ORAL COMMUNICATION TYPES OF LISTENING:

- development of listening and speaking skills and strategies for 1. Discriminative

effective communication - identifying sound differences
2. Comprehension
- making sense of what is heard
LISTENING 3. Critical
- identifying truths from fallacies
- key to effective communication 4. Evaluative
- choosing a stand after critical listening
5. Informative
POOR LISTENING VS EFFECTIVE LISTENING: - listening to learn something new
• Poor Listening 6. Appreciative
- misunderstanding - taking in anything that appeals to the listener’s sense of
- uninformed decision beauty
- communication breakdown - also called leisure listening
- broken relationship 7. Biased
- taking in only what the listener agrees to
• Effective Listening
- also called selective listening
- deeper understanding
8. Sympathetic
- rational decision
- knowing what the speaker feels
- open and honest communication
9. Empathic
- stronger bond
- understanding what the speaker feels
10. Therapeutic
- doing something about the speaker’s feelings
LISTENING PROCESS:
11. Dialogic
1. Receiving - learning through conversations with a speaker
- hearing all of the noise simultaneously 12. Relationship
2. Perceiving - getting the trust of the speaker
- choose and focus on a specific sound
3. Interpreting
- understand, analyze, make sense or decode out of what IRRITATING LISTENERS:
you’ve perceived
1. Interrupting the speaker
4. Responding
2. Not looking at the speaker
- listener gives a feedback
3. Rushing the speaker
4. Showing interest in something other than the conversation
5. Finishing the speaker’s thoughts
 6. Not responding to the speaker’s request • Knowing the words is not enough
7. Topping the speaker’s story - have to go beyond the literal meaning of words
8. Forgetting what was talked about previously • Speaking is performing
9. Asking too many questions about details - words can get the job done

KEYS FOR EFFECTIVE LISTENING: DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SPEECH ACTS:

