Vegetative Propagation

Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual reproduction in plants where a new plant originates
from a parent plant fragment or from a specific breeding system derived from the base, root or
leaf. The following are a few significant methods of plant artificial vegetative spread:
Cutting
Stem cutting: a piece of stem from the parent plant, including at least one leaf node, is partly
buried in the soil where the new roots come from. For example, rose, sugar cane etc.
Root cutting: A root part is buried below the surface of the soil, and new shoots are to be
developed. For instance for lemon, fig, etc.
Leaf-cutting: A leaf of puddles is inserted into the moist soil and both fresh stem and roots must
be formed. At the base of the leaf, a new plant emerges. Bryophyllum, for starters, for Begonia
Layering
The development process for roots on a stem or branch is called layering, while still attached to
the plant. The rooted stalk is then untied into a new plant that grows on its own roots and is
known as a layer. Layering is more complicated than cutting, but it has the benefit that the spread
portion of the parent plant receives water and nutrients while forming roots.
Simple layering: A younger plant’s lower branch is attached to the base, so a node will touch
the ground. The node is weakened and protected by soil that leaves the end of the branch
exposed (6-12 inches). Roots are extracted in a few weeks from the buried portion, after which
the layer is removed and transplanted somewhere else from the mother plant. For examples.
Rhododendron, jasmine and so on.
Compound layering: Compound layering is identical to plain layering, but 2 or 3 wounded
nodes are filled with soil rather than covering the wounded node with soil. The protected nodes
contrast with open unprotected nodes where new shootings will take place above the level. Each
section can be cut down along the branch, which shapes many plants after roots mature. For
starters, guava, raisins, tomatoes etc.
Tip layering: It is close to a flat sheet in which a complete 3-4 inches deep was drilled and soil
is deposited in the tip of the current season. The tip first goes down, then curves sharply and
grows up. Roots develop at the curve and a new plant develops above the base. By late fall or
early spring, the tip layer is withdrawn. For starters, black and purple raspberries with
blackberries trailing, strawberries and others.
Mound layering: The layering of mounds (stools) in strongly branched tree fruit shrubs and
rootstocks with strong structures is beneficial. In the sleeping season, the plant is cut to 1 cm
over the earth and new shoots are formed by dormant buds. The new shoots are positioned over a
mound of soil rich in organic matter that develops 8–10 cm thick, and the roots emerge after a
few weeks at the base of these young shoots. During the sleeping season, the layers are removed
and transplanted elsewhere. E.g., roots of plum, magnolia, peach, feather etc.
Air layering: Large over-grown house plants such as rubber plants, which lose most of their
lower leaves and are difficult to bend to the ground for rooting in the soil, may be propagated
through air-coating. An area on a stem (about a foot from the end) below the node is selected,
and leaves and branches on and below the stem are removed from 3 to 4″ above this point. A 1-
inch bark ring shall be taken out of the tree with a sharp knife to reveal the woody internal tissue.
To prevent the formation of a callstridge, the freshly bored ring is scrapped to eliminate the
shifting tissue.
Grafting
Grafting is a planting method used to combine sections of two or more plants in a single plant. In
grafting, the top portion (scion) of one plant develops on another plant’s root system (rootstock)
with close association. eg, toughness, drought tolerance, diseases resistance, and some
characteristic of scion are the best quality fruit. This method gives the plant a certain
characteristic of the rootstock. A good-quality, healthy stock-type, protected and true-to-stock
wood is picked, free from insects, illnesses or winter injury.
In grafting, the vascular scion transition must be aligned with the rootstock vascular change, by
which a conductive tissue is formed for the actively growing plant and tissue growth is
stimulated at the basal ends of many vegetative sequences before rooting. For plants including
strawberry, corn, peach, prune, etc., nurseries and horticulture staff use several forms of grafting
techniques.
Slice grafting: Sliced grafting is used to attach a scion to a rootstock stem usually applied to
herbaceous materials which easily connect or combine or is used in plants with a stem diameter
of 1⁄2 inch or less. The root material is cut off with the same type of cut at the base of the scion,
by a diagonal cut of 3⁄4 inch to 1 inch long. The scion is ideal for the stock and is tightly bound
with a rubber grafting band.
Whip and tongue grafting: This method is most widely employed in the grafting of nursery
crops or woody ornamentals, where scion and stock are similarly wide (no more than 1⁄2 inch in
diameter) so that the whip on the root retains the scion’s tongue (and vice versa), which allows
each of the hands-free to seal the joint. A diagonal cut is used to cut the material, where the cut is
four to five times longer than the shell width, and the same cuts are made at the base of the scion.
On that diagonal break, a tongue-like shape is created in the stock and scion. This scion is placed
on the rootstock so that whip and tongue are interlocked with a proper cambia alignment. A
grafting strip or twine is appropriately bundled in the attachment and tested with grafting wax or
a grafting dye.
Saddle grafting: All rootstock and scion should have the same diameter and supply should have
a width of not more than 1 inch.
The surface of the cut ranging from a half-inch to a 1 inch long has been removed from the base
material by two opposing upward strikes of the grafting knife, leading to the inverted V-shaped
cuts.
The process is inverted to equip the scion base of root and scion cuts that are the same duration
and pitch so that the stock and pitch of the scion have a full touch when connected. The V-stick
scion is put in the saddle of the rootstock, covered in a pair, trio, or stripe grafting cover, and
then screened with grafting wax or dye.
Cleft grafting: The rootstock (diameter of 1-4 inch) is smooth and wider than the scion (a
diameter of 1/2 inch). The scion should be strong and broad enough to have at least three buds (6
to 8 inches).
The broken or snap wedge through the stock’s middle and down from the horizontally flat stock
surface is 2 to 3 cm by way of a clefting tool.
The break in the stock is available to keep the sawmills. The end of the split is equipped with a
chisel form scion, the width of which is facing the wedge outside, to ensure that the cambium of
any scion is in contact with the rootstock adjustment.

Manure
● Cow dung forms the best manure in case of gardening. It also acts a nutrient-rich
fertilizer when it is turned into compost and applied to crops
● Cattle shed wastes-dung, urine and slurry from biogas plants.
● Human habitation wastes-night soil, human urine, town refuse, sewage, sludge and
sullage.
● Poultry Jitter, droppings of sheep and goat.
● Slaughterhouse wastes-bone meal, meat meal, blood meal, horn and hoof meal, Fish
wastes.
vermicompost
Vermicomposting is a process in which earthworms are used to convert organic materials
into humus-like material known as vermicompost. A number of researchers throughout the
world have found that the nutrient profile in vermicompost is generally higher than traditional
compost.
Vermicompost has many advantages compared to compost, as vermicompost can be
produced in lesser space, small containers and both indoors and outdoors, when compared to the
compost.
Micropropagation:
It is the propagation of plants by growing plantlets in tissue culture and then planting it. It
helps to produce plants with desired characteristics. It is a stepwise process in which a large
number of plants are produced from a single explant. The plants produced are genetically
identical to the parent plant. Micropropagation facilitates the growth, storage, and
maintenance of a large number of plants in small spaces which makes it a cost-effective
process. Micropropagation is used for germplasm storage and the protection of endangered
species

Soil Mixture:
 the soil for the nursery has too much sand in it or is infertile adding 1 part of well rotted,
sieved compost to every 3 or 4 parts of soil will improve it. If there is too much clay in the soil,
but it is fertile enough, then add 1 or 2 parts of clean, seived sand to every 3 or 4 parts of soil.

potting mix
1. 1 part of good quality red soil/topsoil.
2. 1 part coco peat/peat moss.
3. 1 part of compost (vermicompost/manure)