Notes For Lessons 34

EARTH and LIFE SCIENCE TAKE HOME NOTES
MODULE 3 - EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT (Part 1)
Lesson 1 - SOURCES OF THE EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT
Earth’s layers based on different chemical composition:

Layers Composition Other Characteristics
CORE ➢ outer core - nickel and liquid ➢ innermost layer

iron ➢ temperature is around
➢ inner core - nickel and solid 5,000°C at the center
iron
MANTLE ➢ iron and magnesium silicate ➢ middle and largest layer
minerals ➢ the part closest to the outer
core flows slowly
➢ temperature is around 3500°C
near the bottom
CRUST ➢ made of rock (granite for ➢ topmost and thinnest layer
continents and basalt for ocean ➢ surface is rigid and firm
floors) ➢ temperature is around 1000°C
near the bottom
Why is the Earth’s interior hot?
The Earth’s internal heat comes from primordial heat and radioactive heat. PRIMORDIAL HEAT
refers to the leftover heat from the formation of our planet. This heat was generated by collisions of large
and small particles that created the Earth and the redistribution of material within Earth by gravitational
forces (e.g., sinking of iron to form the core). RADIOACTIVE HEAT comes from the spontaneous
radioactive decay of uranium-235 (235U), uranium-238 (238U), potassium-40 (40K),
and thorium-232 (232Th). These unstable isotopes are both found in the crust and
mantle and release energy when they decay.
How is the Earth's internal heat redistributed?
Studies of the Earth’s interior indicate that the heat from the core is being
brought near the surface through convection in the mantle. The convection of the
mantle is a product of the transfer of heat from the core to the lower mantle.
How is heat from the Earth’s interior released to the surface?
Through convection, hotter mantle rock rises to an area of lower pressure. Areas of lower pressure
always have a lower melting point than areas of high pressure. This reduction in overlying pressure
enables the rock to melt and form magma. In general, magma begins to rise because it is less dense than
the surrounding solid rocks. It can push through holes or cracks in the crust, causing a volcanic eruption.
1|P age
Lesson 2 – MAGMATISM
Tectonic plates are composed of the Earth’s crust and the uppermost, rigid portion of the mantle. There
are two types of plates - oceanic and continental. Motion between these plates can be divergent,
convergent, or transform and may generate magma.
MAGMA is extremely hot liquid rock located under the Earth’s surface.
LAVA is the magma that flows or erupts onto the Earth’s surface.
Kinds of magma according to composition:

• MAFIC MAGMA is low in silica and contain darker, magnesium- and iron-rich mafic minerals, such as
olivine and pyroxene.
• FELSIC MAGMA is higher in silica and contain lighter colored minerals such as quartz and
orthoclase feldspar.
The higher the amount of silica (SiO2) in the magma, the higher is its viscosity. VISCOSITY is a liquid’s
resistance to flow.
PARTIAL MELTING happens when only some parts of a rock melt. It takes place because rocks are not
pure materials.
Magma is generated through:

➢ DECOMPRESSION MELTING occurs when a hot body of rock experiences a decrease in pressure by
moving towards the surface.
➢ FLUX MELTING takes place when flux, a substance that decreases melting temperature, is added to a
hot body of rock. Water and other volatiles act as flux.
➢ HEAT TRANSFER MELTING is the partial melting of rocks at shallower depths caused by heat coming
from rising magmas.
Magma forms in:

➢ DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES are formed when two tectonic plates move away
from each other.
➢ HOTSPOTS are hot areas inside the Earth made by rising hot materials from deep within
the mantle.
➢ SUBDUCTION ZONES are formed when the collision of tectonic plates pushes an
oceanic plate under another plate.
Summary of mechanisms of magma formation in locations where it is formed.

