SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies

Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering

Unit III
Integral Calculus of functions of one variable
Overview:
This unit aims at providing adequate exposure to the theory and applications of Integral Calculus.
It also aims to gradually develop in students an ability to apply these theoretical constructs to solve
problems within Engineering domain. This unit covers Integration of single variable functions.
Outcome:
After completion of this unit, students would be able to:
employ the tool of beta, Gamma functions and evaluate integrals; apply the knowledge of integrals
to find surface areas and volumes of revolutions.

Detailed Syllabus:

1.1 Evaluation of definite and improper integrals

1.2 Evaluation of definite and improper integrals

1.3 Beta, Gamma functions and their Properties

1.4 Applications of definite integrals to evaluate surface areas and volumes of revolutions.

1. Prerequisite to the topic/unit : Definite and Indefinite Integration

2. Definitions
IMPROPER INTEGRALS
b
An integral  f ( x)dx
a
is improper if one or both of the following conditions are satisfied:

1. f(x) becomes infinite at one or more points in the interval of integration [ a, b] ,

2. One or/& both of the limits of integration is infinite.

I. IMPROPER INTEGRALS OF FIRST KIND

Range of integration is infinite.

∞ b ∞
i.e. a f ( x)dx or 
∞
f ( x)dx or  f ( x)dx
∞

Methods to evaluate improper integrals of first kind:

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∞ p

1. a f ( x)dx = lim  f ( x)dx . If the limit exists and is finite (say l1) then the improper
p →∞
a

integral converges and has value l1. Otherwise the integral diverges.

b b
2. 
−∞
f ( x)dx = lim
p →−∞  f ( x)dx
p
. If the limit exists and is finite (say l2) then the improper

integral converges and has value l2. Otherwise the integral diverges.
∞ c b
3. 
−∞
f ( x)dx = lim
a →−∞  f ( x)dx
a
+ lim  f ( x) dx , where c is any finite constant including
b →∞
c

zero. If both the limits on the right hand side exists separately and are finite, say equal to
l3 and l4 respectively, then the improper integral converges and has value l3+l4. If one or
both of the limits do not exist or is infinite, then the improper integral diverges.

II. IMPROPER INTEGRALS OF SECOND KIND

Suppose f ( x ) → ∞ as x → a , then the integral has a singularity at the lower point a. Then this
singularity is cut-off by considering
b


a +ε
f ( x )dx

where ε is a small positive number. Thus for a convergent improper integral of the second kind
b b


a
f ( x) dx = lim
ε →0 
a +ε
f ( x) dx (1)

which ignores the contribution of the singularity.

Similarly when f ( x ) is discontinuous at the upper limit b then

b b −ε


a
f ( x) dx = lim
ε →0 
a
f ( x )dx (2)

Finally when f ( x ) has a singularity at an intermediate point c ; a < c < b then

b c −ε b


a
f ( x) dx = lim
ε →0 
a
f ( x) dx + lim
ε →0 
c +ε
f ( x) dx (3)

The RHS limit above is known as the Cauchy’s principal value of the integral.

When the limit in the RHS of (1), (2), (3) fails to exist (or infinite) then the improper integral is
said to diverge

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III. IMPROPER INTEGRALS OF THIRD KIND

1. In the improper integral of third kind, the limits of integration may be infinite and the
integrand is discontinuous.

2. Improper integrals of the third kind can be expressed in terms of the improper
integrals of the first and second kinds

IV. GAMMA FUNCTION

Definition: Gamma Function
∞
The function of n ( n > 0) defined by the integral  e − x x n −1dx is called Gamma function and is
0
∞
denoted by n . Thus, n =  e− x x n −1dx
0

Properties of Gamma function:

1. n +1 = n n

Alternatively the result means n = ( n − 1) n − 1

2. If n is positive integer then n + 1 = n !

3. 1 = 1
4. 0 = ∞
1
5. = π
2
π
6. p 1− p = , 0 < p <1
sin pπ
∞
n = 2  e− z z 2 n −1dz
2
7.
0

Types of integrals evaluated by Gamma function:

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No. Types of integrals evaluated by Gamma function Substitution

∞
1 ax n = t

n
e − ax dx
0

2 ∞
ax n = t

n
x m e − ax dx
0

3 1 log x = −t

n
x m ( log x ) dx
0

4 ∞ xa a x = et
0 ax
dx

5 ∞ 2
m − nx = e − t

2
m − nx dx , m & n are constant
0

VI. BETA FUNCTION

Definition: Beta Function

1
n −1
 x (1 − x ) dx
m −1
The function of m and n (m, n > 0) defined by the integral is called the
0
Beta Function and is denoted by β (m, n) .
1
n −1
Thus, β (m, n) =  x m−1 (1 − x ) dx
0

