Chapter 1

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CHAPTER 1 : PLANNING IN SPORTS
EXERCISE
Give one-word answers
1. Whatis the name of the committee that announces the dates

and venue of the tournament? Ans) Committee for publicity
2. Which committee is responsible for preparing the grounds or

laying out the track and field? Ans) Grounds and Equipment
Committee
3. What is the formula to calculate the number of matches in a

single league tournament? Ans) N=(cx2)-2
4. Write
down the formula for calculating the number of
matches for a double league tournament.
Ans) N=(cx2)-2.
5. How many byes are given if 15 teams are participating

in a knock-out tournament? Ans) 1
Fill in the blanks.
1. The second bye is given to the. The upper half team of

the upper half in a knockout tournament.
2. Tabular method is used for fixtures in a . League tournaments.
tournament.
3. means the activities which are performed within the campus of
2
an institution.
4. are also called inter-school competitions. extramural
competition,
5. The fourth bye is given to the. last team of upper half team of
the upper half in a knockout tournament.
6. The formula to calculate the number of matches in a single
league tournament is.N=(cx2)-2.
State True or False

1. League tournament is also called the Berger system
True
2. Knock out tournaments are less expensive in comparison to other

forms of tournaments
True
3. in double league tournament the formula to calculate the number

of matches is N(N-1)/2
False
4 in special seeding, the seeded players/teams cannot participate

directly in the quarter final or semi final
False
5. Sports tournaments provide ample recreation to the spectators

True
Choose the correct answer

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1. How many byes will be given if 19 teams are participating in a
knock-out tournament?
• 12
 13
• 14
• 15
2. How many methods can be used for preparing fixtures in a league
tournament?
• 2
• 4
 3
• 5
3. Tournaments are helpful for the development of

• Social qualities
• Selection of players
• Sports skills
 (d) All the above
4. How many teams will be placed in 3rd quarter if 31 teams are

participating in a knock-out tournament?
• 6
• 7
 8
• None
5. Intramurals are significant for:

• Physical development
• Mental development
• Social development
 All the above
6. Which sports competition is organised within the school?

• Inter state
• Extramural
 Intramural
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• None of these
7. Which one of the following methods is not used for preparing

fixtures in league or round robin tournament?
• Staircase method
• Cyclic method
 Combination method
• Tabular method
8. In which type of tournament,a team once defeated gets eliminated

from the tournament?
• League tournament
 Knock-out tournament
• Challenge tournament
• Round Robin tournament
9. In which tournament, strong teams may have the possibility to be

eliminated in the preliminary round?
• League cum league tournament
10. National Sports Day in India is celebrated every year on:

• 29th July
• 29th October
• 29th September
 29th August
11. Tabular method is used for fixtures in:

• Knock-out tournament
 League tournament
• None of these
12. How many number of matches will be held if 8 teams are

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participating in single league tournament?
• 18
 28
• 38
• 48

• (a)1
• (b) 2
 (c) 3
• (d) 4
14. What is the name of that tournament in which a team plays with
every team?
• Knock-out tournament
 League tournament
• Knock-out cum League
• League cum Knock-out

• 14
 15
• 16
• 17
16. What is the formula to determine the number of matches in

league tournament for even number of teams?
• (a)N+1 /2
• (b)N-1/2
 (c)N(N-1) /2
• (d)N(N+1)/2
17. The competitions organised outside the boundary wall of an

institution are called:
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• Intramural
• Combination
 Extramural
• All the above
18. League tournament is also known as:

• Knock-out
• Combination
 Round Robin
• Consolation
19. Which tournament is less expensive in comparison to other forms

of tournament?
• Combination tournament
20. If 9 teams are participating in a double league tournament, the

number of matches will be:
• 36
• 90
 72
• 81
21. Which one of the following activities is not related to Rhythmical

activities?
• Folk dance
• Mass PT
 Roller skating
• Lazium
22. "A single bad performance can put a good team out of
tournament." This statement is applicable in:
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• Progressive knock-out tournament
• (d)Round Robin tournament
23. In a knock-out tournament of 21 teams the total matches in round

one will be:
• 20
• 11
• 4
 5
24. The total number of matches in a knock-out tournament of 34

teams are:
• 31
• 32
 33
• 35
25. The primary goal of intramural competition is:

 (a) To provide opportunity for mass participation of students
• (b) To participate in inter-school competition
• (c) To provide intra-school competition
• (d) All the above
26. The IVth bye is given to the

• (a)1st team of the upper half
• (b)1st team of the lower half
• (c) Last team of the lower half
 (d)Last team of the upper half
27. What is a Bye?

• It is a method of drawing fixture.
• Point system of team games.
 Advantage given to a team not to play in the initial round.
• Placing of teams according to previous performance.
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28. Match the List-A with B and select the correct answer from the
code given below:
List-A List -B
(a) Cyclic (i) Resolve Dispute
(b) Technical committee (ii) Outside Institute
(c) Extramural (iii) To avoid to meet in 1st round
(d) Seeding (iv) League Tournament
Code
(1) d-iii, c-ii, b-I, a-iv
(2) d-ii, c-iii, b-I, a-iv
(3) d-iii, c-ii, a-I, b-iv
(4) d-iv, b-iii, c-ii, a-i
29. Match the List-A with B and select the correct answer from the
code given below:
List-A List-B
(a) Intremurals (i) After losing ,get out from tournament
(b) Knok-out (ii) Given when teams are not in power of 2
(c) Bye (iii) League tournament
(d) Staircase (iv) With in the boundary wall of institution
Code
(1) a-iv, b-I, c-ii, d-iii
(2) a-iv, b-I, c-iii, d-ii
(3) d-iv, b-iii, c-ii, a-i
(4) b-iv, a-I, c-ii, d-iii
30. Given below are the two statements labelled Assertion (A) and
Reason (R).
A. Assertion (A): League tournaments are also called Round Robin
Tournaments.
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B. Reason (R): League tournaments are less expensive in
comparison to other forms of tournaments.
In the context of the above statements, which one of the following is

correct?
• Both (A) and (R) are true, (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
• Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation
of (A).
• (A) is false, but (R) is true.
 (A) is true, but (R) is false.
31 To purchase sports equipment is the function

of_____________committee
• Transport
• Publicity
 Finance
• Grounds and equipment
32. Which one of the races is run "to promote brotherhood?

• Run for fun
• (d) Health run
 Run for unity
• Run for specific cause
33. Responsibilities of committees are divided into

• Pre and During
• Post and During
• Pre and Post
 Pre ,During and Post
34. Which committee is responsible for accommodation of the

players and officials in a tournament?
• Publicity committee
• Reception committee
• Transport committee
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 Boarding and Lodging committee
35. Which is not the objective of planning?

• To reduce pressure
• To reduce the chances of mistakes
 To decrease the efficiency of officials
• To enhance sports performance
Short Answer Questions-I (Carrying 2 Mar
11
1. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of knock-out
tournaments in brief.
Ans) Advantages of Knock-out TournamentThe knock-out

tournaments are less expensive because the team which gets
defeated is eliminated from the competition.The knock-out
tournament is helpful in enhancing the standard of sports
because each team tries to present the best
performance to avoid the defeat.Owing to less number of matches
it requires less time to complete the tournament.Minimum number
of officials are required in organising such type of
tournaments.Disadvantages of Knock-out TournamentThere may
be many chances of elimination of good teams in 1st or 2nd round.
So good teams may not reach into the final round.There are
maximum chances of weak teams to enter into the final
round.Spectators may not have enough interest in the final match.
2. What is the importance of tournaments? Discuss any two 2

points.
Ans) The tournaments are very important in the field of

sports for the participants, coaches and physical education
teachers:-
(a) The tournaments help in developing the technical and tactical
skills of a player/team and the game as a hole.
(b) In a tournament players and teams of different games come
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forward to participate from different parts of state or country
thus the tournament proved a chance to search new talent in
sport.
(c) The tournament provides ample recreation to the spectators.
That is why a large no. of people go to watch the Olympic game
and world cups of various games and sports.
3. Discuss any two objectives of Intramurals.
Ans) It promotes mass participation. It provides fun,

enjoyment and recreation to students. It helps to identify the
talent among one's classmates. It develops social values
such as honesty, discipline, cooperation and sympathetic
attitude.
4. Discuss any two objectives of planning in sports.
Ii. To reduce the chances of mistakes.
Ans) i. To have good control over all the activities.j.To improve

efficiency.
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Iii . To increase creativity.
Iv . To enhance sports performance.
5. Discuss the two committees that are formed for

organizing a tournament smoothly. Ans) Boarding and
Lodging Committee: Boarding and lodging committee is
responsible for making necessary arrangements for providing
accommodation and meals to the sports persons and officials.
Decoration and ceremony Committee: Decoration and ceremony

committee is responsible for the decoration of sports arena or
stadium. It is also responsible to make necessary arrangements
for the opening ceremony, victory ceremony and closing
ceremony of the games/sports meet. This committee also makes
arrangements for trophies, medals .
6. Discuss about post tournament

responsibilities by the officials. Ans)
(a) organizing committee: It is headed by chairman as overall
incharge of conducting the event. All the aspects of sporting
events to be conducted are administered through this
committee.
(b) Finance committee: It is responsible for all financial receipts
and expenditure, etc. They should work as per budget plan.
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7. Discuss the method of fixing byes in a
knock-out tournament. Ans) Method of
Fixing Byes
1. First bye is given to the last team of lower half.
2. Second bye is given to the first team of upper half.
3. Third bye is given to the first team of lower half.
4. Fourth bye is given to the last team of upper half.
5. And so on
8. Discuss the significance of intramurals in brief.
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Ans) Intramurals are an opportunity for students to compete
against their classmates in various sports. It is open to all
students. The purpose of the intramural program is to provide
fun, safe and structured play experiences that promote the
physical, mental and social development of every child
9. Discuss any two objectives of extramurals.
Ans) To improve the Standard of Sports. To broaden the Base

of Sports. To develop Sportsmanship and Fraternity. To provide
knowledge of New Rules and Advanced Techniques.
10. How will you organize a health run in your school?
Ans) Steps to be followed for organizing health

run in your school: Committee will be made.
Registrat
ion.
Date/
Time.
No age group.
Distance to be
mentioned
Refreshment to all
participants
Circular will be displayed on students noticeboard.
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Short Answer Questions-II (Carrying 3 Marks)
1.What is the importance of tournaments? Discuss any three

points.
Ans) The tournaments are very important in the field of
sports for the participants, coaches and physical education
teachers:-
(a) The tournaments help in developing the technical and tactical
skills of a player/team and the game as a hole.
(b) In a tournament players and teams of different games come
forward to participate from different parts of state or country
thus the tournament proved a chance to search new talent in
sport.
(c) The tournament provides ample recreation to the spectators.
That is why a large no. of people go to watch the Olympic game
and world cups of various games and sports.
2. Explain about the knockout tournament with an example.

Ans) A team that is beaten once in this type of tournament is
automatically eliminated from the tournament. Only the winning
teams advance to the next round of the tournament
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For example : if four teams are participating A,B,C and D in a
knockout tournament . There is match between team ( A and B )
And ( C and D ) . winning teams A and D from these two matches
advance further where as team B and C gets eliminated
3.Briefly explain the advantages and disadvantages of the

knock-out tournament.
Ans) 4 Minimum numbers of official are required in organizing

such type of tournaments. Disadvantage of knock-out
tournament1 There may be many chances of elimination of
good teams in 1st or 2nd round. So good teams may not reach
into the final round. 2 There are maximum chances of weak
teams to enter into the final round.
4. Briefly explain about types of league tournaments.

Ans) League or round robin tournament is of two type
● Single league tournament in which every team plays with

each other once in a season .
● Double league tournament in which every team plays with
each other twice in a season .
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5.Briefly mention the advantages of league tournaments.
Only a strong or deserving team gets a victory in the tournament.

Every team gets a full opportunity to show its efficiency or performance.
Sports and games can be made more popular through league tournament owing
to a maximum number of matches.
In such type of tournament, the sports officials do not face any difficulty while selecting or
determining the appropriate players or team. They have enough time
to watch the efficiency and performance of a player.
A team need not wait to win another team for playing a match.
Ans) There are the following advantages of a league tournament:
6.Briefly mention the disadvantages of league tournaments.

Ans)
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Disadvantage of league tournament: There are following
disadvantage of league tournament:1 It requires more time. 2 It
costs more. 3 The team coming from far and wide generally faces
more problems because such tournament wastes their time and
money. 4 It requires more arrangement for sports officials and
teams.
7.Explain any three objectives of intramurals.
Ans) It promotes mass participation.

It provides fun, enjoyment and
recreation to students. It helps to
identify the talent among one's
classmates.
It develops social values such as honesty, discipline, cooperation
and sympathetic attitude.
8.Briefly explain any three objectives of extramural.
Ans) Due to experience, students exhibit good performance in

competitions. 3) To provide the knowledge of new rules
and advanced techniques: To provide the knowledge of new
rules, regulations, advanced techniques and tactics of sports
and games to the students is another important objective of
extramural.
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9.Briefly explain any three specific sports programs.
Ans) Specific sports programmes are
● Health run
● Run.for fun
● Run for specific causes
● Run for unity
10. Mention the activities that are included in intramurals.
Ans) Activities for Intramural competition:
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There are a number of activities which may be included in
intramural competitions. Mainly, the selection of activities of
activities should be based on two factors viz. interest of students
and availability of facilities in the institution or school. These
activities should be capable of achieving the goals of education
and general development of the students. Hence, the selection
should be made out of the following categories of activities:
(1) Major games: volleyball, Hockey, Cricket, Basketball, Kabaddi,
Swimming, Athletics,
Cycling, Wresting, Football, etc
(2)Minor games: Shuttle run, Kho-Kho, Circle game, Tag game,

Roller skating, potato race, sack race and three-legged race,
etc.
Rhythmic: Lazium, Dumb bell, Marching, Folk dance, Group

(3)
dance, Solo dance, Mass P.T. and rhythmic gymnastics, etc.
(4) Creative Activities: painting, drawing, Sculpturing, Making

models.
(5) Combative Activities: Boxing, Judo, Taekwondo, Karate, etc.
11. List the steps to form committees for tournaments.
Ans) Steps to form Committees for Tournaments:

Sports events are organised at various levels which include district
state national or international
levels’ Such tournaments require careful planning in order to be
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successful’ Committees are formed at various levels.
A letter is sent to all concerned for participation.
Various steps are:Meetings are
conducted at regular interval. Experts in
various areas are identified.
Pre-meet work organising committee is set up for the purchase of
equipment layout of courts etc.Welcome/Reception committee
and a Technical committee to officiate during the sports meet is
also formed.
12. Distinguish between Intramural and extramural

programs.
Ans) Intramural Extramural

(a) Intramural activities refer to activities conducted within
the boundaries of the institute/school.
(b) It does not involve competitions between teams representing
different schools.
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(c) Its main purpose is to provide opportunities for participation
in sports to maximum number of students of a school.
(d) Such activities create interest in school sports activities.
(e) For Example: Interhouse competitions Interclass
competitions Intersection competition. etc.
Extramural Sports refers to sporting activities carried
outside the walls of the school/institute.
(b) It involves competition between other schools. friendly
matches against other school teams or practice matches.
(c) Because these are properly organised tournaments or
matches, only selected students get the chance to represent
their school outside.
(d) These are much beneficial activities which an individual
can choose as his profession.
(e) For Example: Interschool competitions Interstate competitions
Open nationals,
13. Draw a fixture of 11 teams on a knock-out basis.

Ans)
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14. Explain the procedure of placement of teams in each
quarter on a knock-out basis.
Ans) Procedure of placement of team in upper half and lower half

is that if number of team is even than equal number of team is
divided into the upper half and lower half which is n/2 and here
‘’n’’ indicating the number of team. If number in a team is odd
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than the number of team in upper half will be (n+1)/2 and number
of team in lower half will be (n-1)/2 and in both cases ‘’’n’’ is the
number of team.
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15. Draw fixture of 19 teams on a knock-out basis.
Ans)
16. Explain the seeding method and special seeding in the

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Ans) Seeding is done to overcome the drawback of single knock
out tournament. Seeding is the procedure by which good
teams place din fixtures in such way that stronger teams do
not meet each other at very beginning of tournament.
Seeding can be done only if the standards of teams are known
before the tournament.
17. Explain the cyclic method of the league tournaments.
Ans) In cyclic method, if the number of teams is in even number,

the team number 1 is fixed on the top of right hand side and then
other team numbers in ascending order consecutively downward
and then upward on the left hand side and then from the next
round teams will rotate
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in clockwise direction. If the number of teams is odd then the bye
is fixed on the top of right hand side and rest of the procedure will
remain same
18. Explain the staircase method of the league

tournament.
Ans) In staircase method, fixtures are made just like a ladder or
staircase. This method is the easiest method because no bye is
given to any team and there is no need of the stipulation of odd
or even number of teams.
19. Explain the combination tournament in brief.
Ans) A tournament conducted for different groups or zones basis

by combination of minimum two types of tournaments is known as
combination tournament. The examples are
1. Knock-out cum knock-out basis
2. League cum league basis
3. Knock-out cum league basis and
4. League cum knock-out basis.
20. Explain
the methods of deciding the winner in a league
tournament.
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Ans) In a league tournament, each team competes with every
other team participating in the tournament. Winners are decided
on the basis of the points acquired after all the competitions. For
each win a team may be awarded 2 points, for draw 1 point and
for a loss no point is awarded. Formulae to find the number of
matches in a league tournament
=n(n−1)/2
, where n = number of teams participating in the tournament.

The number of matches in a league tournament of 9 teams
=9(9−1)/2=36
matches.
21. Briefly explain the significance of extramural competitions.
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Ans) Importance of intramural and extramural Competitions:
a To provide opportunities to the students at the institution to
develop and display their skills in various physical education
activities.
b To provide opportunities to the students for fun enjoyment and
to develop fellowship participation in sports competitions
c To provide opportunities to develop leadership and fellowership
qualities.
d To provide opportunity to students to release tension depression
and aggression.
e To provide a feeling of achievement through sports participation
which leads to mental and emotional health.
f To provide students ample opportunities to develop their
physical mental emotional and social health through
participation in activities.
g Players are benefitted by getting organizing and
administrative experience of conducting intramural and
extramural competitions.
h To provide opportunities to the players of various teams to
have exposure to the competition. i To provide opportunities to
all the students of the same institution or other institutions to
join a common platform and socialize.
j It teaches the participants to respect the game officials
opponents spectators and accept victory or defeat with grace
22. Discuss the objectives of planning in sports.

31
Ans) i.To have good control over all the activities.j.To improve
efficiency. k.To reduce the chances of mistakes. l.To increase the
creativity. m.To enhance the sports performance
23. Discuss
knock-out cum league and league cum knock-out
methods.
Ans In league-cum knockout tournament, all the teams play

league matches in their respective pools. Either take out
best team from each pool or take out best two teams from
each pool. Now the best 4 or 8 (depends on scheme or number
of teams) teams are given knockout fixtures and the winner is
decided.
24. Discussin detail sports day.

Ans) Every year on August 29, India celebrates its National sports
day. The day is celebrated to honor the legendary hockey
player Major Dhyan Chand Singh. Te
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day is observed to spread awareness on the importance of
sports and daily activities in everyone's life
26. How Are Various Committees Formed For

Tournaments?Write briefly.
Ans) Steps to form Committees for Tournaments:Sports events

are organised at various levels which include district state
national or international levels. Such tournaments require careful
planning in order to be successful. Committees are formed at
various levels. A letter is sent to all concerned for participation.
Various steps are:
i Meetings are conducted at regular interval. or Experts in various
areas are identified
.ii Pre-meet work organising committee is set up for the purchase
of equipments layout of courts etc.
iii Welcome/Reception committee and a Technical committee to
officiate during the sports meet is also formed.
27. Draw a fixture of 6 teams on league basis following the

Cyclic Method.
33
Ans)
28. Discuss the pre-game responsibilities of officials of

various committees.
Ans)
The numerous committee officials' pre-tournament

responsibilities/duties are completed prior to the start of the
tournament or sporting event . Some of the main responsibilities
pre-game official's have are below :
● To coordinate with the authority to plan the budget for the

tournament/sports event.
● Prepare the sports tournament's schedule or
programme, which includes the tournament's dates
and location.
● To plan sports fields, courts, and tracks, as well as sports
equipment needed for the organisation of a sporting
event.
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All theses works are done by various committees made for the
tournament
29. Mention during-the-game responsibilities of officials of

various committees.
Ans) The following tasks or roles during the game or competition

must be followed by the members of the different committees in
order for a sports tournament/event to run smoothly .
● Ensure proper preparations for the start of the sports

tournament.
● Make sure the sports ground, track, or court, as well
as any associated sports equipment, are in working
order.
● Ensure that the sporting events/tournament are being held on
time.
● And to maintain proper discipline .
30. Your school is organizing a “Run for Unity”,

explaining the responsibilities of accreditation, and
technical and finance committees.
Ans) For organizing 'Run of Unity' responsibilities for

(a) Accredition,
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(b) Technical and,
(c) Finance committee are as follows.
a) Accredition Committee: It is over all responsible for organizing
The 'Run for unity'. It has a set pattern and code of conduct to
organise the event. It makes sure that ethics, rules, regulations
are followed throughout the event management. It is an officially
recognized body to conduct.
(b) Technical Committee: This is the most important committee for
conducting the event run smoothly. In this committee event
officials are deputed well in advance. Competent persons are
deputed and trained to ensure events in orderly manner.
(c) Finance Committee: It is responsible for all financial receipts
and expenditure, according to the budgetary plan works as per
the directions of the school, authorities.
31. What Are Specific Sports Programmes?Explain With

Suitable Examples.
Ans) Specific athletic departments are sports that are not always
associated with contests. Examples: To boost a country's health
while still generating money for a good cause.
Increasing national mind about teamwork, wellness, and disease.
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To make proper communication easier: this scheduling aim is to
make proper coordination easier among the different members of
the committees established to coordinate the competition
smoothly.
Content is configured to encourage young people to fields of
research that are not covered in their Major Program with a
scientific approach (such as content related to information media
and content intended to improve special purpose foreign language
skills), or to train for licenses/qualifications.
32. Write three differences between intramurals and extra

murals.
Ans) Intramural activities:
1. It means that the activities which are perfprmed within the

walls or within the campus of an institutions are called
"intramurals".
2. These activities are organised only for the students of a
school or an institution.
3. No student pf other school can participate in these activities.
Extramural activities
1. It means that the activities which are performed outside the

walls of an institution or school.
2. It means that the activities which are organised by an
institution/school and the students of two or more schools can
37
participate in them.
3. In extramurals competition, the students of other
schools can also participate in sports related activities. It
is also called inter-school competitions.
33. What are the advantages of a league tournament?
Ans) There are following advantage of league tournament:

● Only strong or deserving team gets a victory in the
tournament.
● Every team gets a full opportunity to show its efficiency or
performance.
● Sports and games can be made more popular through
league tournament owing to a maximum number of
matches.
38
34. Thereare 11 teams participating in a knock-out
tournament. Explain the procedure to calculate the number
of ‘Byes’ and also with the help of diagram allot ‘Byes’.
Ans) Number of team -11 No of Bye= 2n - No of team =

24 - 11 = 16-11 = 5 First Bye is given to last team of lower
half.
Second bye is given to first team
of upper half Third bye is given to
first team of lower half Fourth bye
is given to last team of upper half.
1
35. Write
down the role of various committees after the
tournament.
Ans) Committee for Officials: the committee selects various

officials such as referees, judges, recorders, clerks of the
course, starters, marshals, track umpires, timekeepers and lap
scorers for athletic meet and referee, umpires, timekeepers,
recorders, and judges, etc. in case of games as per
requirement.
36. Differentiate between knock-out and league tournament.
Ans) Knockout tournaments or elimination tournament is

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tournament where a large of team compete when there is a
short time, whereas in a league tournament it is most suitable
when there are less number of teams and a long period of time.
Long Answer Questions (Carrying 5 Marks)
1. What do you mean by knock-out tournament? Draw the

fixtures of 21 teams on a knock-out basis.
Ans) n this type of tournament, the team which is defeated once’
gets eliminated
immediately and will not be given another chance to play. The
total number of matches to be played in this tournament will be
equal to the number of teams participating minus one (AT—1),
E.g.,
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if 21 teams are participating, the total number of matches will be
21-1=20. Number of teams in upper half.
=
N+
12
=
21+
1
2
=11
Number of teams in lower half

=
N−
1
2
=
21
−1
2
=10
Total number of byes

= Next power of two – total teams
41
= 32 – 21 = 11 byes
42
2. Whatdo you mean by knock-out tournament?
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a
Ans) Advantages of Knock-out TournamentThe knock-out

tournaments are less expensive because the team which gets
defeated is eliminated from the competition.The knock-out
tournament is helpful in enhancing the standard of sports
because each team tries to present the best
performance to avoid the defeat.Owing to less number of matches
it requires less time to complete the tournament.Minimum number
of officials are required in organising such type of
tournaments.Disadvantages of Knock-out TournamentThere may
be many chances of elimination of good teams in 1st or 2nd round.
So good teams may not reach into the final round.There are
maximum chances of weak teams to enter into the final
round.Spectators may not have enough interest in the final match.
3. Describe
the method of preparing fixtures in knock-out
tournament detail.
Ans) In Knockout system the team which loses the match is

eliminated and the winners continue to play. When we have less
time usually we conduct single elimination tournament. Date/time
and court number, is specified for each match so that
teams/players report for their matches well in advance.
43
4. Whatdo you mean by tournament? Elucidate the importance
of tournaments in detail.
Ans) Tournament:- Tournament is that series of sports

competitions in which a team finally wins and rest of the teams
lose the matches. Nowadays, tournament or competitions are
held according to set rules and regulations. There are various
tournaments in the field of sports as zonal level, national level and
international level. Importance of tournament: Tournament are
very important in the field of sports players participate in
tournaments with great zeal and zest. The tournament are not
only significant to the players but to the coaches and physical
education teachers also.
The importance of tournament is described below:
1. Development of sports skill: by participating in tournament
various skills of sports are developed. The maximum number of
participation in tournament does not develop only technical
skills of the sports but tactical skills also. They acquire
efficiency in skills and finally, they improve the game.
2. Propaganda of sports: tournament re helpful in publicizing the
sports. When a tournament of a new sports is organized, the
spectators come to know about that sport. Thus, it creates
interests in that sport.
3. Helpful in selection of players: On the basis of tournament, the
good players can be selected easily by observing their
performance in the tournament. Those players, who present
good
44
performance, can be selected for upper level tournament is an
appropriate way to select a good team of players.
4. Development of National and International Integration: sports
tournaments are helpful in developing national integration as
well as international unity and brotherhood. Tournament is one
of the best means of enhancing international peace.
5. Development of social qualities: Social traits such as tolerance,
sympathy, cooperation group cohesion, brotherhood and
discipline etc. are developed among participants through sports
tournaments. Other ethical values such as fair play, justice-
honesty, respect for others are also developed through sports
tournament.
6. Source of recreation: Sports tournament provided ample
recreation to the spectators. For getting recreation, they do not
hesitate to make a large expenditure. That is why, a large number
of people go to watch the Olympic Games and World Cup of
various games and sports. So, tournament is a good source of
recreation.
5. Whatis a league tournament? Explain the types, merits,

and demerits of the league tournaments.
Ans) Merits and demerits of league tournament:

Merits of the league tournament:
1. It decides who is the true winner.

2. Every team gets full opportunity to show their
efficiency and performance.
3. It helps in getting ranking of all the teams, irrespective of the
number.
45
4. A team doesn’t need to wait for the competition as in a
single knock out tournament.
Demerits of the league performance:
1. It requires much more time and is expensive.

