SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the Award of the Degree of BBA 2021-
2022

Submitted by:

Tanvi Lakhina

2128101242

BHARATI VIDYAPEETH (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

CENTER FOR DISTANCE AND ONLINE EDUCATION

Academic Study Centre- BVIMR, New Delhi An

ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institute

NAAC Accredited Grade “A” University

 Student Undertaking Certificate of Originality

I Tanvi Lakhina (BBA SEM-2) hereby declare that the project report entitled
“SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN” has been prepared by me for the partial
fulfilment of the requirement for the award of BACHELORS IN BUSSINESS
ADMINISTRATION (BBA) degree under the guidance of DR. SAVNEET
KAUR.

I further declare that the work reported in this project has not been submitted
and will not be submitted in part or in full for the award of any other degree or
diploma in this university or any other institute or university.

TANVI LAKHINA

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher who gave

me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic “SWACHH
BHARAT ABHIYAN” which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I
came to know about so many new things. I am thankful to them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a
lot in finishing this project within the limited time.

TANVI LAKHINA

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ or ‘Clean India Mission’ is an initiative led by the

Government of India to make India a clean India. This campaign was launched
officially by the Government of India on 145th birth anniversary of the great
person, Mahatma Gandhi on 2nd of October 2014. It was launched at the
Rajghat, New Delhi (the cremation ground of Mahatma Gandhi). The
Government of India has aimed to make India a clean India by 2nd of October
2019 (means 150th birth anniversary of the Mahatma Gandhi) through this
campaign.
It is a politics free campaign inspired by patriotism. It is launched as a
responsibility of each Indian citizen to make this country a Swachh country.
This campaign has initiated people globally towards cleanliness. Teachers and
students at schools are joining this ‘Clean India Campaign’ very actively with
great fervour and joy. Under this campaign, another cleanliness initiative has
been started by UP CM, Yogi Adityanath in March 2017. He has banned
chewing paan, gutka and other tobacco products in the government offices all
over UP.

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN
India is a developing nation and development does not just mean developing
economically, it is defined by the overall development of a country and its
countrymen. A country will be called developed only when its countrymen have
good wealth as well as good health and this can only be achieved by personal
practice. It is possible that you have attained higher education or own a
multinational company, but even if your nation has not developed from any
other point of view, you will not be called developed because your country is
your identity. We can say that our country is still illiterate in terms of
cleanliness, and it is our duty to contribute and make people aware because not
a single government campaign will be successful unless the members of the
country contribute. In this sequence, our Prime minister Mr. Narendra Modi
started a cleanliness program naming Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
History of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
The project Swachh Bharat was inaugurated on 2nd October 2014 by our prime
minister Mr. Narendra Modi at Rajghat New Delhi. It is very big campaigning
regarding cleanliness and was started all over India including rural areas. Our
prime minister Mr. Narendra Modi, himself cleaned the streets and inaugurated
the campaign. The main motto of this campaign is to spread awareness
regarding cleanliness and develop healthy habits among people. The campaign
was launched on Mahatma Gandhi’s birth anniversary on 2nd October 2014. It
was chosen Gandhiji's birthday to celebrate Swachh Bharat Abhiyan because of
his support regarding cleanliness. It was his dream to make India clean, so it
was found as the best date to inaugurate this campaign and Mr. Narendra Modi
wanted to pay tribute to Gandhiji by giving him a clean nation on his 150th
birthday, which was held in 2019.
OBJECTIVE OF SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN
The mission aims to connect everyone from all walks of life by making the
structure of branching of a tree. Swachh Bharat mission aims to construct
individual sanitary latrines for household purposes especially for the people
living below poverty line, converting dry latrines into low-cost sanitary latrines,
providing facility of hand pumps, safe and secure bathing facility, setting up
sanitary marts, constructing drains, proper disposal of solid and liquid wastes,
enhancing health and education awareness, providing household and
environmental sanitation facilities and many more.
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Earlier many awareness programmes about the environmental sanitation and
personal cleanliness were launched by the Indian government however they
were not very effective to make India a clean India.
The major objectives of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan are removing the trend of open
defecation, changing insanitary toilets into pour flush toilets, removal of manual
scavenging, proper disposal of solid and liquid wastes, bring behavioural
changes among people, enhance awareness about sanitation, facilitating the
participation of private sectors towards cleanliness facilities.

SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN FOR URBAN AREAS

The cleanliness campaign was inaugurated on a very wide scale, and it has been
distributed among various categories, as one of them is the Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan for urban areas and the other is for village or Gramin, both are run by
different ministries, under the same swachhata program. The Urban Swachh
Bharat Abhiyan is headed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.

Main objectives of Urban Swachh Bharat Abhiyan:

 To make cities free from open defecation.

 Eradication of Manual Scavenging.
 To provide individual household toilets.
 To provide community and public toilets in the city.
 Capacity Augmentation for Urban Local Bodies.
 To provide door-to-door service for new and scientific solid waste
management in cities.

SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN FOR RURAL AREAS

This mission is headed by the Department of Drinking water & Sanitation and
more than 5,99,693 villages have been declared open defecation free, whereas
699 districts, 35 states including UT, have been declared open defecation free
and about 16,32,42,383 toilets have been constructed. The main objective of
Rural Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is to promote cleanliness and develop healthy
habits in people in villages. People in rural India are not very much aware of
health and hygiene, which leads to several diseases especially in children and it
results in child mortality. Every year the government spends lots of money on
the treatment of various diseases, caused by unhealthy habits. So, it’s better to
make people aware of health and hygiene, as this will not only keep you healthy
but also save your money.

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Main objectives of Rural Swachh Bharat Abhiyan:

Swachh Vidyalaya Abhiyan for students

The Swachhta Abhiyan also contains special programs for students. As we

know children are the future of any nation and they play a very important role in
the development of the nation because once they will adopt cleanliness as their
habit, the nation will grow clean. Keeping this in mind the government started
various cleanliness programs for children, by various ministries.

Swachh Vidyalaya Abhiyan

A cleanliness program specially organized for the betterment of students, so that

they could be provided with proper toilets and to develop hygiene habits in
them. It also focuses on building separate toilets for boys and girls.

Baal Swachhata Abhiyan

A program led by the Ministry of Education and Health, and it is celebrated on

the occasion of Children's Day and lasts for five days, the birth anniversary of
Nehru from November 14 to November 19 being the birth date of Indira
Gandhi. It is also a part of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and the main objective of
this Bal Swachhata Abhiyan is, to develop hygiene habits in children from a
very young age. Children are the future of any nation and when we develop
healthy habits in them from a very young age, they will develop it as their habit
and a healthy habit will always keep them safe and energetic.

In this five-day campaign each day is celebrated with a different theme:

Clean Schools / Surroundings / Play areas: This is the theme for day one, in
which students are taught some cleaning habits and the importance of keeping
their school, surroundings and play areas including home clean.

Clean Food: Cleanliness is not only about the environment you live in, but it
also includes the food you eat, the water you drink and the toilets you use. Each
day has been segregated among all these cleaning types and one of them is food.
To develop healthy eating habits, like to wash hands before and after food etc.

Clean Self, Personal Hygiene, Child Safety: Personal hygiene is considered very
important because a lack of personal hygiene can call various diseases,
especially among children. Therefore, personal safety is very important.

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Clean Drinking Water: Just as we need healthy and clean food, similarly we
also need clean and sweet water for drinking. We develop several water-
consumption methods to develop water harvesting habits.

Clean Toilet: It is very necessary to use a clean toilet because a dirty toilet can
cause many diseases. Therefore, we should develop these habits from the
beginning.

