in Bosnian and Cyrillic.
Although weekly newspapers appeared as early as the 16th century, in France in the 18th century
newspapers were divided into dailies, the so-called gazettes, and others with a less frequent
publication rhythm, the so-called journal. However, the primary source of information for
decades was small leaflets and pamphlets containing business or public notices. Over time,
publications that dealt with political issues also developed and were quite expensive. The
political power of newspapers and the power of influence was among the first to be recognized
on the territory of the United States of America, where during the American Revolution 35
newspaper editions were published in 13 colonies. Later, with the transition to new printing
technology and the invention of the rotary printing press, the price of newspapers fell and the
circulation increased, up to twenty thousand pages per hour were printed, and all this brought the
newspaper closer to the middle and working class. In the beginning, the newspaper press was
apolitical, but with the development of the press, the focus is on the working class and their
interests, which over time turned the newspaper from a market economy to a political economy.
Political parties increasingly become sponsors of newspapers and thus determine their social
commitment. Newspapers become a commodity, and they are often an extended arm of politics.
They are economically powerful, but they are also an increasingly important social factor that
encourages literacy, technical progress, and political changes. Local languages enter the mass
media, thus the press over time participates in the creation of uniform, centralizing forces of
modern nationalism.
Newspapers took their current form only in the 17th century, with the development of trade and
literacy. With the development of parliamentarism and the press, as well as journalism as a
profession in Western Europe, especially during the civil revolutions in France and America in
the 18th century, public opinion experienced an expansion and the bearers of the public word
became both instruments and interpreters, but also creators of the public, i.e. indispensable active
agent of the public sphere. According to the writings of Thomas Babington Macaulay from 1828,
along with the parliament, the government and the judiciary, newspapers are designated as the
"fourth power" in Great Britain, i.e. the "seventh power" as treated by Thomas Carlyle in 1840.
In the early United States of America, the so-called "founders of the nation" considered a free
press more important than the government itself. It was precisely because of his attitude that
freedom of the press was mentioned in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
In the last decades of the 19th century, there was a revolution in newspaper publishing, it was the
era of mass circulations, and thus millions of readers, which enabled media owners to establish
their first large financial profits. In the later period, at the beginning of the 20th century and
during the First World War, newspapers went through a crisis period of censorship, economic
collapses, and the closure of numerous papers, but also through the process of creating the first
consortiums and monopolies on the markets of Europe and the USA.
With the advent of tabloids in the twenties of the XIX century, the so-called "yellow press" and
that form of newspaper outnumber the "serious" daily editions in terms of circulation, but their
content and impact on the public worry society, so debates are opening about press
self-regulation and the need for education in the field of journalism.

ELECTRONIC NETWORKS
Telegraph, Gramophone, Radio, Movies, and Television
The advent of electronic communication made the media world much more complex. This type
of communication began in 1844 with the opening of the first telegraph line from Baltimore,
Maryland to Washington, D.C. In 1866, telegraph cables spanned the Atlantic Ocean,
overcoming a seemingly insurmountable barrier that had long hindered transoceanic
communication. Instead of sending a message on a two-week journey by boat across the ocean
and waiting for a reply to come back the same way, two people on opposite sides of the ocean
could carry on a dialogue via telegraph.
- In the 1880s, Emile Berliner invented the gramophone, or phonograph, which played
mass-produced discs containing about three minutes of audio signal, music. Just as printed books
made possible the storage and spread of ideas, so the gramophone allowed musical performances
and voice to be captured and reproduced.