2. It requires much more arrangement to sport officials.
3. There is no other provisional seeding for great teams.
4. Teams that get defeated often lose interest in game
46
6. What do you mean by intramurals? Mention the
significance of intramurals for school children.
Ans) Intramurals are an opportunity for students to compete

against their classmates in various sports. It is open to all
students. The purpose of the intramural program is to provide
fun, safe and structured play experiences that promote the
physical, mental and social development of every child.
7. What do you mean by extra murals? Elucidate the

significance of extra murals.
Ans) Meaning of Extramural: the word 'Extramural' is derived

from the Latin words 'extra' and 'murals'. Extra means 'outside'
and 'mural' means 'wall'. It means that the activities, which are
performed outside the walls of an institution or school. It means
that the activities, which are organized by an institution/school
and the students of two or more schools participate in them. In
fact, in extramural competitions, the students of other schools
also participate in sports related activities. Extramural
competitions are also called inter-school competition. Extramural
are fixed well in advance so that the students of other schools
may prepare well for such competitions. Need of extramural :
Extramural are essential in the field of physical education remain
incomplete. The following points are significant to show the need
of extramural competitions.
47
1. Provide opportunities to schools to show their sports
capabilities: Extramural competitions provide ample
opportunities to schools to show their sports capabilities. The
students of a school have good sports capabilities and show
good performance in extramural, they will be able to put the
colorful feathers in the cap of that institution. It will enhance the
image of that intuition.
2. For enhancing the standard of sports performance: through
extramural competitions the standard of sports performance can
be enhanced specially. The losers can make strenuous efforts to
improve their sports performance in next extramural competition.
3. Provide appropriate knowledge of sports techniques:
Extramural are essential to provide appropriate knowledge of
new techniques of sports. The teams, which do not have
appropriate as well as advanced techniques of various sports
and games, can get such knowledge by participating in
extramurals.
4. For making and implementing the programmes of physical
education effective: Extramural are essential for making and
implementing the programme of physical education more
effective. Extramural also help in broadening the base
sports.
5. Improve the opportunities to participate in sports: Extramural
competitions enhance the opportunities for the students of
various schools to participate in sports. Many
48
schools who do not take part in such competitions, are
motivated and consequently such school tend to participate in
intramurals.
8. Discuss the objectives of extra murals in detail.
Ans) Objectives of extramural:

1. To improve the standard of sports: It is one of the objectives of
inter-school or intramural competitions to improve the standard of
sports. By participating in extramural the students become
technically and tactically efficient in respective sport. They
become skillful. They become able to perform well in
competitions. In this way, extramural improve the standard of
sports.
2. To provide experience of students: Extramural has its own
value in any field. Extramural provide experience to students who
participate in such competitions. Due to experience, students
exhibit good performance in competition.
3. To develop sportsmanship and fraternity: To develop
sportsmanship and fraternity in students is another important
objectives of extramural competitions. Extramural competitions
tent to develop the traits of sportsmanship and fraternity in
students.
4. To broaden the base of sports is another vital objective of the
Extramural: Many students from various schools participate in
extramural. Other school, who do not participate in extramural,
get motivated, such motivation broadens the base of sports.
5. To provide the knowledge of new rules and advanced
techniques: To provide the knowledge of new rules, regulations,
advanced techniques and tactics of sports and games to the
49
students in another important objectives of extramural. Students
come to know about new rules and regulations of the games and
sports. They learn new techniques as well as tactics which
enable them in improving their performance
9. Enlist the committees for organizing sports events and

explain any eight committees in detail.
Ans) Various committees are formed for systematic and smooth

conduct of competition/tournament.
1. Committee for publicity.
2. Transport committee
3. Boarding and loading committee.
4. Decoration and ceremony committee
5. Grounds & equipment committee
6. Refreshments and entertainment committee
7. Reception committee
8. Committee on entries and programmers.
50
9. Committee for officials.
10. Announcement committee
11. First aid committee
12. Accreditation committee
1. Committee for publicity: The committee for publicity announces

the date, venues and sports even advance information to the
institution and printing etc. Its main responsibility is to advertise
the sports events.
2. Transports committee:- This committee is responsible for
providing the facilities regarding transportation of various team
to the venue of sports event or to the place of boarding and
loading as the case may be.
3. Boarding and loading committee :- Boarding and loading
committee is responsible for making necessary arrangement for
providing accommodation and serving meals to the sports
persons and officials.
4. Ground and equipment committee :- This committee is
responsible for making the grounds or laying out the track and
field this committee also makes necessary arrangements of
equipments related to the games / athletic meet.
5. Reception committee :- The members of this committee are
responsible to welcome the chief guests at the opening and
closing ceremonies it is also the duty of this committee to
welcome the other quests and spectators.
6. Committee for official :- This committee select various
officials such as referees judges recorders starters marshals
track umpires time keepers and lap scorers for athletic meet
and referee umpires time keepers recorders and judges etc.
7. Announcement committee :- This committee is solely
responsible for making various announcement during the sport
meet or games this committee announces regarding opening and
51
closing ceremonies.
8. First aid committee :- First aid committee is headed by a well
qualified doctor this committee provide first aid to the victim or
affected athlete/ sports person immediately
10. What do you mean by specific sports programs? Explain

about health runs and run for unity in detail.
Ans) Specific sports programmes are such programmes of

sports which are not usually related to compititions. These sports
programmes have various objective such as creating awareness
among people regarding unity, health and diseases like AIDS,
swine flu, etc. and rising funds for charitable institutions or
organizations.
These sports programmes are described below:
Health Run: Health runs are organized by health department or
sports department. usually their purpose is to ameliorate the
standard of health in a country along with the raising of funds for
charity. There is no age limit in health runs and the distance cource
52
of running is also fixed up. Before going to health runs, everyone
should take a note of the following suggestions to make the
running experience safe and effective:
1. Avoid tension. Make sure that your arms, shoulder, neck
and finger are relaxed. Hands should be unclenched.
2. Your breathing should be rhythmic and deep.
3. Don‟t bend your body from hip level.
4. Run softly and your strides should be normal.
5. Your both arms should swing equally.
Run for unity: Such a run is organized with a specific purpose,
i.e., to show unity and peace among the people of different
religion. Its purpose may be national and international integration
and brotherhood. In some countries run for unity is organized to
celebrate their independence. It may be in the from of relay, they
feel united. A lot of people participate in this race from corporate
world, film stars and marathon runners from other countries. The
cash prize is given to the first three position holders. Such runs
promote harmony, peace and solidarity among people of different
religions. It brings a sense of togetherness among people.
11. Define and classify ‘fixtures’.Draw a league fixture for 16

teams.
Ans) Fixtures: It is a competition held among various

teams/players in a particular game/sport according to a fixed
schedule where the winner is decided.
Fixture must have a specific date/time and court
number. Classification of Fixture:
(a) Knockout
53
(b) League
(c) Combination
(d) Challenge Example: League fixture for 16 teams.
League: Cyclic method, step/stair/case method, Tabular method

The child can use any method of league system Number of
rounds = n - 1 = 16 - 1 = 15 Number of matches = n(n-1)/2 =
16(16-1)/2 = 120 matches
Step Method: League fixture with the help of step method. Winner
is decided on the basis of point system. Win- 2 points Draw - 1
point Lose - 0 point Team with maximum points is declared as
winner.
54
12.What do you mean by combination tournament? Discuss
league cum knock-out and knock-out cum league with the
help of examples.
Ans) A tournament conducted for different groups or zones

basis by combination of minimum two types of tournaments
is known as combination tournament. The examples are 1.
Knock-out cum knock-out basis 2. League cum league basis 3.
In league-cum knockout tournament, all the teams play league
matches in their respective pools. Either take out best team
from each pool or take out best two teams from each pool. Now
the best 4 or 8 (depends on scheme or number of teams) teams
are given knockout fixtures and the winner is decided.
55
13. What do you mean by planning? Elucidate the objectives of
planning in sports detail.
Ans) Meaning and objectives of planning: “Planning is a way to

systematize, direct and organize the events or competitions
and extract the advantage and benefit of the available
resources.” “Planning is the process of making a sequence of
work for a future line of action”
56
What is a league tournament? Draw a fixture of six
14.
teams using the round-robin method.
Ans) League Tournaments: These are also called round robin

tournament. In a league tournament, the teams/players are
treated at par. Whether the team/player wins a match or loses,
the team will get a chance to play with every other team. It is of
two types.
(a) Single league tournament
(b) Double league tournament n( n - 1) Such kind of tournament
produces a true winner. Fixture for seven teams using round
robin method Number of teams (n) = 7 Rounds = n = 7 Matches =

7(7-1)/2 = 21 matches Fixture with the help of cyclic method:
15. What do you mean by specific sports programs? Explain

any three.
Ans) Specific sports programmes are such programmes of sports

which are not usually related to completions. These sports
programmes have various objectives such as creating awareness
among people regarding unity, health and diseases like AIDS,
Swine flu, etc. and raising funds for charitable institutions or
organizations. Such programmes may be organized for the
promotion and maintenance of health among people.
57
1. Health Runs
2. Run for Fun
3. Run for Unity
Health Runs Health runs are organized almost every part of
theworld. InIndia,healthrun is organized in almost every state to
make people health conscious. Health run does not require any
specific preparation. Health runs are organized by health
department,sports department or social organizations. Usually
their purpose is to ameliorate the standard of health in a country
along with the raising of funds for charity. For health runs
therequirement is only a pair of shoes and light clothes, there is
no competition in it but registration of participants is performed in
advance. The date and time is also fixed will in advance. There is
no age limit in health runs and the distance course of running is
also fixed up.
58
Run For Fun These kinds of runs are organized by the various
organizations for the people of all ages. Run for fun is more
related to have fun and frolic during running. Run for fun is a
friendly race that involves either road running or cross country
running taking part for their own enjoyment and recreation rather
than competition. It is organized to raise funds for a charity. The
sponsors only deduct the organizational expenditure. Run for the
fun can include novel categories such as wearing costumes and
age categories for adults, teenagers and children.
Run For Unity Run for fun is organized by different nations by
their central governments, state governments, sports federations
and institutions etc. to create a feeling of unity among the people.
The purpose of run for unity may be national and international
integration. It may be in the form of relay race of long distance.
Every participant runs some distance. In the form or relay, they
feel united. It may bein the form of marathon race as it is usually
organized in Mumbai.
A lot of people participate in this race from corporate world, film
stars and marathon runners from other countries. The cash prize is
given to the first three position holder. Such runs promote
harmony, peace and solidarity among people of different religions.
16. Whilespecifying all calculations, prepare a ‘knock-out

fixture’ for 21 teams.
Ans)
59
60
17. Drawa knock-out fixture of 21 teams mentioning all the
steps involved.
Ans)
18. Being
the captain of the school, prepare five
important committees with the responsibilities to
conduct one day run for health race.
Ans) Being as a sports captain if i have to prepare five committees

to conduct one day run for heath care will be:
1. Organising committee: It is led by a sports captain who is in

charge of the entire case. This committee is in charge of all
facets of the sporting activities that will be held.
61
2. Reception committee: The reception committee's job is to make
sure that special invitees are greeted and esFinacorted to their
assigned seats. They expect to invite the guests ahead of time
and manage their reception.
3. Transport committee: It is responsible for bringing

schoolchildren and officials to the site of the sporting event. It
looks after you before, during, and after the health run.
4. Refreshment committee: It was created to provide

refreshments to participants, leaders, and everyone else
involved in the event. It is important to ensure that everybody is
hydrated.
62
5. Finance committee: It is in charge of all financial revenues
and expenditures, among other things. They should act in
accordance with the budget. This committee is in charge of all
payments. They must follow the school's and authorities'
instructions.
19. What
do you mean by Tournament? Draw a fixture of 9
teams using the round-robin method.
Ans) The number of matches

is calculated as N(N−1)2
where N is the
number of teams. The
number of teams is 9 ,
then Substituting,
Number of matches
=9(9−1)2=9×82=722=36
matches.
Therefore the number of matches is 36 which is calculated by both

the formula and from the figure.
63
20. Whatis the meaning of a Tournament? Draw knock-out
fixtures for 27 teams.
Ans) Tournament is a large contest of many rounds among

various teams. It is a competition held among various teams
in a particular activity according to a fixed schedule where a
winner is decided.
Number of teams participating are 27
. Number of matches : n - 1 = 27 - 1 = 26
matches Teams in upper half = n +1/2 = 27 + 1/2 = 28/2 = 14
teams
Teams in lower half = n - 1/2 = 27 - 1/2 = 26/2 = 13 teams
Number of teams participating are odd so number of byes
will be = 32 - 27 = 5 byes.
In Knockout system the team which loses the match is
eliminated and the winners continue to play. When we have
less time usually we conduct single elimination tournament.
Date/time and court number, is specified for each match so that
teams/players report for their matches well in advance.
64
21. Elucidate
the committees and their responsibilities inter
school CBSE Basket Ball Tournament.
Ans) 1. Committee of Publicity :- Its main duty is to advertise the

sports events.
2. Transport Committee :- It's main responsibility is the make
necessary arrangements for transportation.
3. Grounds and Equipment Commitee :- This committee is
responsible for making grounds or laying out the tracks and
field.
4. Refreshments and Entertainment Committee :- This committee
takes the charge of supplying refreshments and drinking to the
guests,officials and competitors, etc. 5.Recepition Committee :-
The member of this committee are responsible for welcome the
chief guests at the opening and closing ceremonies.
6. Commitee on Entries and Programmes :- This committee
sends entry form to the various institutions early. It also arrange
seats for guests spectators. It sometimes also prepare fixtures of
teams participating in the competition.
65
7. Commitee of Officials :- 5he committee selects various
officials such as referees, judges, umpires, etc.
8. Announcement Committee :- This committee is
responsible for making all the announcements during the
period of sports event.
9. First Aid Committee :- This committee provide first aid to
the victim or affected sportsmen/athlete.
22. Elucidatethe pre, during, and post-game

responsibilities of officials of various committees for
organising a sports tournament smoothly.
66
Ans) Sports competitions are organised at various levels which
include district, state, national and international levels. Such
events require careful planning and organization in order to be
successful. Planning must be executed properly for which
different committees work together.
(a) organising committee: It is headed by chairman as overall
incharge of conducting the event. All the aspects of sporting
events to be conducted are administered through this
committee.
(b) Finance committee: It is responsible for all financial receipts
and expenditure, etc. They should work as per budget plan.
This committee makes all the payments. They must work as per
the directions given by organizing committee.
(c) publicity committee: The role of publicity committee is to give
the sports event a wide publicity. All the press releases, press
conferences, results during the meet as well as publicity
regarding dates, venues through media, posters and printing, etc.
are done by this committee.
(d) Technical committee: It is responsible for the technical
conduct of the event' This committee is responsible for making
draws and conducting the event smoothly. The officials are
deputed well in advance. This is the most important committee
that will officiate the sports events. The competent persons are
judged and appointed officials. Compilation of results is also
done.
(e) Reception committee: The responsibility of reception
committee is to see that special invitees are welcomed and
taken to the seats reserved for them. They plan to invite the
guests well in advance and take care of their reception. The
outstation participating teams are received and proper
arrangements are done till they depart.
67
(f) Accommodation committee: This committee is responsible for
making arrangements for the stay of players as well as officials.
The accommodation is booked well in advance as per expected
strength of participants, coaches, managers and other
dignitaries.
(g) Transport committee: It looks after the transportation of
players and officials to the venue of sporting activity and back to
their accommodation. It takes care before, during and after the
sports event. This committee must have details of arrival and
departure of participants so that everything is done on time.
(h) Refreshment committee: It is formed to provide refreshment
to the participants, officials and all those involved in the entire
programme. It must be ensured that everyone is welcomed and
treated properly with suitable soft drinks. This committee is also
responsible for breakfast, lunch and dinner at the place of stay.
Proper hygienic meals should be served'
(i) Purchase committee: This is a pre-meet work' The duty of
purchasing of equipment and any other item required in
connection with the sporting event is assigned to this
committee. This committee shall make arrangement of laying
out the field of international standard and fulfil the required
demand of the game/sport.
68
Awards or prizes committee: The prizes are bought by this
(j)
committee as per the number of expected winners. The
mementoes for officials are also obtained by this committee. They
are completely responsible for all the awards and prize
distribution well on time. Conclusion: All those involved in any
type of committees shall be given the badges and identity cards.
The Meet starts with opening ceremony (March past, oath taking,
etc.) and ends with closing ceremony. Then a brief report
concerning the entire championship is to be prepared.
23. Define
Combination Tournament .Draw a fixture of 16
team susing the Knock-out cum League Method.
Ans) Combination of Tournament Combination Tournament are

those tournament in which initial round of tournament are
played on particular basis (knock-out or league) and rest of the
tournament played on another particular basis
Fixtures No. of teams = 16
For combination, tournament teams are divided
into four equal parts. Group = 16/4 = 4
Group A (First four teams.)
Group B (Second four teams) (Attempting any one fixture
either knock out or Group C (Third four teams)
Group D (Last four teams)
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Round I-- Group A Round I-- Group A Winner of each Team will
participate in league tournament.
League Tournament 4, 7, 12, 13 No of matches for league
tournament Fixture of league tournament by staircase method
70
24. Whatis a league tournament? Draw a fixture of nine (9)
teams on the basis of league tournaments using the cycle
method. Explain the British method to declare the winner
Ans) A league or tournament is a collection of teams that are

scheduled to play against one another.
A league or tournament is a collection of teams that are
scheduled to play against one another. Their purpose is to allow
competition between the teams to determine the skill ranking of
each team or to provide an instructional structure for competition
between teams.
A tournament is a series of a particular sports activity in which one
team finally wins and all other participating teams loose.
(a)Knock out tournament : It is a tournament in which any
team that gets defeated once, gets eliminated from the entire
tournament.
(b)League/Round Robin tournament : It is a tournament in
which each team plays once (in case of single league
tournament) or twice (in case of double league tournament)
with every other participating team.
25. Draw
a knock-out fixture of 27 teams and explain the
advantage of the knock-out tournament.
Ans)
71
The knock-out tournament is helpful in enhancing the standard
of sports because each team tries to present the best
performance to avoid the defeat. Owing to less number of
matches it requires less time to complete the tournament.
Minimum number of officials are required in organising such type
of tournaments.
26. Discussthe role of various committees and their

responsibilities to organise national-level sports
events.
Ans) For organising sports events, various committees are

72
formed for systematic and smooth conduct of
competitions/tournaments.
In fact, the organisation and conduct of sports events involve
a lot of planning and preparation.
Generally, there is a committee of management, which is usually
consisted of one representative from each institution concerned.
This General Committee takes complete responsibility for the
success of competition. This committee also forms various
committees and divides the various types of work
73
among them. The General Committee is headed by an
Administrative Director under whom Executive Committee
performs its duties. Organising committee for games/sports
events works under Executive Committee.
The organising committee is mainly responsible for the
successful and smooth conduct of the sports meet/sports events.
Various committees are formed under this organising committee.
The description of various committees and their responsibilities
are stated below.
Committee for Publicity: The committee for publicity announces the
date, venues and sports events, advance information to the
institutions and printing, etc. Its main responsibility is to advertise
the sports events.
Transport Committee: This committee is responsible for
providing the facilities regarding transportation of various teams
to the venue of sports events place or to the boarding and
lodging as the case may be. Its main duty is to make necessary
arrangements for transportation.
Boarding and Lodging Committee: Boarding and lodging
committee is responsible for making necessary arrangements for
providing accommodation and meals to the sports persons and
officials.
Decoration and ceremony Committee: Decoration and ceremony
committee is responsible for the decoration of sports arena or
stadium. It is also responsible to make necessary arrangements
for the opening ceremony, victory ceremony and closing
ceremony of the games/sports meet. This committee also makes
arrangements for trophies, medals and certificates.
Grounds and Equipment committee: This committee is
responsible for making the grounds or laying out the track and
field. This committee also makes necessary arrangements of
74
equipment related to the game/athletic meet. This committee is
also responsible for providing the equipment according to
specifications. Refreshments and Entertainment Committee:
This committee takes the charge of supplying refreshments and
drinks to the guests, officials and competitors, etc. It also makes
some arrangements for entertainment programmes at the
opening ceremony and closing ceremony of sports events.
Reception Committee: The members of this committee are
responsible to welcome the chief guests at the opening and
closing ceremonies. It is also the duty of this committee to
welcome the other guests and spectators.
Committee for officials: This committee selects various officials
such as referees, judges, recorders, clerks of the course,
starters, track umpires, time keepers and lap scorers for athletic
meet and referee, umpires, time keepers, recorders and judges,
etc. in case of games as per requirement.
First Aid Committee: First aid committee is headed by a well-
qualified doctor. This committee provides first aid to the victim or
affected athlete/sportsperson immediately. This committee makes
the necessary arrangements for providing help prior to the
75
organisation of sports events because athletes or sports persons
may get injuries during the competitions
27. Draw a knock out figure for 25 teams with all steps involved
.Ans) Total no matches = Total no of team -1 =

24 -1 = 23 Total no. round = 2*2*2*2*2
i.e. Digit 2 report 5 times = 5
rounds So total no round = 5
round
Total team in upper half = Total no of teams
= 24/2 = 12 teams
Total team in lower half = Total no of teams
= 24/2 = 12 teams
As the total no of teams are more then 16 so we have to divide
teams also in quarter.
also in quarter.
Teams in each quarter : 4 ] 24 [ 6
(Q=6) =24 R=0
Total No bye= next power of two-total no of team
= 32-24 = 08 byes
Bye in upper half =
8/2 = 4 Bye in lower
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half = 8/2 = 4
77
28. What are knockout tournaments? Draw a knockout figure
for 19 teams, mentioning all the steps involved.
Ans)
78
79
L-2 Sports and Nutrition
1Which diet can provide all the essential food constituents

necessary for the growth and maintenance of the body
Ans) balanced diet
2who discovered vitamin ‘A’
Ans) Paul Karrer described the chemical structure of vitamin A in

1932.
3Which mineral helps iron in the formation of haemoglobin?

Ans) iron
4Which vitamin was discovered by Elmer Mccollum?
Ans) Vitamin A, Vitamin B and Vitamin D
5What is the name of the carbohydrate in which the ratio of

80
a hydrogen atom to oxygen atoms is not 2:1?
Ans) The ratio between hydrogen and oxygen is 2:1
6What is the other name of vitamin B2?

Ans) riboflavin
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7Which vitamin helps in maintaining the level of calcium and
phosphorus in our body?
Ans) vitamin d
Fill in the blanks
1Our blood contains —90 percent of water.

2Minerals and —--vitamins are included in micronutrients.
3The deficiency of —--iodine may cause goitre.
4---------------About —---6 % of our body weight is made up of
minerals.
5Vitamin C is also known as —---ascorbic acid --.
State True or False
1. A balanced diet must contain all the essential food constituents in

adequate amount.
True
2. Carbohydrates contain the elements of carbon, hydrogen and

oxygen.
True
3. Glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose are called complex

carbohydrates.
False
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4. Fats contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen in the percentage of
76, 12 and 12 respectively.
True
Choose the correct answer.
1. In most of the carbohydrates, the ratio of hydrogen atoms to

oxygen atoms is:
 2:1
 1:2
 1:3
 None of these
2. Trypsin helps in the digestion of:

 Vitamins
 Fats
 Protein
 Carbohydrates
3. Which group of fats usually increases the chances of heart

diseases?
 Saturated fats
 Poly unsaturated fats
 Mono-unsaturated fats
 None of the above
4. Which one of the following is not the example of microminerals?

 Sodium
 Potassium
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 Iron
 Calcium
5. Which one of the following is an example of water-soluble

vitamins?
 Vitamin 'D'
 Vitamin 'C'
 Vitamin 'A'
 Vitamin 'E'
6. Which disease is caused by the deficiency of vitamin 87

 Beri-Beri
 Pellagra
 Rickets
 Night blindness
7. Which one of the given minerals plays an important role in the

formation of haemoglobin?
 irom
 Sulphur
 Phosphorus
 Sodium
8. Which one of the following is not the non-nutritive component of

diet? compounds
 Roughage
 Colour compounds
 Protein
 Flavour compounds
9. What is the other name of Vitamin B,

84
 Riboflavin
 Biotin
 Niacin
 Thiamin
10. Which Vitamin is derived from the word "Coagulation"?

 Vitamin E
 Vitamin K
 Vitamin A
 Vitamin C
11. Which one of the following vitamins is helpful in the clotting of

blood?
 Vitamin K
 Vitamin C
 Vitamin A
 Vitamin E
12. Nitrogen is found in which component of diet?

 Vitamin
 Protein
 Fats
 Carbohydrates
13. The main source of protein are:

 Fish, meat and eggs
 Green vegetables
 Wheat and rice
 Sunlight and water
14. Which one of the following is a macro mineral?

85
 iron
 iodine
 Calcium
 Copper
15. Body Mass Index is used to measure:

 Body strength
 Body endurance
 Body healthy weight
 Body fat
16. The formula of BMI is:

 Height/(Weight)^2
 Weight /(Height)*2×100
 Weight/(Height)*2
 Height /(Weight)*2× 100
17. All the following are macro-nutrients except:

 Carbohydrates
 Fats
 Vitamins
 Proteins
18. According to WHO the normal range of BMI is:

 (a)<18.5
 (b) 18.5-24.9
 (c) 25-29.9
 (d) 30-34.9
19. Which one of the following is not included in micro-minerals?

 iodine
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 Potassium
 Copper
 Iron
20. Which vitamin is called ascorbic acid?

 Vitamin 'K'
 Vitamin 'C'
 Vitamin 'B,2
 Vitamin 'E'
21. Which disease is caused by the deficiency of vitamin 'C'?