The above definition of Beta function is equivalent to

π
2
1. β (m, n) = 2  sin 2m −1 θ cos 2n −1 θ dθ
0
π 2
1  p +1 q +1 
 sin
p
2. θ cos q θ dθ = β  , 
0
2  2 2 
∞
x m−1
3. β (m, n) =  m+ n
dx
0 (1 + x )
Properties of Beta function:

1. β (m, n) = β (n, m)
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mn
2. The relation between Beta and Gamma functions is β ( m, n) =
m+n
1 m −1
x + x n −1
3. β (m, n) =  dx
0 (1 + x )m+n
4. Duplication Formula
1 π
m m+ = 2m
2 22 m −1
Types of integrals evaluated by Beta function:

x
m
1. (a − x) n dx put x = a t
0

x
m
2. ( a n − x n ) p dx put x n = a n t
0

1 m 1

 (1 − x ) dx
n
3. put x n = t
0

 ( x − a)
m
4. (b − x) n dx put x – a = ( b – a ) t
a

VII. AREA OF THE SURFACE OF A SOLID OF REVOLUTION

a) Area of the surface of a solid of revolution generated by revolving the arc AB of the
curve y = f ( x ) about the x − axis is given by
x =b 2
 dy 
S= x=a 2π y 1 +  dx  dx
b) Area of the surface of a solid of revolution generated by revolving the arc AB of the
curve x = g ( y ) about the y − axis is given by
y =d 2
 dx 
S =  2π x 1 +   dy
y =c  dy 

VIII. VOLUME OF A SOLID OF REVOLUTION

A solid of revolution is generated by revolving a plane area R about a line L in the plane.

Line L is known as the axis of revolution. Line L does not intersect the plane area R but may
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touch the boundary of R.

Examples:

1. Sphere is a solid of revolution generated by revolving the semicircle region R about its
diameter L.

2. Right circular cylinder is a solid of revolution obtained by revolving a rectangle R about

its edge L.

1. If the area bounded by the curve y = f ( x ) , the line y = p and the lines x = a, x = b is
revolved about the line y = p (a line parallel to the X-axis), then the volume of the solid
of revolution is given by
b
V = π  ( y − p)2 dx
a

2. If the area bounded by the curve x = g ( y ) , the line x = q and the lines y = c, y = d is
revolved about the line x = q (a line parallel to the Y-axis), then the volume of the solid
of revolution is given by

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d
V = π  ( x − q)2 dy
c

Classwork problems

Session 1

1.1 Problems on Evaluation of improper integrals(first kind)

Evaluate the following integrals:
∞
1
1)  (1 + x )
0 x
dx Ans: π
1

 e dx
x
2) Ans: e
−∞
∞
1 1
3) x
1
4
dx Ans:
3
∞
1
 xe
− x2
4) dx Ans:
0
2
∞
1
 xe
−5 x
5) dx Ans:
0
25
∞
1
6) x
1
2
dx Ans: 1

Session 2

1.2 Problems on Evaluation of improper integrals (second kind)

Evaluate the following integrals:

a
dx
1) 
−a a2 − x2
Ans: π
1
dx
2) x
−1
2/3
Ans: 6

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1
x
3) 
0 1 − x2
dx Ans: 1

Improper Integral of third kind:

Evaluate:
−1
dx 1
1. 
−∞
x4
Ans.
3
∞
dx
2.  1+ x
−∞
2
Ans. π

Session 3

1.3 Problems on Beta, Gamma functions and their Properties

Beta, Gamma functions and their Properties

Class Room Problems

∞
π
1. Evaluate  e − h x dx
2 2
Ans. .
0
2h
∞
1 1
2. Evaluate  e − x dx
4
Ans. .
0 4 4
∞
1 1
3. Evaluate  e − x dx
3
Ans. .
0 3 3
∞
π

3
4. Evaluate x e− x dx Ans. .
0 3
∞
π
x e
2 − h2 x 2
5. Evaluate dx Ans. .
0 4h3
∞
1 3
x e
2 − x4
6. Evaluate dx Ans. .
0
4 4
∞ ∞ π
 xe − x dx ⋅  x 2 e− x dx =
8 4
7. Show that .
0 0
16 2
∞
1 3
8. Evaluate x
0
4 − x
e dx. Ans.
2
π

Session 4

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1
−3
 ( x log x )
3
9. Evaluate dx Ans. .
0
128
1 n
m 1 n +1
10. Evaluate 0 x  log x  dx Ans.
( m + 1)
n +1
.