RADIO

It is important to point out that several innovators, radio amateurs, businessmen, and enthusiasts
are responsible for the invention and development of the radio as a medium, which contributed to
the dominance of wireless communication as a technology of the 20th century. The invention of
radio in the late nineteenth century freed electronic communication from the limits imposed on it
by telegraph wires. Messages could come into the home at any time and at almost no cost to the
receiver.
Although technological inventions enabled the appearance of the radio in experimental versions
as early as 1906 in the United States of America (Canadian inventor Reginald Aubrey Fessenden
(1866–1932) experimentally broadcast a short program from a radiotelegraph station in the
village of Brant Rock in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, which consisted of music and speech
on Christmas Eve 1906 (Belrose, 1995) He is considered one of the pioneers of modern radio
broadcasting and was the first broadcast of music and speech in the world and marked the
beginning of a new era of research. On November 2, 1920, the first official commercial license
was issued to a radio station, which was KDKA in the US state of Pennsylvania (the first
broadcast program consisted of reports on the presidential election). In the late twenties and early
thirties of the 20th century, the first radio stations expanded almost on all continents. Numerous
radio stations are established in Europe. Netherlands Stands out on Europe as the country that
first started with the first continuous and licensed radio program (November 1919 PCGE started
broadcasting in Den Haag ).
The most prominent innovator in the field of public broadcasting, who also commercialized radio
technology, the Italian Guglielmo Macroni is responsible for the improvement and development
of inventions in the transmission of radio waves that were developed by his predecessors:
Heinrich Rudolf Herz, Augusto Rigi, Nikola Tesla, ...
In 1943, the US Supreme Court ruled in favor of Tesla: he is the inventor of the radio. The court
found that his Patent number 645,576 contained all the elements that later competitors had.
However, this historic decision was made a few months after Tesla's death. It became clear who
invented the radio, but how many children in schools or teachers know that today?
In looking at the development and importance of radio, it is necessary to point out that from the
very beginning two models were imposed - the American model, which was based on private
companies that found their business interests in the offer of entertainment, music, and advertising
content, and the European model, which was mainly based on state broadcasting monopoly, with
difficult access to open the airwaves to private individuals.
After II WW some countries allow private investors ownership, but the state in turn has control
and influence over program content. Namely, telegraphy and telephony were already supported
in European countries, so the regulation for radio and wireless communication followed an
already established model. European countries are introducing a subscription charging system,
advertising content is mostly banned or restricted, and there is much more debate about the
possible influence of radio media.
Radio changes as technology changes.
Digital radio is the use of digital technology to transmit or receive across the radio spectrum.
Digital transmission by radio waves includes digital broadcasting, and especially digital audio
radio services. Digital audio radio service standards may provide terrestrial or satellite radio
service. Digital radio broadcasting systems are typically designed for handheld mobile devices,
like mobile-TV systems and unlike other digital TV systems which typically require a fixed
directional antenna.
The DAB media platform represents the greatest advance in radio technology since the
introduction of FM stereo technology, which enables the reception of quality sound without
interference. What digital technology has brought is the DAB platform, which enables listeners
to access multimedia content and services either in the car or on fixed digital radio receivers.
These are textual, graphic, image, and video data related to audio content such as album covers,
comments, sports broadcasts, song and artist information, electronic program guides, and more.
The standard is dominant in Europe and is also used in Australia, and in parts of Africa and Asia.
As of 2022, 55 countries are running DAB services.
Initially it was expected in many countries that existing FM services would switch over to DAB,
although the take up of DAB has been much slower than expected, but as of 2022, Norway is the
first country to have implemented a national FM radio switch-off (The Norwegian Broadcasting
Corporation (NRK) launched the first DAB channel in the world on 1 June 1995).
Radio in Bosnia and Herzegovina was first officially introduced in 1945 by Radio Sarajevo.
Today, more than 193 radio stations, 171 of radiostations are broadcasting their radio
programmes via FM & AM frequencies. Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a
state-level public broadcaster and active member of the EBU - European Broadcasting Union
from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The history of electronic media in BiH goes back to April 10,
1945 when Radio Sarajevo aired its first program to the liberated country. The first TV show was
broadcast in 1961 from the studio of TV Sarajevo. In that period RTSA was a full member of the
JRT (Yugoslav Radio Television) system in the SFRJ. In October 1991 RTV Sarajevo was
restructured into RTV BiH, as a public enterprise. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, RTV
BiH seizes to be member of the JRT system and on January 1, 1993 it was admitted as an
independent active member of the EBU.
Radio marked the beginning of the era of immediacy and personality in communication, and it
spread information the fastest and attracted all layers of society due to the accessibility of content
that was abundant in variety and entertainment.
 2. DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDIA II

TELEVISION

In the middle of the 20th century, television became an increasingly important medium in
informing and creating public opinion. This does not mean the disappearance of radio and
newspapers, but only a partial reduction of the role that these media played until the advent of
television. Just as during the thirties of the 20th century, during the time of radio, the circulation
of newspapers decreased, and this was the cause of the dismissal of workers in the newspaper
industry, so with the advent of television there was a disruption in advertising revenues on the
radio, but again in newspapers as well. However, that short-term trend is changing and
newspapers are regaining their circulation after World War II, profits are growing in the
newspaper industry, and radio is becoming a stable medium, which shows the need for different
media in society and the possibility of adapting them to different circumstances and needs.