 Anaemia
 Scurvy
 Pellagra
 Beri-Beri
22. Which one of the following components of diet contains carbon,

oxygen and hydrogen in the percentage of 76, 12 and 12
respectively?
 Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Fats
 All the above
23. Which one of the following carbohydrates is included in complex

carbohydrates?
 Glucose
 Cellulose
 Fructose
 Lactose
24.Which one of the following is not a macro-mineral?
87
 Calcium
 Sodium
 phosphorous
 iron
25. The food component present in sugar is

 Fats
 Proteins
 Vitamins
 carbohydrates
26. The main source of vitamin 'C' is:

 Guava
 Egg
 Milk
 Banana
27. Match the following:

(1) Energy yielding (a) Carbohydrates
(2) Body building (b) Vitamins
(3) Protective (c) Cellulose
(4) Fibre (d) Proteins
 c, d, a, b
 c, b, a, d
 a, d, b, c,
 b, d, c, a
28. Match the List-1 with List-Il and select the correct answer from
the code given below:
List-1 List-2
Vitamin Disease
(I) Vitamin A (1) Pyorrhoea
88
(ii) Vitamin B (2) Rickets
(iii) Vitamin C (3) Beri-Beri
(iv) Vitamin D (4) Night Blindness
Code
(I) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(a) 2 4 3 1
(b) 1 2 4 3
(c) 4 3 1 2
(d) 3 1 2 4
29.Match the List-1 with List-all and select the correct answer from
List-1 List-2
Vitamin Disease
(a) Vitamin A (I) Scurvy
(b) Vitamin B (ii) Anaemia
(c) Vitamin C (iii) Night Blindness
(d) Vitamin D (iv) Beri-Beri
(v) Rickets
Code
A a-(v), b-(ii), c-(iii), d-(iv) C a-(iv), b-(iii), c-(v), d-(ii)
B a-(iii), b-(iv), c-(I), d-(v) D a-(I), b-(iv), c-(I), d-(v)
30. Match the List-A with List-B and select the correct answer from
List-A List-B
1. Colour compound A. Lack of water during
dieting
2. Dryness B. Deficiency of vitamin A
3. Night Blindness C. Make food appealing
4. Decreased bone D. Deficiency of Calcium
density
89
Code
A 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D C 1-C, 2-A, 3-B, 4-D
B 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4W-A D 1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A
31.Match the following and select the correct answer from the code
given below:
List-A List-B
1. Vitamin A A. Rickets
2. Vitamin B B. Night Blindness
3. Vitamin C C. Sterility
4. Vitamin D D. Beri-Beri
5. Vitamin E E. Scurvy
6. Vitamin K F. Goitre
7. Iron G. Anaemia
8. iodine H. Blood Clotting
code
(I) a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h (v) b, d, e, a, c, h, g, f
(ii) b, d, c, age, g, h, f (vi) h, c, g, a, f, d, b, e
(iii) c, d, b, e, a, f, h, g (vii) g, c, h, d, f, a, e, b
(i/v) g, h, f, d, e, b, c, a
32. Match the following columns and select the correct answer from
Vitamin/mineral Disease Symptoms of
disease
P. Vitamin A 1. Goitre d. Bones become
soft
Q. Vitamin B 2. Night Blindness e. A gland in the
neck swells up
R. Vitamin C 3. Rickets f. Patient can't see
in dim light
S. Vitamin D 4. Scurvy g. Affects the
nervous system
Tolidine 5. Beri-Beri h. Bleeding gums
90
Code
A P-4-f, Q-2-h, R-1-d, S- C P-2-f, Q-1-e, R-4-h, S-
3-e, T-5-g 5-8, T-2-g
B P-2-f, Q-5-g, R-4-h, S- D P-1-g, Q-4-f, R-5-h, 5-2-
3-d, T-1-e e, T-3-d
33. Given below are the two statements labelled Assertion (A) and
Reason (R) A. Assertion (A): Macro nutrients supply energy and are
needed for growth and maintenance of the body.
B. Reason (R): Calcium, Potassium and Phosphorus are included in
Macro nutrients. In the context of the above two statements, which
one of the following is correct?
 Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of
(A).
 Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation
of (A).
 (A) is true, but (R) is false.
 (A) is false, but (R) is true.
34. Which one of the following is not the example of micro minerals?
 iodine
 Iron
 Phosphorus
 Copper
35. 1 gram of fat provides:
 2 kcal
 3 kcal
 9 kcal
 5 kcal
36. Which is not a micronutrient?
 Vitamins
 Water
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 Minerals
 Protein
37. Vitamins, minerals and water are collectively known
as.................... food.
 Body building
 Energy giving
 Protective
 Additional
38. Food intolerance can cause
 Diarrhoea
 Anaemia
 Fatigue
 Loss of appetite
Short Answer Question-I (Carrying 2 Marks)
1. Discuss any 2 macro minerals on the basis of their sources and

benefits
Ans) Micro minerals: 1 Iodine: harmones,growth,giotre, mental
retardation (sea foods,salt,fish) 2.Iron:Anemia: ,(liver, dry
fruits,banana) 3.Chromium:
Insuline,diabeties(soyabean,black gram,barley) 4. Copper:
hemoglobin (egg,pulses, green veg.)
2. Discuss discuss any 2 fat soluble vitamins on the basis

of their sources and benefits Ans) Fat soluble vitamins: 1.Vit
A: Night blindness,Xerophthalmia
(papaya,spinach,milk,curd,carrot) 2.Vit D:Teeth,bones,calcium
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(sunlight,milk,egg yolk)
3. Vit E: Fertility,Adreline gland,skin ( fresh

fruits,butter,cotton seeds) 4.Vit K: Clotting of blood,
anemia (cauliflower,cabbage,spinach)
Ans) Protein is important for growth and repair of body cells. Food
sources of protein include meat, fish, dairy, lentils, beans, and
tofu. Insufficient protein can lead to low growth and a weakened
immune system.
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4. Discuss any 2 non nutritive components of diet along their
sources
Ans) Non-nutritive components include colour substances,

flavours, food additives, plant compounds, water, and fibre.
5. Discuss any 2 pitfalls of dieting
Ans) Following are pitfalls of dieting - 1. Extreme Reduction of

Calories : - Person reduces the diet considerable which causes
low level of energy thus person feels tiredness body aches. 2.
Skipping meals :- People often skip meals to reduce weight where
as in react meal they take large amoung of food. 3. Low energy
Diet :- The person take diet without fats and less carbohydrates by
which health is affected. 4. Not performing physical Activity :-
People often consider that reducing diet for controlling weight but
they neglect physical activities which is equally important for
healthy Lifestyle.
5. Taking less Liquid :- People often think that drinking water
or liquid makes them to gain weight which is wrong.
6. Briefly discuss food intolerance
Ans) A food intolerance is difficulty digesting certain foods

and having an unpleasant physical reaction to them. It
94
causes symptoms, such as bloating and tummy pain, which
usually happen a few hours after eating the food.
7. Clarify the difference between food and nutrition in brief.
Ans) Food is what we eat and drink for energy and to stay alive.
On the other hand, nutrition is a part of food that is used by our
cells and metabolized by the body to make all the contributions
that our body needs. Not all nutrients are acquired from food.
8. Differentiate between macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients.
Ans) Macronutrients and micronutrients are categories dietitians

and nutrition experts may use to refer to your diet.
95
Macronutrients are big picture nutrition categories, such as
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Micronutrients are smaller
nutritional categories, such as individual vitamins and minerals
like calcium, zinc, and vitamin B-6.
10.Differentiate between simple carbohydrates and complex

carbohydrates.
Ans) Complex carbohydrates are present in foods such as

bread and pasta. Simple carbohydrates are in foods such as
table sugar and syrups. Complex carbohydrates contain
longer chains of sugar molecules than simple
carbohydrates. The body converts these sugar molecules into
glucose, which it uses for energy
Short Answer Questions-II (Carrying
3 Marks) 1.Clarify the meaning of
balanced diet in brief.
Ans) A balanced diet is one that fulfills all of a person’s nutritional
42
needs. Humans need a certain amount of calories and nutrients to
stay healthy.
A balanced diet provides all the nutrients a person requires,

without going over the recommended daily calorie intake.
By eating a balanced diet, people can get the nutrients and

calories they need and avoid eating junk food, or food without
nutritional value.
2. What do you mean by macro and micro nutrients?
Ans) Nutrients can be divided into two categories: macronutrients,

and micronutrients. Macronutrients are those nutrients that the
body needs in large amounts. These provide the body with energy
(calories). Micronutrients are those nutrients that the body needs
42
in smaller amounts.To break this down even further,
macronutrients make up your total caloric intake, and include
carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Micronutrients include vitamins, minerals and water.
People “track” macros and micros for different reasons, including
specific fitness regimes, particular diets and as a way to stay on
track in terms of maintaining a healthy balance of nutrients.
3. What do you mean by nutritive and non-nutritive

components of diet?
Ans) Food components whether they are nutritive (providing

calories) or non-nutritive (not providing calories) are needed to a
multiple of food and beverages. They not only provide a sweet
flavour to foods, they are also used to preserve foods (in jams or
jellies), provide body bulk and texture (in ice-cream and baked
goods), enhance other flavours (like salty) and aid in fermentation
(in breads and pickles).
The nutritive components of diet are proteins, carbohydrates, fats,
vitamins and
minerals. Non-nutritive components do not contribute to the
energy, calories or nutrition of the body. Some non-nutritive
components are essential for the body while others harm the
body. Colour compounds, flavour compounds, food additives,
plant compound, water, roughage or fibre are some non-nutritive
components of diet.
43
4. Briefly explain about vitamins.
Ans) itamins are compounds of carbon. These protect us from

various diseases and are essential for general growth and
development of our body.
Types of Vitamins There are various vitamins such as A, C, D, E, K
and B-complex (Bj, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12) There are two
groups of vitamins.
Fat Soluble Vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins are those vitamins which

are soluble in fat. These vitamins are A, D, E and K which are given
below
44
● Vitamin A is essential for normal growth, proper
functioning of nervous system and digestive system.
● Vitamin D is essential for healthy bones and teeth.
● Vitamin E increases fertility and ensures proper
functioning of the glands.
● Vitamin K helps in clotting of blood.
5. Enlist the forms of Vitamin B and explain any one of them in

brief
.Ans) here are eight types of vitamin B
1. thiamin
2. riboflavin
3. niacin
4. pantothenic acid
5. biotin
6. vitamin B6
7. folate ( called folic acid when included in supplements)
8. itamin B1
Riboflavin (B2)
riboflavin is primarily involved in in in energy production
and helps vision and skin health .
45
1. Good source of riboflavin includes milk, yoga, cottage
cheese, whole grain bread and cereals ,egg white ,leafy
green vegetables, meat,yeast,liver, and kidney
2. riboflavin deficiency is rare and is usually seen along with
other B group vitamin deficiency. people at risk include
those who consume excessive amount of alcohol and those
who do not consume Milk or milk product . symptoms
include and in flame tongue ( painful, smooth, purple red
46
tongue ), cracks and redness in the tongue and corners of
the mouth and anxiety , inflamed islets and sensitivity to
light, hair loss, reddening of the cornea and skin rashes.
6. What is roughage? Explain in brief.
Ans) Roughage is the portion of plant foods, such as whole

grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, fruits, and vegetables, that your
body can't digest. However, it's an important food source for the
beneficial bacteria in your gut. It may also aid weight
management and decrease certain risk factors for heart disease.
Roughage is simply referred as dietary fiber. It is the indigestible
portion of food obtained from plants. They do not provide any
nutrient to our body but play an essential part of a healthy diet
plan.
7. Explain in brief, the importance of water.
Ans) Water is very important for your body Water travels

throughout your body carrying nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
to and from your cells and organs. Water keeps your body cool
as part of your body's temperature regulating system. Water
cushions your joints, and protects your tissues and organs from
shock and damage.
Keep a normal temperature. Lubricate and cushion joints.
Protect your spinal cord and other sensitive tissues. Get rid of
47
wastes through urination, perspiration, and bowel movements
8. What do you mean colour compounds?
Ans) Substances that are coloured will absorb part of the

electromagnetic spectrum and reflect another. Non-transition
metal solutions tend to be colourless suggesting they absorb no
part of the spectrum. 2. Compounds that are coloured have
electrons promoted from a ground state to an excited state.3)
Colour Compound: It makes attractive to see by the wide
reflection of colours made possible through pigments.
Natural Pigment are found in fruits and vegetables like red,
orange, yellow, green etc. or marasmus.
48
9. Briefly explain any two food myths.
Ans) Food myths are things which are repeated sometimes so

much that we are inclined to believe they are true, e.g., high
protein diets cause ketosis which reduces hunger. (1.) Drinking
while eating makes you fat: The actual fact behind this
misconception is that enzymes and their digestive juices will be
diluted by drinking water while eating. It will slow down your
digestion which may lead to excess body fat. In contrary, there is
a scientific fact that drinking water while eating improves
digestion.
(2.) Fat-free products will help you to Lose weight: If you take at
free labeled products they can lead to weight gain. In fact, these
foods have more calories. Approximately, these products have
same number of calories (may be slightly less) in comparison to
other regular food.
(3.) Starve yourself if you want to lose weight: Eating a good
diet is more important than not to eat when you are on a weight
loss programme. Include such food items in your diet which
suppress appetite and increase metabolism so that your don’t
eat too much. So, there is no need to starve yourself if you want
to lose weight.
(4.) Exercise makes you to eat more: Exercises burn calories
which may increase your hunger. Research studies conducted in
this area have not shown that the individual who do exercise,
consume more calories than those who don’t exercise. So there is
no truth in this statement.
(5.) Eggs increase cholesterol levels so avoid them: There is no
doubt that eggs are good source of health. An egg provides you
various nutrients such as protein, vitamin A, B, D, Zinc, Iron,
49
Calcium and Phosphorus etc. It is as per daily requirement of
cholesterol by our bodies. So, if you take one egg daily there is no
problem of cholesterol levelRead
10. What do you mean by macro nutrients? Explain about

any two macro nutrients.
Ans) The human body requires various supplements for the

normal growth of the body, reproduction, etc. The nutrients are
defined as the substances which nourish and maintain the life and
growth of a living body. The nutrients provide the energy which is
necessary for the well-functioning of the body. However, not
every nutrient provides energy.
The nutrients can be obtained from the environment.
There are two types of nutrients required by the human body.
These are:
1) Macronutrients
2) Micronutrients
Let's have a conversation about macronutrients.
50
The word ‘macro’ means a large amount. Thus the macronutrients
are the nutrients that are required in a larger amount.
These nutrients are required in large quantities for the growth and
development of living organisms. The macronutrients are the
major source of energy for the metabolic systems. The obtained
energy can be stored in the human body. The macronutrients
may include carbohydrates, fats, or protein which are the primary
source of energy.
Let's consider the macronutrients required by the human body.
1) Carbohydrate:
-These are in the form of starch or sugar.
-The carbohydrates are obtained from the wheat, rice, millets etc.
These break down in the body to generate energy to fuel the daily
activities.
-The carbohydrates provide energy for
45−65
0
/
0
45−650/0 daily needs.

-Some carbohydrate is converted into the glycogen which is
stored in the liver and muscle. This is converted into the
energy source whenever needed.
2) Protein:
-Proteins are obtained from fish, meat, eggs, pulses, etc.
-Proteins are broken down into amino acids in the body.
-These amino acids are utilized as the ‘building block ‘for new
proteins which are needed for the growth and repair of tissue, for
51
making hormones and enzymes, and the immune system.
-Protein is also considered as the energy source.
3) Fats:
-The body obtained the fat from meat, butter, milk, etc.
-The fat is an additional source of energy. The daily energy
requirement is fulfilled by the consumption of fats and oils.
So, here we can say that the macronutrients are the primary
source of the energy for the well-functioning, growth, etc. of
the body.
52
12. What do you mean by vitamin? Explain about fat soluble
and water soluble vitamins.
Ans) Most are water-soluble, meaning they dissolve in water. In

contrast, the fat-soluble vitamins are similar to oil and do not
dissolve in water.
Fat-soluble vitamins are most abundant in high fat foods and are
much better absorbed into your bloodstream when you eat them
with fat.
There are four fat-soluble vitamins in the human diet:
● vitamin A
● vitamin D
● vitamin E
● vitamin K
13. Discuss protein as the nutritive component of diet.
Ans) protein is used to build and repair tissues. You also use
protein to make enzymes, hormones, and other body chemicals.
Protein is an important building block of bones, muscles,
cartilage, skin, and blood.Proteins are essential nutrients for the
53
human body. They are one of the building blocks of body tissue
and can also serve as a fuel source. As a fuel, proteins provide
as much energy density as
What do you mean by water soluble vitamins? Explain

14.
about them in brief.
Ans)
15. Discuss about mineral as nutritive component of diet.
54
Ans) Mineral nutrients are inorganic substances that must be
ingested and absorbed in adequate amounts to satisfy a
wide variety of essential metabolic and/or structural
functions in the body. Mineral nutrients are sometimes
categorized according to the amount required in the human diet
to maintain good nutrition
16. Discuss water and roughage as a non-nutritive components

of diet.
Ans) Fibre or Roughage.
Fibre, often known as roughage, is a non-nutritive component of a

diet that has little nutritional benefit. It’s the part of the meal that
hasn’t been digested or that can’t be ingested by the mammalian
gut. It is made of water and adds bulk to meals to aid the
digestive process. Soluble and insoluble fibres are two types of
fibre. Insoluble fibres do not dissolve in water, while soluble fibres
do. Soluble fibre decreases cholesterol and lowers blood sugar
fluctuations. Insoluble fibre softens your faeces. Fibre is beneficial
in lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease and avoiding the
development of some cancers. Some rich sources are roots,
vegetables, oats, fresh fruits, etc.
Water
55
Another non-nutritive component of the diet is water. Water is an
important part of every diet. Even blood is composed of 90%
water. Water in the blood aids in transferring nutrients to the
body’s numerous cells. The elimination of waste materials is also
aided by water. It also helps to keep the body temperature in
check. Every day we compensate for this water loss by drinking
water and consuming dietary ingredients. Water also serves as a
lubricant, moisturises the skin, and shields the system from shock.
In general, roughly 20% of water consumption comes from meals
from drinking water.
56
17.Enlist the non-nutritive components of diet. Explain
about any two components of diet.
Ans) Fibre or
Roughage Water
Colour
compounds
Flavour
compounds Fibre
or Roughage
Fibre, often known as roughage, is a non-nutritive component of a

diet that has little nutritional benefit. It’s the part of the meal that
hasn’t been digested or that can’t be ingested by the mammalian
gut. It is made of water and adds bulk to meals to aid the
digestive process. Soluble and insoluble fibres are two types of
fibre. Insoluble fibres do not dissolve in water, while soluble fibres
do. Soluble fibre decreases cholesterol and lowers blood sugar
fluctuations. Insoluble fibre softens your faeces. Fibre is beneficial
in lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease and avoiding the
development of some cancers. Some rich sources are roots,
vegetables, oats, fresh fruits, etc.
Water
Another non-nutritive component of the diet is water. Water is an

important part of every diet. Even blood is composed of 90%
water. Water in the blood aids in transferring nutrients to the
57
body’s numerous cells. The elimination of waste materials is also
aided by water. It also helps to keep the body temperature in
check. Every day we compensate for this water loss by drinking
water and consuming dietary ingredients. Water also serves as a
lubricant, moisturises the skin, and shields the system from shock.
In general, roughly 20% of water consumption comes from meals
from drinking water.
18. Discuss any four pitfalls of dieting.
Ans) 1. Extreme Reduction of Calories : - Person reduces the

diet considerable which causes low level of energy thus person
feels tiredness body aches.
2. Skipping meals :- People often skip meals to reduce weight
where as in react meal they take large amoung of food.
58
3. Low energy Diet :- The person take diet without fats and less
carbohydrates by which health is affected.
4. Not performing physical Activity :- People often consider
that reducing diet for controlling weight but they neglect
physical activities which is equally important for healthy
Lifestyle.
5. Taking less Liquid :- People often think that drinking water or
liquid makes them to gain weight which is wrong.
19. Discuss the causes and management of food intolerance.
Ans) A food intolerance is difficulty digesting certain foods and

having an unpleasant physical reaction to them.
It causes symptoms, such as bloating and tummy pain, which
usually happen a few hours after eating the food.
The number of people who believe they have a food intolerance

has risen dramatically over recent years, but it's hard to know
how many people are truly affected. Many people assume they
have a food intolerance when the true cause of their symptoms
is something else.
What are the symptoms of food intolerance?
In general, people who have a food intolerance tend to experience:

59
● tummy pain, bloating, wind and/or diarrhoea
● skin rashes and itching
These symptoms usually happen a few hours after eating the food.
It can be difficult to know whether you have a food intolerance as

these are general symptoms that are typical of many other
conditions
60
20. What do you mean by food myths? Briefly explain about
four myths.
Ans) There are several food myths that exist not only in India but
throughout the world. What to eat, what to eat, and how much to
eat are all problems that most people struggle with. We believe in
such legends because they seem to be real. We now have
scientific evidence, and we do not believe in food myths based on
that knowledge.
1. Potatoes makes you fat: People used to believe that

carbohydrate-rich foods including rice, potatoes, and other
starchy vegetables increased body weight. As a result, they used
to remove carbohydrate-rich foods from their diets in order to lose
or minimise weight. Carbohydrates are now recognised as the
body's preferred energy source. You don't have to be overweight
to eat potatoes.
2. Eggs increase cholesterol level: Eggs are unquestionably

beneficial to one's health. Nutrition, vitamins A, B, D, zinc, iron,
calcium, phosphorus, and other nutrients are all present in an
egg. It also meets our body's cholesterol requirements on a
regular basis. As a result, eating one egg per day has no
negative impact on cholesterol levels.
3. Drinking while eating makes you fat: The truth behind this myth
is that drinking water while consuming dilutes enzymes and their
digestive juices. It will hinder the metabolism, which could lead to
an increase in body fat. On the opposite, it is scientifically known
that consuming water when eating helps digestion.
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4. Exercisemakes you eat more: Exercising removes calories,
which can make you feel hungry. Individuals who exercise do not
consume more calories than those who do not exercise,
according to research conducted in this area. As a result, this
argument is false.
21. Insports such as Boxing and Wrestling, do players

tend to lose weight sharply? Explain the pitfalls of
dieting.
Ans) In boxing and wrestling the players tend to lose weight

sharply because they want to compete in lower weight category
than their actual weight. A few weeks before the competition,
they undergo vigorous training programme along with diet
control. They wear weight jacket and go for long, run. Along with
this they reduce the intake of proteins and fats in their diet. This
reduces their weight instantly or sharply. The pitfalls are:
(i) Sudden weight gain: Weight loss through exercises is a good
thing but weight loss through dieting is very harmful. It makes
your physique worse because after dieting when you came to
your original eating pattern your body starts gaining more fat
than it used to before dieting.
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(ii) Dietary deficiency: When you cut short your diet, source of the
major nutrients such as carbohydrates and proteins do not meet
the adequate amount. This can lead to many deficiencies e.g.,
there are dark circles under eyes and the person looks pale.
Then he must go for anaemia check-up, etc. as these are the
side-effects of dieting.
(iii) Health Problem: Sudden weight loss because of reduced
calorie intake can lead to exhaustion. It has also negative effect.
People think that skipping a meal saves calories but it will end up
with some health problem
22. Briefly explain the functions and resources of three fat

soluble vitamins.
Ans) Fat soluble vitamins are A D E and K.Functions: vitamins

increase immunity power in our body against disease and also
give their important contribution for general development of
body.Sources of Vitamin A: ghee milk curd egg yolk fish tomato
papaya green vegetables orange spinach carrot pumpkin
etc.Sources of Vitamin D: egg yolk fish sunlight. Vegetables cod
liver oil milk cream butter tomato carrot etc.Sources of Vitamin
E: green vegetables kidney liver heart cotton seed sprouts seeds
coconut oil yolk dry and fresh fruits milk meat butter and
maize.Sources of Vitamin K: cauliflower spinach cabbage
tomatoes potato green vegetables wheat egg and meat etc.
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23. Write briefly about protein as an essential component of
diet.
Ans) The protein is considered as essential components

of the diet in physical education because protein helps in
building up muscles
The ideal characteristic of body building is the building up of

muscles in proteins. Amongst all the other components the
proteins are the most important molecules that are
required in the growth and development of the body. They are
the structural components of the cell, they heteropolymers
which are made up of 21 different kinds of amino acids.
Every cell in the human body contains protein. The basic
structure of protein is a chain of amino acids. You need protein in
your diet to help your body repair cells and make new ones.
Protein is also important for growth and development in children,
teens, and pregnant women
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24. Discuss any four pitfalls of dieting.
Ans) 1. Extreme Reduction of Calories : - Person reduces the diet

considerable which causes low level of energy thus person feels
tiredness body aches.
Lifestyle.
25. Mention the difference between macro and micro nutrients.
Ans) The human body requires various supplements for the

normal growth of the body, reproduction, etc. The nutrients are
defined as the substances which nourish and maintain the life and
growth of a living body. The nutrients provide the energy which is
necessary for the well-functioning of the body. However, not
every nutrient provides energy.
The nutrients can be obtained from the environment.
There are two types of nutrients required by the human body.
These are:
1) Macronutrients
2) Micronutrients
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Let's have a conversation about macronutrients.
The word ‘macro’ means a large amount. Thus the macronutrients
are the nutrients that are required in a larger amount.
These nutrients are required in large quantities for the growth and
development of living organisms. The macronutrients are the
major source of energy for the metabolic systems. The obtained
energy can be stored in the human body. The macronutrients
may include carbohydrates, fats, or protein which are the primary
source of energy
.
26. What do you understand by food myths?
Or
Discuss briefly about various food myths.
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Ans) There are several food myths that exist not only in India but
throughout the world. What to eat, what to eat, and how much to
eat are all problems that most people struggle with. We believe in
such legends because they seem to be real. We now have
scientific evidence, and we do not believe in food myths based on
that knowledge.
27.Explain various pitfalls of dieting.
Ans) 1. Extreme Reduction of Calories : - Person reduces the diet

considerable which causes low level of energy thus person feels
tiredness body aches.
Lifestyle.
28. List down the nutritive components of diet and explain any
one.
Ans) A balanced diet chart decides the must-have elements in the

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diet. A platter filled with healthy food tastes good and has
numerous health benefits. These seven elements are
components of a balanced diet chart:-
● Carbohydrates
● Protein
● Fats
● Water
● Minerals
● Vitamins
● Fibre
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29. What
do you understand by “non-nutritive
components”? Elucidate any four non-nutritive
components of diet.
Ans) Protein:
-Proteins are obtained from fish, meat, eggs, pulses, etc.
-Proteins are broken down into amino acids in the body.
-These amino acids are utilized as the ‘building block ‘for new
proteins which are needed for the growth and repair of tissue, for
making hormones and enzymes, and the immune system.
-Protein is also considered as the energy source.
30. Define Balanced Diet Explain any four micro nutrients

.
Ans) A balanced diet combines all nutrients for good health and
proper functioning of the body. It acts as a shield or barrier
against disease.
An unhealthy diet makes the body vulnerable to disease. An
unhealthy or unbalanced diet initiates weakness, tiredness, heart-
related issues, obesity, diabetes and acute and chronic
conditions. Here are some of the foods to include in a balanced
diet:
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● Green leafy vegetables like spinach, peas, beans and nuts
● Dairy products like curd, butter, milk, cheese and cream
● Proteins like fish, meat, etc.
● Whole-wheat, cornflakes, grains, oats and dry fruits
● Flax seeds, fish oil, pumpkin seeds and chia seeds
● Fresh fruits like oranges, papaya, pineapple etc.
Micronutrients are the elements required by us in small quantities.

Iron, cobalt, chromium, iodine, copper, zinc, molybdenum are
some of the micronutrients. Deficiency of any of the nutrients
affects growth and development.
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31. Compare any three micro-nutrients on the basis of their
sources and benefits.
Ans) Micro minerals: 1 Iodine: harmones,growth,giotre, mental

retardation (sea foods,salt,fish) 2.Iron:Anemia: ,(liver, dry
fruits,banana) 3.Chromium: Insuline,diabeties(soyabean,black
gram,barley) 4. Copper: hemoglobin (egg,pulses, green veg
32. Compare any three fat soluble vitamins on the basis of

their sources and benefits.
Ans) Fat soluble vitamins: 1.Vit A: Night blindness,Xerophthalmia

(papaya,spinach,milk,curd,carrot) 2.Vit D:Teeth,bones,calcium
(sunlight,milk,egg yolk) 3.Vit E: Fertility,Adreline gland,skin ( fresh
fruits,butter,cotton seeds) 4.Vit K: Clotting of blood, anemia
(cauliflower,cabbage,spinach)
35. Discuss any three food myths.

Ans)
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36. Discussany three methods to control
healthy body weight. Ans) .
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● Exercise often: Studies prove that people with high activity
levels are more likely to maintain their weight loss than
others who are not as active. Set exercise goals, aiming to
build up to a
minimum of 200-300 minutes of exercise per week (ACSM
guidelines).
● Eat a healthy breakfast daily. Seventy-eight
percent of participants in the NWCR eat breakfast
every day.
● Stay hydrated. Drink plenty of water or other no-calorie
unsweetened beverages. Avoid sugar-sweetened beverages.
● Eat whole foods. Focus on a healthy eating pattern of
whole, unprocessed foods that is rich in produce and
fiber, contains lean protein sources, and is lower in fat.
● Eat responsibly and mindfully. Pay attention to portion sizes
and avoid overeating. Look at the nutrition facts on food
labels listed on packages, including the serving size. Using
smaller plates and bowls may help you choose smaller
portions at meals. Prioritize meal time. Eat slowly, with focus
on your meal. Listen to your body ‘s physical cues to stop
eating before you feel overly full. On special occasions,
choose your foods as wisely as you would on any other day.
● Plan your meals ahead of time. By planning meals in
advance, you can make healthier choices that are not
influenced by physical hunger. Plan home-cooked meals,
reserving restaurant dining for special occasions. Packing
low-calorie snacks like
fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains can help keep
hunger controlled throughout the day.
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●
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37. Discuss any three non-nutritive components of diet.
Ans)
non-nutritive (not providing calories) are needed to a multiple of
food and beverages.
They not only provide a sweet flavour to foods, they are also
used to preserve foods (in jams or jellies), provide body bulk and
texture (in ice-cream and baked goods), enhance other flavours
(like salty) and aid in fermentation (in breads and pickles).
Non-nutritive components do not contribute to the energy, calories

or nutrition of the body. Some non-nutritive components are
essential for the body while others harm the body. Colour
compounds, flavour compounds, food additives, plant compound,
water, roughage or fibre are some non-nutritive components of diet
1. What do you mean by macro nutrients? Explain about any

four macro nutrients.
Ans) macronutrients are substances needed for growth, energy

provision and other body functions. Macronutrients are those
nutrients required in large amounts that provide the energy
needed to maintain body functions and carry out the activities of
daily life. There are 3 macronutrients – carbohydrates, proteins
and fats
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What do you mean by micro nutrients? Explain in
2.
brief about minerals as micro nutrients in detail.
Ans) Micronutrients are nutrients that are required by the body in

lesser amounts for its growth and development. They play a major
role in the metabolic activities of the body. These include vitamins
and minerals. Since our body cannot produce vitamins and
minerals, they are taken externally from different food products
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Iodine: harmones,growth,giotre, mental retardation (sea
foods,salt,fish) 2.Iron:Anemia:
,(liver, dry fruits,banana) 3.Chromium:
Insuline,diabeties(soyabean,black gram,barley)
4. Copper: hemoglobin (egg,pulses, green veg
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9.”Vitamins are essential for our metabolic process”. What
happens if we devoid our diet of vitamins?
Vitamins: Vitamins are required by the body for its various

metabolic processes and the normal working of the body. They are
required by the body in very small amount.
Vitamins do not yield energy but enable the body to use other
nutrients. For a healthy person these requirements are met by a
normal, well balanced diet. However, if our diet is lacking in any
vitamin, we suffer from deficiency diseases.
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L-3 Yoga and Lifestyle…
1. Who quoted "Sthiram Sukham Aasanam"?
Patanjali
2. In which disease the airways become blocked or

narrowed causing difficulty in breathing?
Asthama
3. Which type of diabetes is rare among people?
MODY
4. What is the formula to know the BMI of an individual?
kg/m2
5. What should be the normal blood pressure of an adult?

120/80mmhg
Fill in the blanks
1. The normal blood pressure of an adult is considered........120/80

mmHg.
2. Type I and Type II are the two types of……………diabetes
………….. .
3. ……………obesity is that condition of the body in which the
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amount of fat increases
to extreme levels.
4. There are three types of asanas, i.e., meditative asanas,
relaxative asanas and..........................................................cultural
asanas........... .
5. An adult with a BMI more than or equal to 30 than the ideal BMI
is usually considered to be
………obese…….. .
State True or False.
1. Tadasana is performed in sitting position. (False)

2. Shavasana is performed in supine position. (True)
3. Regular practice of Tadasana, Vakrasana, Shalabhasana and
Bhujangasana helps in reducing back pain. (True)
4. Bones and joints become strong by regular practice of asanas.
(True)
5. A person suffering from joint pain should perform vajrasana.
(False)
1. Which one of the following asana is not a remedial asana for

treating obesity?
(a) Vajrasana
(b) Trikonasana
(c) Chakrasana
(d) Ardhmatseyendrasana
2. Which one of the following asanas is not performed in standing

position?
(a) Tadasana
(b) Ardhchakrasana
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(c) Sukhasana
3. Which asana is a meditative asana?

(a) Vajrasana
(b) Trikonasana
(c) Bhujangasana
(d) Chakrasana
4. Which one of the following asanas is performed in sitting position?

(a) Chakrasana
(b) Sukhasana
(c) Bhujangasana
(d) Tadasana
5. What should be the normal blood pressure of an adult?

(a) 110/70 mm Hg
(b) 140/90 mm Hg
(c) 120/80 mm Hg
(d) 140/95 mm Hg
6. In which type of lifestyle diseases our airways become blocked or

narrowed causing difficulty in breathing?
(a) Obesity
(b) Asthma
(c) Diabetes
(d) Back Pain
7. The other name of Bhujangasana is:

(a) Eagle pose
(b) Cobra pose
(c) Fish pose
(d) Tree pose
8. The formula to calculate the BMI of an individual is:

(a)Weight in kg/Height in m
(b) Weight in kg/Height in m
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(c)Height in m /(Weight in kg)^2
(d)Weight in kg/(Height in m)^2
9. According to WHO criteria, the normal BMI of an individual should

be
(a) 18.5-22.5
(b) 18.5-22.9
(c) 18.5-23.9
(d) 18.5-24.9
10. Back pain is mainly caused by:

(a) Lack of physical activity
(b) Excessive smoking
(c) Lack of flexibility
(d) All the above
11. Which one of the following asanas should be practised for

preventing back pain?
(a) Shalabhasana
(b) Trikonasana
(c) Chakrasana
(d) Shavasana
12. In which disease a patient feels difficulty is breathing?

(a) Diabetes
(b) Back pain
(c) Asthma
(d) Obesity
13.Match the following diseases with the related

(1) Diabetes (a) Excess fats
(2) Hypertension (b) Insulin
(3) Asthma (c) Blood pressure
(4) Obesity (d) Respiratory problems
(a) b, c, d, a
(b) a, b, c, d
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(c) d, c, b, a
(d) c, d, a, b
14.Which one of the following asanas can be performed immediately

after the meals?
(a) Chakrasana
(b) Sukhasana
(c)Vajrasana
(d) Halasana
15.Which one of the following asanas is not used for preventing as

well as treating obesity?
(a)Vajrasana
(b) Tadasana
(c) Patanjali
(d) Ardhmatseyendrasana
16.Who quoted "Sthiram Sukham Aasanam"?

(a) Agam
(b) Baba Ramdev
(c)Patanjali
(d) Shri Arvind
17. Which one of the following asanas should be used for preventing
nd treating hypertension?
(a) Shavasana
(b) Trikonasana
(c) Vakrasana
(d) Shalabhasana
18.Which asana is helpful in blood pressure?

(a) Shavasana
(b) Padmasana
(c) Shalabhasana
(d)Vakrasana
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19. Gaumukhasana, Chakrasana and Matsayasana are helpful in
curing which disease?
(a) Diabetes
(d) Asthma
(c) Obesity
(b) Back pain obesity?
20.Which one of the following asanas is not used for curing obesity?
(a) Bhujangasana
(b) Vajrasana
(c) Trikonasana
(d) Hastasana
21.One of the possible causes for obesity could be:

(a) Heredity
(b) Excessive eating
(c) Fast metabolism
(d) Both (a) & (b)
22. Match the following diseases with the related cause:

(1) Back Pain (a) Chakrasana
(2) Obesity (b) Shalabhasana
(3) Asthma (c) Shavasana
(4) Hypertension (d) Hastasana
1-(b), 2-(c), 3-(d), 4-(a)
24.The following are the two statements which are labelled Assertion
(A) and Reason (R).
A. Assertion (A): Diabetes is really a very dangerous lifestyle
disease.
B. Reason (R): Diabetes can lead to renal failure, loss of vision,
amputation of limbs an cardiovascular diseases if it is not controlled.
In the context of the above two statements, which one of the
following is correct?
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of
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(A)
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
25. Which one of the following causes asthma attack?

(a) Genetic factor
(c) Exercising is cold air
(b) Allergy
(d) All of the above
26. Which one of the symptoms is not related to diabetes?

(a) Urge to urinate frequently
(c) Non-healing wounds.
(b) Numbness in hands and feet
(d) High blood pressure
27. According to WHO the criteria for overweight as per BMI is:
(a) 18.5-249
(d) 35-39.9
(c) 30-34.9
(b) 25-29.9
28. Which one of the following glands is related to diabetes?

(a) Pituitary
(b) Pancreas
(c) Thymus
(d) Adrenal
29. Who wrote yog sutra?

(a) Dr. Sampurnanand
(b) Mahrishi Patanjali
(c) Mahrishi Ved Viyas
(d) Agam
1. Discuss the benefits of asanas for prevention of diseases in bri
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The regular practice of yoga can help prevent non-
communicable diseases such as blood pressure, diabetes
and cardiovascular illness, thereby reducing the need for
curative medicine. Yoga also serves as a stalwart solution to
keep chronic back pain, arthritis and other lifestyle diseases at
bay
2. What is obesity? How can we come to know that we are

obese?
Obesity means weighing more than what is healthy for a

given height. Obesity is a serious, chronic disease. It can lead
to other health problems, including diabetes, heart disease, and
some cancers. People with obesity have a higher chance of
developing these health problems: High blood glucose (sugar) or
diabetes, heart disease
If your BMI is less than 18.5, it falls within the underweight range. If
your BMI is 18.5 to
<25, it falls within the healthy weight range. If your BMI is 25.0 to
<30, it falls within the overweight range. If your BMI is 30.0 or
higher, it falls within the obesity range
3. Discuss the procedure and benefits of Vajrasana in brief.
1. Start by kneeling on the floor. Consider using a yoga mat for

comfort.
2. Pull your knees and ankles together and point your feet in
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line with your legs. The bottoms of your feet should face
upward with your big toes touching.
3. Exhale as you sit back on your legs. Your buttocks will
rest on your heels and your thighs will rest on your
calves.
4. Put your hands on your thighs and adjust your pelvis
slightly backward and forward until you’re comfortable.
5. Breathe in and out slowly as you position yourself to sit up
straight by straightening your spine. Use your head to pull
your body upward and press your tailbone toward the floor.
6. Straighten your head to gaze forward with your chin parallel
to the floor. Position your hands palms down on your thighs
with your arms relaxed.
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4. Describe the benefits and contraindications of Urdhva
Hastasana.
a) Precautions and contraindications: You must avoid practising

this asana with your arms raised if you have had an injury in
your neck or shoulders. (b) Benefits of the upward salute
(Urdhva Hastasana).
(i) Removes fat around sides and hips.
(ii) Gives the belly a good stretch.
(iii) Helps improve digestion.
(iv) Stretches arms pits and shoulders
(v) Relieves stress and anxiety
(vi) Helps enhance body posture
(vii) increases the capacity of lungs
(viii) Improves blood circulation in the body
(ix) Eases sciatica pain.
5.Discuss the benefits and contraindications of

Ardhamatseyendrasana..
Benefits of Ardha Matsyendrasana Good for increasing the
flexibility and function of vertebrae of the spine. Stretches back
muscle and spine. Cures constipation and indigestion. Helps to
increases oxygen supply to the lungs. Releases stiffness of hip
joints. Beneficial for slipped disc patient. Matsyendrasana
Contraindications People suffering from severe back or neck pain
should practice with caution, and with close supervision. Those
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with slip disc problems should avoid this pose completely. Those
with internal organ issues may find this pose difficult and painful.
Should be avoided by pregnant women as it can press the fetus
What do you mean by diabetes? Name the asanas which

6.
are helpful for preventing diabetes.
Diabetes is a serious medical condition that causes higher than

normal blood sugar levels. It occurs when your body cannot
make or effectively use its own insulin, a hormone made by
special cells in the pancreas called islets. Type 1 and Type 2
diabetes are the two main forms of this disease. Type 1 Diabetes
is a chronic condition which occurs when the pancreas fails to
secrete enough insulin. This medical condition affects people
below the age of 30. Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition in
which cells fail to respond to insulin
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Surya Namaskar, Trikonasana, Tadasana, Sukhasana,
Padmasana, Bhastrika Pranayama, Pashimottanasana,
Ardhmatsyendrasana, Pawanmuktasana, Bhujangasana,
Vajrasana, Dhanurasana and Shavasana are beneficial for
diabetes
7.Discuss the procedure of Pawanmuktasana.

Steps To Do in Pawanmuktasana Lie flat on your back on a
smooth surface, ensuring that your feet are together, and your
arms are placed beside your body. Take a deep breath. As you
exhale, bring your knees towards your chest, and press your
thighs on your abdomen. Clasp your hands around your legs as if
you are hugging your knees. Hold the asana while you breathe
normally. Every time you exhale, make sure you tighten the grip
of the hands on the knee, and increase the pressure on your
chest.
Every time you inhale, ensure that you loosen the grip. Exhale
and release the pose after you rock and roll from side to side
about three to five times. Relax.
8. Explain about asthma.
Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and

swell and may produce extra mucus. This can make breathing
difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when
you breathe out and shortness of breath. For some people,
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asthma is a minor nuisance.
sthma is a condition which alters the airways. The bronchial
tubes function by permitting the entry and exit of air into the lungs.
This syndrome is characterized by inflammation in airways,
causing difficulty in breathing.
9. Elucidate the benefits and contraindications of Sukhasana.
Students with arthritis in the knees, hips, and feet, especially

senior citizens, should avoid sitting on the floor. Those with a
slipped disc, spinal issues, weak digestion, minor backache, or
knee pain can take support of the pillow but shouldn't stay for more
than 5 mins in the pose.
Although a relaxing pose, yoga teachers should take the

following precautions in mind while introducing the Easy Pose:
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1. Physical Strength and Weak Body: Students with
arthritis in the knees, hips, and feet, especially senior
citizens, should avoid sitting on the floor. Those with a
slipped disc, spinal issues, weak digestion, minor
backache, or knee pain can take support of the pillow but
shouldn’t stay for more than 5 mins in the pose. Students
with tight hips can practice hip-opening sequence
otherwise they may find it difficult to sit in crossed legs
for a longer duration.
2. Injury and Surgery: Students with injuries to knees,
hips, lower back, hamstrings, ankle, or who have
undergone any abdominal, knees, or hips surgery
should take the advice of their doctors or therapists
before doing so with this practice.
3. Lack of Body-Breath Connection: Students, especially
those who are new to yoga, may find it difficult to set the
body-breath connection while sitting tall with their spine
erect. And without proper knowledge of body-breath
connections, the practice may bring discomfort and
disturbance in the flow of energy. Hence students can
follow the practice with their back against a wall.
4. Others: Students who suffer from sciatica related to the
sciatic nerve should avoid Easy Pose as the sciatica
nerve can get pinched. Those who have anxiety issues
can follow the practice with their eyes open.
10. Discuss the procedure of Gomukhasana.

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he steps to do Gomukhasana are:
1) Sit with your back straight on a yoga mat. Keep your legs
extended.
2) Keep both the feet together and place your palms on the hips.
3) Now fold your left leg and gently place it under the right buttock.
4) Bring your right leg over your left thigh.
5) Stack both the knees closely over one another.
6) Now raise your left arm and bring it to the back over the
shoulder. Keep the arm upwards, bend the elbow and palm
facing outwards.
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7) Stretch your right hand to the right, behind the back. Now,
bend the elbow to reach the left hand. Try to grasp both hands
with fingers
interlocking behind the back.
8) Keep your spine straight and your head facing forward.
9) Stay in this pose for a few minutes (preferably under 60

seconds for beginners, not more than 120 seconds for the
intermediate level, and 120 seconds and more for experts). But
stay as long as you are
comfortable.
10) Release your breath as you relax your hands and legs.
11) Repeat the same steps using opposite legs and hands.
12) After the pose, sit in a comfortable cross-legged posture.
11. Briefly discuss about hypertension.
Hypertension, also known as high or raised blood pressure, is a

condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised
pressure. Blood is carried from the heart to all parts of the body
in the vessels. Each time the heart beats, it pumps blood into the
vessels
When there is an increase in the blood pressure in the
arteries, the condition is known as hypertension. The systolic
pressure reaches to 140 and the diastolic pressure reaches to 90
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12. Describe the benefits and contraindications of Tadasana.
Benefits of Ardha Matsyendrasana Good for increasing the

flexibility and function of vertebrae of the spine. Stretches back
muscle and spine. Cures constipation and indigestion. Helps to
increases oxygen supply to the lungs. Releases stiffness of hip
joints. Beneficial for slipped disc patient. Matsyendrasana
Contraindications People suffering from severe back or neck pain
should practice with caution, and with close supervision. Those
with slip disc problems should avoid this pose completely. Those
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with internal organ issues may find this pose difficult and painful.
Should be avoided by pregnant women as it can press the fetus.
13. Mention the benefits of Shavasana.

Savasana (Corpse Pose) is much more than a moment's rest at the end of a yoga
class.
● Calms central nervous system, aiding the digestive and

immune systems.
● Calms the mind and reduces stress.
● Reduces headache, fatigue and anxiety.
● Helps lower blood pressure.
● Promotes spiritual awakening and awareness of higher
consciousness
14. What do you mean by Back pain?
Back pain often develops without a cause that your doctor can
identify with a test or an imaging study. Conditions commonly
linked to back pain include:
● Muscle or ligament strain. Repeated heavy lifting or

a sudden awkward movement can strain back muscles
and spinal ligaments. If you're in poor physical
condition, constant strain on your back can cause
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painful muscle spasms.
● Bulging or ruptured disks. Disks act as cushions
between the bones (vertebrae) in your spine. The soft
material inside a disk can bulge or rupture and press on
a nerve. However, you can have a bulging or ruptured
disk without back pain. Disk disease is often found
incidentally when you have spine X-rays for some other
reason.
● Arthritis. Osteoarthritis can affect the lower back. In
some cases, arthritis in the spine can lead to a narrowing
of the space around the spinal cord, a condition called
spinal stenosis.
● Osteoporosis. Your spine's vertebrae can develop
painful fractures if your bones become porous and
brittle
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.15.Discuss the procedure of Vakrasana.
Steps to do Vakrasana
● Sit erect on the yoga mat or floor so that the spine is at

90degrees to the ground.
● Both legs should be stretched forward
● Bend the right leg at the knee straight and stretched and
place the foot by the side of the left leg.
● Keep your right hand behind resting the palm on the
ground. In align with the right leg but away from the body
● Inhale and keep the left hand shoulder high on the right leg
by keeping the elbow straight.
● Exhale and twist towards the right hand side.
● Keep the face relaxed and keep breathing normally
● Hold the position for 2mins.
● Relax and get back to the original position.
● Repeat the position on the other side.
● Take a deep breath and relax.
16. Explain the procedure of Urdhva Hastasana.
Urdhva Hastasana Steps:

1. After releasing the entire neck muscles with rotation
clockwise and anti clockwise relax the arms and
neck completely.
2. Taking a deep inhalation, raise the arms above your
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shoulders and head and bring the fingers to interlock and
as you exhale go on to your toes high up.
3. Inhale again and stretch the arms up and legs moving up
with firm rooting of the toes on the ground and feel the
stretch at the shoulders and neck.
4. The deeper the stretch upwards the deeper the pose
and try and balance the body on the toes bringing the
focus to any one point with the eyes.
5. Remain stretched upwards for about 8 breaths.
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6. Release the pose by stretching the arms backwards and
as you exhale bring the arms down and feet on the floor.
17. Discuss the benefits and contraindications of Urdhva

Hastasana.
a) Precautions and contraindications: You must avoid practising

this asana with your arms raised if you have had an injury in your
neck or shoulders.
(b) Benefits of the upward salute (Urdhva Hastasana)
(i) Removes fat around sides and hips.
(ii) Gives the belly a good stretch.
(iii) Helps improve digestion.
(iv) Stretches arms pits and shoulders
(v) Relieves stress and anxiety
(vi) Helps enhance body posture
(vii) increases the capacity of lungs
(viii) Improves blood circulation in the body
(ix) Eases sciatica pain.
18. "Practising yogasanas regularly can prevent many

diseases." Justify.
Increase in muscular strength and flexibility. This is one of

regular asana practice's most obvious and visible outcomes.
Yoga techniques are designed to lengthen the muscles while
strengthening them and increasing their flexibility. Yoga
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promotes leaner muscles compared to muscles gained from the
gym
Practising yoga asanas regularly can prevent many diseases
like hypertension, diabetes, asthma, arthritis, PCOS, back
pain, and respiratory conditions. While practising yoga is
essential for the prevention of diseases, it is essential to have
the right health insurance policy
19. Explain about the procedure and advantages of

Bhujangasana.
Benefits of Bhujangasana
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The Cobra Pose stretches and tones your abs, helping you get a
flat stomach apart from many other benefits. This asana is also
very useful to keep your back healthy. Some of the benefits of
this yoga pose are:
● It tones your body and the spinal nerves, keeping the spine
strong and agile
● It tones the abdominal muscles
● It improves digestion naturally
● It improves your liver as well as massages the kidneys
● The male and female reproductive system improves
● Irregular menstrual cycle problems are rectified too
● With increased blood circulation, your face gets a radiant
look.
● Lie down on your stomach

● Raise your trunk and head supported by the palms
● Bend your arms at the elbows
● Arch your neck and look upward gently
● Make sure that your stomach is pressed on the floor
● Put pressure on your toes by pressing them onto the floor.
(Extend them out to fully experience the cobra)
● Hold the asana for 5 seconds
20. What is the role of yoga in preventing lifestyle diseases?
Yoga can help you stay healthy by preventing lifestyle diseases.

Yoga is without a doubt a method of achieving freedom from all
forms of enslavement; medical research has revealed numerous
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physical and mental benefits of yoga.
● Yoga improves the functioning of the nervous and skeletal

systems.
● Yoga can help prevent diseases such as diabetes,
respiratory diseases, asthma, back pain, hypertension,
and obesity.
● Yoga aids in the reduction of depression, stress, and other
negative emotions.
● Yoga can also help with the menstruation-women-athlete
triad. In a nutshell, yoga is an activity that connects the
body and mind to make human life happier and less
stressful.
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21. Explain procedure and benefits of any one asana used to
cure diabetes..
Ardha Matsyendrasana –helps to massage the kidneys,

pancreas, small intestines, etc.
It also enables to stimulate digestion and squeeze out
toxins. It is quite useful for
diabetics, with concentration on the pancreas. To perform it, you
may sit on the carpet,
stretch the legs
straight.
22. "Asanas can be used as a preventive measure." Comment.
Asanas as preventive measures: Asanas can be used as a

preventative measure because they provide the following
physiological benefits, which help to avoid a variety of
lifestyle diseases.
1.Discuss asanas as preventive measures in detail.

Asanas as preventive measure Asanas can be preventive
measures as they provide following physiological benefits which
ultimately helps in avoiding various lifestyle disease. The
following are the benefits of asanas for prevention of diseases:
(a) Bones and joints become strong: By performing regular
asana, the bones, cartilages, and ligaments become
strong. Along with this, height of children is enhanced.
(b) Circulation of blood becomes normal: By performing asana
regularly, the stroke volume as well as cardiac output
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increases because cardiac muscles start working more
strongly and efficiently. Blood circulation becomes proper and
blood pressure normalizes and stabilizes.
(c) Immune system is strengthened: By regular practice of
asana, our immune system is strengthened. As a result, our
body becomes less prone to diseases.
(d) Respiratory organs become efficient: By performing asana
regularly, the respiratory organs become efficient. The vital air
capacity increases up to 6000cc. The size of lungs and chest also
enhances.
(e) Efficiency of excretory system enhances: By regularly
performing asana the efficiency of excretory system enhances.
As a result, the waste products such as lactic acid, acid
phosphate, urea, uric acid etc. are excreted quickly and properly
which in turn help in delaying fatigue.
(f) Muscles become strong: by performing asana regularly,
muscles of the body become strong. The efficiency of the
muscles increases. Fat does not accumulate in the
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body. In fact, the appearance the body enhances. The size of the
muscles also increases.
What do you mean by obesity? Discuss the benefits and

2.
contraindications of Pada Hastasana and Vajrasana.
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat

accumulation that presents a risk to health. A body mass index
(BMI) over 25 is considered overweight, and over 30 is obese.
These days, obesity has gotten a huge just as a deadly medical

issue. This issue isn't just found in India however is predominant
in different nations too. Indeed, even in the United States of
America, one out of three grown-ups and one out of five kids and
teens are dealing with the issue of obesity. In India, we witness a
comparable circumstance.
Larger part of individuals, since youth, fall prey to obesity in the
vast majority of the nations of the world. Indeed, "Obesity is that
state of the body where the measure of fat increments to
outrageous levels." all in all, obesity can be characterized as "the
condition when an individual gauges 20% more than the ideal
weight." A grown-up with a BMI more than or equivalent to 30
than the ideal BMI is typically viewed as hefty. If there should
arise an occurrence of obesity, the body weight of the individual
is in every case more in contrast with stature. Considering the
quantity of wellbeing chances related with obesity, it has been
proclaimed a sickness. It has been seen that large people
normally fall prey to diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular
illnesses, malignancy, joint pain, osteoarthritis, investigator,
respiratory issues, varicose veins, liver breakdown, and so on By
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and large, the inquiries emerge: What ought to be the ideal body
weight of a person? Who is fat and who isn't? Various strategies
are utilized in various nations to know whether an individual is
corpulent. As indicated by the principal strategy, just by noticing,
it tends to be derived whether he/she is corpulent or not.
Yet, this technique can't be viewed as a correct strategy to decide

whether an individual is hefty in light of the fact that the
assessment on the state of the body changes with the
progression of time. For instance, pudginess used to be preferred
by individuals in bygone eras, though being thin and trim is
valued these days all over. As per the subsequent technique, if a
person's body weight is more in relation to his/her tallness (as per
stature and weight diagram), the individual will be overweight or
stout. However, this strategy can't be acknowledged as the best
technique. The third strategy is a more logical technique. In this
technique, the muscle versus fat percentage is determined.
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On the off chance that the muscle versus fat ratio of an individual
is more than the necessary levels, he/she might be viewed as
stout. This is the most precise technique to decide obesity, yet it
is difficult to apply this strategy. In contrast with different
strategies, the weight and tallness diagram is as yet liked to
decide obesity since it is effectively accessible, practical and
simple to utilize. Another strategy to check obesity is utilizing BMI
(Body Mass Index). Assuming you need to realize your weight
list, partition your body weight in kg by your tallness in meter
square viz.
Body Mass Index = Weight in kg( Height in m)2= Weight in kg

Height × Height
With the assistance of the above table, an individual may know

which class of weight he has a place with. Obesity can be
forestalled just as restored if the accompanying asanas are
performed routinely.
Vajrasana
Technique: It is a thoughtful asana. Stoop down on the ground or

floor with your knees, lower legs and toes contacting the ground.
Your toes ought to be extended in reverse. Presently place your
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palms of your hands on the knees. The chest area ought to be
straight. Right now, the breathing ought to be profound, even and
moderate. At that point extend your chest forward and pull your
stomach partition inwards.
Advantages -
1. It is useful in improving fixation.
2. Itis useful in restoring diarrhea, back agony and chest

sicknesses.
3. It improves memory power.
4. It fixes the issues identified with period.
5. It fixes mental pressure.
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6. It fortifies the pelvic muscles.
7. It eliminates postural deformities.
8. It forestalls hernia and gives alleviation from heaps.
9. It is the best asana for individuals experiencing sciatica and

sacral contaminations.
10. It helps in decreasing hip fat.
11. It
gives help from clogging, causticity and builds the
proficiency of the stomach related framework.
Pada Hastasana
Strategy: Bend forward until the fingers or palms of the hands

contact the floor on one or the other side of the feet. Attempt to
contact the knees with the temple. Try not to strain. Keep the
knees straight. Breathe out while bowing forward. Attempt to get
the midsection in the last situation to remove the most extreme
measure of air from the lungs.
Advantages
1.Pada hastasana makes the body truly adaptable. It

extends the back and leg muscles.
2. It assists with disposing of abundance stomach fat.
3 . It improves absorption and lessens obstruction. It fixes many

stomach sicknesses.
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4. It makes the spine adaptable and t
Discuss the procedure, benefits and

3.
contraindications of Trikonsana and

Ardhamatseyendrasana
Ardha Matsyendrasana Benefits and Precautions :
● Increase hips and spine flexibility.
● Removes the wastes and improves digestion.
● Stimulate heart, kidneys, liver, spleen and lungs.
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● Open the neck, hips and shoulders.
● Relieve fatigue, sciatica, backache and menstrual
discomfort.
● Clean the internal organs
What do you mean by diabetes? Discuss the procedure,

4.
benefits and contraindications of Bhujangasana.
With diabetes, your body either doesn't make enough insulin or

can't use it as well as it should. Diabetes is a chronic (long-
lasting) health condition that affects how your body turns food
into energy. Your body breaks down most of the food you eat
into sugar (glucose) and releases it into your bloodstream
Bhujangasana Contraindications:
The practice of Bhujangasana (Cobra Pose) comes with some

precautions to keep in mind by yoga teachers. These are:
1. Injury and Surgery.: Since the practice of Cobra Pose

puts pressure on the joints of the hips, pelvis, knees, rib
cage, shoulders, elbows and wrists, students with injury
related to these joints or the relevant muscles involved,
should avoid this practice. Yoga teachers should always
ask and check the physical conditions of their students
before introducing this practice. In addition, if students
are currently recovering (even beyond the stipulated
recovery period) from a surgery related to any part of the
body, specific to internal organs (due to the pressure
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while getting into the pose and coming out of the pose),
then it is a contraindication and best to avoid them from
practicing the Cobra Pose. Moreover, if students have a
history of an old surgery (no matter how long back) they
too need to take care as the related area (especially the
stitches) can bring discomfort. Example, women who
have had a cesarean, an old hip replacement surgery,
heart related surgery, related to any abdominal organs,
old knee or ankle surgery, spine, etc.
2.
3. Lack of Body-Breath Connections.: One of the
important aspects of the practice of any yoga pose is
being fully aware of the body-mind-breath relation.
However, to some this connection may take time,
especially the body-breath connection. For such students
taking the practice slow and safe is critical. Moving the
body without being aware causes jerks in the joints
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and muscles, or brings imbalance in the energy levels in
the body. This will in fact defeat the purpose of the
practice. However, yoga teachers can bring in the
practice of some easy posture like Cobra Pose Variation
Arms, Crocodile Pose On Elbows, Cobra Pose Chair to
start with.
4. Physical Strength and Weak Body : While the practice
of Bhujangasana comes with many benefits but comes
with certain contraindications related to physical
conditions of the students. For example while this is a
heart and chest opener, yet severe conditions like
asthma (as they may hold their breath causing tension in
the breathing muscles), high blood pressure (heart rate
may go high with the pressure put on the lungs to hold
the pose), back pain that is caused due to herniated disc,
an old hernia, severe urinary incontinence, or anything
related to any internal organ or spine. Then, under such
conditions, yoga teachers should take care.
5. Others : Senior citizens or pregnant women should
avoid this pose as it has tremendous abdominal
pressure with a back bend which is not advisable for
them.
5.What do you mean by Asthma? Explain the procedure,

benefits and contraindications of Chakrasana.
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Asthma is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell
and may produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult
and trigger coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you
breathe out and shortness of breath. For some people, asthma is
a minor nuisance
1. Chakrasana strengthens the liver, pancreas, and kidneys.
2. Excellent for the heart.
3. Good for infertility, asthma, and osteoporosis.
4. Wheel Pose Strengthens arms, shoulders, hands, wrists, and legs.
5. Stretches the chest and lungs.
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L-4 Physical Education and Sports for CWSN
1. Which type of disability creates hindrance for an

individual to store, process and produce information?
Cognitive Disability
2. Which type of disability can affect individual's ability

to read, compute, speak and write?
Dyslexia can affect reading fluency, decoding, reading

comprehension, recall, writing, spelling, and sometimes speech
and can exist along with other related disorders.
Dyslexia can be considered as a Language-Based Learning
Disability.
3. Which type of disability limits an individual's physical

functioning, mobility or stamina?
A physical disability is a limitation on a person's physical

functioning, mobility, dexterity or stamina. Other physical
disabilities include impairments which limit other facets of daily
living, such as respiratory disorders, blindness, epilepsy and
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sleep disorders.
4. In which disorder, children cannot sit, focus and pay

attention properly?
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a common mental

illness characterized by the inability to concentrate or sit still.
5. In which type of disorder the brain has difficulty in

receiving and responding to information that comes in
through senses?
Sensory processing disorder is a condition in which the brain

has trouble receiving and responding to information that comes
in through the senses
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6. In which disorder children always tend to disrupt those
around them?
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a type of behavior

disorder. It is mostly diagnosed in childhood. Children with
ODD are uncooperative, defiant, and hostile toward peers,
parents, teachers, and other authority figures.
7. Which disorder causes repeated unwanted thoughts?
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic,

and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable,
reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors
(compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and
over
8. Give the full form of ADHD.
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder
10. Give the full form of OCD.
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
11. Give the full form of SPD.
Sensory processing disorder
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State True or False.
1. Malnutrition is a significant cause of disability. (True)
2. Disability may be due to genetic cause. (True)
3. Generally, the intellectual disability begins before the age of 18
years. (True)
4. Autism spectrum is a disorder that affects the development of an
individual. (True)
5. Always avoid asking personal questions to an individual who is
differently-(True)
1. Which is the cause of Sensory Processing Disorder?

(a) Genetic
(b) Low birth weight
(c) Environmental factor
2. In which disorder children find it difficult to pay attention to things

and are always restless?
(a) OCD
(b) ADHD
(c)ODD
(d) SPD
3. In which disorder, the affected individuals usually behave like

rebel, argue with adults, refuse to obey and are obstinate.
(a) ASD
(b) SPD
(c) ODD
(d) ADHD
4. In which disorder, the affected individuals repeat words and

actions and feel difficulty in expressing emotions.
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(a) SPD
(d) None of these
(c) ODD
(b) ASD
5. Which one of the strategies is considered to make physical

activities accessible for children with special needs?
(a) Medical check up
(b) Special environment should be provided
(c) Physical activities must be based on the interests of children
6. Which one of the following is the cause of disability?

(a) Infectious diseases
(b) Malnutrition
(c) Accidents
7. Which one of the following is not a disability etiquette?

(a) To listen attentively
(b) To pretend to understand
(c) To avoid leaning on the wheel chair
(d) To avoid asking personal questions
8. Which type of disability creates hindrance for an individual to

store, process and produce information?
(a) Intellectual disability
(b) Cognitive disability
(c) Physical disability
(d) None of these
9. Which is the cause of ODD?

(a) Biological factors
(b) Psychological factors
(c) Social factors
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10. Which is the disorder in which an individual has uncontrollable
repetitive thoughts and behaviours?
(a) ASD
(b) SPD
(c) OCD
(d) ADHD
11. In which type of disability a person's mobility or dexterity is

affected?
(a) Intellectual disability
(b) Physical disability
(c) Cognitive disability
(d) None of these
12. SPD means?

(a) Special Police Department
(b) Sensory Processing Disorder
(c) Special Processing Disorder
(d) Sensory Protecting Disorder
13. ADHD means:

(a) Automatic Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(b) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(c) Attention Disorder of Hyperactivity
(d) None of the above
14. In which disorder the brain has difficulty in receiving and

responding to information that comes through the senses?
(a)ODD
(b) OCD
(c) ADHD
(d) SPD
15. Which one of the following is the symptom of cognitive disability?

(a) Dyslexia
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(b) Hyperactivity
(c) Memory disorder
16.In which disorder the individual avoids eye contact and prefer to
stay alone?
(a)SPD
(b)ADHD
(c)ASD
(D)ODD
17. In which disorder an individual performs the same task / activity

again and again?
(a)SPD
(b) OCD
(c) ODD
(b) ADHD
18. Which one of the following is the cause of disabilities?

(a) Heredity
(b) Accidents
(c) Malnutrition
19. Which disorder may affect a sense such as touch, sight, taste or
movement?
(a)ADHD
(b) ASD
(c) SPD
(d) None of these
20. In which disorder an individual may rebel, argue with adults,

refuse to obey and find difficulty in
(a)ODD
(b) ASD
(c) SPD
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(d) OCD
21. Disability is developed by:

(a) Genetic
(b) Balanced diet
(c) Injury
(d) 'a' and 'c' both
22. When a child is not able to adjust within society or having no

friend's he is suffering from:
(a) ADHD
(b) ASD
(c) ODD
(d) OCD
23. A pattern of disobedience can be observed in children suffering

from:
(a) ODD
(b) ADHD
(c) OCD
(d) SPD
24. If a child is not able to adjust within society or having no friends is

suffering from: (c) OCD
(a) ADHD
(b) ODD
(c)OCD
(d) ASD
25. In which one of the following disorders a child may fear that
everything he touches has germs on it and goes to wash his hands
frequently?
(a) ODD
(b) OCD
(c) ASD
(d) SPD
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26. Which one of the following factors does not cause a disorder?
(a) Heredity
(b) Environment
(c) Less brain development
(d) Balanced diet
27.Full form of ODD is:

(a) opposite different disorder
(b) Oppositional defiant disorder
(c) obsessive defect disability
(d) obsessive different disability
28. Match the columns and select the correct answer from the code
given below:
A B
1. Visually impairment A. Behaviour towards
others
2. Difficulty in speaking B. Tap the person on the
Shoulder
3. Hearing impairment C. Introduce self first
4. Etiquettes D. Speech therapy
Code
I 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c, III 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d,
II 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a, IV 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a,
29. Repeated actions are called:

(a)ADHD
(b)ODD
(c)OCD
(d)ASD
30.Which one is Congenital Disability?

(a)Down syndrome
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(b)Cerebral palsy
(c)Polio
(d)Both 'a' and 'b'
31. Which one of the following is 'hidden disability'?

(a)Autism
(b)ADHD
(c)Bipolar
(d)All of the above
32. Name the category of disability which can be difficult for others to
recognize/acknowledge.
(a)Physical disabilities
(b)Hidden disabilities
(c)Cognitive disabilities
(d)Intellectual disabilities
33. World Disability Day is celebrated on:

(a)2nd April
(b)21st June
(c)29th August
(d)3rd December
34. World Autism Day is celebrated on:

(a)2nd April
(b)29th August
(c)3rd Decembe
(d)21st June
35. Putting things in certain order is a sign of:

(a)ODD
(b)ASD
(c)SPD
(d)OCD
36. Match the following and select the correct answer from the code
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given below:
A B
1. Cognitive A. Disorder
2. OCD B. Etiquettes
3. Sympathy C. Improvement
techniques
4. Sports Competition for D. Paralympics
CWSN
5. Medical checkup E. Disability
6. Physical activities F. Strategies or plans
Code
I 1-(a), 2-(b), 3-(c), 4-(d), 5- IV 1-(d), 2-(e), 3-(f), 4-(a), 5-
(e), 6-(f) (b), 6-(c)
II 1-(b), 2-(c), 3-(d), 4-(e), 5- V 1-(e), 2-(a), 3-(b), 4-(d), 5-
(f), 6-(a) (f), 6-(c)
III 1-(c), 2-(d), 3-(e), 4-(f), 5- VI 1-(f),2-(b),3-(c), 4-(d), 5-
(a), 6-(b) (e), 6-(a)
Fill in the blanks
1. Sensory processing disorder. disorder may affect a sense such

as touch,
sight, taste or movement.
2. Intellectual disability.....is an impairment that may be cognitive,
developmental,
intellectual, mental, physical, etc.
3 is a mental disorder in which an individual performs the same
task/activity
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again and again to get rid of unwanted thoughts.
4 is the reduction of functional disability to lead daily fruitful life.
5 is a condition in which the brain has difficulty in receiving and

responding
to information that comes through senses.
Short Answer Questions-I (Carrying 2
Marks) 1.Differentiate between
disability and disorder.
Ans-While the word “disorder” is a medical term, the word

“disability” is a legal term that appears in the Individuals With
Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”) and Section 504 of the
Rehabilitation Act. These federal laws protect the rights of
students with disabilities.
2. Differentiate between
ODD and SPD. Ans-

ODD SPD
1. Distruptive behaviour 1. Difficulty in responding

2. Pattern of disobedience 2. Neurological jam
3. Rebellious 3. Reading is difficult.
4. Anger outburst 4. Problem in senses.
5. Deliberately annoy 5. Difficulty in motor responses
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3. Discuss the nature and causes of ADHD.
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Ans-ADHD tends to run in families and, in most cases, it's
thought the genes you inherit from your parents are a
significant factor in developing the condition.
Research shows that parents and siblings of someone with ADHD
are more likely to have ADHD themselves.
4. Mention the symptoms and causes of ODD.
Ans-
● irritable mood
● a short temper or touchy mood
● being argumentative
● a habit of refusing to comply with requests from adults
● excessive arguing with adults and authority figures
● a habit of questioning or actively disregarding rules
● a pattern of behavior intended to upset, annoy, or
anger others, especially authority figures
● a tendency to blame others for mistakes and misbehaviour
Short Answer Questions-II (Carrying
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3 Marks) 1.Elaborate the meaning of
disability.
Ans-A disability is any condition that makes it more difficult for

a person to do certain activities or interact with the world
around them. These conditions, or impairments, may be
cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory,
or a combination of multiple factors
2. Briefly discuss the concept of disorder.
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Ans-An illness that disrupts normal physical or mental
functions. Oxford English Dictionary. A disorder could be
defined as a set of problems, which result in causing significant
difficulty, distress, impairment and/or suffering in a person's
daily life.
3. Discuss about cognitive disability.
Ans-Due to cognitive disorder, a person's ability to learn,

speak, memorize, and problem solving skills are disrupted.
Due to cognitive disorder, the person suffers from dementia, and
delirium disease. In addition, it adversely affects the memorizing
power and reasoning power
4. Explain any three causes of disability.
Ans-Injuries due to road traffic accidents, occupational

injury, violence, conflicts, falls and landmines have long been
recognized as contributors to disability. Mental health problems–
mental health retardation and mental illness are the causes of
mental disability
5. Discuss about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

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Ans-ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental
disorders of childhood. It is usually first diagnosed in childhood
and often lasts into adulthood. Children with ADHD may have
trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors (may act
without thinking about what the result will be), or be overly active.
6. Mention the symptoms of ADHD in children.
constantly fidgeting
being unable to concentrate on tasks
excessive physical movement
excessive talking
being unable to wait their turn
Ans-
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acting without thinking
interrupting conversations
● little or no sense of danger
7. Explain about Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD).
Ans-Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) is a complex disorder

of the brain in which an individual's processing of sensory
stimuli is affected. Sensory stimuli or information includes input
from all the senses i.e., smell, touch, taste, sight, auditory input,
body awareness, interoception, and movement
8. Discuss the causes of SPD.
Ans-Doctors don't know what causes SPD. They're exploring a

genetic link, which means it could run in families. Some doctors
believe there could be a link between autism and SPD. This could
mean that adults who have autism could be more likely to have
children who have SPD
9. Elucidate about Autism Spectrum Disorder.

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Ans-Autism Spectrum Disorder is a complex developmental
disorder distinguished by difficulties in social interaction verbal
and non-verbal communication behavioural problems including
repetitive behaviour and narrow focus of interest.
10. Discuss the causes of ASD.
Ans-Genetics. Several different genes appear to be

involved in autism spectrum disorder. For some children,
autism spectrum disorder can be associated with a genetic
disorder, such as Rett syndrome or fragile X syndrome. For
other children, genetic changes (mutations) may increase the
risk of autism spectrum disorder.
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11.What do you mean by Oppositional Defiant Disorder?
Ans. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a condition in which your
child displays a pattern of uncooperative, defiant and angry behavior
toward people in authority.
12.Discuss the causes of ODD.

Ans. There's no known clear cause of oppositional defiant disorder.
Contributing causes may be a combination of inherited and
environmental factors, including: Genetics — a child's natural
disposition or temperament and possibly neurobiological differences
in the way nerves and the brain function.
13.Discuss any three advantages of physical activities for

children with Special Needs.
Ans. The benefits of regular physical activity are many:
 Better overall fitness.
 Improved cognitive health.
 Better control of weight.
 Healthier bone density.
 Better emotional and psychological health.
 Improved social skills.
 Improved motor skills.
 More self-esteem.
14.Discuss in detail the symptoms and causes of ASD (Autism

Spectrum Disorder).
Ans. A child or adult with autism spectrum disorder may have
limited, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities,
including any of these signs: Performs repetitive movements, such
as rocking, spinning or hand flapping. Performs activities that could
cause self-harm, such as biting or head-banging.
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15.Differentiate between cognitive and physical
disability.Differentiate between cognitive and physical
disability.Differentiate between cognitive and physical disability.
Ans. The difference between cognitive and physical disability is
mentioned below-
1. Cognitive disability is also described as intellectual disability. It is
generally referred to as the difficulties faced by a person to execute
all the cognitive and mental engagement. Mental impairment caused
by various factors like neurological, genetic, biological, and
psychological limits the person to perform the simple tasks that are
performed by other persons effortlessly. Examples of cognitive
disability are-
a. Dyslexia
b. Dysgraphia
c. Psychosis
d. Autism
e. Dementia
f. Alzheimer's disease
2. Physical disabilities are caused externally that disables a person
to perform their tasks physically. They may or may not be mentally
impaired. Physically disabled persons face difficulty to execute daily
activities for living. Their strength and stamina minimize. There are
various types of physical disabilities like impairment in hearing and
speech, locomotive disabilities, and visual disfigurement. Physical
disabilities can also be caused by external accidents. Examples of
physical disabilities are listed below-
a. Epilepsy
b. Cystic fibrosis
c. Injuries in the brain and spinal cords
16.What are the types of disability? Explain briefly.

Ans. A person who has cognitive disability has trouble performing
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mental tasks which an average person would be able to easily. (b)
Intellectual disabilities: It is characterized by below average
intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day to
day living.
17.What are disability etiquettes? Explain.

Ans. Disability etiquettes is a set of guidelines to deal with the
people facing physical or mental disabilities.
18.Describe any one type of disorder in detail.

Ans. (a) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
It is a disorder in which a person is unable to control Behavior due to
difficulty in processing neural stimuli, accompanied by an extremely
high level of motor activity. ADHD can affect children and adults, but
it is easiest to perceive during schooling
19.Plan a strategy for making physical activity accessible for

children with special needs.
Ans.
 Medical check up.
 Interest of child to be considered.
 Modified Equipment to be used.
 Provide specific environment.
 Variety of instruction.
 Modified rules.
 Previous knowledge to be considered.
20.Discuss the types of disability.

Ans. The main categories of disability are physical, sensory,
psychiatric, neurological, cognitive and intellectual. Many people with
disability have multiple disabilities. A physical disability is the most
common type of disability, followed by intellectual and sensory
disability.
21.Mention the symptoms and causes of ODD.

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Ans. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a type of behavior
disorder. Children with ODD are uncooperative, defiant, and hostile
toward peers, parents, teachers, and other authority figures.
Developmental problems may cause ODD. Or the behaviors may be
learned.
1.Elaborate the concept of disability and disorder in detail.

Ans. Disability: - Any disadvantage due to which an individual is not
able to perform the activities of normal human life is known as
disability. Disorder: Any disruption due to which an individual is not
able to perform his daily human activities is known as disorder.
2.What do you mean by disability? Discuss the types of
disability.
Ans. A disability is any continuing condition that restricts everyday
activities. The Disability Services Act (1993) defines 'disability' as
meaning a disability: which is attributable to an intellectual,
psychiatric, cognitive, neurological, sensory or physical impairment
or a combination of those impairments.
3.Elucidate the causes of disability.

Ans.
 Poverty and malnutrition. Poverty is one of the biggest causes
of disability. ...
 War. In today's wars, more civilians than soldiers are killed or
disabled, and most of them are women and children. ...
 Nuclear accidents. ...
 Poor access to health care. ...
 Illness. ...
 Medicines and injections. ...
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 Dangerous work conditions. ...
 Accidents.
4.What do you mean by disorder? Discuss Attention Deficit

Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and its causes in detail.
Ans. ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental
disorders of childhood. It is usually first diagnosed in childhood and
often lasts into adulthood. Children with ADHD may have trouble
paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors (may act without
thinking about what the result will be), or be overly active.
5.What do you mean by Sensory Processing Disorder? Discuss
the causes of SPD.
Ans. Sensory processing disorder (SPD) is a condition that affects
how your brain processes sensory information (stimuli). Sensory
information includes things you see, hear, smell, taste, or touch. SPD
can affect all of your senses, or just one. SPD usually means you're
overly sensitive to stimuli that other people are not.
6.What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? Discuss its causes in
detail.
Ans. Overview. Autism spectrum disorder is a condition related to
brain development that impacts how a person perceives and
socializes with others, causing problems in social interaction and
communication. The disorder also includes limited and repetitive
patterns of behavior.
7.What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder? Discuss its causes in
detail.
Ans. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a condition in which your
child displays a pattern of uncooperative, defiant and angry behavior
toward people in authority. ODD is treatable with psychotherapy and
parent management training.
8.What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? Elaborate the
causes of OCD.
Ans. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental illness that
causes repeated unwanted thoughts or sensations (obsessions) or
the urge to do something over and over again (compulsions). Some
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people can have both obsessions and compulsions. OCD isn't about
habits like biting your nails or thinking negative thoughts.
9.What do you mean by disability etiquettes? Mention any five

general disability etiquettes.
Ans. Basic Disability Etiquette involves treating people with
Disabilities with respect. For example, speak to the person directly,
not to the person accompanying them. Do not use terms such as “the
Disabled” or “the Handicapped.” Avoid referring to people by their
Disability.
10.Discuss the advantages of physical activities for children with
special needs in detail.
11.Discuss the various strategies to make physical activities

accessible for children with special needs in detail.
Ans. The benefits of regular physical activity are many:

 Better overall fitness.
 Improved cognitive health.
 Better control of weight.
 Healthier bone density.
 Better emotional and psychological health.
 Improved social skills.
 Improved motor skills.
 More self-esteem.
12.What are the benefits of physical activity for children with

special needs?
Ans. Children with special need help and guidance while performing
various activities. ...
 (a) There is improvement in muscle strength, coordination and
flexibility.
 (b) Improve exercise endurance, cardiovascular efficiency and
increase life expectancy.
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13.Write short notes on OCD and ODD.
Ans. People with OCD find it hard to control their impulses, which
leads to repetitive behaviors. Those with ODD have problems
relating to authority like parents, teachers, and supervisors. These
two behavioral disorders are characterized by an inability to regulate
emotions that result in disturbing behavior.
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L-5 Children and Women in Sports
1. Name the eating disorder in which a female athlete eats

excessive amount of food and then vomits it in order not
to gain weight.
Ans.People with bulimia eat much more (during a set period of

time) than most people would.
2. In which disorder, the female athletes think only about

food, dieting and body weight all the time?
Ans.The female athlete triad
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3. In which Olympics, there was no participation of women?
Ans.Athens 1896
4. Name the first in woman who secured a bronze medal

in Olympic games.
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Ans.Karnam Malleswari,
5. Vinesh Phogat, Babita Kumari and Shakshi Malik are

related towhich sports?
Ans.female wrestlers
6. Mithali Raj is related to which game?
Ans.Indian Women's cricket
Fill in the blanks
1. Early childhood starts from 3rd year and continues till

[Birth to Eight Years]year.
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2. Bow legs is also called[genu varum]
3. Kyphosis,
lordosis and [Scoliosis.] are three types of spinal
deformities.
4. There
was no participation of women in first modern
Olympic games which were held [1896] in Athens.
5. Female
athlete triad is a syndrome in which osteoporosis,
amenorrhoea and [disordered eating] are included.
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1. Elucidate the meaning of motor development.
Ans. the physical growth and strengthening of a child's bones,

muscles and ability to move and touch his/her surroundings.
2. Whatdo you mean by gross motor development and

fine motor development?
Ans.movements that involve large muscle groups and are

generally more broad and energetic than fine motor movements.
3. Enumerate about the motor development in early childhood.
Ans.Fine motor skills refer to small movements in the hands,

wrists, fingers, feet, toes, lips and tongue.
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4. Elucidate the motor development in middle childhood.
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Ans.children continue to build on and improve gross motor
skills; the large-scale body movement skills such as walking
and running that they first learned during earlier
developmental stages.
5. Explain any two factors affecting motor development.
Ans.gross motor skills and fine motor skills.
6. Explain the motor development in late childhood.
Ans.the physical growth and strengthening of a child's bones,

muscles and ability to move and touch his/her surroundings.
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7. Mention the corrective measures related to lordosis,
Ans.The following exercises should be performed as corrective

measures for Lordosis:
From standing position, bend forward from hip level. ...
Lie down on your back, raise your head and legs simultaneously
for 10 times.
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Perform sit-ups regularly.
Halasana should be performed regularly.
8. Mention the corrective measures related to scoliosis.
Ans.exercise, medical observation, scoliosis-specific physical

therapy, and chiropractic treatment from a chiropractic scoliosis
specialist.
9. Discuss
the corrective measures for common postural
deformities?
Ans.Some postural deformities are kyphosis, flat foot, knock knee

etc....
Corrective Measures:
. Regular and appropriate exercises.
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. Regular yogic exercises (Chakrasana, Dhanurasana,
Bhujangasana, etc).
. Swimming is recommended.
10. Whatdo you mean by 'round shoulders'? Suggest

any four physical activities for correcting round
shoulders.
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Ans.(i) Rotate your shoulders in backward directions. (ii) Do push-
ups regularly to strengthen your shoulder muscles. (iii) Regular
physical activities, such as yoga, aerobics, swimming, cycle are
recommended to strengthen whole body. (iv) Walk in Vishram
position.
11. Write about the deformities of spinal curvature.
Ans.Abnormal curvature in the spine can put it out of alignment.

Abnormal curvature seen from the side is called sagittal imbalance.
Types of sagittal imbalance include kyphosis, flatback syndrome,
and chin-on-chest syndrome. Abnormal curvature of the spine
seen from the back is called scoliosis.
12. Explain the causes of kyphosis and lordosis.
Ans.Poor posture in childhood, such as slouching, leaning back in

chairs and carrying heavy schoolbags, can cause the ligaments
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and muscles that support the vertebrae to stretch. This can pull
the thoracic vertebrae out of their normal position, resulting in
kyphosis.
13. Discuss the causes of knock-knees and bow legs.
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6
Ans.Causes of knock knees
Knock knee can be caused by an underlying congenital or

developmental disease or arise after an infection or a traumatic
knee injury.
14. Mention
the corrective measures related to knock-knees
and bow legs.
Ans.Causes of Knock Knees
(i) Heredity: Defects like kyphosis and other genetic defects

may cause poor posture
(ii) Lack of Exercise: Exercise tones up spinal nerves,

improves coordination and reduces mental strain, improves
physical ability and efficiency Lack of exercise leads to
postural deformity
(iii) Obesity: Overweight puts extra stress or strain on the

muscular as well as skeletal structure of the body which may
results in postural deviations
(iv) Overload: It may develop round shoulders and problem in

spine by continuously lifting heavy load on shoulders
(v) Weakness of muscles and ligaments
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(vi) Long standing
(vii) Because of local foot wear
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15. Mention
the corrective measures related to round
shoulders and flatfoot.
Ans. Flat foot is a deformity of the feet. In this deformity, there is

no arc in the foot and the foot is completely flat, which may cause
pain in the foot during running and walking.
16. Briefly discuss flatfoot.
Ans.In typical feet, the arch leaves a footprint similar to the one
depicted on the left, while flatfeet typically produce a footprint
such as the one pictured on the right. Flatfeet is a common
condition, also known as flatfoot, in which the arches on the
inside of the feet flatten when pressure is put on them.
17. Suggest four corrective measures for flatfoot.
Ans.Exercises for Flat
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Feet Heel stretches.
Tennis/golf ball
rolls. Arch lifts.
Calf raises.
Stair arch raises.
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Towel curls.
Toe raises.
Other treatments.
18. Mention the corrective measures related to kyphosis.
Ans.a ) Five physical exercises as corrective measures for

Kyphosis are: i) Improve your habit and be alert while you sit,
stand or walk. ii) Interlock your finger behind back and pull your
shoulders upward and backward iii) Rotate your shoulders in
backward directions only. iv) Bhujangasana is recommended.
19. Mention exercise guidelines for early childhood

and later childhood.
Ans.Early childhood (3 to 8 years)
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Exercise to develop competence in movement skills. Emphasis on
participation not on competition. Activities related to fine motor
skills
Minimum one hour regular medium exercise
Recreative & enjoyable methods of physical
activities. Clean & safe environment
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Later childhood (8 to 12 years)
Exercise to develop body control, strength and coordination.

Activities related to endurance should be avoided.
Organised or team games to develop social-consciousness
Teach basic rules of sports i.e. fair, play, simple
strategies. Introduction to the concept of sports
training.
20. Briefly
discuss about any three reasons of less
participation of women in sports.
Ans.Time constraints Women find less, time for sports due to their
domestic duties.
Social constraints The attitude of society towards participation of

women in sports is negative.
Lack of sports infrastructure This is particularly so for infrastructure

exclusively for women.
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21. Discuss the concept of women's participation in sports in
India.
Ans.The participation of women in sports has increased

tremendously. As per Census 2011, the population of India is
1210.19 million comprising
586.47 million (48.5%) females and 623.72 million (51.5%) males.
Females
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have a share of 48.1% in the urban population and of 48.6% in the
rural population.
22. Discuss menarche and menstrual dysfunction.
Ans.Due to the relative immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-

ovary axis in the first 2 years following menarche, more than half
of the menstrual cycles are anovulatory. This results in irregular
cycles where cycle frequency can vary from less than 20 days to
more than 90 days.
23. What do you mean by triad? Discuss its symptoms.
Ans.The female athlete triad (the triad) refers to a constellation of 3

clinical entities: menstrual dysfunction, low energy availability (with
or without an eating disorder), and decreased bone mineral density
(BMD).
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24. Write a short note on eating disorders.
Ans.Eating disorders are illnesses in which the people

experience severe disturbances in their eating behaviors and
related thoughts and emotions. People with eating disorders
typically become pre-occupied with food and their body
weight.There are three main types of eating disorders: anorexia
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nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder.People with
anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa tend to be perfectionists
with low self-esteem and are extremely critical of themselves and
their bodies. They usually “feel fat” and see themselves as
overweight, sometimes even despite
life-threatening semi-starvation (or malnutrition).
25. What
is osteoporosis? Discuss any two factors which
may lead to osteoporosis in female athlete.
Ans.A lifelong lack of calcium plays a role in the development of

osteoporosis. Low calcium intake contributes to diminished bone
density, early bone loss and an increased risk of fractures. Eating
disorders.
Severely restricting food intake and being underweight weakens
bone in both men and women.
26. What do you mean by amenorrhoea? Discuss any

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two factors which enhance the chances of amenorrhea.
Ans.Excessively low body weight — about 10% under normal

weight — interrupts many hormonal functions in the body,
potentially halting ovulation. Women who have an eating
disorder, such as anorexia or bulimia, often stop having periods
because of these abnormal hormonal changes. Excessive
exercise.
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27. Why is women participation much less?
Ans.1. Lack of interest of spectators and no coverage of women

sports. 2. Lack of education among women.
28. How
can women's participation in sports and
games be encouraged in India? Explain.
Ans.i) Self confidence must be developed in women.
ii) Female role model to be highlighted
iii) More time and facilities to be given to women participation
iv) Women should be aware regarding the benefits of

sports. (Job opportunities, Personality development etc.
v) Better safety measures to be implemented.
vi) Legislation regarding women in sports should be more flexible.
vii) Attitude of spectators and media should be motivating
viii) Women coaches should be appointed in more number
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ix) Equal importance to be given to female in sports
100
29. Write
in brief about osteoporosis. What are the
causes of osteoporosis in women?

disorders.
30. What is osteoporosis? Explain the factors that

lead to osteoporosis in women.

disorders.
31. What are the causes of osteoporosis?

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disorders.
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32. What are the causes of bad posture?
Ans.Common causes of bad posture
Pain or past injuries When you experience pain in your back or

neck muscles or any other part of the body, you tend to overcome
the pain by holding your body in a different position. ...
Low nutritional state. ...
Hereditary. ...
Extra weight. ...
Habit. ...
Your job. ...
Lifestyle and fashion.
33. Define motor development and list down the factors

affecting it.
103
Ans.Motor development has two main components: gross motor
skills and fine motor skills. Growth of the child, environment,
genetics, muscle tone, and gender are all factors that affect motor
development.
104
1. What do you mean by motor development? Explain

the motor development during childhood.
Ans.Motor development means the physical growth and

strengthening of a child's bones, muscles and ability to move
and touch his/her surroundings. A child's motor development
falls into two categories: fine motor and gross motor.
2. Discuss the factors affecting motor development in detail.
Ans.There are various factors which affect the motor development

in children They are
(a) Heredity: The motor development largely depends on

the genetic factors Children get
genetic traits of development from their parents It includes height,

weight, muscle mass etc.
(b) Environment: Healthy environment provides encouragement

105
and security Encouragement by the parents leads to sensory
and motor development. Children who get more opportunities
for playful activities have much better motor development than
those who are less exposed to educational environment
106
(c) Regular physical activity: Regular physical activity in the
form of yogal calisthenics/aerobics/participation in games and
sports always promote motor development These are
necessary for basic foundation of life it makes the child
confident with good development of strength speed and
endurance (d) Nutrition: For the growth of mind and body,
nutritious and balanced diet is important
Children who eat balanced and nutritious food are mentally strong
and healthy, whereas those
who do not gel nutritious food remain weak forever It directly

affects the physical and
psychological development of children.
(e) Immunization: It is very important for both mother and children.

It always facilitates better sensory motor development. Many
diseases/flaws can be prevented by proper immunization,
otherwise it can create barriers to the harmonious development
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3. Elucidate the meaning of motor development in
childhood. Discuss in detail about various factors affecting
motor development.
108
Ans.Motor development refers to changes in children's ability to
control their body's movements like walking, jogging, running,
climbing, jumping, throwing etc. Factors affecting motor
development: Biological Factors: Biological factors are related to
the genes. These factors are also known as heredity or genetic
factors.
4. Elucidate the exercise guidelines at different stages of

growth.
Ans.Exercise guidelines of different stages of
growth: Infancy (1 to 3 years)
Early childhood (3 to 8 years)
Later childhood (8 to 12 years)
Adolescence (13 to 19 years)
Adulthood (above 19 years)
Physical Health and Strength.
Physiological benefits of
Exercise.
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5. Explain any five common postural deformities.
Ans.There are various postural deformities like knock knees, Bow

legs, Flat foot, Scoliosis, Lordosis and Kyphosis. Following are the
common postural deformities. Knock knees meaning - Knock
knees or Genu Velgum is a
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postural deformity in which the legs are bent inward and knees
strike each other while walking or running.
6. Mention the causes, precautions and remedies of bow legs.
Ans.There is no known prevention for bowlegs. In some cases,

you may be able to prevent certain conditions that cause
bowlegs. For example, you can prevent rickets by making sure
your child receives sufficient vitamin D, through both diet and
exposure to sunshine. Learn how to safely get vitamin D from
sunlight.
7. Discuss the physical exercises as corrective measure for

kyphosis, lordosis and scoliosis.
Ans.Sit in a chair, your buttocks should touch the back of chair. ...
Always keep a pillow under your back while
sleeping. Bend your head backward in standing

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position.
Perform Dhanurasana, the yogic asana
regularly. Lie down in front lying position. ...
Hold your arms out at shoulder level and bend elbows.
Or
112
Discuss the physical exercises as corrective measures for
the deformities of spinal curvature.
Ans.These deformities can be corrected with the help of

various physical exercises and programmes. For example:i To
correct Kyphosis firstly the person must make himself
conscious while sitting standing or walking.
Secondly he must exercise regularly to stretch the shoulders
back and rotate backward.
8. Suggest corrective measures for flatfoot and lordosis.
Ans.When standing, the entire sole of the foot is in contact with the
ground.Flat feet may develop in childhood if the arches of the feet
do not develop, after an accident, or as a result of normal aging
wear and tear.Flat feet are usually accompanied by no symptoms.
Flat feet, on the other hand, can cause foot pain, particularly in the
heel and arch areas.Treatments for painful flat feet include shoe
arch supports, stretching, or a structurally supportive shoe A
medical term for an inward curvature of a part of the vertebral
column is lordosis. It is distinguished by an increased forward
curvature in the lumber area, which is the primary cause of walking
and standing difficulties. It may cause problems in the lower back
and neck.
This can cause pain and discomfort by putting too much pressure
on the spring. The inward curve of the lumbar spine is referred to
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as lordotic curves (just above the buttocks).
9. Describe the causes, precautions and remedies of

scoliosis.
114
Ans.Causes of Scoliosis: This type of deformity occurs due to
injury or disease. It may be the result of weakening of the spinal
muscles of one side and the strengthening of the muscles of the
other side. It also occurs due to the adaptation of wrong sitting
positions during study or writing when working on table.
10. What are the causes of flatfoot and knock-

knees? Suggest physical activities as corrective
measures for these deformities.
Ans.Generally,the lack of balanced diet specially

vitamin'D',calcium and phosphorus is the main cause of knock
knees.It may also be due to rickets. Obesity,flatfoot,and carrying
heavy weight in early age may be other possible causes of knock
knees.
11. Elucidate the sports participation of women in India in

detail.
115
Ans.In the 1952 Olympic games, the first India women took part. In
2000 Olympia games, karnam malleshwari (weightlifting) become
the first India women to have won a bronze medal. In 1984, P.T
Usha shows very good performance in Athletics. In 2012 London
Olympics Saina Nehwal and M.C.
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12. Elucidate the reasons of low participation of women
in sports and games.
Ans.Lack of access. Girls have 1.3 million fewer opportunities to

play high school sports than boys have. ...
Safety and transportation issues. ...
Social stigma. ...
Decreased quality of experience. ...
Cost. ...
Lack of positive role models.
13. "Equal opportunities should be provided to women

in sports and there should not be any discrimination".
Explain your views in the light of this statement.
Ans.As our country has been developing in every way today,

Women are not being constrained to the kitchen alone. They are
in a state of taking up every responsibility and handle work even
more effectively than men at times.
We are very much aware of the active implementation of

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special female reservation in every field and also aware of the
way women are actively participating in many fields.
118
Equal opportunities should be continued to be given to women in
sports too at the least because of the fact of how women have
proven to be world champions in many sports. Like any other
field, sports should consider women equally and encourage them
to see them flourish with flying colours.
14. What is menstrual dysfunction? Elaborate the

various types of disorders/problems related to menstrual
dysfunction.
Ans.abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), which may include heavy

menstrual bleeding, no menstrual bleeding (amenorrhea) or
bleeding between periods (irregular menstrual bleeding)
dysmenorrhea (painful menstrual periods) premenstrual syndrome
(PMS) premenstrual dysphonic disorder (PMDD)
15. What is Female Athlete Triad? Discuss its

elements/conditions among women athletes.
119
Ans.The female athlete triad (the triad) is an interrelationship of
menstrual dysfunction, low energy availability (with or without an
eating disorder), and decreased bone mineral density; it is
relatively common among young women participating in sports.
120
16. What is osteoporosis? Explain various factors
which usually lead to osteoporosis among women athletes.
Ans.Low estrogen levels and poor nutrition, especially low

calcium intake, can lead to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a
weakening of the bones due to the loss of bone density and
improper bone formation. This condition can ruin a female
athlete's career because it may lead to bone fractures and other
injuries.
17. What is amenorrhoea? Elucidate its types and

factors which may inspire the chances of amenorrhoea.
Ans.It can happen due to changes in organs, glands and

hormones related to menstruation. Secondary amenorrhea is
when you've been getting regular periods, but you stop getting
your period for at least three months, or you stop your menses for
six months when they were previously irregular.
18. Discuss in detail about Female Athlete Triad..
121
122
19. Describe exercise guidelines at different stages
of growth in children. Give suitable examples for every
stage. [CBSE 2018
Ans.Different Stages of growth in children Infancy (1 to 2 years)
(a) Gross motor developmental skills
(b) Head Control
(c) Sitting
(d) Crawling
(e) Moving arms, legs
(f) Reaching to various object
(g) Infants should be provided with objects, toys and games
(h) Throwing Catching and kicking a ball
Early Childhood (3 to 7 years)
(a) Fine motors developmental skills Le coordinative activities.
(b) Movement skills (throwing, jumping, catching or kicking the ball)
(c) Emphasis on participation and not on competition

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(d) Structured as well as unstructured physical activities
should be performed daily for at least sixty minutes daily
(e) They may be allowed to watch quality programmes on TV for

one to two hours.
124
Early Childhood (3 to 7 years)
(a) Fine motors developmental skills ie coordinative

activities. (b) Movement skills (throwing, jumping, catching
or kicking the ball)
(c) Emphasis on participation and not on competition
(d) Structured as well as unstructured physical activities

should be performed daily for at least sixty minutes daily
(e) They may be allowed to watch quality programmes on TV.

for one to two hours Later Childhood (8 to 12 years)
(a) Stunts, throwing, jumping, Catching, running etc so that

they can acquire body
control, strength and coordination
(b) Participation in organized or team games which aim to
develop social consciousness in them.
(c) Children should be introduced to competitive sports and

taught the basic rules of sports competition
(d) Introduction of concept of endurance, strength, agility,
coordination and balance
20. Suggest five exercises as corrective measures for Round

Shoulders and Kyphosis.
125
Ans.Sit in a chair, your buttocks should touch the back of chair. ...
Always keep a pillow under your back while
sleeping. Bend your head backward in standing
position.
126
Perform Dhanurasana, the yogic asana
regularly. Lie down in front lying position. ...
Hold your arms out at shoulder level and bend elbows.
21. How can physical activities be corrective

measures for the common postural deformities?
Ans.These deformities can be corrected with the help of various

physical exercises and programmes. For example: (i) To correct
Kyphosis, firstly, the person must make himself conscious while
sitting, standing or walking.
Secondly, he must exercise regularly to stretch the shoulders
back and rotate backward.
22. Explain 'Flat Foot' and 'Knock Knees' and also

suggest corrective measures for both posture deformities.
Ans.Corrective Measures for Knock Knee and Flat Foot. Following

127
exercises can be performed as a remedy for Flat Foot deformity:
(i) Walking on heels. (ii) Walking on inner and outer side of feet.
(iii) Walking on toes.
128
23. Write in detail the symptoms and causes of
amenorrhoea.
Ans.Depending on the cause of amenorrhea, you might experience

other signs or symptoms along with the absence of periods, such
as:
Milky nipple
discharge. Hair
loss.
Headache.
Vision
changes.
Excess facial hair.
Pelvic pain.
Acne.
24. Give your outlook on participation of Indian women in

sports.
129
Ans.IN 2008 Beijing Olympics 4637 women participated. In the
1952 Olympic games, the first India women took part. In 2000
Olympia games, karnam malleshwari (weightlifting) become the
first India women to have won a bronze medal. In 1984, P.T
Usha shows very good performance in Athletics.
25. What do you understand by the female athlete

triad? Explain the symptoms and causes of any one of
them.
130
26. Define spinal curvature deformities and list

their causes and precautions,
Ans.There are three main types of spine curvature disorders,

including:
Lordosis. Also called swayback, the spine of a person with lordosis

curves significantly inward at the lower back.
Kyphosis. Kyphosis is characterized by an abnormally rounded

upper back (more than 50 degrees of curvature).
Scoliosis.
131
27. Create a table and explain: Different stages of
Growth and Development; Characteristics of
development and guidelines.
Ans.
• Infancy (1-2 years)
• Toddler (2-4 years)
• Early school age (5-7 years)
132
• Middle school age (8-12years)
• Early adolescence (13-17 years)
• Later adolescence (18-25 years)
• Early adulthood (25-30 years)
• Middle adulthood (30-50 years)
• Later adulthood (50 and up)
28. Comment on the outlooks of Indian society towards

the participation of women in sports, supportive reasons of
your opinion.
Ans.For women's participation in sprots we have a look at

ancient period. Regarding participation in the first modern
olympic (1896 athens), there was no participation of women
Women participated first time in 1900 olympics (22 women

participated in)
-In 1904 six women participated.
- And after 100 years in 2000 sydeny olympics 4069

women had participated
133
-In 2008 Beijing olympics 4637 women participated
Participation in India
- In 2000 karnam Malleshwari was the first woman who won

bronze medal in Sydney Olympic from India
134
- In 1984 performance of PT Usha was very good in Athletics
-In 2012 london olympics Saina Nehwal and MC Mericom got

bronze medal In 2016, Rio Olympics, Sakshi Malik won bronze
medal, PV Sandhu won silver medal where as Deepa Karmakar
opened new dimesions in gymanastics Over the past several
decades the participation of women in sports in sports field has
increased tremendously But really, it is a matter of regret for all of
us to know that sports is such a field where gender inequality in
strongly evident. The general social environment has not only
inhibited women from participation in sports but has also criticise
them when they participate Many people comment for women
"Why don't they stay in the kitchen where they belong? But Now
time has changed Women are capable of changing society. Now
the Ideology suggests that women are participating in every
sphere of life and prooving themselves globally
135
L7 PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS
Give one word answers..
1. Which muscle fibres are best used for aerobic activities?
Ans.Slow twitch muscle fibers
2. In
which type of fracture the end of the fractured bone
enters into another bone?
Ans.Buckled fracture
3. Inwh·ich type of fracture a broken bone damages the

internal organs?
Ans.Complicated fracture
4. Who are usually affected by greenstick fracture?
Ans.children younger than 10 years of age
5. Inwhich type of fracture a bone is broken into three or more

pieces?
136
Ans.Comminuted fracture.
6- Which is the injury of ligaments?
Ans.A sprain
7· What is the other name of fast twitch fibres?
Ans.white fibers
137
8. Which type of muscle fibres are capable of contracting for a
longer duration?
Ans. red muscle fibres
Fill in the blank.
1. Aerobic capacity depends upon oxygen intake, oxygen transport

and [oxygen uptake] .
2. [5-6 ml oxygen per minute] is the amount of oxygen which
can be taken by the lungs from atmosphere.
3. [oxygen uptake]is the amount of oxygen which can be
absorbed and consumed by the working muscles
from the blood.
4. There are two types of muscle fibres, i.e., red fibres and [white
fibres] .
5. [Lactic ]acid is usually accumulated in the muscles during intense
physical activity.
6. Metabolic rate [slows down ] with the advancement of age
and consequently there is an increase in
body fat.
Short Answer Questions•II (Carrying 3 Marks)
1. What do you mean by oxygen intake and oxygen uptake?
138
Ans.Oxygen intake is the amount of oxygen drawn from
atmosphere and depends on the lung and alveoli capacity while
oxygen uptake refers to the amount of oxygen which can be
absorbed and consumed by working muscles and depends on
blood flowand temperature and pulmonary diffusion.
2. Does joint structure determine the flexibility? Explain in

brief.
Ans.The structure of a bone plays some role in how flexible it is

and how much resistance there is to movement, as does the
elasticity of the tendons and ligaments that cover the joint.
Tendon and muscle injuries can lead to scarring and this restricts
the degree to which a joint can move.
3. Briefly explain about ageing.
139
Ans.In humans, ageing represents the accumulation of changes in
a human being over time and can encompass physical,
psychological, and social changes. Reaction time, for example,
may slow with age, while memories and general knowledge
typically increase.
4. Discuss
the effect of ageing on the size and strength of
muscles.
Ans.Aging has been associated with a loss of muscle mass that is

referred to as 'sarcopenia'. This decrease in muscle tissue begins
around the age of 50 years, but becomes more dramatic beyond
the 60th year of life. Loss of muscle mass among the aged
directly results in diminished muscle function.
5. Elaborate the effects of ageing on bone density.
Ans.Bones become more brittle and may break more easily.

Overall height decreases, mainly because the trunk and spine
shorten. Breakdown of the joints may lead to inflammation,
pain, stiffness, and deformity. Joint changes affect almost all
older people.
6. Explain
any three physiological factors determining
strength.
Ans.Strength is the ability of muscles to produce force in single

and maximal effort. This depends upon the following physiological
140
factors.
(a) Muscle cross-sectional area: It is generally measured with girth
measurement. The muscle having bigger cross-section area has
more strength because larger muscles have better quality of
action and myosin filaments.
(b) Types of muscle fibre: There are two basic types of fibres.
(1) Slow twitch fibres
(I) Fast twitch fibres.
Fast twitch muscle fibres lead to increase in muscle size strength
with greater explosive power Every individual has different ratios of
slow and fast twitch muscle fibres.
7. Discuss any three physiological factors determining speed.
Ans.Physiological factors for determining speed.

Muscle composition: The muscles which consist of more
percentage of fast twitch fibrescontract with morespeed and
produce a greater speed. ...
Explosive strength: it depends on the shape, size and coordination
of muscles. ...
Flexibility: It also determines the speed.
8. Elaborate
any three physiological factors determining
endurance.
141
Ans.Aerobic capacity: To perform an activity continuously energy
is required by the muscles which can be supplied in the presence
of oxygen. Therefore the ability or organism to maintain the
adequate supply to oxygen to the working muscles for energy
liberation is important for endurance performance.
9. Discuss any three physiological factors determining

flexibility.
Ans.The physiological factors for

determining flexibility are: Muscle strength:
Flexibility depends on the level of
strength. ...
Joint structure: There are several different types of joints in human
body. ...
Age and gender: flexibility decreases with the advancement of age
.
10. Discuss any three effects of exercise on cardio~respiratory
system.
Ans.Improves the muscles' ability to pull oxygen out of the blood,

reducing the need for the heart to pump more blood to the
muscles. Reduces stress hormones that can put an extra burden
on the heart. Works like a beta blocker to slow the heart rate and
lower blood pressure.
11. Discuss any three effects of exercise on muscular system.
142
Ans.Exercise builds and strengthens muscles, which can protect
the bones from injury, and support and protect joints affected by
arthritis. Strong muscles also give stability and improve balance
and coordination. Exercise also improves blood supply to the
muscles and increases their capacity to use oxygen
12. Elaborate
any three physiological changes in human body
due to ageing.
Ans.Abstract. Physiological changes occur with aging in all organ

systems. The cardiac output decreases, blood pressure increases
and arteriosclerosis develops. The lungs show impaired gas
exchange, a decrease in vital capacity and slower expiratory flow
rates.
13. Discuss
the physiological changes in senses due to ageing
process.
Ans.As we age, our sense of touch often declines due to skin

changes and reduced blood circulation to touch receptors or to
the brain and spinal cord. Minor dietary deficiencies such as the
deficiency of thiamine may also be a cause of changes [40]. The
sense of touch also includes awareness of vibrations and pain.
143
14. "Regular physical activity can delay your ageing process:'
Justify your answer in light of the effect of
activities on physiological changes.
Ans.(i) Muscles lose strength due to ageing. But we can maintain
their strength for longer period if we exercise regularly.
(ii) With increase in age cardio-respiratory fitness decreases but
those who continue to exercise keep their cardio system efficient
which slows down the process of ageing.
15. What
do you mean by sprain and strain? Explain their
preventions.
Ans.Sprains and strains both refer to damage to the soft tissues

in the body, including ligaments, tendons, and muscles. They are
common injuries that share some symptoms but affect different
body parts. People can often treat sprains and strains at home. A
sprain is an overstretched, torn, or twisted ligament.
16. Discuss the causes and prevention of fractures.
Ans.While a fracture can't be completely prevented, you can work

towards keeping your bones healthy. To this end, consume
nutritious food including foods rich in vitamin D and calcium. Also,
have an active routine including activities such as walking,
running, weight training, hiking, dancing.
17. What do you mean by joint injuries? Discuss various types

144
of dislocations.
Ans.Dislocation is a condition that happens when the bones of a

joint are knocked out of place. A joint can be partially dislocated
(subluxation) or fully dislocated. A dislocation can be caused by a
trauma (car accident or fall) or the weakening of muscles and
tendons.
18. Classify
the soft tissue injuries and mention the causes
and preventions of any one of them.
Ans.Bursitis – Damage to the small, fluid-filled sacks that cushion

the bones, muscles and tendons around the joints. Stress injuries
– Heavy stress to an area of soft tissue that results in pain and
immobility. Strains/Sprains – An injury to a muscle or tendon that
is often caused by overstretching, hard force or overuse.
19. Explain about any three causes of sports injuries.
145
Ans.A sports injury can be caused by an accident, impact, poor
training practices, improper equipment, lack of conditioning, or
insufficient warm-up and stretching. Muscle sprains and strains,
tears of the ligaments and tendons, dislocated joints, fractured
bones, and head injuries are common.
20. Discussabout any three points through which you can

prevent injuries.
Ans.To reduce the risk

of injury: Take time off.
...
Wear the right gear. ...
Strengthen muscles. ...
21. Briefly state some tips for preventing sports injuries.

...
Increase flexibility. ...
Use the proper technique. ...
Take breaks. ...
Play safe. ...
Do not play through pain.
121
22. What is abrasion? Discuss its treatment in brief.
Ans.Typically, an abrasion is a type of wound where the first layer

of skin is scraped or rubbed off, and sometimes they require more
than just a hug and kiss from mom or dad. These wounds, while
superficial, need to be treated properly to fend off infection and
heal quickly.
23. Whatdo you mean by laceration? How can you treat

laceration?
Ans.A laceration can be anything from a small, minor scrape to a

deep, bleeding cut. In a laceration, none of the skin is missing; it's
just separated.
Stitching and
stapling both:
Promote faster
healing.
Help keep bacteria out of
the wound. Reduce the
chance of infection.
Prevent unsightly scarring.
122
24. What is incision? Discuss its treatment in brief.
Ans.Incision and drainage (I&D) is a widely used procedure in

various care settings, including emergency departments and
outpatient clinics. It is the primary treatment for skin and soft tissue
abscesses, with or without adjunctive antibiotic therapy.
25. Discuss the treatment of sprain.
Ans.Use an ice pack or slush bath of ice and water for 15 to 20

minutes each time and repeat every two to three hours while
you're awake for the first few days after the injury. Compression.
To help stop swelling, compress the area with an elastic bandage
until the swelling stops.
26. Elaborate the treatment of strain…
Ans.Rest the strained muscle and apply ice for the first few days
after the injury.
Anti-inflammatory medicines or acetaminophen (Tylenol) also
help reduce pain and swelling. As the pain decreases, you can
use heat on the muscle. Stretching and light exercises to bring
blood to the injured area can also be useful.
27. What is stress fracture? Mention its treatment.
123
Ans.Stress injuries can be found in the shin bone, foot, heel, hip
and lower back. Treatment for stress fractures usually involves rest
while the bone heals and changing your activity level to prevent
another injury.
28. What is greenstick fracture? Elucidate its treatment.
Ans.A greenstick fracture is a crack or break on one side of a long

bone in the arm or leg that does not extend all the way through the
bone. Children are more likely to have greenstick fractures
because their bones are softer and less brittle than an adult's.
29. What is transverse fracture? How will you treat transverse

fracture?
Ans.Transverse fractures are a type of broken bone. They're

usually caused by traumas like falls or car accidents. Depending
on which of your bones is broken and how it happened, you
might need surgery to repair the fracture. Most people need a
few months to recover from a transverse fracture
124
30. Whatdo you mean by oblique fracture? Briefly mention its
treatment.
Ans.Oblique fractures are a type of broken bone. They happen

when one of your bones is broken at an angle. Depending on
which of your bones is broken — and how it happened — you
might need surgery to repair the fracture. Most people need a
few months to recover from an oblique fracture.
31. Whatdo you mean by joint injuries? Enumerate the types of

dislocations of joints.
Ans.Dislocation is a condition that happens when the bones of a

joint are knocked out of place. A joint can be partially dislocated
(subluxation) or fully dislocated. A dislocation can be caused by a
trauma (car accident or fall) or the weakening of muscles and
tendons.
32. Discuss the objectives of first aid in brief.
Ans.The aims of first aid are to preserve life, prevent harm, and
promote recovery. In first aid, ABC stands for airway, breathing,
and circulation. The recovery position helps minimize further
injury.
33. Whatdo you understand by 'First Aid'? Discuss briefly

about the aims and objectives of First Aid.
123
Ans.First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any
person with either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care
provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or
to promote recovery.
36. List down different types of bone injuries (joints 1s

ocation an fractures) and 1 exp am . any two.
Ans. 1. Transverse Fracture.

