MADANAPALLE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and
MADANAPALLE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and
MADANAPALLE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and
MADANAPALLI
ANGALLU, MADANAPALLE – 517 325
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
2012-13
MADANAPALLE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &SCIENCE,
Department of ECE
Prepared By
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
Electronics and Communication Engineering
(9A04607) ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB
B.Tech III-II Sem. (E.C.E.) T P C
032
Minimum Twelve Experiments to be conducted: (Six from each part A & B)
Part A (Analog Communication Lab):
1 Amplitude modulation and demodulation.
2 Frequency modulation and demodulation.
3 Characteristics of Mixer.
4 Pre-emphasis & de-emphasis.
5 Pulse Amplitude Modulation and demodulation.
6 Pulse Width Modulation and demodulation.
7 Pulse Position Modulation and demodulation.
8 Radio Receiver measurements – Sensitivity, Selectivity, & Fidelity.
10
11
12
Apparatus Required:
Procedure:
1 Switch on the trainer and check the O/P of carrier generator on oscilloscope.
2. Connect 1KHz with 2 Volts A.F signal at AF I/P to the modulator circuit.
3. Connect the carrier signal at carrier I/P of modulator circuit.
4. Observe the modulator output signal at AM O/P Spring by making necessary changes
in A.F. signal.
5. Vary the modulating frequency and amplitude and observe the effects on the
modulated waveform.
6. The depth of modulation can be varied using the variable knob (potentiometer)
provided at A.F. input.
7. The percentage of modulation or modulation factor can be calculated using the
following formulas.
Tabular Column:
S. No Modulator O/P Demodulator O/P
Fm Vm Vmax Vmin m
(Hz) (V) (V) (V) Fo V0
(Hz) (V)
PRECAUTIONS:
Result:
Aim: 1. To generate frequency modulated signal and determine the modulation index and
bandwidth for various values of amplitude and frequency of modulating signal.
2. To demodulate a Frequency Modulated signal using FM detector.
Apparatus required:
Theory:
The process, in which the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, is called “Frequency Modulation”. The
FM signal is expressed as
Circuit Diagram:
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the FM experimental board.
2. Connect Oscilloscope to the FM O/P and observe that carrier frequency at that point
without any A.F. input.
3. Connect around 7KHz sine wave (A.F. signal) to the input of the frequency modulator
(At AF input).
4. Now observe the frequency modulation output on the 1st channel of on CRO and
adjust the amplitude of the AF signal to get clear frequency modulated wave form.
5. Vary the modulating frequency (A.F Signal) and amplitude and observe the effects on
the modulated waveform.
6. Connect the FM o/p to the FM i/p of De-modulator.
7. Vary the potentiometer provided in the demodulator section.
8. Observe the output at demodulation o/p on second channel of CRO.
9. Draw the demodulated wave form
Tabular Column:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connect the circuit properly.
2. Apply the required voltages wherever needed.
3. Do not apply stress on the components.
Result:
3. Characteristics of Mixer
Aim: To observe the characteristics of a Frequency Mixer and to measure its conversion
gain..
Apparatus Required:
Theory:
The mixer is a nonlinear device having two sets of input terminals and one set of
output terminals. Mixer will have several frequencies present in its output, including the
difference between the two input frequencies and other harmonic components
Circuit Diagram:
PROCEDURE :
4. Vary Base signal frequency and note down O/P amplitude. The output reaches to a
maximum value at a particular frequency. Calculate conversion gain.
Conversion gain = (O/P Voltage)/ (Base signal voltage)
5. Plot conversion gain vs base signal frequency,
Sample readings:
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connect the circuit properly.
2. Apply the required voltages wherever needed.
3. Do not apply stress on the components.
Result:
Circuit Diagrams:
Pre-Emphasis:
De-Emphasis:
Procedure:
Sample readings:
Table2: de-emphasis Vi = 5V
MODEL GRAPH
Result:
Aim: To generate the Pulse Amplitude modulated signal and demodulated signals.
Apparatus required:
Theory:
PAM is the simplest form of the data modulation. The amplitude of uniformly
spaced pulses is varied in proportion to the corresponding sample values of a continuous
message m(t).
A PAM waveform consists of a sequence of list-topped pulses. The amplitude of
each pulse corresponds to the value of the message signal x(t) at the leading edge of the
pulse.
The pulse amplitude modulation is the process in which the amplitude of
regularity spaced rectangular pulses vary with the instantaneous sample values of a
continuous message signal in a one-one fashion.
Circuit
Diagram:
Procedure:
1 . Switch on pulse Amplitude modulation and demodulation trainer.
2 . In clock generator section connect pin 6 of 555IC to the 33pfcapacitor terminal.
3 . Check the clock generator (RF)output signal.
4 . Connect RF output of clock generator to the RF input of modulator section.
5 . Connect a 1KHz; 2vp-p of sine wave from function generator to the AF input of
modulator section.
6 . Short the 10F terminal and 10k terminal of modulator.
7 . Connect 10k terminal to pin 1 of IC 4016.
8 . Connect the CRO to modulated output of modulator section.