The history of television begins with radio, photography, and film, and then continues with the
development of cathode ray tubes and electronic cameras, up to today's digital technologies. The
first experiments with electrical image transmission were recorded at the end of the 19th century,
back in 1862, when Giovanni Caselli invented the pantelegraph, this device transmitted an
image electrically for the first time.

In 1880, George Carey established a system with light-sensitive cells. With a discovery, they
were followed by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, in 1884, who invented a scanning disk, called the
"electric telescope", which transmitted the image by wire. In 1897, Karl Ferdinand Braun
constructed a cathode ray tube and this opened a faster way for experimentation and
development of new technology. A few years later, in 1926, John Logie Baird achieved
long-distance image transmission, he managed to transmit the first television image over a
distance of several meters. His achievement was rapidly improved in the following years, so
wireless image transmission advanced throughout the 20th century to today's proportions. And
the term television, which includes a technical system for creating, processing, and transmitting
moving images, sound, and written information, as well as mass media, has remained unchanged
since its establishment in 1900. The Russian scientist Constantin Dmitrievich Perskyi established
the term television at the First Congress on Electricity in Paris by combining the Greek and Latin
words tele and visio (far + viewing, image, display).

Experimental broadcasting began in the twenties of the 20th century, almost at the same time in
several countries, including Hungary, the Soviet Union, the United States of America, and
Germany. In 1927, the American telephone and telegraph company, AT&T, broadcast a speech
by the US Secretary of the Economy, Herbert Hoover, which was broadcast from Washington,
and was watched in New York at a specially arranged projection, which was also reported by the
New York Times. A year later, in 1928, regular broadcasting of television content (three times a
week) from a radio station began in New York, and in September of the same year, the first TV
drama "The Queen's Messenger" was shown. In the same year, 1928, John Logie Baird in
London demonstrated color television using a rotating disc with attached red, blue, and green
filters.

The first regular "high definition" television was broadcast in London in November 1936 from
the BBC studios, and the original audience consisted of a small number of TV receiver owners.
Television was presented to the general public at the World Fair held in 1939 in New York, but
the development of television in both the United States and Europe was greatly limited by the
Second World War.

All broadcasts were controlled by the state, that is, they were evaluated by the broadcasting
commission. Over time, the conditions for viewing television programs changed, so the number
of those watching television broadcasts grew to 600,000 in 1951, and already in 1956, there were
6 million viewers with new transmitters in Great Britain. With the development of technology,
prices are lowered, and with the growth of standards and the increase of general wealth, the
pressure of companies to allow advertising and to establish private commercial television
stations also increases. Thus, in 1954 Great Britain opened the door to commercialization, but
still, such televisions remain obliged to, in addition to entertainment, inform and educate.

In Germany and the Soviet Union, state control over television in the first years of broadcasting
was even greater. The propaganda possibilities of this medium were used for purposes of
ideological direction and the creation of new values. Regular broadcasting in Germany was
established in the thirties, and the receivers of that time were intended for group viewing. (Berlin
had 11 public theaters under the responsibility of the German post office. Hitler's regime used
television to broadcast Nazi speeches, documentaries, and films, but also entertainment content
in order to raise morale.

In the US, television focused on profits through advertising and entertainment content that
attracted sponsors and viewers. Sponsors, however, often determined the content of the shows
and directed interests. (Chevrolet in sponsored shows, for example in western movies, did not
allow the word ford to be used because of the competing company Ford. And Ford forbade a shot
of the New York panorama to be shown because of the Chrysler Building. When the American
Gas Association sponsored the "Nuremberg Judgment," all mention of the gas chambers was
omitted from the Holocaust story

After a series of development innovations, in 1967, the production of color televisions began.
Credit goes to an American engineer of Hungarian descent, Carl Peter Goldmark, and his 1946
invention.

With the development of television as a medium, television journalism and regular broadcasts of
informative content are also developing, which affects the growing influence of this medium on
public opinion. Reached its peak in 1969 when 600 million/million people watched the broadcast
of the landing of a man on the moon.