Gandhiji and his role in Swachhata Abhiyan

Gandhiji played a very important role in developing hygienic habits among
people and wished to see India like other nations. Personal hygiene not only
makes you healthy but also helps in the development of the nation because
every year our country spends a lot of money on the treatment of various
diseases and most of the diseases are caused by unhealthy habits. This money
can be saved and used for development.
Gandhiji was aware of such things and promoted cleanliness. He was very
courageous because the steps he took in that era were very decent and bold and
a common man would really need lots of courage to do anything like that. In
India, there was a group marked as untouchables and cleaning was their duty.
Gandhiji did not follow any orthodoxy, he was an iconoclast for the society,
and this caused him many troubles, but he never backed down. He believed that
cleaning is an individual’s duty. He always encouraged everyone to get some
healthy cleaning habits and taught them the importance of cleanliness. He
promoted cleanliness and a clean India will really be a true tribute for him on
his 150th birth anniversary.
Challenges of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Cleanliness is really a challenge for the nation because we must work from the
very beginning and there is a very large population in India which lives in
villages, and it is very tough to train them and let them know the benefits of
hygiene.
Some of the common diseases like Diarrhoea, Pneumonia is caused by
unhealthy habits and every year more than 1000 children die because of it.
These diseases can be prevented by adopting cleanliness. Developing and
making healthy habits is a huge task. The government has also raised funds for
advertising, and this is a big challenge. Although we have achieved our goals, it
is a big task to maintain the same spirit among the people.
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Tackling some of the country’s most important problems require us to change
our behaviour. Some of these might be small, like turning off the lights and
some may be large, like changing our diet. Some behaviour on one hand, may
have tragic short-term consequences like rash driving while others may have
long term consequences like drug abuse. Behaviour change can be achieved by
several tools- legal, technological, economic, and informational approaches.
Legal approach involves passing laws, i.e., making a particular behaviour
illegal, e.g., smoking in public places. Technological approach is to develop an
innovation which will help people modify their behaviour, e.g., antismoking
patches. Economic approach is to raise the cost of continuing with that
behaviour, e.g., higher cigarette tax. Finally informational approach is the one
which involves directing persuasive messages to the beneficiary, educating
her/him about the benefits of changing her/his behaviour. The roots of social
marketing lie in this informational approach. The SEED-SCALE theory by
UNICEF, lays utmost importance to behaviour change to bring about a change
in the society. The theory understands the importance of financial resources,
however, argues that any sustainable change can only happen by the way people
redirect their energies. The 4 key principles of this theory are:
Build from community success, instead of trying to fix failures
A three-way partnership between the community, officials who form and adjust
policies & regulation and experts who can work on capacity building, introduce
new ideas, help monitor change, etc.
Evidence based decision making, without relying on money or power
Goal is behaviour change, to ensure sustainability
Social change by nature is not linear in process. Economic, Natural, Cultural
dimensions are kept in mind to bring about a change. It is impossible to separate
these dimensions at the community level because improvement in one area will
demand development in another Therefore, any social change often begins by
altering people’s core belief and attitudes which is the prelude to any sort of
behaviour change, and this creates resistance. Unlike commercial marketing
where the target audience is receptive and welcoming to the campaign, the
beneficiaries, in case of social marketing, often oppose the change, making the
process challenging.