Transverse fractures
Long Answer Questions {Carrying 5 Marks)
1. Discuss the physiological factors determining 'strength'

as a component of physical fitness.
Ans.Physiological factors for determining strength.
124
Muscle composition: There are two types of fibres in muscles i.e.
fast twitch fibres and slow twitch fibres. ...
Size of the muscle: The strength of an individual depends on the
size of muscle. ...
Body weight: there is a positive relation between body weight and
strength.
2. Describe the physiological factors determining 'speed'


Muscle composition: The muscles which consist of more
percentage of fast twitch fibrescontract with morespeed and
produce a greater speed. ...
Explosive strength: it depends on the shape, size and coordination
of muscles. ...
Flexibility: It also determines the speed.
3. Explain the physiological factors determining 'endurance'

Ans.1. Aerobic capacity :- To perform an activity continously

energy is required by the muscles which can be supplied in the
presence of oxygen. Therefore the ability or organism to maintain
the adequate supply to oxygen to the working muscles for energy
liberation is important for endurance performance.
125
4. Discuss physiological factors determining 'flexibility'
Ans.The physiological factors for

determining flexibility are: Muscle strength:
Flexibility depends on the level of
strength. ...
Joint structure: There are several different types of joints in human
body. ...
Age and gender: flexibility decreases with the advancement of age.
5. Discuss any five effects of exercise on cardio-respiratory

system.
Ans.The graph shows that as a person goes from rest to exercise,

their tidal volume increases. Heart rate increases – this increases
the rate that oxygen is transported from the blood to the working
muscles and carbon dioxide is transported from the working
muscles to the lungs.
6. Enumerate any five effects of exercise on muscular

system.
126
Ans.Following are five effects of exercise on the muscular system
Shape and Size of Muscle change: if exercise is performed
regularly, it leads to a change in the size and shape of the
muscle. This change is observed because cells of muscle tissue
elongate as a person performs exercise regularly.
More Capillaries are formed: if exercise is performed regularly, it
leads to an increase in the capillaries network in the muscle
tissue which results in better and efficient blood circulation. new
capillaries are formed that increase blood circulation and thereby
improving blood circulation.
Muscle Remains in Tone Position: When exercises are done
regularly it helps our muscles to remain in intoned position.
Regular exercise makes muscle firm and also improves the
posture of the body.
Fat under control: fat content of the body is kept under control
when a person exercises on regular basis. As the metabolic rate
increases the fat content of the body decreases.
Efficiency in the Movement of Muscles: if exercise is
performed regularly, it causes muscle movement to become
more efficient and smooth. The movements during different
activities become faster.
7. Elucidate any five physiological changes due to ageing.
Ans.Physiological changes occur with aging in all organ systems.

The cardiac output decreases, blood pressure increases and
arteriosclerosis develops. The lungs show impaired gas
exchange, a decrease in vital capacity and slower expiratory flow
rates
127
.
8. Recall the adaptive effects that take place in our
cardio-respiratory system after engaging in exercise for
a longer period.
Ans.Adapting effects in our cardiovascular system for a longer

period are: (a) Cardiac output increases: The cardiac output at
rest remains unchanged but at maximum level of exercise it
increases considerably. This increase results mainly from the
increase in maximal stroke volume.
9. What are the various factors affecting physiological

fitness? Explain.
Ans.The following are the factors that affect the physiological

fitness: Anatomical structure: An individual must be appropriate in
body size, shape and structure essential for the performance.
Sometimes genetic impaired organs are responsible for weakness
in structure which limits individual performance. Psychological
factors or stress tension: This can become a barrier to
performance by contributing tension and anxiety which affect the
fitness level of a person. One must be mentally tough/strong and
prepared to perform better.
128
10. Explain in detail about the effects of regular exercise
on cardio-respiratory system.

11. Explain the physiological factors determining speed.

Different muscles of the body have different pwercentage of
fast twitch fibres. Explosive strength: it depends on the
shape, size and coordination of muscles. For very quick and
explosive movement, explosive strength is required.
12. What do you mean by first aid? Discuss the aims and
objectives of first aid in detail.
Ans.First aid is the immediate treatment given to a person who is

suffering from an injury or illness until advanced care is accessed.
The aims of first aid are to: preserve life. prevent illness or injury
from becoming worse.
129
13. What are bone injuries? Discuss the types, causes and
prevention of fracture.
Ans.Fractures most often happen when more force is applied to

the bone than the bone can take. Bones are weakest when they
are twisted. Bone fractures can be caused by falls, injury, or as a
result of a direct hit or kick to the body. Overuse or repetitive
motions can tire muscles and put more pressure on the bone.
14. What do you mean by joint injuries? Discuss the

types and preventive measures of joint injuries.
Ans.Common joint injuries include a twisted ankle, sprained wrist,

overextended elbow, and damaged knee ligaments. Fortunately,
you can take steps to help prevent joint damage. When exercising
for health and fitness, you can be more at risk for overuse injuries,
experts say.
15. Elucidate the causes of sports injuries.
130
16. Elaborate the prevention of sports injuries.

...
Increase flexibility. ...
Use the proper technique. ...
Take breaks. ...
Play safe. ...
Do not play through pain.
17. Mention the treatment of sprain in detail.

Ans.Treatment
Rest. Avoid activities that cause pain, swelling or discomfort. ...
Ice. Even if you're seeking medical help, ice the area
immediately. ...
Compression. To help stop swelling, compress the area with an
elastic bandage until the swelling stops. ...
Elevation.
131
18. Mention the treatment of strain in detail.
Ans.Initial treatment includes rest, ice, compression and

elevation. Mild sprains can be successfully treated at
home. Severe sprains sometimes require surgery to repair
torn ligaments.
19. Discuss the treatment of abrasion, contusion and

laceration.
Ans.Abrasions are treated with thorough irrigation, a topical

antibacterial agent, and an appropriate dressing. Laceration
treatment includes anesthesia use and wound cleaning, suturing
under sterile conditions, application of an appropriate dressing,
and timely follow-up.
20. Mention the treatment of stress fracture, greenstick

fracture and comminuted fract ure.
132
Ans.A greenstick fracture is a crack or break on one side of a long
bone in the arm or leg that does not extend all the way through the
bone. Children are more likely to have greenstick fractures
because their bones are softer and less brittle than an adult’s.
Treatment involves immobilization of the bone, or in some cases
surgery.
21. What do you mean by transverse fracture, oblique

fracture and impacted fract ure? Discuss their treatment in
brief.
Ans.A transverse fracture is when the fracture line is

perpendicular to the shaft (long part) of the bone. An oblique
fracture is when the break is on an angle through the bone. A
pathologic fracture is caused by a disease that weakens the
bone. A stress fracture is a hairline crack
.
22. Write in detail about the dislocation and fractures
among t he bones and joint injuries.
Ans.Comminuted fracture: The bone splinters shatters usually due

to a crushing injury. Impacted fracture: When the broken ends of
both the bones drive into one another. b Joint injuries: These
include dislocation with subluxation and luxatiom. Dislocation
occurs when the position of bones in joints is altered.
23. Classify sports injuries. Explain PRICE

133
procedure as a treatment of soft tissue injuries.
Ans.Sports injuries are usually classified as either direct or

indirect (cause), soft tissue or hard tissue (location) or as acute
and overuse injuries (type). Direct injuries are caused by an
external force or collision, which is produced by a source outside
of the body.
Minor injuries, such as mild sprains and strains, can often be
initially treated at home using PRICE therapy for two or three
days. PRICE stands for protection, rest, ice, compression and
elevation. Protection – protect the affected area from further injury
– for example, by using a support.
24. What are the causes of sports injuries? How

sports injuries can be prevented? Explain briefly.

25. What do you understand by fracture? How can

fractures be classified? Explain.
134
Ans.A closed fracture is also called a simple fracture. In a closed
fracture, the broken bone doesn't break your skin. An open
fracture is also called a compound fracture. In an open fracture,
the ends of the broken bone tear your skin.
26. What are the physiological factors that help a

physical education teacher/coach in selection of a sports
activity for a student?
Ans.Physiological factors that help a physical education

teacher/coach in selecting a sports activity for a student is the
scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of
living things, or the study of body functions.
27. What is the effect of exercise on cardio-respiratory

and muscular system.
Ans. Whenever we perform any strenuous exercise, the demand

for oxygen increases, therefore during exercise the supply of
oxygen to the muscles is the urgent need as oxygen cannot be
stored in muscles. Hence heart functions faster to increase the
systemic circulation as well as the pulmonary circulation.
28. What are the effects of exercising on the cardio-

respiratorv system? Explain
135
136
L8 BIOMECHANIC IN SPORT
Give one word answers.
1. Namethe type of movement in which the angle at a joint

decreases and the parts come closer
togethe
r.
Ans.Fle
xion
2. Name the typ.e of movement in which the angle at a joint

increases and the parts m
.ove farther apart.
Ans.Extension is the opposite of flexion, describing a straightening

movement that increases the angle between body parts.
3. Who formulated the laws of motion?
137
Ans.mathematician Isaac Newton
4. Whichlaw of motion is applied when a basketball player

dribbles the ball on the court?
Ans.Newton's third law of motion
5. Which law of motion is applied during the take off in high

jump?
Ans.An athlete prefers to land on sand instead of hard floor while

taking a high jump.
138
6. Whena cricket ball is hit, it rolls on the surface of the
ground and fin ally it stops after some time.
Which type of dynamic friction is applied
on the ball? Ans.force of friction
Fill in the blank..
1. Sliding friction and rolling friction are the types of [ static ]friction .
2. Friction is usually called a necessary [ better performance] in

sport s.
3. Thrust
against the water in swimming is an example of the law of
[Newton's 3rd law of motion]
4. Starting on roman rings is an exa mple of the law of [law of

Inertia.]
5. Athletes use spikes to have[increase in friction] so that t hey may

run fast
Short Answer Questions-II (Carryi'ng 3 Marks)
1. Discuss various types of friction.

139
Ans.There are four types of friction: static, sliding, rolling, and fluid
friction. Static, sliding, and rolling friction occur between solid
surfaces. Static friction is strongest, followed by sliding friction,
and then rolling friction, which is weakest. Fluid friction occurs in
fluids, which are liquids or gases.
2. What do you mean by friction? Describe various types of

friction.
Ans.Friction is the force that opposes the motion of a solid object

over another. There are mainly four types of friction: static friction,
sliding friction, rolling friction, and fluid friction.
140
3. Is friction advantageous or disadvantageous in the field
of games and sports? Give your commentwith examples.
Ans. Friction is usually called necessary evil. It means it is

essential in the life and we cannot do any work without it.
4. "Friction is a necessary evil." Justify your answer with

suitable examples from sports.
Ans.Friction is how things accelerate. Without friction we would

not be able to walk, we would just be slipping. Without friction we
can not give better performance in sports. Examples: athletes
use spikes and footballers use studs to have appropriate friction
while they run fast.
5. Explain the ·law of inertia.
Ans.law of inertia, also called Newton's first law, postulate in

physics that, if a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in
a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight
line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force.
141
6. Explain the law of acceleration.
Ans.Newton's second law can be formally stated as, The

acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same
direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass
of the object. This statement is expressed in equation form as, a
= F n e t m.
7. Explain the law of reaction.
Ans.the law of action and reaction. Newton's third law states that
when two bodies interact, they apply forces to one another that
are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The third law is
also known as the law of action and reaction.
142
8. Differentiate between flexion and extension.
Ans.the law of action and reaction. Newton's third law states that
when two bodies interact, they apply forces to one another that
are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The third law is
also known as the law of action and reaction.
9. Differentiate between adduction and abduction.
Ans.Abduction and adduction are terms that refer to certain body

motions or movements. Abduction is the opposite of adduction.
With abduction, limbs (arms, legs or fingers) are moved away from
your body's midline. Adduction, however, refers to moving your
limbs closer to the midline.
10. What do you mean by biomechanics? Explain in brief.
Ans.the study of the structure and function of biological systems by

means of the methods of mechanics.
143
11. With the help of suitable examples discuss the
application of Newton's Laws of Motion in sports.
Ans.A skater gliding on ice will continue gliding with the same
speed and in the same direction, unless an external force acts
upon the skater.
12. Discuss in detail about any two movements of the

body.
Ans. Abduction and adduction motions occur within the coronal

plane and involve medial-lateral motions of the limbs, fingers, toes,
or thumb. Abduction moves the limb laterally away from the midline
of the body, while adduction is the opposing movement that brings
the limb toward the body or across the midline.
144
14. State Newton's laws of motion and explain their implication
in sports of your choice.
Ans.This law states that to every action, there is always an equal

and opposite reaction.
15. Biomechanicshelps in improving technique and

equipment of sports. Explain with su itable examples.
Ans.i.)Improves performance in sports: principles of biomechanics

tell us about right techniques, effective and result oriented posture
to get more efficient results by applying minimum muscular force
which in turn Improves performance in sports
il Improvement in technique: with the help of biomechanical

principles the physical education teacher corrects the mistakes.
This helps in improving the game and performance of the player.
Development of improved sports equipment: the principles

iii.
of biomechanics are used to modify the sports equipments.
For example, tee shirts, studs, spikes, swimming costumes,
145
hockey sticks, different size footballs and low weight helmets
for protection
iv. Improve
in training techniques: a teacher can analyse the
player's movement or action with the help of
the biomechanical principles. It helps in improving the training

techniques
v. Prevents sports injuries: it helps to find out the factors or

the forces that can lead to the injuries during the game
situation. It also helps in prevention of the sports injury.
146
16. What is flexion? Give two suitable examples.
Ans.a movement in which the angle between two body segments

gets smaller. Take a minute to think of any two body segments
next to each other. Examples are the hand and forearm, thigh and
shin, arm and torso,
17 • Explain the law of reaction with suitable examples in the

field of sports.
Ans.This law states that to every action, there is always an equal

and opposite reaction. While swimming, the swimmer pushes the
water backwards using his hands and thus attains a forward
push due to an equal and opposite reaction from the water.
Long Answer Questions
1. What is friction? Explain its types. Is it. advantageous or

disadvantageous in the feild of sports? Give your view
Ans.Friction is usually called a necessary evil. It means that it is

essential in games and sports. Without friction we cannot give a
better performance in the field of sports. For example athletes
use spikes and football players use studs to have appropriate
friction while they run fast.
147
2 Elucidate Newton's laws of motion and their applications iin
various games and sports.
Ans.1.Newton's First Law of Motion Law of inertia
This law states that a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in
motion will remain in motion at the same speed and in the same
direction till any external force is applied on it to change that state
Application in sports
Example: In basketball, players on the court must keep in mind

about dribbling because the ball will continue to bounce for some
time if they lose control if the ball bounces too far away from the
player, his or her team can lose possession
2. Newton's Second Law of Motion
This law states that the acceleration of an object is directly

proportional to the force producing
148
it and inversely
proportional to its mass
Application in sports
•Runners struggle while stopping at the finish line because it
requires a very sudden change In motion
•Shot put throw
3. Newton's Third Law of Motion
This law states that to every action, there is always an equal and
opposite reaction Application in sports
While swimming, the swimmer pushes the water backwards using

his hands and thus attains a forward push due to an equal and
opposite reaction from the water
3. Discuss the various types of movements in detail.
Ans.types of Movements
1. Flexion: Flexion is movement decreasing the angle between

articulating bones For example flexion at the elbow is
decreasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus
2. Extension: Extension is the opposite of flexion, describing a

straightening movement that increases the angle between
149
body parts For example, when standing up, the knees are
extended.
3. Adduction: Adduction is movement towards the mid line
of the body also applies to movements Inwards and across
the body eg right femur extended out to the right side,
inwards towards or across the centre of the body
4. Abduction Abduction is movement away from the mid line of

the body. For example Abduction of the hip is when the femur
(upper-leg bone) moves outward to the side 5. Rotation: Rotation
is movement in which something eg a bone or a whole limb,
pivots or
revolves around a single long axis For example: Rotation of the

head slowly from left to right or hip rotation
150
4 What are the various types of frictions how isfriction
advantageous or disadvantageous in the tie of games
and sports? Explain with suitable examples.
Ans.Types of friction
(a) Static friction
(b) Dynamic
(1) Sliding friction
(ii) Roiling friction
Friction: advantageous or disadvantageous with example
Friction is usually called a necessary evil It means that it is

essential in games and sports. Without friction we cannot give a
better performance for example athletes use spikes and football
players use studs to have appropriate friction, without friction they
are unable to run fast. Even gymnasts use lime powder on their
palms to perform on horizontal bar, Uneven bar and roman rings
On the other hand friction is disadvantageous in some games in
cycling there should not be more friction between road and the
151
tyres of the cycle. If there is more friction there will be more
wastage of energy of the rider and leads to damage of equipment
5. What do you mean by biomechanics? Elaborate the

importance of biomechanics in the field of games and
sports.
Ans.Introduction. Biomechanics in sport incorporates a detailed

analysis of sport movements in order to minimise the risk of injury
and improve sports performance. Sport and exercise
biomechanics encompasses the area of science concerned with
the analysis of the mechanics of human movement.
152
6. What are the different types of body movements? Explain.
[CBSE Compt. 20181
Ans.Abduction – movement away from the midline of the body.

This occurs at the hip and shoulder joints during a jumping jack
movement. Adduction – movement towards the midline of the
body. This occurs at the hip and shoulder, returning the arms and
legs back to their original position from a jumping jack movement.
7. What is Biomechanics? How does it help in the field of

games and sports? Explain in detail.
Ans.Biomechanics in sport incorporates a detailed analysis of sport

movements in order to minimise the risk of injury and improve
sports performance. Sport and exercise biomechanics
encompasses the area of science concerned with the analysis of
the mechanics of human movement.
153
8. What is meant by Biomechanics? Explain its
importance in sports with suitable examples.
Ans.Biomechanics in sport incorporates a detailed analysis of sport

movements in order to minimise the risk of injury and improve
sports performance. Sport and exercise biomechanics
encompasses the area of science concerned with the analysis of
the mechanics of human movement.
9. Elaborate the Abduction, Adduction, Flexion and

Extension with suitable examples in detail. Name
themovements involved in curling exercise with weights.
154
Ans.Abduction and adduction are two terms that are used to
describe movements towards or away from the midline of the
body. Abduction is a movement away from the midline – just as
abducting someone is to take them away. For example, abduction
of the shoulder raises the arms out to the sides of the body.
Circumduction is the movement of a body region in a circular

manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays
relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle. It
involves the sequential combination of flexion, adduction,
extension, and abduction at a joint.
10. The teachers as well as coaches always make their

best efforts to improve the performance of their students in
various competitive games and sports. They can help to
improve the performance of studentsif they have adequate
knowledge of biomechanics.
The more force one exerts on the downward bounce, the

1.
higher the ball bounces into the air. Which law is this statement
being referred to?
(a) Newton's 1st law
(b) Newton's
2nd law [(c)
Newton's 3rd
155
law]
(d) Law of gravitation
2. Among the above given pictures, Newton's 3rd law is depicted in
(a) First
(b) Seco
nd [(c)
Both]
(d) None of these
3.The acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net

force acting upon the object and inversely upon the object's.
(a)
Weight
[(b)
Mass ]
(c) Height
156
(d) Density
4. The study of human body and various forces acting on it is
(a) Biology
[(b) Biomechanics]
(c) Physiology
(d) Anatomy
5.A high jumper can jump higher off a solid surface because it
opposes his or her body with as much force as he or she is able
to generate. This example refers to
(a) Law of conservation
(b) Law of inertia
[(c) Law of action &reaction]
(d) Law of gravity
157
L9 PSYCHOLOGY IN SPORTS

1. Who said "The drive to strive is called motivation 11•
Ans. Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence
2. What is that motivation, which occurs when people are

compelled to do something out of pleasure,
importance or desire?
And.Intrinsic Motivation-Intrinsic motivation is internal. It occurs
when people are compelled to do something out of pleasure,
importance or desire. Motivation is always intrinsic when the force
comes from within oneself.
3. What is that motivation, which occurs when external

factors compe\ the person to do something?
Ans.Extrinsic motivation-Extrinsic motivation is external. It occurs
when external factors compel the person to do something.
Motivation is always extrinsic, when external forces, positive or
negative, produce a behavioural change. Reward, punishment,
praise, blame or cash prize are example of extrinsic motivation.
158
4. Which hormone is responsible for elevating mood?
Ans.Serotonin is a chemical messenger that's believed to elevate
your mood.
5. In which aggression, the main aim is to cause injury to the

other sportsperson? Ans.Hostile aggression
Fill in the blanks.

1 . The term 'Motivation' is derived from the word [movere]
2 . in [Hostile aggression]aggression, the main aim is to
cause injury or harm the other sportsperson.
3. Any physical injury that may occur through
unintentional[motor vehicle accidents, falls, and poisonings.]
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4. Endomorph, Mesomorph and Ectomorph are categories of
personality classified by [body types]
5. The drive to strive is called[a
devaluation effect.] Short Answer
Questions-I
1. What do you mean by personality. Explain any one

dimension of personality. Ans.Personality usually means that
an individual is much more than his outer appearence.It also
refers to the pattern of thoughts,feelings,self perseption,attitudes
and values.
2. Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

Ans.Intrinsic motivation involves doing something because it's
personally rewarding to you. Extrinsic motivation involves
doing something because you want to earn a reward or avoid
punishment.
3. Discuss any two techniques of motivation.

Ans.TECHNIQUES OF MOTIVATION Goal setting Reinforcement
Knowledge of Progress Rewards Jobs Social Awards Positive
Talks Provide Best Equipment Positive attitude & environment
Role of Mass Media Role of Spectators Answer Goal Setting: Goal
setting is one of the most powerful techniques of motivation.
160
4. Differentiate between hostile aggression and
instrumental aggression in brief. Ans.Hostile and Instrumental
aggressions as forms of aggression are different because of
their goals. In Hostile Aggression, the goal is to harm someone
triggered by an emotional reaction.
5. Why do we like to do exercise regularly? Give your views.

Ans.Exercise helps people keep a healthy weight and lower their
risk of some diseases. Exercising regularly can help prevent
weight gain, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and high blood
pressure.
6. We do exercise for physiological, psychological and

health benefits. Discuss in brief. Ans.We often hear about the
physical benefits of exercise (e.g., increasing heart health), less
often are the psychological benefits promoted.
161
short Answer Questions-II
1. State any two dimensions of personality in brief.

Ans.Personality is a complete unit in itself but the unit of
personality is made up of various dimensions. Such as-physical
dimension,mental dimension,social dimension,and emotional
dimension.
2. What do you mean by mental dimension of personality?

Briefly explain.
Ans.Mental dimension:It is related to mental and intellectual
strength and abilities. Many great personalities of the world were
not good looking but they possessed mental and intellectual
qualities. If one lays more stress on struggles and learning ,one
become more intellectual.
3. State about emotional dimension of personality in brief.

Ans.Emotion dimension is related to emotional stability. To have
emotional stability is essential aspect of one's personality. It
means that one must have proper control over various emotions
such as fear anger disgust distress amusement or happiness
etc.
162
4. Explain about any three techniques of extrinsic motivation.
Ans.Reward, punishment, praise, blame or cash price are an
example of extrinsic motivation. It has been found that such
devices motivate some person more strongly than others.
5. Discuss intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

Ans.Intrinsic motivation involves doing something because it's
personally rewarding to you. Extrinsic motivation involves
doing something because you want to earn a reward or avoid
punishment.
6. Elucidate any three techniques of motivation.

Ans.TECHNIQUES OF MOTIVATION Goal setting Reinforcement
Knowledge of Progress Rewards Jobs Social Awards Positive
Talks Provide Best Equipment Positive attitude & environment
Role of Mass Media Role of Spectators Answer Goal Setting: Goal
setting is one of the most powerful techniques of motivation.
163
7. Explain any three reasons to exercise in detail.
Ans.Exercise controls weight. Exercise can help prevent excess
weight gain or help maintain weight loss. ...
Exercise combats health conditions and diseases. ...
Exercise improves mood
8. Explain any three benefits of exercise in detail.

Ans.Whatever your age, there's strong scientific evidence that
being physically active can help you lead a healthier and happier
life. People who exercise regularly have a lower risk of developing
many long-term (chronic) conditions, such as heart disease, type
2 diabetes, stroke, and some cancers.
9. Explain any four techniques of motivation for higher

achievement in sports. Ans.TECHNIQUES OF MOTIVATION
Goal setting Reinforcement Knowledge of Progress Rewards
Jobs Social Awards Positive Talks Provide Best Equipment
Positive attitude & environment Role of Mass Media Role of
Spectators Answer Goal Setting: Goal setting is one of the most
powerful techniques of motivation.
10. Discuss the dimensions of personality.

164
Ans.These dimensions are actually categorical measures that
help us analyse people's behaviour in terms of their main
characteristics, motivating force, temperament, and character.
Traits, motivation, temperament, and character are the four
categories of dimensions.
11. Elaborate the types of personality.

Ans.The Big 5 personality traits, which spell out the word CANOE,
fall on these ranges: Conscientiousness (spontaneous to
conscientious)
Agreeableness (hostile to
agreeable) Neuroticism
(stable to neurotic)
Openness (closed to open)
Extroversion (introverted to
extroverted)
12. Define motivation and discuss its types.
165
Ans.A motive is an agent of motivation. A motive is a goal, an
aim, ambition, a need, a want, an interest, or a desire that
motivates an individual towards an action. On the other hand, the
term 'Motivation' refers to the process by which motives motivate
an individual towards an action.
13. Discuss any three strategies for enhancing

adherence to exercise in detail. Ans.Perform an active warm
up/warm down every session to minimise injuries. Limit your
excuses (time/laziness) – if training in the afternoon after work
is tough, design all the training sessions in the morning before
work. Use a DEXA scan as a monitoring tool to keep you
motivated.
14-. Discuss Sheldon's type and traits of personality in detail.

Ans.Sheldon classified people according to three body types, or
somatotypes: endomorphs, who are rounded and soft, were said
to have a tendency toward a “viscerotonic” personality (i.e.,
relaxed, comfortable, extroverted); mesomorphs, who are square
and muscular, were said to have a tendency toward a
“somotonic”
15. Discuss Jung's classification of personality in brief.

Ans.Jung's classification of personality:
166
(a) Judging- Extraversion and Introversion represent the
source and cause of an individual every expression.
(b) Sensing-Intuition sensing is a way in which an individual
believes and understands the information made or female
obtain directly from outside sources.
16. Elaborate the types of aggression in sports in brief. [Al

2020]
Ans.(a) Hostile Aggression: Hostile aggression is when the main
aim is to cause harm or injury to your opponent. For example, a
bowler sending a bouncer to distract the concentration of
batsman.
(b) Instrumental Aggression is when the main aim in achieving the
goal by using aggression.
17. Discuss the meaning and concept of aggression.

Ans. a forceful action or procedure (such as an unprovoked
attack) especially when intended to dominate or master. 2 : the
practice of making attacks or encroachments especially :
unprovoked violation by one country of the territorial integrity of
another warned that any act of aggression could start a war.
167
18. What do you mean by motivation? Explain the
different techniques of motivation to achieve high goals in
sports. [Al 2017]
Ans.There are three techniques of motivation that help in achieving
goals in sports and they are:
a) Motivation through fear,
b) Motivation through gifts, and
c) Motivation through purpose.
19. What are the different dimensions of personality?