Back in the 80s of the last century, high-quality television, HDTV (English High Definition
Television) was developed, which only in the late 90s began to conquer mass markets with
high-quality images and sound, which makes signal reception sharper and more detailed. This
was followed by digital television, whose signal is created by analog-digital conversion, which is
more resistant to noise and interference, is more efficient in the use of the frequency spectrum,
and has significantly lower costs of transmitting the signal. Simultaneously, satellite television
was also developed for the transmission of television signals via satellites, which ensures almost
complete signal coverage of large areas without the need to build a network of transmitters and
radio frequency converters (repeaters). Cable television also developed at the same time, so the
transmission of a larger number of television programs is carried out by the same satellite or
cable. The simultaneous availability of many television channels thus becomes globally possible
with new technologies.
In the 1990s, television entered a new phase in which the popularity of informative and political
content and direct broadcasts from the battlefield grew. From the Gulf War to the wars in the
Balkans, a new type of influence and zone of television action is developing, because now
cameras are increasingly moving out of the studio spaces into the field, bringing the situation on
the battlefields to the viewers' homes almost in real-time. This type of reporting strongly
influences the formation of public opinion, exerts pressure on power centers, and in some
situations significantly changes the development of events and positions at points of conflict.

In the new century, in the 2000s, television receives more technical innovations that, with the
advent of the Internet, rely more and more on new technologies of the digital age and become
platforms for interactivity that are available on multiple devices and move into on-demand form.
In the years that followed, television broadcasts programs 24 hours a day, profiled itself in
several ways, by specializing in certain contents and introducing more and more interactive
platforms that open opportunities for viewers to participate and create programs. The influence
of television on everyday life increased in proportion to commercial investments and political
pressures. Election campaigns and social, political and cultural activities were inevitably
connected with television and its influence even in the first decades of the twenty-first century.
But this medium showed its greatest strength in the second half of the twentieth century when it
occupied the peak of interest of both political and financial creators of the social, cultural and
overall public environment.

INTERNET AND NEW MEDIA

The Internet, as we know it today, is a multimedia global network, developed in the last decade
of the last century. However, the beginnings of the idea for the concept of the Internet are linked
to the year 1945 and the idea of the American electrical engineer Vannevar Bush, who wrote in
the article "As we may think" about the use of information technology to create a "memex" - a
kind of device that would be it could store books, notes, communications, and like a piece of
furniture, it would be in our immediate environment and could be accessed from a certain
distance. In a way, Bush predicted the development of the creation of hypertext and the Internet,
that is, the World Wide Web.

In the 1950s, scientists in the US were working on more reliable ways to transfer information
and network connections. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) commissioned the
development of an advanced and reliable way to connect these computers which were known as
the ARPANET. ARPANET was a project funded by the United States government during the
Cold War, in order to build a strong and reliable communication network. Thus, in the 1960s, the
network began to be improved, which did not have the ambition to become "global" and had the
task of exchanging data between scientists of the military-industrial complex all over the USA.
With the development of computer networking, networks were created that joined together, so
the term Internet became accepted already at the end of the seventies of the twentieth century
when it spread beyond the borders of the USA. In 1992, there were more than a million
networked computers in the world. The step that led to the rapid expansion of the Internet into
people's daily lives was the establishment of one of the most attractive network services, the
World Wide Web (WWW) in the early nineties of the 20th century. Beginning in 2004, new
media actors began to compete with traditional media: they are social media (new media). These
are digital platforms whose content is managed by users and where priority is given to the
principle of interaction between Internet users. New media are characterized by specific
characteristics that profoundly transform the media space.

These platforms encourage interaction: now information is designed to be commented on social

networks, especially on Twitter, which encourages the exchange of ideas and reflection. Social
media also has the power of immediate reaction and allows the user to follow an event directly,
to influence it directly with comments or in another way mediated by social networks. Social
media has also destroyed the information production monopoly once held by traditional media.
Thanks to various digital platforms, everyone can follow events, produce them and inform in the
next second. This practice led to the emergence of "citizen journalism", which turns every user of
social networks into a potential producer of information.

What is social media / Important characteristics:

User-Created content, Two-Way communication, Online Social Network

Social Media is the websites and applications, or apps, that allow you to create and share media
messages with other people. These sites, or apps, allow users to create content, which is the
pictures, text or video that make up a media message.
New Media are digital, interactive, hypertextual, networked, virtual and simulated. These are the
six key characteristics which distinguish New Media from old media.

Digital

With the growth of digital technology in the 1990s, the vast majority of information is now
converted, stored and transmitted as binary code (a series of 1s and 0s.). Qualitative information
has today become ‘digitalised’. Digitalisation is what allows so much information to be stored in
compact hard disks or micro memory cards and it is also what allows for the near instantaneous
transmission of information via cable, WIFI or satellite. Digitalisation has also resulted in
‘technological convergence’, or the convergence of different forms of information (text, audio
and visual) into one single ‘system’ – most web sites today offer a fusion of text and audio-visual
information, and our mobile devices allow us to perform a variety of functions – not only phone
calling, zoom/skype/meet platforms, reading text and watching/ listening to videos, but also
searching for information, learning, sending messages, shopping and using GPS functions...

Analogue is the opposite of digital. It is stored in physical form and examples include print
newspapers, records, and old films and TV programmes stored on tape.

Interactivity
„Old media“ tended to be very much a ‘one way’ affair, with audiences on the receiving end of
broadcasts, for the most part able to do little else that just passively watch media content. New
Media however is much more of a two -way affair and it allows consumers and users to get more
involved. It is much more of a two-way form of communication than old media. Increased
interactivity can be seen in simple acts such as liking a Facebook post or Twitter, Tik Tok,
commenting on a news piece or blog. However some users get much more involved and create
their own multimedias, blogs, vlogs, podcasts or something new, and actively upload their own
content as ‘prosumers’.

New Media seems to have fostered a more participatory culture, with more people involved and
the roles between consumer and producer of media content becoming ever more blurred!

Hypertextual

Hypertext, or ‘links’ are a common feature of new media, which allows users more freedom of
choice over how they navigate the different sources of information available to them. In more
technical terms, links in web sites offer non-sequential connections between all kinds of data
facilitated by the computer or to another device.

Global Networks

Digital Media has also facilitated cultural globalisation – we now interact much more globally
and via virtual networks of people rather than locally. These networks allow for ‘collective
intelligence’ to increase – they allow us to pool our resources much more easily and to draw on a
wider range of talents and sources of information (depending on our needs) than ever before.

Virtual Worlds

New Media presents to us a very different reality from face to face to ‘lived reality’ – for most of
us this means a very fast paced flow of information with numerous products and people
screaming for our attention. However, this situation has only existed since the mid 2000s, and it
must be remembered that New Media reality is virtual reality. This is especially true when it
comes to social media sites which give users the opportunity to present themselves in any way
they see fit.

Simulation
Simulation goes a step beyond the ‘virtual’ nature of New Media as usual. Simulation is most
obviously experienced in digital games, VR games, which provide an immersive experience for
users into a “virtual life” that is simulated through digital technology.

The simultaneous existence of printing, audiovisual, and internet media in various forms enables
wider access to information and the creation of a culture of participation. Citizens now
simultaneously receive information and actively contribute to its production and distribution.

The biggest risk of this new media practice is misinformation and the emergence of fake news.
Namely, the mass use of social networks leads to thinking about the truth of information and the
need to check everything. Many questions arise: How credible is an individual to speak on a
given topic? How independent is a media or platform from manipulative influences? Is there a
danger that this will add to the confusion caused by the problem of fake news and make it even
more difficult to separate truth from lies on the Internet?

In this sense, "classic" journalism remains as reliable as before. It still has the priority task of
selecting, analyzing, and interpreting information.

From the 1920s until the present day the mass media (especially the popular press and the
broadcast media of radio and television, and now digital/new media) have been the object of
sustained criticism from intellectuals, artists, educationalists, feminists, ecologists, left-wing
activists… Criticism sees this kind of media-produced mass culture as discouraging,
homogenizing and globally imposed.

4. THE MISSION OF JOURNALISM AND THE MEDIA PROFESSIONS

After Gutenberg's invention (1454) changed the way that people got their news. It was now much
quicker and cheaper to print texts and almost anybody could do it. However, the government still
controlled what people wrote. In Europe in the 1620's, people wrote single-page newsletters
called Corantos, writing about wars and other interesting and other service news. However,
governments or churches censored them, meaning they stopped people writing about topics they
didn't like. The governments wanted these corantos to only print propaganda, that is, information
that helps the government (or church). In England in 1644, John Milton, a famous poet, wrote
and published Areopagitica. This speech called for the freedom of the press, meaning that people
should be able to report the news without the government trying to stop them. Many of the ideas
that Milton wrote about are very important to the modern principles of journalism, but it didn't
really change the way that governments controlled information
in newspapers at that time. In 1665, a newspaper called The Oxford Gazette began in England,
the oldest newspaper printed in English. Many people learned about the great fire of London a
year later by reading about it in this newspaper. People can still read this newspaper today. Public
Occurrences, the first newspaper in the Americas, was published in Boston in 1690. It contained
only four pages and was supposed to be published every month, however, it was censored
immediately and only one edition was ever published. As we have seen, in the early history of
journalism, governments wanted to control the information that people received. The authorities
censored newspapers when they did not like what was being printed. Now, we are going to look
at the steps that allowed journalism to become more independent and free from government
control. We will also talk about the different ways that people get their news.
For most of the 18th century, governments still controlled what people wrote.
Later in the 18th century, people began to believe in a free press. Edmund Burke, an Irish
politician, was making a speech about the three parts of government called the Three Estates.
Then he pointed to the Journalists and called them the fourth estate, meaning that writing the
truth was an important part of governing a country. We still called journalism the fourth estate. A
few years later, in 1791, ten amendments to the US Constitution called the Bill of Rights became
a law. The first amendment talked about freedom of religion, freedom of speech and also
freedom of the press. This amendment protects journalists rights by making sure the government
cannot control the information or opinions that journalists publish. Even though journalism was
no longer controlled by the government, most newspapers in the early 19th century were biased,
meaning they only told one side of the story or one point of view and were read by people who
agreed with their opinion. In 1835, however, a newspaper called The New York Herald was
started with the goal of providing unbiased news that everyone could enjoy. This newspaper also
tried to be politically independent, not preferring one political party over another. In the 1850s,
newspapers moved from being just local to national. The technology improved, so it became
easier to print and distribute many more newspapers. Hundreds of thousands of people could
now read the same newspaper on the same day in different parts of the country.
The early years of the 20th century saw a new type of journalism, investigative journalism. This
involved a journalist looking into and writing about powerful people and industries. An early
example of this investigative journalism is when Upton Sinclair wrote the Jungle in 1906, which
was an expose of the appalling and unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry. Readers
learn about the unhealthy practices in meat packing factories and the bad conditions for the
workers. Although newspapers continued to be popular throughout the 20th century, by the
1920s, they also had to compete with news on the radio. Listening to news on the radio allowed
the whole family to sit down and hear the news at the same time. And they could also listen to
things live as they are happening instead of waiting until the next day to read about them. In the
1950s television became popular and nearly every family had one. People could now see pictures
as well as hear people talk about the news.
Journalism has changed rapidly in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The traditional ideal of
journalism was for reporters to serve as independent sources, attempting to deliver the news in a
fact-based, objective manner. While this tradition remains intact in some news avenues,
increased access to technologies has led to the proliferation of citizen and activist journalists who
openly have a bias or point of view, but still attempt to promote that perspective through a lens
that includes fair framing, editing, and reporting.
The internet became popular in the 1990s. And online newspapers began to replace print copies.
Today over half the adults in the western countries get their news from Twitter or Facebook or
through an online portal. As we have seen, over hundreds of years the government have tried to
control the news. Today, we live in a time when governments cannot control the media and
journalists in the way they did before, but that is why the role of responsibility and ethics that the
media and journalists must respect is now extremely important. The press has worked to become
freer and more independent. Because of new technology, people can get their news from many
different places. Some also take advantage of these technologies to advance propaganda under
the guise of news. In addition, the internet has allowed for all of us to become authors: Anyone
can create a blog and put an opinion out into the world, where it can go viral without any
fact-checking or editing. Journalists in the digital age must operate in a world where the news
cycle moves faster. As a result, striking a balance between timely and in-depth reporting is often
more difficult.
Journalism is a process of collecting, analyzing and disseminating information in the public
interest. This means it is a profession with a strong element of social responsibility. That is why
journalists are required to follow the highest ethical standards:
1. Truth and Accuracy
Journalists cannot always guarantee ‘truth’, but getting the facts right is the cardinal principle of
journalism. We should always strive for accuracy, give all the relevant facts we have and ensure
that they have been checked. When we cannot corroborate information we should say so.
2. Independence
Journalists must be independent voices; we should not act, formally or informally, on behalf of
special interests whether political, corporate or cultural. We should declare to our editors – or the
audience – any of our political affiliations, financial arrangements or other personal information
that might constitute a conflict of interest.
3. Fairness and Impartiality
Most stories have at least two sides. While there is no obligation to present every side in every
piece, stories should be balanced and add context. Objectivity is not always possible, and may
not always be desirable (in the face for example of brutality or inhumanity), but impartial
reporting builds trust and confidence.
4. Humanity
Journalists should do no harm. What we publish or broadcast may be hurtful, but we should be
aware of the impact of our words and images on the lives of others.
5. Accountability
A sure sign of professionalism and responsible journalism is the ability to hold ourselves
accountable. When we commit errors we must correct them and our expressions of regret must
be sincere not cynical. We listen to the concerns of our audience. We may not change what
readers write or say but we will always provide remedies when we are unfair.