1. Stop talking. 1. Locutionary – actual words used in the message
2. Control your surroundings. 2. Illocutionary – intention of the speaker
3. Keep an open mind. 3. Perlocutionary – effect on the receiver
4. Listen for main points.
5. Provide feedback.
6. Capitalize on lag time. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS:
7. Listen between lines.
8. Judge ideas and not appearances. 1. Representative
9. Hold your fire. - utterances that state what the speaker believes to be the
10. Take selective notes. case or not
- stating, asserting, denying, confessing, admitting, notifying
- ex. Pres. Rodrigo Duterte is the first president from
BENEFITS OF LISTENING: Mindanao.
I am the most handsome student in our class.
1. You are better able to help others. 2. Directives
2. You are able to understand things on a deeper level. - utterances are attempts by the speaker to get the
3. You are able to understand more about different culture. addressee to do something
4. You have more resources to make more informed, rational - requesting, ordering, forbidding, warning, advising,
decisions. suggesting, insisting, recommending
5. You have the tools to avoid conflicts and reduce problems. - ex. Could you bring my other bag, please?
6. You are able to participate in life more because you know more. You are not allowed to go out of the house during ECQ.
7. You can become a more effective leader. 3. Commissives
- utterances that commit the speaker to some future course
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of action
- promising, vowing, volunteering, offering, guaranteeing,
pledging, etc.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH ACTS:
- ex. I promise to love you forever.
- started out as a theory proposed by John Austin and later extended I pledge to treat you when we meet face to face.
by John Searle
 4. Expressives • Interesting
- utterance used to express the emotional state of the - speaker should also be interested in the chosen topic
speaker - speaker should be knowledgeable
- apologizing, congratulating, welcoming, objecting
- ex. Congratulations to you for getting good grades last
quarter! SOURCES OF TOPICS:
5. Declarations
- utterance used to change the status of some entity • News
- appointing, naming, resigning, baptizing • Social Media
- done by a person in authority • Observations
- change in status • Conversations
- ex. Host: Miss Universe PH is Ms. Iloilo!
This project is called “Transpectus”
ANALYZING YOUR AUDIENCE:
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• Demographic
- general profile of your audience
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING: - age, gender, nationality, religion, education, occupation,
membership, status
1. Choosing a Topic
• Psychographic
2. Analyzing your Audience
- perceptions of your audience
3. Sourcing the Information
- interests and needs, attitudes, beliefs, opinions, values, pre-
4. Outlining and Organizing Your Speech
existing notions
• Situational
- environment and setting
CHOOSING A TOPIC: - physical setting, size, occasion, participation
• Relevance - Types of Participation:
- Will it be beneficial for people? o Captive Audience – forced to attend
- something that is highly relevant to your target audience o Voluntary Audience – interested and signed up for
• Timeliness it
- must be timely
- something that we can observe at the moment
• Relatable SOURCING THE INFORMATION:
- make sure that the topic is familiar to the audience • Seek reliable references
- make the audience understand what you are talking about
• Provide supporting information
- field of common experience between the speaker and
• Extract important points
audience
 • Ethical information must be sought - problem – what problem have you seen
• Cite sources - context – what led you to this topic
• Head start with good note-taking - why is it needed
- why immediate action about the topic is necessary
2. Body
ORGANIZING A SPEECH - cause and effect
- ways on how to address the issue
• Introduction - dangers of not solving the problem
- a preview / an overview - benefits of supporting the cause
- attention getter - what you want the audience to do and why
- directs the audience towards the purpose 3. Conclusion
- ask rhetorical question - reiterate / emphasize your advocacy
- cite a biblical passage - challenge the readers
- use a quote - call to action
- sing lines / recite a poem
- tell an anecdote ______________________________________________________________
- use a startling statement
- use a narrative
• Body TYPES OF SPEECH WRITING:
- develops the main idea with examples, evidence arguments
• Delivery / Execution
or illustrations
o Manuscript
- specific details about a topic
- the speaker holds a copy of their speech
• Conclusion - simply read the script that is prepared ahead of
- summarizes key points time
- provides insights on the implication of your speech - reading from a prepared speech
- gives a lasting impression to the audience - ex: teleprompter, idiot board
• Purpose o Memorized
o General - something that you recite from memory and know
- support a good cause by heart
- call to action - deliver word by word from memory
o Specific o Impromptu
- topic / main idea - you deliver on the spot speech
- - off the cuff, spur of the moment
STRATEGY AND FRAMEWORK FOR ADVOCACY SPEECH: - without prior preparation
- ex: Q and A
1. Introduction
- clear statement of the advocacy
 o Extemporaneous - introduce the person before delivering their speech
- the speaker is given a brief time to prepare their - mention the educational background, the professional
speech / outline and memory triggers background, achievement, award and scholarships gained
- not a completely written speech, may use notecards by the person
• Purpose / Intention • Toast
o Expository - gives background about the couple, congratulates them and
- informative speech states his wishes
- to inform people - ex: weddings
o Inspirational - receiving an award or elected to a new position
- motivates people - to honor the dead person
- can uplift the spirit of people - mention the good deed and legacy of the person
o Persuasive - ex: eulogy
- convince and influence people to support a good
cause and share the same stand as what you have
o Special Occasion EXPOSITORY SPEECH:
- delivered during special events
- usually to honor a person or to commemorate an • Purpose / Components:
important event o Definition
- literary define something
- “What is the coronavirus disease?”
o Description
SPEECH FOR SPECIAL OCCASIONS:
- describes a topic
• Inspirational Speech - “What are the symptoms of COVID-19?”
- people in the field share their success story o Demonstration
- career talks - set of procedures
• Commencement Speech - answers the question how
- speech of gratitude - teaches what to do
- awardees recall their experiences before reaching the cart - “How to deal with the virus? What to do when you
- leave a challenge to their batchmates to continue striving contracted the virus?”
hard o Explanation
- valedictory address, salutatory address - answers the question why
• Keynote Speech - “Why is COVID-19 highly contagious?”
- there is a resource speaker or an expert in the field who • Parts:
would deliver the speech in relation to the topic o Introduction
- conferences and seminar - attention getter
• Speech of Introduction - overview
- when there is a VIP who would deliver a speech - main idea
 o Body - confidence in delivery
- elaborates main point by giving examples, evidence, - use of credible sources
illustrations • Pathos
o Conclusion - emotion
- summarizes main points - emotional and imaginative impact
- answers the question so what - inspirational quotes
- humorous stories
- vivid language
PERSUASIVE SPEECH: • Logos
- logic
- a symbolic process where communicators convince others to
- valid reasoning and argumentation
change their attitudes / behavior on an issue through a transmitted
- facts, statistics, case studies
message in an atmosphere of free choice
• Proposition of Fact
- fact means a belief or an opinion
LOGICAL FALLACIES:
- convince people that something is true or
something is false - fallacious statements and claims
- for people to believe in your claim or opinion - tricky and seemed to be correct but are actually fallacious
- ex: “Online learning is more effective that face-to- • Argumentum Ad Hominem
face learning.” - personal attack and insults
• Proposition of Value - attack on the person rather than on the argument
- convince people that something is good or bad or issue
- ex: “Same sex marriage is immoral.” - ex: “… they want to make her look smarter with
• Proposition of Policy those glasses on and books on the table, not to
- convince people that something should be mention the color choice of her outfit.” – Vivian
implemented / done or should not be implemented Velez
/ done • Argumentum Ad Verecundiam
- supporting or rejecting a policy, rule or law - use of a person’s authority, expertise or popularity
- ex: “Schools should allow students to dress in to make an assertion more credible
whatever fashion they like.” - evident in advertisements
- ex: “Cabbage can heal swollen parts of the body.” –
Dr. Farrah
PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES: • Argumentum Ad Misericordiam
- use of pity or sympathy or simply appealing to
• Ethos
emotion
- credibility
- personal branding
 - exaggerating, inventing, fabricating details, PRESENTATION AND AUDIOVISUALS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING
manipulating people, using details which have
nothing to do with the topic
- ex: “Officer, please don’t give me a ticket, I was WHAT WE LEARN AND RETAIN:
rushing home to help my spouse care for our sick
child.” • 10% of what we read
• Argumentum Ad Populum • 20% of what we hear
- believing that the majority is right • 30% of what we see
- ex: “It’s okay to cheat; everybody’s doing it, • 50% of what we hear and see
anyway.”
• Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam
- absence of knowledge on the issue is used against AUDIOVISUAL
the person to make a statement correct
- aims to supplement your speech through a combination of the
- using the ignorance of a person against them
following:
- ex: “Since you are not able to prove that you have
• pictures
never cheated on me, I must assume you’re guilty.”
• art forms
• Post Hoc; Ergo, Propter Hoc
• illustrations
- this, therefore, that
• sound
- connecting one event to another when there is no
connection at all
- observed superstitious belief
CLASSIFICATION OF PRESENTATION AID:
- ex: “I’ve seen a black cat, so I will experience bad
luck.” • Visuals
• Fallacy of Complex Question o Charts and Graphs
- something that appears to only have one question - pick the one which best conveys the points you
when there could be two or more want to make. For ex, pie charts are used to present
- there is a question in disguise behind the question figures, outcomes, and percentages while bars and
asked timelines are used to compare data
- ex: “Have you stopped cheating on tests?” o Slides (Microsoft PowerPoint & Prezi)
• Petitio Principii - the most commonly used form of visual aid where
- circular reasoning you can create highly sophisticated slides with
- repeating a statement that has been mentioned audio, video, animations, etc
- saying something that is very obvious o Flipchart
- ex: “Oral communication is a subject about - a large pad of paper on a stand, it aims to record
communicating orally.” information during your speech delivery, or use
prepared sheets for key points
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 o Handouts - for example, it is unlikely for a speaker to use charts and
- a handout may be used if information is too graphs in delivering a humorous speech
detailed to fit on a slide/if you want your audience • Appealing
to have a full record of your speech (downside: can - audiovisuals that are not appealing may lessen the impact
be distracting) and effectiveness of the speech
o Props • Readable
- sometimes, it can be very useful to use props when - audiovisuals/visuals must be appropriately sized and text
delivering a speech (especially when the speech is must be legible
informative/demonstrative) • Varied
o Poster - try to incorporate diff types of audiovisuals/visuals in your
- may be used if one is presenting a speech to a presentation
relatively small audience - using the same kind of visuals, for ex, charts, might bore the
• Audio – used to enrich your presentation, especially if your speech audience
is about music, poems
o Recordings
o Sound ADVANTAGES OF USING AUDIVISUALS IN SPEECH DELIVERY:
o Music
o Audio Tapes • Serves as Memory Aid
• Video - information can be stored much easily (audience pov)
o DVD/VHS • Guides One’s Speech Delivery
- gives you an opportunity to show stimulating visual - keywords from the presentation will guide you as you
information during your speech deliver your speech
- make sure that the clip is directly relevant to your • Captures Audience’s Attention
content - begin your speech by involving your audience through a
- select clips that reinforce the message of your variety of visuals and sounds,
speech • Aids Learning
- addresses varied learning styles and preferences
• Sustains Interest
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD AUDIOVISUAL: - the speaker is more likely to keep his audience’s interest for
the whole duration of the speech presentation
• Relevant
- ensure that the audiovisual is relevant to the subject of your
speech.
• Appropriate
- audiovisuals should be appropriate to the occasion and
subject of your speech.
DO’S AND DON’TS IN AUDIOVISUAL PRESENTATION:

• Do’s
o Use appropriate color and images
o Label charts and graphs
o Keep the text short and simple
o Rehearse
o Talk to your audience; avoid staring too long at the
presentation aid
o Have a back-up plan
• Don’ts
o Experiment with fonts and colors
o Use flashing and distracting elements
o Fill a slide with too much information
o Simply recite your slides