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Magma is formed by the partial melting of rocks due to high temperatures and pressure beneath the Earth's crust. There are three main ways magma is produced: at subduction zones as tectonic plates collide and fluids are released from the subducting plate; at hot spots deep within the mantle where heat rises and melts mantle rock; and along rift zones where cracks allow magma to reach the surface. Magma composition depends on the rock melted - basalt forms from dry mantle melting, andesite from wet mantle melting, and rhyolite from wet crustal melting. Viscosity also varies between magma types and affects how quickly magma can flow.

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39 views5 pages

Module 3 Reviewer

Magma is formed by the partial melting of rocks due to high temperatures and pressure beneath the Earth's crust. There are three main ways magma is produced: at subduction zones as tectonic plates collide and fluids are released from the subducting plate; at hot spots deep within the mantle where heat rises and melts mantle rock; and along rift zones where cracks allow magma to reach the surface. Magma composition depends on the rock melted - basalt forms from dry mantle melting, andesite from wet mantle melting, and rhyolite from wet crustal melting. Viscosity also varies between magma types and affects how quickly magma can flow.

Uploaded by

Mikyla Dulin
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 3 REVIEWER
How Magma Is Formed Within The Ear

💡 WHAT IS MAGMA

Magma is molten material beneath or within


the Earth’s crust from which Igneous rocks
are formed
And magma is a mixture of minerals,
Gases like carbon dioxide, water vapor and sulfur.
Magmas form by partial melting of silicate rocks
either in Earth's mantle, the continental crust or the
oceanic crust.
All types of magma have a significant percentage of
Silicon dioxide.

The name magma comes from Ancient Greek and means "thick unguent". Magma is
found beneath the surface of the Earth. The high temperatures and pressure beneath the
Earth's crust keeps magma in its fluid state. Magmas are generally made up of only eight
elements; in order of importance: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium,
magnesium, and potassium.

MODULE 3 REVIEWER 1
Origin of Magma
Geologist concluded that magma forms when rocks reach temperatures high enough to
melt them. Most rocks begin to melt at a temperature between 800 and 1200 degrees
Celsius. Magma can form only under special circumstances. The core is not likely to be
the source of magmasbecause it does not have the right chemical composition.

As pressure increases in the Earth, the melting temperature changes as well.

For a pure dry (no H2O or CO2 present) mineral, the melting temperature
increases with increasing pressure.

For a mineral with H2O or CO2 present, the melting temperature first
decreases with increasing pressure

Since rocks are mixtures of minerals, they behave somewhat


differently. Unlike minerals, rocks do not melt at a single temperature, but instead

melt over a range of temperatures. Thus it is possible to have partial melts, from
which the liquid portion might be extracted to form magma.
The two general cases are:

Melting of dry rocks is similar to melting of dry


minerals, melting temperatures increase with
increasing pressure, except there is a range of
temperature over which there exists a partial
melt. The degree of partial melting can range
from 0 to 100%

Melting of rocks containing water or carbon


dioxide is similar to melting of wet minerals,
melting temperatures initially decrease with
increasing pressure, except there is a range of
temperature over which there exists a partial
melt.

In order for magma to form, wet or dry melting of rocks or minerals must occur.
Dry melting occurs when minerals or rocks, with no carbon dioxide or water in them,
are heated to a specific temperature. This temperature increases as pressure in the
Earth’s layers increases.
Wet melting occurs when rocks or minerals containing water are heated. It
occurs over a variety of temperatures rather than at only one temperature — as dry

MODULE 3 REVIEWER 2
melting does. The temperatures in which wet melting occurs decreases with
increased pressure or depth initially. This temperature then starts to increase again
the higher the pressure rises or the lower the depth is. A partial melt can occur with
both wet and dry melting of rocks but can’t occur with minerals. A partial melt occurs
when only part of the rock material melts.

PROCESSES THAT FORM MAGMA BY MELTING OF


MANTLE ROCK
• Increase in temperature
• Decrease in pressure
• Addition of water
Three different types of magma generation

subduction zone

hot-spot volcanism

Magmatism along rift zones.


How is magma produced in subduction zones?
Subduction Zone
A subduction zone forms when continental crust and oceanic crust collide.
The continental crust is thicker and more buoyant than the oceanic crust so the
oceanic crust wear away beneath the continental crust. As a tectonic plate slides into
the mantle, the hotter layer beneath Earth's crust, the heating releases fluids trapped
in the plate. These fluids, such as seawater and carbon dioxide, rise into the upper
plate and can partially melt the overlying crust, forming magma.
How is magma produced in hot-spot volcanism?

A hot spot is fed by a region deep within


the Earth’s mantle from which heat rises
through the process of convection. This
heat facilitates the melting of rock at the
base of the lithosphere, where the brittle,
upper portion of the mantle meets the
Earth’s crust. The melted rock, known as
magma, often pushes through cracks in
the crust to form volcanoes.

MODULE 3 REVIEWER 3
Magma generated by the hot spot
rises through the rigid plates of the
lithosphere and produces active
volcanoes at the Earth's surface. As
oceanic volcanoes move away from the
hot spot, they cool and subside,
producing older islands, atolls, and
seamounts. As continental volcanoes
move away from the hot spot, they cool,
subside, and become extinct.
How is magma produced along rift zones?

Volcanic Rift Zone in Hawaii


Rift zones are areas where the volcano is rifting or splitting apart. The rock
in a rift zone has many cracks and is relatively weak, and thus it is easiest for magma
to make its way to the surface through these rift zones.
There are three basic types of magma

1. Basaltic- formed through dry partial melting of the mantle

2. Andesitic- formed through wet partial melting of the mantle

3. Rhyolitic- formed as a result of wet melting of continental crust

TYPES OF CHEMICAL
TEMPERATURE VISCOSITY GAS CONTENT
MAGMA COMPOSITION
SiO2 45-55 %,
Basaltic high in Fe, Mg, 1000 to 1200oC Low Low
Ca, low in K, Na

SiO2 55-65 %,
Andesitic intermediate. in 800 to 1000oC Intermediate Intermediate
Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K

SiO2 65-75%, low


Rhyolitic in Fe, Mg, Ca, 650 to 800oC. High High
high in K, Na

Viscosity is the resistance to flow (opposite of fluidity). Viscosity depends on


primarily on the composition of the magma, amount of dissolved gases, and
temperature.

High Viscosity – flows very slowly.

MODULE 3 REVIEWER 4
Low Viscosity – flows rapidly

The Factors That Affects The Viscosity Of Magma

MODULE 3 REVIEWER 5

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