Location Mechanisms of Magma Formation
divergent boundaries decompression melting and heat transfer melting
hotspots decompression melting and heat transfer melting
subduction zones flux melting and heat transfer melting
jspepito
2|P age
MODULE 4 – ENDOGENIC PROCESSES (Part 2)
Lesson 1 – METAMORPHISM
METAMORPHISM means "change in form” when metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of
existing rock types. It is the change of minerals or geologic texture in pre-existing rocks, without the
protolith melting into liquid magma.
Kinds of metamorphism:
• BURIAL METAMORPHISM occurs when sediments are buried deeply enough that the heat and
pressure cause minerals to begin to recrystallize and new minerals to grow but does not leave the
rock with a foliated appearance.
• REGIONAL METAMORPHISM refers to large-scale
metamorphism, such as what happens to continental
crust along convergent tectonic margins (where plates
collide).
• SUBDUCTION METAMORPHISM happens when at

subduction zones, ocean lithosphere is forced down into the
hot mantle, where there is a unique combination of relatively
low temperatures and very high pressures.
• CONTACT METAMORPHISM happens when a body of

magma intrudes into the upper part of the crust. This
produces non-foliated metamorphic rocks such as hornfels,
marble, and quartzite.
• DYNAMIC METAMORPHISM is the result of very high

shear stress, such as occurs along fault zones.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS make up a large part of the Earth's crust and form 12% of the Earth's land surface.
They may be formed simply by being deep beneath the Earth's surface, subjected to high temperatures and
the great pressure of the rock layers above it. Some examples of metamorphic rocks: Gneiss, Slate, Marble,
Schist, and Quartzite.
Lesson 2 – IGNEOUS ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCK got its name from a Latin word “ignis” which means fire. The parent material of igneous
rocks is usually magma, a molten material from deep within the Earth that cools and hardens. Two things
to consider in naming igneous rocks:
a. TEXTURE refers to the general appearance of an igneous rock. The texture of an igneous rock is
strongly affected by the rate of cooling of the magma that results in the formation of crystals.
b. COMPOSITION refers to the elements in the magma that directly affect the kind of mineral that is
formed when the magma cools.
3|P age
Types of igneous rocks:
➢ Igneous Intrusive or Plutonic Igneous Rock refers to those magma that rise and flow into the
cracks in the crust but do not reach the surface, instead they harden deep inside the crust. Examples
are:
1. Granite is one of the most important rocks in the crust. It is also the most common rock type. It
is a light-colored and coarse-grained rock.
2. Gabbro is dark-colored igneous rock oftentimes called “black granite”. The dark color is due to a
higher content of iron and the magnesium but with a lower content of quartz.
➢ Igneous Extrusive also known as Volcanic Igneous Rock refers to those magma that reach the
surface or erupt onto the surface from volcanoes. Examples are:
1. Basalt as a specific rock is usually dark-colored, hard, fine-grained and with high specific gravity.
This is due to the high content of iron and magnesium and some feldspar.
2. Obsidian that is formed from lava is also dark-colored but glassy, meaning it has no crystal.
During early times, these rocks were used for weapons and tools was by shaping them into pointed
and sharp-edged objects.
3. Pumice is characterized by the presence of many air holes. This is because gas bubbles are
trapped in the rock during the cooling process leaving tiny bubbles.
4. Scoria is formed in the same manner as pumice, but it has larger holes and is much denser and
darker.
jspepito
4|P age

Notes For Lessons 34

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Notes For Lessons 34

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Notes For Lessons 34

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EARTH and LIFE SCIENCE TAKE HOME NOTES

MODULE 3 - EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT (Part 1)

Lesson 1 - SOURCES OF THE EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT

Earth’s layers based on different chemical composition:

CORE ➢ outer core - nickel and liquid ➢ innermost layer

Why is the Earth’s interior hot?

How is the Earth's internal heat redistributed?

How is heat from the Earth’s interior released to the surface?

Kinds of magma according to composition:

Magma is generated through:

Magma forms in:

Summary of mechanisms of magma formation in locations where it is formed.

• SUBDUCTION METAMORPHISM happens when at

• CONTACT METAMORPHISM happens when a body of

• DYNAMIC METAMORPHISM is the result of very high

Lesson 2 – IGNEOUS ROCKS

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.