1 p −1
q −1  1 1
11. Evaluate 0 x  log x  dx Ans.
qp
p

1
dx
12. Evaluate 
0 x ⋅ log(1 x)
Ans. 2π

1 p −1
 1
13. Evaluate   log  dx Ans. p
0
x
1
dx
14. Evaluate 
0 − log x
Ans. π
∞
x4 24
15. Evaluate 0 4 x dx. Ans.
( log 4 )
5

∞
π
16. Evaluate  7 − 4 x dx.
2
Ans.
0 4 log 7

Session 5

Beta Function:
4
3
1. Prove that  x ( 4 − x ) 2 dx = 4π
0
9
3 1 729π
2. Evaluate  x (9 − x )
0
2 2
dx Ans.
16
a
xm  1
3. Evaluate 
0 a−x
dx Ans. a m + (1 2) β  m + 1, 
 2
2
512
x
3
4. Evaluate 2 − x dx Ans. 2
0
315
1 1 5π
 x (1 − x )
6 2 2
5. Evaluate dx Ans.
0
256
2
16  5 2 
y (8 - y 3 ) −1 3 dy
4
6. Evaluate Ans. β , 
0
3 3 3
2a
5 4
x
2
7. Evaluate 2ax − x2 dx Ans. aπ
0 8

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1
11 1
 (1 − x )
3
8. Evaluate dx Ans.
0
26
1
dx 1 1 1
9. Evaluate 
0 1 − x8
Ans. β , 
8 8 2
1
1 1 3
10. Evaluate 
0
1 − x 6 dx Ans- β  , 
6 6 2

Session 6

π 4
8
 sin
7
11. Evaluate 2θ dθ Ans.
0 35
1
x7 1
12. Evaluate 
0 1− x 4
dx Ans.
3
∞
t6 5π
13. Evaluate  2 4
dt Ans.
0 (1 + t ) 32
1
11π
x sin −1 xdx.
5
14. Evaluate Ans.
0
192
a
5a 6π
15. Evaluate  ( a 2 − x 2 )5 2 dx Ans.
0
32
∞
1 35π
16. Evaluate  2 5
dx Ans.
0 (1 + x ) 256
π
21π
17. Evaluate  sin 2 θ (1 + cos θ ) dθ
4
Ans.
0
16
π 6
7π
 cos
6
18. Evaluate 3θ sin 2 6θ dθ Ans.
0 384
2
11
2 ( 4)
1
19. Evaluate  ( x − 7 )(11 − x )dx
7
Ans.
3 π
∞ 5 4
x (1 + x )
20. Evaluate 
0
(1 + x)16
dx Ans. 2 β (6,10)

∞
x10 − x18
21. Evaluate 0 (1 + x)30 dx. Ans. 0

Session 7

1.4 Problems on Applications of definite integrals to evaluate surface areas and

volumes of revolutions.

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Area of surface of solid of revolution

1) Find the area of the surface of the solid of revolution generated by revolving
the parabola y 2 = 4ax, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3a about the x − axis.
56π a 2
Ans:
3
2) Determine the surface area of the paraboloid generated by revolving the
curve y = x2 included between x = 0 and x = 6 / 5 about y − axis.
1036π
Ans:
375
3) Determine the surface area of the solid obtained by rotating
y = 9 − x 2 , − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2 about the x − axis.
Ans: 24π
4) Determine the surface area of sphere of radius ܽ Ans:4ߨܽଶ
Session 8

Volume of surface of solid of revolution

1) Find the volume of solid of revolution generated by revolving the area

bounded by parabola x2 = y, x = 3 and X-axis about the X-axis .
243π
Answer:
5
2) Determine the volume of solid generated by revolving the plane area
bounded by y 2 = 4 x and x = 4 about the line x = 4.
1024π
Ans: .
15
3) The area between the curve y = 1/x, the y-axis and the lines y = 1 and y = 2
is rotated about the y-axis. Find the volume of the solid of revolution
formed.
π
Ans: .
2
4) Find the volume of solid of revolution generated by revolving the area
bounded by parabola x2 = y, x = 3 and X-axis about the x = 3 .
27π
Ans:
2

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