We will define the idea of principles of journalism. A principle is a fundamental, really important
truth that is the basis of something.
So the principles of journalism are the things that journalists have to remember to do all the time.
Verification and objectivity are important for journalists to remember when they are finding
their sources or information. This is when journalists make sure that the information they get is
accurate or true. How can they know if their sources are true and accurate? Being accurate means
always having the correct facts, such as names, dates, places. Journalists need to remember when
they are gathering sources, meaning they are talking to the important people in a story.
Statements and reactions of direct participants or primary witnesses, those who are involved
from all sides, are taken. This means reporting the facts without favoring one side or another.
They should give more importance to the majority view, but must make an effort to check all
points of view and determine whether even the minority one is worthy of attention. A journalist
should not give equal time or weight to an opinion based on facts that are clearly not true.
Originality, completeness, transparency, and fairness. To remember, when writing a story is
originality. This means creating something new. So, a journalist must not borrow the words of
others and pretend that they have created them. Important principle to remember is
completeness. This means that journalists need to tell the whole story, not just a part of it.
Journalists must present a story in context, which means looking at both sides of a story as well
as the events in the past that lead to the situation. When we talk about journalism, we also mean
that people have the opportunity to see the process a journalist goes through when writing his
article. That's how we stay transparent. Principle of fairness - This means that a journalist must
think about the language they use in their article to make sure they accurately tell the facts
without bias favoring one side or another. It's important to remember that the journalist's goal
should be to inform the public.
Restraint, humanity, accountability, and empowerment - These principles are about how
journalism can impact people, meaning how people are affected by the articles that a journalist
writes.

