ICE7501

Geographic Information Systems

Prof. Ling Pei

Email: ling.pei@sjtu.edu.cn

Institute of Sensing and Navigation, SEIEE

SEIEE Teaching Development & Student Innovation Center (E-Valley)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

09/2022
 Course Information

n Lecturer Guest Lecturer Assistant

Ling Pei Yanbo Liu Guoqing Liu

n Time and location

• W2-9, 14:00-15:40, Tuesday@Chen Ruiqiu 109
• W10-17, 14:00-15:40, Tuesday@SEIEE Building 4, E-Valley
• Tencent meeting:426-318-930, Code: 9075
n Keep in touch
• Office: SEIEE 4-211
• Email：{ling.pei, guoqing_liu}@sjtu.edu.cn
• https://oc.sjtu.edu.cn/courses/46469
 Course Recourses
n Text Book
• Introduction to geographic information systems 8 edition，
McGraw-Hill Education， Kang-tsung Chang
n Related Software
• ArcGIS
• Roadrunner
• SuperMap GIS
• MapInfo
• QGIS
• OpenStreetMap
• AutoCAD
• …
n Websites
• https://www.openstreetmap.org/
• http://www.esri.com/
• https://docs.qgis.org/3.22/en/genindex.html
• …..
 General Information

n Objective
• To learn how to collect, analyze, distribute, interpret, transform and
visualize the spatial data about the surface of the earth and its
geography
n Schedule • Ch4:Raster Data Model

• Ch2:Coordination system
• Ch6: Geometric Transformation
• General Information • Practice
• Ch1: Introduction and project

W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W17

• Ch1: Introduction • Ch5: GIS Data • Project kickoff

Acquisition

• Ch3: Vector Data Mode • Seminar

n Grade Policy
Classroom attendance/performance 20% + assigment/seminar 20%
+ final project 60%
ICE7501 GIS

Chapter 1 Introduction
 Chapter Outline

ØDevelopment of GIS

ØElements of GIS

ØApplications of GIS

ØPlatforms of GIS

ØConcept

ØDiscussion
Development of
GIS
 Chapter 1 What is GIS？

Geographic Information System (GIS)

n A computer system for
p Capturing
p Storing
p Querying
p Analyzing
p Displaying Geospatial data.

Geospatial data: describe both the locations and

characteristics of spatial features.
 GIS: across many disciplines

GIS is based on multiple disciplines and techniques

Geography

Remote Sensing
Photogrammetry

Mapping &
GIS
Surveying Mathematics

Computer
Statistic
Science
 GIS Functions
GIS is used to answer questions and support decisions based on
geospatial data.
Data Editing Geospatial
& Update Query
Data Storage
Data input &Management
Overlap
Analysis

What does GIS Query &

can do? analysis Buffering
Analysis

Visualization & Network

Output Analysis
Terrain
Analysis
Chapter 1 The History of GIS
Chapter 1 The History of GIS

What’ s
next?
 The History of GIS

Geo-enabled users
Sensing data
NB IoT
Big Data

2017 From static to realtime

 The History of GIS

2018- from 2D\3D to HD. HD map is an important

part of the autonomous driving system. Compared with
the traditional digital map, HD Map focuses on the
autonomous driving scenarios, allowing the autonomous
vehicle to understand the changing real-time
environment.
 The History of GIS

HD Map data through the cloud

 The History of GIS

2021 from 3D GIS to Metaverse, from real to unreal

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=lZXTZphgyps
Elements of GIS
 Chapter 1 Five Components of GIS
Hardware: the computer on which a GIS
operates.
• centralized computer servers, desktop computers, cloud…..
Software(Methods): provides the functions and tools
needed to store, analyze, and display geographic
information.
• Tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information
• A database management system (DBMS)
• Tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization
• A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools
Data: Geographic data and related tabular data

Orga
nizati
on

Softw
are

Framework of GIS concept

 Chapter 1 Five Components of GIS
People: manage the system and develop plans for applying it
to real-world problem