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 CHAPTER 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen
by a researcher. The design allows researchers to hone in on research methods
that are suitable for the subject matter and set up their studies up for success.
The design of a research topic explains the type of research (experimental,
survey research, correlational, semi-experimental, review) and its sub-type
(experimental design, research problem, descriptive case-study). There are three
main types of designs for research: Data collection, measurement, and analysis.
DATA COLLECTION
Data collection is defined as the procedure of collecting, measuring, and
analysing accurate insights for research using standard validated techniques. A
researcher can evaluate their hypothesis based on collected data. In most cases,
data collection is the primary and most important step for research, irrespective
of the field of research.
The approach of data collection is different for different fields of study,
depending on the required information. The most critical objective of data
collection is ensuring that information-rich and reliable data is collected for
statistical analysis so that data-driven decisions can be made for research.
TYPES OF DATA
Primary Data
Primary data is the kind of data that is collected directly from the data source
without going through any existing sources. It is mostly collected specially for a
research project and may be shared publicly to be used for another research.
Primary data is often reliable, authentic, and objective in as much as it was
collected with the purpose of addressing a particular research problem. It is
noteworthy that primary data is not commonly collected because of the high
cost of implementation. A common example of primary data is the data
collected by organizations during market research, product research, and
competitive analysis. This data is collected directly from its original source
which in most cases are the existing and potential customers. Most of the people
who collect primary data are government authorized agencies, investigators,
research-based private institutions, etc.
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Secondary Data
Secondary data is the data that has been collected in the past by someone else
but made available for others to use. They are usually once primary data but
become secondary when used by a third party. Secondary data are usually easily
accessible to researchers and individuals because they are mostly shared
publicly. This, however, means that the data are usually general and not tailored
specifically to meet the researcher's needs as primary data does.
For example, when conducting a research thesis, researchers need to consult
past works done in this field and add findings to the literature review. Some
other things like definitions and theorems are secondary data that are added to
the thesis to be properly referenced and cited accordingly. Some common
sources of secondary data include trade publications, government statistics,
journals, etc. In most cases, these sources cannot be trusted as authentic.
INSTRUMENTS OF DATA COLLECTION
Interviews
An interview is a face-to-face conversation between two individuals with the
sole purpose of collecting relevant information to satisfy a research purpose.
Interviews are of different types namely, Structured, Semi-structured, and
unstructured with each having a slight variation from the other.
Structured Interviews - Simply put, it is a verbally administered questionnaire.
In terms of depth, it is surface level and is usually completed within a short
period. For speed and efficiency, it is highly recommendable, but it lacks depth.
Semi-structured Interviews - In this method, there subsist several key
questions which cover the scope of the areas to be explored. It allows a little
more leeway for the researcher to explore the subject matter.
Unstructured Interviews - It is an in-depth interview that allows the researcher
to collect a wide range of information with a purpose. An advantage of this
method is the freedom it gives a researcher to combine structure with flexibility
even though it is more time-consuming.

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Questionnaire
This is the process of collecting data through an instrument consisting of a
series of questions and prompts to receive a response from individuals it is
administered to. Questionnaires are designed to collect data from a group. It is
important to note that a questionnaire isn't a survey, rather it forms a part of it.
A survey is a process of data gathering involving a variety of data collection
methods, including a questionnaire. On a questionnaire, there are three kinds of
questions used. They are fixed-alternative, scale, and open-ended. With each of
the questions tailored to the nature and scope of the research.
Reporting
Data reporting is the process of gathering and submitting data to be further
subjected to analysis. The key aspect of data reporting is reporting accurate data
because of inaccurate data reporting leads to uninformed decision making.
Reporting tools enable you to extract and present data in charts, tables, and
other visualizations so users can find useful information. You could source data
for reporting from Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) reports,
newspapers, website articles, etc.
Existing Data
This is the introduction of new investigative questions in addition to/other than
the ones originally used when the data was initially gathered. It involves adding
measurement to a study or research. An example would be sourcing data from
an archive.
Pros: Accuracy is very high, easily accessible information.
Cons: Problems with evaluation, Difficulty in understanding.
Observation
This is a data collection method by which information on a phenomenon is
gathered through observation. The nature of the observation could be
accomplished either as a complete observer, an observer as a participant, a
participant as an observer, or as a complete participant. This method is a key
base for formulating a hypothesis. Observation involves the active acquisition
of information from a primary source. Observation can also involve the
perception and recording of data via the use of scientific instruments.

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Focus Group
This data collection method focuses more on qualitative research. It falls under
the primary category for data based on the feelings and opinions of the
respondents. This research involves asking open-ended questions to a group of
individuals usually ranging from 6-10 people, to provide feedback. A focus
group is a data collection method that is tightly facilitated and structured around
a set of questions. The purpose of the meeting is to extract from the participants'
detailed responses to these questions.
Combination Research
This method of data collection encompasses the use of innovative methods to
enhance participation to both individuals and groups. Also under the primary
category, it is a combination of Interviews and Focus Groups while collecting
qualitative data. This method is key when addressing sensitive subjects. The
Combination Research method involves two or more data collection methods,
for instance, interviews as well as questionnaires or a combination of semi-
structured telephone interviews and focus groups.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Telephone Interviews
For years, telephone interviews ruled the charts of data collection methods.
However, nowadays, there is a significant rise in conducting video interviews
using the internet, Skype, or similar online video calling platforms.
Face-to-face interviews
It is a proven technique to collect data directly from the participants. It helps in
acquiring quality data as it provides a scope to ask detailed questions and
probing further to collect rich and informative data. Literacy requirements of the
participant are irrelevant as Face-to-Face surveys offer ample opportunities to
collect non-verbal data through observation or to explore complex and unknown
issues. Although it can be an expensive and time-consuming method, the
response rates for Face-to-Face interviews are often higher.