The Mission of Journalism

Journalism helps citizens make sense of the world, and helps them to separate fact from fiction,
or rumor and gossip. Journalism also provides diverse viewpoints in a context so that people can
learn about each other and learn about maybe how a certain law affects this segment of society
and how it affects this other segment of society perhaps differently. And journalism helps people
learn about one another. And as we learn more about each other and our different situations, then
the truth will rise above. So the basic principles of journalism have been the same for generation
after generation. Although the tools and the technologies have changed. And those tools and
technologies help reporters to gather information in different ways, and to put it together in
different ways, and to disseminate it to audiences in multiple ways.
„The journalist has a role in any society to report truthfully and to convey information to fellow
citizens about events which offend against human decency. There is a moral obligation on the
part of journalists to expose abuses of power, injustice, illegality, and wrong doing. This role
will inevitably force the journalist to confront authority and challenge powerful forces within
society. In any democracy there is a constant war being fought between the forces of journalism
and the forces of censorship and control. Information is power in a genuine democracy
journalists should be allowed a wide direction to disseminate information as a service to fellow
citizens.“
Today, more people than ever before are seeking more news and information than they ever have
before. People use four to five devices to obtain news and information regularly. And they go to
three to five different sources. And when we talk about devices, we are talking about people
who are using newspapers, they're using radio. In the evening they might be on TV. During the
day, they might check their smartphones. So they are getting their news and information in a
variety of ways. So what that means is that the jobs for journalism, in the forms of writers and
authors and visual communicators, is very positive, and the number of jobs continues to grow.
So whatever devices people are using to get their news and information, it is journalists
there providing that content. Journalism is fact-based storytelling in any form. That may be text,
it may be audio, video, photography, 3D information graphics, animation, virtual reality,
all these types of examples...
And journalism is fact-based storytelling in any medium. It is print and digital newspapers,
magazines, radio, TV, websites, and mobile devices, for example. Today we live in a world and
time of meta-journalism.
It is possible to move between media in similar positions; and many media experts have done
this well. For example, a newspaper columnist might switch to writing a book, and then write
and host a television program. Or more commonly, an expert in a traditional field (such as radio)
might transition into digital media (such as podcasts and webinars). Even traditional media jobs
like reporter, writer, or editor are likely to involve a digital media component these days. The
social media presence of journalists is increasingly difficult to navigate. On the one hand,
publishers profit from the strong personal brands of some of their correspondents; on the other,
many require news staff to be neutral or objective, especially on political and controversial
topics. This balance is increasingly hard to achieve in politically and culturally charged settings
like social media.
How Different Types of Journalism Adjusted to the Digital Age
The field of journalism comprises numerous different subspecialties, all of which require
different skill sets, tools, and approaches.
No matter the role, the digital journalism era has brought wholesale changes to the industry.
Here’s how the digital age has affected different types of journalism roles and how they’ve
adjusted.
- Traditional Journalism
In what’s known as traditional journalism, newspaper reporters and editors work for a local
paper of record, the primary paper in a town or an area. Regardless of location, the newspapers
have an established history of professional news reporting, a neutral political stance, and
thorough coverage of their regions. Most traditional journalism outlets were too slow to respond
to the digital age, and have suffered for it. Editorial jobs in newspapers will decline by 40% over
the next 10 years, and small papers across the world are shutting down or reducing operations
seemingly every day. Declining advertising revenue, the loss of the classifieds section to the
internet, and increased costs have forced many news outlets to slash their staff or sell outright to
conglomerates which often downscale the publications anyway.
- Broadcast and Cable Journalism
Since radio’s invention in the early 20th century top broadcast journalists command audiences of
millions who tune in for their knowledge and authoritative voices on the nation’s news and
current affairs. According to the BLS, about 17,000 journalists worked in broadcast as of 2019
in the USA, making up 32% of the jobs within the reporters and correspondent categories.
Broadcast and cable are still relevant, with leading anchors drawing millions of viewers,
whether for afternoon political shows or programs.That doesn’t mean that the digital transition
hasn’t affected broadcast journalism. Television news has embraced infotainment as it competes
for viewers, showcasing stories that engage emotion and outrage over drier, policy-driven ones
with far greater real-world impact. The rise of independent broadcast outlets has also challenged
broadcast journalism. Streaming apps allow citizen journalists and entrepreneurial journalists to
spread compelling, high-definition video and attract big audiences in the span of a few minutes.
We have seen numerous examples of this type of citizen journalism through the "Arab Spring"
movement in a number of Middle Eastern countries over the past decade, in the example of
numerous social protests in European countries, through live reports after terrorist attacks,
national protests in the USA such as the George Floyd marches in 2020 and the U.S. Capitol riot
in January 2021, in the recent protests in Iran for women's rights... were all extensively covered
by citizen journalists, who captured never-before-seen angles of social unrest and social
commentary from the center of the action.
- Investigative Journalism
The 2015 Academy Award winner for best picture, “Spotlight,” told the true story of the Boston
Globe’s investigative team as it investigated the Catholic Church abuse scandal that rocked the
city at the turn of the 21st century. It was a compelling portrayal of how the team went to great
lengths to convince dozens of abuse victims to come forward with their stories, and how the
team spent hours digging through volumes of physical directories and microfilms records from
the print and electronic ages. Investigative journalism in the digital age has come to lean on
new tools. A major development has been the rise of big data. The ability to comb through years
of financial data, browsing history, cell phone logs, and all sorts of other data sets gives
investigative journalists endless amounts of information to analyze to put together their stories.
- Sports Journalism
People love following their favorite teams and players. Sportswriters have left their mark on
journalism culture through their writing, and the best writers at many local papers are in the
sports section, shining a light on local athletes. Digital news media sites for sportswriters and
athletes now also reach customers directly through sites and social media accounts., Now, sports
journalists have branched out into analytics and long-form journalism to stay relevant.
- Print News
Outside of newspapers, journalists work in magazines, tabloids, and other print publications.
The publications are often among the hardest hit in the industry, with high printing costs for
color pages and full-bleed photos, along with high costs for quality writers who often produce
long features that take weeks or months to complete. Long-form journalism of the type that
traditionally appeared in magazines has moved onto sites, have all had to cut back on staff and
the size of their product and increasingly pivot to an online format to try and stay afloat.
- Social Media News
Social media journalists have only existed since the rise of digital journalism. The first social
media journalists started appearing on sites such as Facebook and Twitter, but now work on
photo sites such as Instagram and other specialty platforms. Social media journalists are learning
to grow with the times: As new platforms emerge and attract users, social media journalists
evaluate whether it benefits their personal brand to build a following there. They’ve also found
ways to monetize their work through advertisements, sponsored posts, or paywalls that reserve
content for subscribers.

Regardless of whether that happens, journalists in the digital age are going to have to continue to
adapt. New technologies, platforms, and tools are sure to pop up over the years, and the best
journalists will find ways to work them into their repertoire or explore new niches in the field.
According to the Poynter Institute, journalists in the next 10 to 20 years will need the same
curiosity, writing skill, and ability to discern the facts as today’s journalists.