Organization：the community who uses the system

Organ
ization

Softw
are

Framework of GIS concept

 GIS Components：Hardware

n Hardware: Systems to support rapid graphic analysis and

processing
p centralized computer servers, desktop computers, cloud, HUD，
glasses
 GIS Components：Software

n Software: a technology for storing and analyzing location

and attribute data
p Tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information
p A database management system (DBMS)
p Tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization
p A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools
 GIS Components：Method

n Method: The algorithms to be performed on the data

 GIS Components：Data

n Geospatial data：describe both the locations and

characteristics of spatial features
Location/Maps data：Information
about location w/graphics
Attribute data：Information about
what can be found at a particular
location

An example of geospatial data. The street network

is based on a plane coordinate system. The box on
the right lists the x- and y-coordinates of the end
points and other attributes of a street segment.
 GIS Components：Data

n Two types of data

p Spatial/Maps data
p Attribute data
Spatial/Maps data
p Data related to Locations
p Example: Coordinate of center of a football ground

Attribute data
p Describe such aspects of the spatial data which is not
specified by its geometry alone
p Example: Name of roads, Population of census data
 GIS Components: Data Representation

n Two types of Coordinate System

Map projection
Projection from the spherical shape of the
earth to the planar shape of the map

projection

Geographical Coordinate System Projection(Map) Coordinate System

in longitude and latitude in x and y
 GIS Components： Data Representation

n Two types of data representation

Vector data
• The vector data model uses x-, y-coordinates to represent point, lines,
and polygons to represent with a clear boundary
• Example: streams, land parcels, and vegetation stands

Raster data
• The raster data model uses a grid and grid cells to represent spatial features
• point features are represented by single cells, line features by sequences of
neigh- boring cells, and polygon features by collections of contiguous cells.
• Example: DEM, Satellite images. etc.
 GIS Components：Data Representation

n Vector Data

Store Model

Composite features
p built on simple features of points, lines, and polygons;

triangulated irregular network (TIN) Dynamic segmentation combines one-

to represent terrain dimensional linear measures such as mileposts
with two-dimensional projected coordinates.
 GIS Components： Data Operations

n Data Display
• Maps are most important display
medium of the interface of GIS
• Time-dependent data can be
displayed as a series of map
frames in temporal animation
• Five primary design principles for
cartography
• Visual contrast
• Legibility
• Figure-ground organization
• Hierarchical organization
• Balance
 Five primary design principles for
cartography
1) Visual Contrast
 Five primary design principles for
cartography
2) Legibility
 Five primary design principles for
cartography
3) Figure-Ground Organization
 Five primary design principles for
cartography
4) Hierarchical Organization
 Five primary design principles for
cartography

5) Balance
 GIS Overview: Operations

n Data Exploration
• Visualizing, manipulating, and querying data
using maps, tables, and graphs.
• Map-based: data classification, data
aggregation, and map comparison
• Feature-based:
ü Attribute data query in DBMS
ü Spatial data query based on spatial
relationships such as containment, intersect,
and proximity
 GIS Overview: Operations

n Data Analysis
Vector tools: Overlay, buffering Places

Raster tools: Local, neighborhood,

zonal, global Highways

• Overlay : A vector-based overlay Census

operation combines geometries and

attributes from different layers to
create the output Hydrography

Topography
 GIS Overview: Operations

n Data Analysis
Vector tools: Overlay, buffering…

• Buffering : create buffer zones from select features

Example: Which parcels are within 60m of the road?

 GIS Overview: Operations

n Data Analysis
Raster tools: Local, neighborhood, zonal, global

A local operation with multiple raster layers can take advantage of the fixed cell locations. For
example, a local average can easily be computed by dividing the sum of 3, 2, and 4 (9) by 3.
Applications of GIS
 Applications

GIS has been important for land use planning, natural hazard assessment,
wildlife habitat analysis, riparian zone monitoring, timber management,
and urban planning
Applications
 Applications

The Center for Systems Science and Engineering

(CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) creates an
COVID-19 Dashboard based on ArcGIS.
 Applications

Daytime violent crime incidents in San Francisco

 Applications

Daytime violent crime incidents in San Francisco

 Applications

Europe lights map

Platforms of GIS
 Web mapping

lWeb Mapping

lGoogle Map，Bing Map…

lCollaborative Web Mapping

lMap API, mashup…

lVolunteered geographic information

lOpenstreetmap

https://www.openstreetmap.org/history#map=14/31.0199/
121.4455&layers=NG
Mobile Mapping
Concepts
Discussion
 Chapter 1 GIS vs. Map

Difference?

Common?

Connection?