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Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)
It is nothing but a similar setup of the face-to-face interview where the
interviewer carries a desktop or laptop along with him at the time of interview
to upload the data obtained from the interview directly into the database. CAPI
saves a lot of time in updating and processing the data and makes the entire
process paperless as the interviewer does not carry a bunch of papers and
questionnaires.
Web-Based Questionnaire
This is one of the rulings and most trusted methods for internet-based research
or online research. In a web-based questionnaire, the receive an email
containing the survey link, clicking on which takes the respondent to a secure
online survey tool from where he/she can take the survey or fill in the survey
questionnaire. Being a cost-efficient, quicker, and having a wider reach, web-
based surveys are more preferred by the researchers. The primary benefit of a
web-based questionnaire is flexibility; respondents are free to take the survey in
their free time using either a desktop, laptop, tablet, or mobile.
Mail Questionnaire
In a mail questionnaire, the survey is mailed out to a host of the sample
population, enabling the researcher to connect with a wide range of audiences.
The mail questionnaire typically consists of a packet containing a cover sheet
that introduces the audience about the type of research and reason why it is
being conducted along with a prepaid return to collect data online. Although the
mail questionnaire has a higher churn rate compared to other quantitative data
collection methods, adding certain perks such as reminders and incentives to
complete the survey help in drastically improving the churn rate. One of the
major benefits of the mail questionnaire is all the responses are anonymous, and
respondents are allowed to take as much time as they want to complete the
survey and be completely honest about the answer without the fear of prejudice.

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Structured Observation
In this type of observation method, the researcher must make careful
observations of one or more specific behaviours in a more comprehensive or
structured setting compared to naturalistic or participant observation. In a
structured observation, the researchers, rather than observing everything, focus
only on very specific behaviours of interest. It allows them to quantify the
behaviours they are observing. When the observations require a judgment on the
part of the observers – it is often described as coding, which requires a clearly
defining a set of target behaviours.
Mall Intercept
A mall intercept is a quantitative research survey whereby respondents are
intercepted in shopping malls or other public spaces. The process involves
stopping shoppers, screening them for appropriateness, and either administering
a survey on the spot or inviting them to a research facility nearby to complete
the interview. Mall intercepts are frequently used as a type of marketing
research. Mall intercepts use convenience sampling and require respondents to
be in the mall while data is being collected. Surveys that take place in malls
frequently underrepresent lower-income and elderly populations. To reduce the
impact of this sampling bias, some surveys use the format of a mall intercept
outside of other public locations, such as grocery stores and municipal
buildings. Researchers can also administer their intercept at various times of the
day or near different mall attractions to ensure as accurate a sample as possible.

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 CHAPTER 3
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
The NSO Survey
First, when the National Statistical Office (NSO) survey data from October
2018 were compared with the SBM data from the same month, there were
discrepancies. For instance, in the SBM data, villages in M.P. and T.N. were
declared 100% ODF by October 2018. However, according to NSO data, only
71% and 62.8% of rural households in M.P. and T.N., respectively, had access
to some form of latrine (own, shared, public). Such discrepancies were found in
many other States too.
The National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey
The second comparison is between the SBM data on individual household
latrine (IHHL) coverage as of March 2019 and the National Annual Rural
Sanitation Survey (NARSS) data on rural households with access to their own
toilets between Nov. 2019 and Feb. 2020. The SBM data claimed that in 24
States/U.T. s, over 99% of rural households had IHHL, whereas the NARSS
data recorded six months later showed that in 24 States/U.T.s less than 90% of
the rural households had access to their own toilets.
The National Family Health Survey
Discrepancies persist if the SBM data on IHHL % as of March 2019 are
compared to the NFHS-5 data on the % of the population who lived in rural
households that used their own toilets in 2019-20. For instance, according to
SBM data, in Gujarat, 99.4% of rural households had individual latrines in
March 2019. However, according to the NFHS data, in the second half of 2019,
only 63.3% of the population living in rural households used individual toilets.
So, if both data are accurate, about 36% of people in Gujarat have individual
toilets but are not using it.

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 CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was a very big campaign, and it would not have been
possible without the active contribution of the Indian public. The main agenda
of this project was to make India free from open defecation, which was indeed a
big challenge but kudos to the leaders who made it possible and achieved 100%
results.

The clean campaign is not over, we still need to be active and keep our
environment clean, do not throw garbage around. Dump your liquid waste in a
blue dustbin and dry it in green colour. Also, develop healthy habits in your
child. By practicing these simple methods, we can contribute to making our
nation clean. The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan proves that nothing is impossible if
you have the courage and true determination for your dreams.

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 CHAPTER 5
RECOMMENDATION/SUGGESTIONS

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is not the first project about cleanliness, several other
projects have been started simultaneously.
Nirmal Bharat
A cleanliness program which was started by the Government of India in the
year 1999. It was a total sanitation program and was started to improve the
sanitation situation of the country, especially in rural areas. Schools, Anganwadi
centres as well as common people were all under this campaign. Nirmal Bharat
was launched to spread awareness among people.
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is not the first campaign about cleanliness, there were
many other programs were also launched in the past, but none of them got much
recognition. The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan got viral because of Modi Ji who,
himself took the broom and cleaned the road and acted as a role model and
people participated in this campaign with great enthusiasm.
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan for students
A cleanliness program where students participate with great enthusiasm and
vigour to clean their surroundings and belongings can be called Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan for students. Students are the future of any nation and when we
develop habits of cleanliness in them, it will not only keep them clean, but it
will also develop as their habit and a good habit is always appreciated. A
cleanliness campaign where students keep their surroundings clean, their
school, playground, home, separate bathrooms for girls and boys in their
schools, etc. ensure cleanliness for students. These were some characteristics of
this campaign.
Swachh Bharat: Swachh Vidyalaya or Clean India: Clean Schools
This program was launched in September 2014, to promote cleanliness in
school and develop healthy habits in children. which includes, washing hands
before and after meals, use of soap after toilet, consume clean drinking water in
the school itself. When students have good hygiene habits, their health will be
good and good health will help them to stay active and take less leave, this will
not only improve their academic performance but will also help them to perform
well and it can improve their economic condition also.
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Swachhata Pakhawada
It is a cleanliness program that lasts for a week and is celebrated by various
government departments. It was initiated in April 2016 and since then various
departments have celebrated it in their own way, by promoting various
cleanliness programs like cleaning their office premises, washrooms, etc. and
promoting Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
Swachh Rail, Swachh Bharat
Railways connect the nation, and it is the biggest medium to connect India and
it also sets an example on tourists visiting a particular city. The campaign was
launched by the Ministry of Railways in 2016 to promote cleanliness in
railways and contribute to the cleanliness drive.

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 CHAPTER 6
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1. There is always a risk that people will provide dishonest answers:
The risk of receiving a dishonest answer is lower when you use anonymous
surveys, but it does not disappear entirely. Some people want to help
researchers come to whatever specific conclusion they think the process is
pursuing. There is also a level of social desirability bias that creeps into the data
based on the interactions that respondents have with questionnaires. You can
avoid some of this disadvantage by assuring individuals that their privacy is a
top priority and that the process you use prevents personal information leaks,
but you can’t stop this problem 100% of the time.
2. You might discover that some questions don’t get answers:
If you decide to use a survey to gather information, then there is a risk that some
questions will be left unanswered or ignored. If some questions are not required,
then respondents might choose not to answer them. An easy way to get around
this disadvantage is to use an online solution that makes answering questions a
required component of each step. Then make sure that your survey stays short
and to the point to avoid having people abandon the process altogether.
3. There can be differences in how people understand the survey questions:
There can be a lot of information that gets lost in translation when researchers
opt to use a survey instead of other research methods. When there is not
someone available to explain a questionnaire entirely, then the results can be
somewhat subjective. You must give everyone an opportunity to have some
understanding of the process so that you can encourage accurate answers. It is
not unusual to have respondents struggle to grasp the meaning of some
questions, even though the text might seem clear to the people who created it.
Whenever miscommunication is part of the survey process, the results will skew
in unintended directions. The only way to avoid this problem is to make the
questions as simple as possible.