Write in brief about any two. ansPersonality is a complete
unit in itself but the unit of personality is made up of various
dimensions. Such as-physical dimension,mental
dimension,social dimension,and emotional dimension.
20. Explain the strategies for enhancing adherence to

exercise.
Ans.Compliance to exercise can be enhanced by increasing
lifestyle activities (e.g., climbing stairs, gardening, and walking the
dog), developing an appropriate home-based exercise program,
and considering short bouts rather than long bouts of activity for
patients who “can't find the time to exercise”.
168
21................................................................"Aggression is
necessary part of sports." Comment. {CBSE Compt. 2018]
Ans.Aggression and sledging are types of intimidating
behaviours shown by players to the opponents while playing
matches in a tournament or sports..............Aggression and
sledging are
done to intimidate players of other team, so that they lose
their confidence and calm and thereby might even lose by a
single notch down.
22. What do you understand by exercise adherence? [Al

2020]
Ans.Exercise adherence is the extent to which a patient acts in
accordance with the advised interval, exercise dose, and exercise
dosing regimen.
23. Extrinsic motivation sometimes may kill intrinsic

motivation. Justify. (Sample Paper 2021)
169
Ans.Extrinsic motivation sometime may kill intrinsic motivation
because in extrinsic motivation an athlete initiates and sustains
an activity as a result of external pull attraction forces incentive
etc. Sooner or later the athlete loses interest and quits sport
when the rewards etc.
24. Explain aggression in Sports and its types. Discuss

the role of aggression with the help of suitable examples.
(Sample Paper 2021 )
Ans.In sports, aggression can be a characteristic that has many
positive also as negative effects on performance.
Explanation:
In sport, as aggression have both negetive and positive role, we
can define it into two categories as: hostile aggression and
instrumental aggression. Hostile aggression is defined as, when
the main aim is to cause harm or injury to your opponent.
Instrumental aggression is when the main aim is to achieve a goal
by using aggression.
25. Enumerate any six reasons to exercise. Discuss.

Ans.Exercise has been shown to improve our mood and decrease
feelings of depression, anxiety and stress. It produces changes in
the parts of the brain that regulate stress and anxiety. Exercise
plays a vital role in building and maintaining strong muscles and
bones. Physical activity like weightlifting can stimulate muscle
building when paired with adequate protein intake. Regular
170
exercise has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity,
cardiovascular fitness and body composition, yet decrease blood
pressure and blood fat levels.
Exercise can provide antioxidant protection and promote blood
flow, which can protect skin and delays signs of aging.
Exercise improves blood flow to the brain and helps health and
memory. Among older adults, it can help protect mental function.
Exercise can help us to sleep better and feel more energised
during the day.
Long Answer Questions
1. What do you mean by personality? Explain its dimensions in

detail
Ans.Personality usually means that an individual is much more
than his outer appearance. Personality also refer to the pattern of
thoughts, feeling, social adjustment and behaviour etc. Different of
personality (Explanation of each) i) Physical dimension. ii) Mental
dimension.
2. Define personality. Elucidate its types in detail
171
Ans.Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic
patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. The study of personality
focuses on two broad areas: One is understanding individual
differences in particular personality characteristics, such as
sociability or irritability.
.3. Define motivation. Elucidate any five techniques of

motivation. Ans.TECHNIQUES OF MOTIVATION Goal
setting Reinforcement Knowledge of Progress Rewards Jobs
Social Awards Positive Talks Provide Best Equipment
Positive attitude &
environment Role of Mass Media Role of Spectators Answer Goal
Setting: Goal setting is one of the most powerful techniques of
motivation.
4. Elucidate the effects of regular exercise on an individual.

Ans.The increased blood flow raises the oxygen levels in your
body. This helps lower your risk of heart diseases such as high
cholesterol, coronary artery disease, and heart attack. Regular
exercise can also lower your blood pressure and triglyceride
levels. Help your body manage blood sugar and insulin levels.
5. Differentiate
between intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation. Explain in detail goal se, reinforcement as
172
techniques of motivation.
Ans.Extrinsic Motivation
Participating in a sport to
win awards
Cleaning your room to avoid being reprimanded
by your parents Competing in a contest to win a
scholarship
Studying because you want to get a good grade
Intrinsic Motivation
Participating in a sport because you find the
activity enjoyable Cleaning your room
because you like tidying up
Solving a word puzzle because you find the
challenge fun and exciting Studying a subject
you find fascinating
6. Suggest various methods for motivating a person for better

performance in sports and garr
Ans.really effective ways to motivate
your sports team Decide on your type of
motivation.
Create the right
environment.
Communication goes
two-ways.
173
Make it fun.
Use competitive
aspects. Don't
punish failure.
Celebrate the
good times.
Everyone is
different.
7. Elucidate Sheldon's type and traits of personality in detail.

“somotonic”
8. Elucidate the Big five personality theory.

Ans.Many contemporary personality psychologists believe that
there are five basic dimensions of personality, often referred to
as the "Big 5" personality traits. These five primary personality
traits are extraversion (also often spelled extroversion),
agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism.
174
9. Elaborate the traits and types of personality classified by
Jung.
Ans.CG Jung has classified personality on the basis of sociability
character as Introverts and Extraverts. Introverts are described as
people who share characteristics such as shyness, social
withdrawal, and tendency to talk less.
10. What do you mean by exercise adherence? Elucidate the

reasons to exercise. Ans.Also known as compliance and
exercise compliance, exercise adherence is a term used to
describe how well a patient or client is sticking to: Their home
exercise program. Their gym program Other directions related to
exercise that is given by a health provider.
11. Discuss the benefits of exercise in detail.

Ans.Engaging in regular exercise can strengthen the heart,
improve blood circulation, tone muscles, and enhance flexibility,
all of which can improve your sex life ( 56 ). Physical activity can
also improve sexual performance and sexual pleasure while
increasing the frequency of sexual activity
175
13. Most of the persons understand the importance of
exercises but they do not adhere to exercise. What
strategies will you adopt for enhancing adherence to
exercise for such persons? Explain.
Ans.Strategies for Enhancing Adherence to Exercise
You should make your exercise fun, interesting, challenging and
enjoyable. There should be adequate break during intensive
exercise. Exercise should be scheduled with a group or club and
isolated exercise habit should be avoided.
14. Definepersonality. In how many types does Sheldon

classify the personality? Explain. [CBSE Compt. 2019}
“somotonic”
15. Enlistthe Big Five Theory Personalities and

describe any three of them while comparing their
characteristics. (Sample Paper 2021)
Ans.The five broad personality traits described by the theory are
extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and
neuroticism. Extraversion: it is a measure of how sociable,
outgoing, and energetic an individual is. Someone who scores
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lesser on the extraversion scale is observed to be more
introverted.
16. Participation
in exercise programme for a long time
helps an individual to develop physiologically and
psychologically along with good health. Give your views
on this statement.
Ans.The following are common psychological benefits gained
through exercise.
Improved mood
Reduced stress as well as an improved
ability to cope with stress Improved self-
esteem
Pride in physical
accomplishments
Increased satisfaction
with oneself Improved
body image
Increased feelings of energy
Improved in confidence in your
physical abilities Decreased
symptoms associated with
depression
177
17. Elucidate any five strategies which are used to
enhance adherence to exercise Ans. I have listed 7 useful
strategies that research has shown to enhance physical
activity and/or adherence.
#1 Health Education. ...
#2 Health Risk Appraisals. ...
#3 Goal Setting. ...
#4 Self-Monitoring. ...
#5 Reinforcement and Incentives.
178
L10 TRAINING IN SPORTS
1. In which year, the Interval Training Method was introduced?
Ans.1930s
2. Who developed Interval Training Method?
Ans.Gösta Holmér
3. Who was Bikila?
Ans.A member of the emperor Haile Selassie's imperial

bodyguards
4. What is the other name of Interval Training?
Ans.High-intensity interval training (or HIIT or HIT)
179
S. Who developed Fartlek Training Method?
Ans.coach Gösta Holmér
6. What does 'Fartlek' mean?
Ans.playing around with speed
7. In which year, Fartlek Training Method was developed?
180
Ans.1930
8. Who designed circuit training method?
Ans.R.E. Morgan and G.T. Anderson
9. In which year circuit training method was designed?
Ans.1953
10. What should be the minimum duration for Continuous

Training method?
Ans.20 minutes
FIii in the blanks.
1 [enhance sports performance.] is a systematically with
the help of various exercies · 2 . [Strength]is the ability of
muscles to overcome resistance.
3. Continuous training is one of the best methods for improving

181
[improving endurance.]
4. In
continuous training method, the rate of heart beat remains
in between [140]to[180] beats per minute.
5 . [measured in degrees of a circle] is the range of movements of

joints.
6. Ballistic method is used to improve [increase explosive power.]
182
Short Answer Questions.,
1. Define Static strength and dvnarnic strength exercise
Ans.Dynamic strength is the ability to apply a force repeatedly over

a period of time......................................................................Static
strength is the ability to apply a force where the length of the
muscle does not change and there is no visible movement at a
joint.
2. Differentiate between Isometric exercise and isotonic

exercise
Ans.Isometric means "same length," so that your muscles do not

get longer or shorter by bending a joint. Isotonic means "same
tension" so that the weight on your muscles stays the same.
3. Discuss Pace runs to develop speed.
Ans.Pace run means running the whole distance with a constant

speed. Generally, 800 m and above races are included in pace
races. An athlete can run a distance of 300 m at full speed but in
longer races such as 800 m or above. he must reserve his energy
by reducing the speed.
183
4. Differentiate between pace runs and acceleration runs.
Ans.Pace is the maximum speed a player can get up to while

acceleration is the time it takes to reach maximum speed.
5. Differentiate between active flexibility and passive flexibility.
Ans.Active flexibility is the range of motion a joint can move into

without an external force helping it go there. Passive flexibility is
the range of motion a joint can move into when there's an
external force helping it go there. Usually your passive flexibility
is larger than your active flexibility.
184
1. What do you mean by dynamic strength and static strength?
Ans.Dynamic strength is the ability to apply a force repeatedly over

a period of time......................................................................Static
strength is the ability to apply a force where the length of the
muscle does not change and there is no visible movement at a
joint.
2. Define maximum strength and explosive strength.
Ans.Maximal strength is the ability to generate maximum force

against a given load.
3. Differentiate between basic endurance and general

endurance .
Ans. basic endurance is the ability to perform movements in

which large number of body muscles are involved and the activity
is performed at slow pace for long duration
185
4. What do you mean by short term and long term endurance?
Ans.Long-term- This endurance is helpful when the activity is done

for longer duration and the intensity or speed is slower
S. State continuous training method in brief.
Ans.a form of exercise that is performed at a 'continuous' intensity

throughout and doesn't involve any rest periods.
6. Discuss about reaction ability and balance ability.
Ans.Balance ability is the ability to maintain balance during whole

body movements and to regain balance quickly after the balance
disturbing movements. Reaction ability is the ability to react
quickly and effectively to a signal.
186
7. State
the difference between acceleration ability and
locomotor ability.
Ans.Acceleration ability is the ability of an athlete to start from rest

and how fast they reach their maximal or submaximal speed.
Locomotor speed ability is the ability of the person to maintain the
speed of the movement for the maximum distance in less time.
8. State any one method to develop speed.
Ans. the following guidelines can help develop speed in any
athlete of any age or ability: Be fresh. ...
Master correct technique. ...
Warm up with intensity. ...
Recover between efforts. ...
Vary the training. ...
Monitor training volume. ...
Develop speed endurance with longer intervals or shorter rests. ...
Develop strength and power.
187
9. Discuss pace runs as a means to develop speed.
Ans.Pace races are an effective training method for improving

speed endurance.
10. Whatdo you mean by active flexibility and passive

flexibility?
Ans.Active flexibility is the range of motion a joint can move into

without an external force helping it go there. Passive flexibility is
the range of motion a joint can move into when there's an
external force helping it go there. Usually your passive flexibility
is larger than your active flexibility.
188
11. Explain any three methods to improve flexibility.
Ans.Stretch It Out: 5 Ways To Improve Your Flexibility
Get warm. Whether your goal is to prevent injury or run your

fastest 5K, it's important to warm up your muscles before activity.
...
Hold still. ...
Take a break. ...
Try yoga. ...
Get a massage.
12. State briefly balance ability and rhythm ability.
Ans.As the ability to maintain balance during the complete body

movement & to regain balance quickly after the balance
disturbing movement. Rhythm ability: To observe or perceive the
rhythm of a movement & to do the movement with external
rhythm - music or express.
189
13. Discuss about adaptation ability and differentiation ability.
Ans.It is the capability of a person to change the movement on the

basis of predicted changes.
2. Differentiation ability: Ability to achieve a high degree of
perfection & economy of separate body movement & movement
phases in motor action. It depends upon the functional capacity of
the kinesthetic sense organ.
14. Discuss the types of strength.
Ans.1. Dynamic strength: Dynamic strength can be called isotonic

strength because it is related to the movements. In pull-ups and
push-ups we require dynamic strength. In performing such
workout, there is a diminishing tendency in dynamic strength and
as a result, after sometimes muscles refuse to do work. It can be
divided into three parts.
(i) Maximum strength
(ii) Explosive strength
190
(iii) Strength Endurance
2. Static strength: Static strength is also called isometric

strength. It is the ability of muscles to act against resistance
Static strength can be measured by dynamometer. This type of
strength is not run directly. Static strength is not usually applied
in sports but in weightlifting it is applied in phases
15. Discuss any two methods of improving strength.
Ans.Work is done in these exercises. Isotonic exercises tone up

the muscles. Muscles become flexible. Length of the muscle can
be increased by isotonic exercises are of much values in the
field of sports.
16. Discuss types of endurance according to the duration of

activity.
Ans.According to the duration of activity, the endurance is
classified into following types: Speed Endurance- Ability to
resist fatigue in activities that last up to 45 seconds.
Medium-term endurance- Ability to resist fatigue in activities that

range from 2minutes to 11minutes.
191
17. Discuss
fartlek training method as a means of developing
endurance.
Ans.Fartlek training method is used for developing endurance.

The word 'fartlek' is a swedish word means 'speed play'. this
training method lays emphasis on both the aerobic and anaerobic
systems. In this method, speed is not preplanned so it is left upto
the individual.
18. Explain the methods of improving speed.
Ans.Acceleration Run - Acceleration run is usually used to

develop speed indirectly by improving explosive strength,
technique, flexibility and movement frequency. It is the ability of a
sprinter to achieve high speed from a stationary position. For
direct improvement of acceleration speed, a sprinter should do
25-30 mt.
192
19. What do you mean by flexibility? Discuss the various types
of flexibility .
Ans.Flexibility exercises stretch your muscles and may improve

your range of motion at your joints. There are two types of flexibility
exercises: static stretching, in which you stretch a muscle without
moving, and dynamic stretching, which combines stretching with
movements.
20. Define flexibility and explain the methods to improve

flexibility.
Ans.Methods to Improve Flexibility
Ballistic Stretching: The individual performs these stretching

exercises while in motion. ...
Static Stretching: It is an extremely popular and effective

technique. ...
Passive stretching: Passive stretching techniques are usually

performed with a partner who applies a stretch to a relaxed joint.
21. Discuss any three types of coordinative abilities.
193
Ans.Coordinative abilities are those abilities which stabilized and
generalized pattern of motor control. ...
Coordinative abilities primarily depend upon the central nervous

system. ...
Differential
ability.
Orientation
ability.
Coupling
ability.
Reaction
ability.
Balance
ability.
Rhythm
ability.
194
22. Dynamicstrength is divided into three part s. Write in brief
about each.
195
Ans.There are three parts of dynamic strength:. Maximum
strength: It is the utmost force that is possible to overcome a
resistance in a single extreme contraction. Strength endurance: It
is the capability of muscles to get over resistance of medium
intensity of stimulus for as long a time as possible.
23. Explain,
what is strength and write the methods of
improving strengt h?
Ans.1 Answer. Strength: Ability of the muscles to overcome the

resistance/Capacity of the body to exert force/force that muscle
can exert against resistance. Methods: (a) Isometric (b) lsotonic
(c) isokinetic
24. Briefly explain different types of coordinative abilities.
Ans.Three of them are listed below. Coupling ability: It is the

ability to coordinate body part movements in relation to a definite
goal, oriented body movement. Balance ability: It is the ability to
maintain a balance between body movements. Both static, as
well as dynamic balance, is important in sports.
25. What
is endurance? How endurance can be developed
through fartlek method?
196
Ans.In Fartlek, change of pace or speed is not pre-planned. The
sportsman changes the speed on his own according to his
feelings, surroundings and terrain, therefore, this method requires
more self-discipline in order to be effective. Duration is upto one
hour. Depending upon the dynamics of speed.
26. What
do you mean by circuit training? Discuss its main
characteristics?
Ans.Circuit training is a form of body conditioning or resistance

training using high-intensity aerobics. It targets strength building
and muscular endurance.
27. Whatis circuit training? Discuss the advantages of circuit

training?
Ans.The circuit training includes a lot of cardio and little rest, by

using circuits that involve your entire body; you will burn even more
calories. Moving continuously, working different muscle groups,
and taking short rest intervals will heat your body and enable you
to lose fat.
197
28 Discuss the importance of circuit training in brief.
Ans.It is an excellent way to improve cardiovascular fitness and

muscular strength endurance. Circuit training will elevate your
heart rate and keep it high through the entire circuit due to the
short rest periods, large muscles being worked together and a
combination of upper, lower and whole body exercises.
29 Discuss the various types of circuit
training. Ans.Repetition Circuit: A Total
Body Circuit Training Workout Squat
Jumps: 10 to 15 repetitions.
Standard Push-ups: 10 to 15 repetitions.
Calf Raises: 15 to 20 repetitions.
Bench Dips: 10 to 15 repetitions.
Abdominal Crunches: 15 to 20
repetitions. Jump Rope: 60
seconds.
Squat Jumps: 10 to 15 repetitions.
198
30 Explain interval training method.
Ans.Interval Training Method It is a type of training that involves a

series of low to high-intensity exercise workouts interspersed with
rest of relief periods.
...
They develop a high level of dynamic as well as
explosive strength. These are effective for
almost every game. ...
They require special types of equipment.
199
31 What is fratlek training? Write in brief.
Ans.Fartlek training involves varying the intensity or speed of your

run to improve your fitness and endurance. When you do fartlek
training, you're essentially 'mixing things up'. Fartlek sessions are
usually performed for a minimum of 45 minutes and intensity can
vary from walking, right up to sprinting.
32 What is endurance? Explain its types.
Ans.Endurance means a general ability to do any kind of physical

activity that increases your heart rate above 50% of your
maximum. On the higher level it can be divided into general
endurance and specific endurance. Specific endurance is the
ability to stand against fatigue in sport specific conditions.
33. Define
endurance and describe any one method to develop
endurance. [CB
Ans.Endurance: "Endurance is the ability to do sports

movements, with desired quality and speed, under conditions of
fatigue." According to Martin "It is the ability to resist fatigue."
Methods of endurance development: There are three methods of
developing endurance: (a) Continuous method. (b) Fartlek
training method.
200
34. Discuss in detail the methods of f1exibility development.
[CB
Ans.Methods to Improve Flexibility
Ballistic Stretching: The individual performs these stretching

exercises while in motion. ...
Static Stretching: It is an extremely popular and effective

technique. ...
Passive stretching: Passive stretching techniques are usually

performed with a partner who applies a stretch to a relaxed joint.
35. Define speed and explain any one method to develop it.
Ans.Speed is the ability of moving a body part or the whole

body with the greatest possible speed or velocity. To develop
speed, we can use the following methods : Acceleration runs
(sprints) Pace races (speed endurance)
201
36. Differentiate between Isometric and Isotonic exercises.
Ans.Isometric exercises, like planks, don't require you to move or

bend any joints. Isotonic exercises, like squats, involve straining
the muscles while moving the joints and applying a constant
amount of weight. Isokinetic exercises are performed at a
consistent speed, which can be increased as you progress.
37. Explain any three types of coordinative abilities.

Long answer type answer
1. Define
strength and discuss method of improving strength
in detail .
Ans.A strength exercise is any activity that makes your muscles

work harder than usual. This increases your muscles' strength,
size, power and endurance. The activities involve using your body
weight or working against a resistance. You should try to do 2
sessions or more of muscle strengthening exercises a week.
202
2. Define
endurance and discussant 2 method improving
strength in detail. .
Ans.Endurance (also called Stamina, or Durability) is the ability

of an organism to exert itself and remain active for a long period
of time, as well as its ability to resist, withstand, recover from,
and have immunity to wounds, or fatigue. In humans, it is usually
used in the aerobic or anaerobic exercise.
3. Define
speed and discuss 2 methods of improving
endurance.
Ans. Interval Training Method In this method, the whole workload

is divided into smaller load periods with a rest period in between
them. 2. Fartlek Training Method: Fartlek method is used to
develop the endurance ability. Fartlek is a Swedish term meaning
'speed play'.
203
4 What do u mean by speed
Ans.Speed is defined as. The rate of change of position of an

object in any direction. Speed is measured as the ratio of distance
to the time in which the distance was covered. Speed is a scalar
quantity as it has only direction and no magnitude.
5. what do u mean by flexibility? elaborate the methods of

improving speed.
Ans.Flexibility can be defined as the maximum range of motion

at a joint that is the extent of movement possible about a joint
without undue strain. Flexibility is not a general quality; it is
specific to a particular joint, such as the knee or to a series of
joints.
what do you mean by coordination ability?mention

6.
any four types of types of coordinative abilities
Ans.Coordinative abilities are those abilities which stabilized and

generalized pattern of motor control. ...
Coordinative abilities primarily depend upon the central nervous

system. ...
Differential
ability.
204
Orientation
ability.
Coupling
ability.
Reaction
ability.
Balance
ability.
Rhythm
ability.
7. discuss the coordinative abilities in detail
Ans.Coordination ability means an ability to quickly and

purposefully perform difficult
spatio-temporal movement structures. Within this context,
coordination abilities are understood as an externally visible
manifestation of the control and regulation processes of the
motor activity of the central nervous system.
205
8.Suggest various methods for flexibility training to improve
the optimum flexibility. . .
{CBSE Sample Poper 2015)
Ans.In general, there are four methods to increase and maintain

flexibility: (1) static stretching;
(2) ballistic (or dynamic) stretching; (3) contract-relax stretching
(also called PNF, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation); and
(4) passive stretching.
9. Differentiate between 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 ratio interval training,

with suitable examples.
Ans.1 : 1 means load and the rest is equal. For example one
minute exercise followed by one minute of rest similarly. 1 : 2
means that the period of rest is double of the load given. For
example 2 minutes exercise followed by 4 minutes of rest.
What is movement speed? Explain the methods to

10.
develop speed endurance. {Al 2015)
Ans.Movement speed depends largely on explosive strength and

technique. Speed endurance: Is considered as ability of an
individual to perform in speed in conditions of fatigue For
example: When a long distance runner finishes the race with a
great speed.
206
11. Write a detailed note on circuit training.
Ans.Circuit training is a form of body conditioning that involves

endurance training, resistance training, high-intensity aerobics, and
exercises performed in a circuit, similar to high-intensity interval
training. It targets strength building and muscular endurance.
Define circuit training. Discuss the main characteristics

12.
and advantages of circuit training.
Ans.Circuit training offers the benefits of increased muscular

endurance and strength. Resistance training overloads muscles
for an improved endurance and strength. Exercises are simple to
learn and simple to execute. Exercises are performed with
medium resistance or with medium weight.
207
13. Elucidate the importance of circuit training in detail.
Ans.Circuit training provides many
positive benefits. Improves muscular
endurance. ...
Increases strength and muscle growth. ...
Improves heart health. ...
Offers a full-body workout. ...
Is time efficient. ...
Improves exercise adherence. ...
May promote weight loss. ...
May improve your mood.
14.What is circuit training? Draw a diagram of 10 stations

to improve general fitness. How can load be increased in
circuit training? {CBSE 2018)
Ans.Circuit training is a form of body conditioning, endurance

training or resistance training using high-intensity. It is an
excellent way to improve mobility, strength and stamina. The
training comprises of six to ten strength exercises that are
208
completed one exercise after another Each exercise is performed
for a specified number of repetitions or for a set time before
moving on to next exercise. The exercises within each circuit are
separated by a short rest period and circuit is separated by a
longer rest period
15. Define strength. Explain any two methods of improving

strength. {CBSE Compt. 2018)
Ans.A strength exercise is any activity that makes your muscles

work harder than usual. This increases your muscles' strength,
size, power and endurance. The activities involve using your body
weight or working against a resistance. You should try to do 2
sessions or more of muscle strengthening exercises a week.
209
What do you understand by Coordinative ability?
16.
Discuss about different types of coordinative abilities.

[CBSE 2019)
Ans.Coordinative abilities are those abilities of an individual which

enable the individual to do various related activities properly as
well as efficiently. Our accuracy rhythm flow and constancy
depend on our coordinative abilities.
17. Write in detail about strength improving methods-Isometric,

Isotonic and lsokinetic.
Ans.Isometric means "same length," so that your muscles do not

get longer or shorter by bending a joint. Isotonic means "same
tension" so that the weight on your muscles stays the same.
Isokinetic means "same speed" so that your muscles are
contracting at the same speed throughout the workout.
18. Discuss in detail the different types of coordinative ability.

[Al 2020)

210
19 What is circuit training? Draw a diagram of circuit training
with 12 stations and explain its importance in sports.
Ans.Circuit training is a form of body conditioning, endurance

training or resistance training using high-intensity. It is an
excellent way to improve mobility, strength and stamina. The
training comprises of six to ten strength exercises that are
completed one exercise after another Each exercise is performed
for a specified number of repetitions or for a set time before
moving on to next exercise. The exercises within each circuit are
separated by a short rest period and circuit is separated by a
longer rest period
211
212

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1

CHAPTER 1 : PLANNING IN SPORTS

Give one-word answers

1. Whatis the name of the committee that announces the dates

2. Which committee is responsible for preparing the grounds or

3. What is the formula to calculate the number of matches in a

5. How many byes are given if 15 teams are participating

Fill in the blanks.

1. The second bye is given to the. The upper half team of

State True or False

2. Knock out tournaments are less expensive in comparison to other

3. in double league tournament the formula to calculate the number

4 in special seeding, the seeded players/teams cannot participate

5. Sports tournaments provide ample recreation to the spectators

Choose the correct answer

3. Tournaments are helpful for the development of

4. How many teams will be placed in 3rd quarter if 31 teams are

5. Intramurals are significant for:

6. Which sports competition is organised within the school?

7. Which one of the following methods is not used for preparing

8. In which type of tournament,a team once defeated gets eliminated

9. In which tournament, strong teams may have the possibility to be

10. National Sports Day in India is celebrated every year on:

11. Tabular method is used for fixtures in:

12. How many number of matches will be held if 8 teams are

13. How many byes will be given if 29 teams are participating in a

15. How many byes will be given if 17 teams are participating in a

16. What is the formula to determine the number of matches in

17. The competitions organised outside the boundary wall of an

18. League tournament is also known as:

19. Which tournament is less expensive in comparison to other forms

20. If 9 teams are participating in a double league tournament, the

21. Which one of the following activities is not related to Rhythmical

23. In a knock-out tournament of 21 teams the total matches in round

24. The total number of matches in a knock-out tournament of 34

25. The primary goal of intramural competition is:

26. The IVth bye is given to the

27. What is a Bye?

In the context of the above statements, which one of the following is

31 To purchase sports equipment is the function

32. Which one of the races is run "to promote brotherhood?

33. Responsibilities of committees are divided into

34. Which committee is responsible for accommodation of the

35. Which is not the objective of planning?

Short Answer Questions-I (Carrying 2 Mar

Ans) Advantages of Knock-out TournamentThe knock-out

2. What is the importance of tournaments? Discuss any two 2

Ans) The tournaments are very important in the field of

3. Discuss any two objectives of Intramurals.

Ans) It promotes mass participation. It provides fun,

4. Discuss any two objectives of planning in sports.

Ii. To reduce the chances of mistakes.

Ans) i. To have good control over all the activities.j.To improve

Iv . To enhance sports performance.

5. Discuss the two committees that are formed for

Decoration and ceremony Committee: Decoration and ceremony

6. Discuss about post tournament

8. Discuss the significance of intramurals in brief.

9. Discuss any two objectives of extramurals.