9 . Adjust the 1k potentiometer to vary the amplitude of the modulated signal.
10. Adjust the AF signal frequency from 1KHZ-10KHZ to get stable output waveform.
While increases the AF signal frequency decreases the output signal pulses.
11 During demodulation, connect the modulated output to the PAM input of
Demodulator section.
12 . Connect channel 1 of CRO to modulating signal and channel-2 to demodulated
output. Observe the two waveforms that they are 1800out of phase, since the transistor
detector operates in CE configuration.
Sample Readings:
RF frequency = RF Voltage =
S. No AF input voltage RF Voltage PAM output voltage
Vp-p (volts) Vp-p (volts)
Vmax (volts) Vmin (volts)
Expected Waveforms:
Result:
Procedure:
1 . Switch on pulse width modulation and Demodulation trainer .
2 . Connect the Clk O/P to the clk I/P terminal of PWM modulation.
3 . Connect the AF O/P to AF I/P terminal of PWM modulation.
4 . Observe the PWM O/P at pin 3 of 555 IC on CRO.
5. By varying frequency and amplitude of the modulating signal, observe the
corresponding change in the width of the output pulses.
6 . During demodulation, connect the PWM O/P of PWM modulation to the PWM I/P of
PWM demodulation.
7 . Observe the demodulated output at AF O/P of PWM demodulation on CRO.
Observations:
Result:
Aim: To generate pulse position modulation and demodulation signals and to study the
effect of amplitude of the modulating signal on output.
Apparatus required:
1. Pulse position modulation and demodulation trainer.
2. CRO
3. BNC probes and Connecting Wires
Theory:
In Pulse Position Modulation, both the pulse amplitude and pulse duration are
held constant but the position of the pulse is varied in proportional to the sampled values
of the message signal. Pulse time modulation is a class of signaling technique that
encodes the sample values of an analog signal on to the time axis of a digital signal and it
is analogous to angle modulation techniques. The two main types PTM are PWM and
PPM. In PPM the analog sample value determines the position of a narrow pulse relative
to the clocking time. In PPM rise time of pulse decides the channel bandwidth. It has low
noise interference.
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
Observations:
Result:
Aim: To study and verify the sampling theorem and reconstruction of sampled wave
form.
Apparatus Required:
1. PHYSITECH’s Sampling Theorem Trainer Kit
2. Function Generator
3. CRO
4. Connecting wires.
5. BNC Probes.
Theory:
The analog signal can be converted into a discrete time signal by a process called
sampling. The sampling theorem for a band limited signal of a finite energy can be stated
as
“A band limited signal of finite energy which has no frequency component higher
than W Hz is completely described by specifying the values of the signal at instants of
time separated by 1/2W seconds”.
It can be recovered from the knowledge of the samples taken at the rate of 2W per
second.
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
Result:
APPARATUS:
7. Connect the clock signal to the Bit clock I/P of Demodulator circuit.
8. Observe the demodulated o/p on channel 2 of CRO.
9. Connect the demodulated o/p to the filter input of demodulator circuit.
10. Observe the demodulated o/p with filter on CRO.
Observations:
S. No Waves Amplitude(volts v p- Frequency ( Hz)
p)
Result:
Apparatus :
1 . FSK Modulator-FSK Demodulator.
2 . Function Generator.
3. CRO.
4 . BNC Probes.
Theory:
In this method, the binary signal u (t) is used to generate a waveform.
V FSK (t) = A Cos (Wo ±U) t
The pulse sign is applied when v (t) = +V and minus sign is applied when V (t) =- V.
Thus the frequency of transmitted signal is high for 1 and low for a 0. A straight forward
way to detect an FSK signal is to use a suitable filter of sharp cut-off.
PROCEDURE :
1 . Connect the output of the carrier o/p provided on kit to the input of carrier i/p1
terminal.
2 .Also connect one of the data output to the data input terminal provided on kit.
3. connect sin wave of certain frequency to the carrier i/p2 terminal.
4. switch ON function generator and FSK modulation and demodulation Kit.
5. Observe the FSK o/p by connecting it to CRO. Thus FSK modulation can be achieved.
6.For FSK demodulation, connect FSK o/p terminal to the FSK i/p terminal of
demodulator.
7.Observe the demodulated wave at demodulated o/p terminal by connecting it to CRO.
Model Waveforms:
Observations:
Data input:
Waves Amplitude V(volts) Duration of Bits
(micro seconds)
Bit 1 Bit0
Data input-1
Data input-2
Data input-3
Data input-4
Carrier input:
Waves Amplitude(Vp-p) Frequency(KHz)
(volts)
Carrier input-1
Carrier input-2
Result:
Procedure:
1. Switch on PSK modulation and demodulation trainer.
2. Connect the carrier O/P of carrier generator to the carrier I/P of modulator.
3. Connect the data O/P of Data generator to the Data I/P of Modulator.
4. Connect CH1 OF CRO to Data generator o/p and CH2 to the PSK O/P of modulator.
5. Compare these two signals.
6. Connect the PSK O/P of modulator to the PSK I/P of demodulator.
7. Connect the carrier O/P of carrier generator to carrier I/P of demodulator.
8. Connect CH1 OF CRO to Data generator o/p and CH2 to the demodulator o/p.
9. Compare these two signals.
Observations:
Carrier voltage = 5.68 volts; Carrier frequency = 5.681 K Hz
Waves Voltage(volts) Bit duration(micro seconds)
Bit 1 Bit 0
Data input-1
Data input-2
Data input-3
Data input-4
Result:
Aim: To study the various steps involved in generating differential phase shift keyed
signal at the modulator end and recovering the binary signal from the received DPSK
signal.