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4. Surveys struggle to convey emotions with the achievable results:
A survey does not do a good job of capturing a person’s emotional response to
the questions then counter. The only way to gather this information is to have an
in-person interview with every respondent. Facial expressions and other forms
of body language can add subtlety to a conversation that isn’t possible when
someone is filling out an online questionnaire. Some researchers get stuck
trying to interpret feelings in the data they receive. A sliding-scale response that
includes various levels of agreement or disagreement can try to replicate the
concept of emotion, but it isn’t quite the same as being in the same room as
someone. Assertion and strength will always be better information-gathering
tools than multiple-choice questions.
5. Some answers can be challenging to classify:
Surveys produce a lot of data because of their nature. You can tabulate multiple-
choice questions, graph agreement or disagreement in specific areas, or create
open-ended questions that can be challenging to analyse. Individualized answers
can create a lot of useful information, but they can also provide you with data
that cannot be quantified. If you incorporate several questions of this nature into
a questionnaire, then it will take a long time to analyse what you received. Only
10% of the questions on the survey should have an open-ended structure. If the
questions are confusing or bothersome, then you might find that the information
you must manually review is mostly meaningless.
6. You must remove someone with a hidden agenda as soon as possible:
Respondent bias can be a problem in any research type. Participants in your
survey could have an interest in your idea, service, or product. Others might
find themselves being influenced to participate because of the subject material
found in your questionnaire. These issues can lead to inaccurate data gathering
because it generates an imbalance of respondents who either see the process as
overly positive or negative. This disadvantage of survey research can be
avoided by using effective pre-screening tools that use indirect questions that
identify this bias.

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7. Surveys don’t provide the same level of personalization:
Any marketing effort will feel impersonal unless you take the time to customize
the process. Because the information you want to collect on a questionnaire is
generic by nature, it can be challenging to generate any interest in this activity
because there is no value promised to the respondent. Some people can be put
off by the idea of filling out a generic form, leading them to abandon the
process. This issue is especially difficult when your survey is taken voluntarily
online, regardless of an email subscription or recent purchase.
8. Some respondents will choose answers before reading the questions:
Every researcher hopes that respondents will provide conscientious responses to
the questions offered in a survey. The problem here is that there is no way to
know if the person filling out the questionnaire really understood the content
provided to them. You don’t even have a guarantee that the individual read the
question thoroughly before offering a response. There are times when answers
are chosen before someone fully reads the question and all of the answers. Some
respondents skip through questions or make instant choices without reading the
content at all. Because you have no way to know when this issue occurs, there
will always be a measure of error in the collected data.
9. Accessibility issues can impact some surveys:
A lack of accessibility is always a threat that researchers face when using
surveys. This option might be unsuitable for individuals who have a visual or
hearing impairment. Literacy is often necessary to complete this process. These
issues should come under consideration during the planning stages of the
research project to avoid this potential disadvantage. Then make the effort to
choose a platform that has the accessibility options you need already built into
it.

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10. Survey fatigue can be a real issue that some respondents face:
There are two issues that manifest themselves because of this disadvantage. The
first problem occurs before someone even encounters your questionnaire.
Because they feel overwhelmed by the growing number of requests for
information, a respondent is automatically less inclined to participate in a
research project. That results in a lower overall response rate. Then there is the
problem of fatigue that happens while taking a survey. This issue occurs when
someone feels like the questionnaire is too long or contains questions that seem
irrelevant. You can tell when this problem happens because a low completion
rate is the result. Try to make the process as easy as possible to avoid the issues
with this disadvantage.

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 CHAPTER 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.essaybanyan.com

www.wikipedia.com

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

www.thehindu.com

vittana.org

www.researchgate.net

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 ANNEXURE

MISCLLANEOUS
Year-wise data of the cleanest cities of India in the past few years:

GRAPH NO.1

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