APPARATUS :
1. Differential Phase shift keying Trainer.
2. CRO
3. Connecting Wires.
Theory:
DPSK may be viewed as the non-coherent version of PSK. It eliminates the need
for a coherent reference signal at the receiver by combining two basic operations at the
transmitter:
1. Differential encoding of the input binary wave and
2. Phase-Shift Keying hence, the name, differential phase shift keying (DPSK).
In effect to send symbol 0, we phase advance the current signal wave-form by
1800, and to send symbol 1, we leave the phase of the current signal waveform
unchanged. The receiver is equipped with a storage capability, so that it can measure the
relative phase difference between the waveforms received during two successive bit
intervals. Provided that the unknown phase θ contained in the received wave varies
slowly, the phase difference between wave forms received in two successive bit intervals
will be independent of θ.
The block diagram of a DPSK transmitter is shown in fig.1 below. It consists, in
part of a logic network and a one-bit delay element interconnected so as to convert the
binary sequence {b k} into a differentially encoded sequence {d k}. This sequence is
amplitude level encoded and then used to modulate a carrier wave of frequency fc,
thereby producing the desired DPSK signal.
input, after one-bit delay the same signal is given. So the output of this EX-OR gate is
modulating signal.
PROCEDURE :
1. Switch on differential Phase shift Keying trainer.
2. Connect the carrier output of carrier generator to the 13th pin of CD4051 (Analog
mux) of modulator.
3. Connect the Bit clock output to the Bit clock input at pin 3 of 7474 (8-bit converter) of
modulator.
4. Connect the data output of data generator to the input of modulator circuit.
5. Connect channel 1 of CRO to the data generator.
6. Observe the differential data output at pin 2 of 7474 IC on channel -1 of CRO.
7. Observe the DPSK modulated output on channel-2 of CRO.
8. During demodulation, connect the DPSK modulated output to the DPSK I/P of
Demodulator.
9. Connect the Bit clock O/P to the Bit clock I/P of Demodulator and also connect the
carrier O/P to the carrier I/P of demodulator.
10. Observe the demodulated data O/P at demodulator.
11. The frequency of modulation data signal should be equal to the demodulated O/P.
Observations:
Carrier voltage = 5.04volts; Carrier frequency = 5.618 K Hz.
Waves Amplitude(volts) Duration of Bits
(micro seconds)
Bit 1 Bit 0
Data input-1
Data input-2
Data input-3
Data input-4
Result:
Apparatus:
1. Time Division Multiplexing and De Multiplexing Trainer
2. CRO
3. BNC Probes & Connecting Wires
Theory:
The Sampling Theorem provides the basis for transmitting the information
contained in a band limited message signal m (t) as a sequence of samples of m (t) taken
uniformly at a rate that is usually slighter higher than the nyquist rate. An important
feature of the sampling process is a conservation of time. That is, the transmission the
message samples engages the communication channel s for only a fraction of the
sampling interval on a periodic basis, and in this way some of the time interval between
adjacent samples is cleared for use by other independent message sources on a time
shared basis. We there by obtain a time division multiplexing (TDM) system, which
enables the joint utilization of a common communication channel by a plurality of
independent message sources without mutual interference among them.
The TDM system is highly sensitive to dispersion in the common channel, that is,
to variations of amplitude with frequency or lack of proportionality of phase with
frequency. Accordingly, accurate equalization of both magnitude and phase response of a
channel is necessary to ensure a satisfactory operation of the system. Unlike FDM, TDM
is immune to non linearities in the channel as a source of cross talk. The reason for this is,
the different message signals are not simultaneously applied to the channel.
The primary advantage of TDM is that several channels of information can be
transmitted simultaneously over a single cable.
In the circuit diagram the 555 timer is used as a clock generator. This
timer is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays. In this circuit this
timer generates clock signal, which is of 100 KHz frequency (approximately). This clock
signal is connected to the 74163 IC, it is synchronous presettable binary counter. It
divides the clock signal frequency into three parts and those are used as selection lines for
multiplexer and de-multiplexer. Inbuilt signal generator is provided with sine, square and
triangle outputs with variable frequency. These three signals can be used as inputs to the
multiplexer. IC 4051 is an 8 to 1 Analog Multiplexer. It selects one-of-eight signal
sources as a result of unique three bit binary code at the select inputs. Again IC 4051 is
wired as one to eight de-multiplexers. Demux input receives the data source and transmits
the data signals on different channels.
Kit Diagram:
Waveforms:
Input to the Multiplexer:
Multiplexed output:
Demultiplexed Output:
Observations:
Result: