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    Week 7. Virology

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    This document discusses viruses and viral replication. It describes the structure of viruses including their RNA or DNA genome, capsid, and envelope. It also discusses the stages of viral replication including attachment, penetration, uncoating, macromolecular synthesis, assembly, and release. The document then discusses viral pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis of viruses including appropriate specimen collection, transport, and storage. It lists various diagnostic methods including direct detection, nucleic acid detection, virus isolation in cell culture, and serologic assays.

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    Week 7. Virology

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    Asdfghjkl
    44 views25 pages
    This document discusses viruses and viral replication. It describes the structure of viruses including their RNA or DNA genome, capsid, and envelope. It also discusses the stages of viral replication including attachment, penetration, uncoating, macromolecular synthesis, assembly, and release. The document then discusses viral pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis of viruses including appropriate specimen collection, transport, and storage. It lists various diagnostic methods including direct detection, nucleic acid detection, virus isolation in cell culture, and serologic assays.

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    VIROLOGY

    Original Title

    WEEK 7. VIROLOGY

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    This document discusses viruses and viral replication. It describes the structure of viruses including their RNA or DNA genome, capsid, and envelope. It also discusses the stages of viral replication including attachment, penetration, uncoating, macromolecular synthesis, assembly, and release. The document then discusses viral pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis of viruses including appropriate specimen collection, transport, and storage. It lists various diagnostic methods including direct detection, nucleic acid detection, virus isolation in cell culture, and serologic assays.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views25 pages

    Week 7. Virology

    Uploaded by

    Asdfghjkl
    This document discusses viruses and viral replication. It describes the structure of viruses including their RNA or DNA genome, capsid, and envelope. It also discusses the stages of viral replication including attachment, penetration, uncoating, macromolecular synthesis, assembly, and release. The document then discusses viral pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis of viruses including appropriate specimen collection, transport, and storage. It lists various diagnostic methods including direct detection, nucleic acid detection, virus isolation in cell culture, and serologic assays.

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    VIROLOGY

    Rochelle D. Darlucio, RMT, MPH


    Our Lady of Fatima University
    College of Medical Laboratory Science
    Characteristics of Viruses
     STRUCTURE
     VIRION
     Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) or
    Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) genome
     Capsid and Nucleocapsid
     Envelope
     Naked Viruses

     MORPHOLOGY:
     Helical
     icosahedral
     complex
    TAXONOMY

     Virus family names have the suffix -viridae.


     Within each family, subdivisions called genera are usually based on
    physicochemical or serologic differences.
     Genus names carry the suffix -virus.
     Virus orders may be used to group virus families that share common
    characteristics.
     Only one order has currently been defined: Mononegavirales, encompassing
    the Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae families.
    Viral Replication
     obligate intracellular parasites

     1. ATTACHMENT: or Adsorption
     recognition of a suitable host cell and specific binding
    between viral capsid proteins (often the glycoprotein spikes)
    and the carbohydrate receptor of the host cell
     Viral Tropism

     2. PENETRATION or VIRUS ENTRY


     Fusionof the viral envelope with the host cell membrane
     Phagocytosis by host cells (endocytosis)
    Viral Replication
     3. UNCOATING
     process by which the capsid is removed

     4. MACROMOLECULAR SYNTHESIS
     production of nucleic acids and protein polymers.

     5. VIRAL ASSEMBLY
     process by which structural proteins, genomes, and in some cases viral
    enzymes are assembled into virus particles
     Envelopes are acquired during viral “budding” from a host cell membrane

     6. RELEASE OF INTACT VIRUS PARTICLES


     occurs after cell lysis (lytic virus) or by virus particle budding from
    cytoplasmic membranes
    VIRAL PATHOGENESIS
    (1)Acute viral infection
     displaying evident signs and symptoms

    (2) Latent infection


     which has no visible signs and symptoms, but the virus is still present in the
    host cell in a lysogenic state (inserted into the host genome in a resting state)
    or maintained as a nuclear or cytoplasmic episome

    (3) Chronic or persistent infection


     in which low levels of virus are detectable and the degree of visible signs or
    symptoms varies.
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

     SPECIMEN COLLECTION
     proper specimen source
     correct sample volume
     timing of collection
     collected as early as possible after the onset of
    symptomatic disease
     Swab specimens: should not contain chemicals or other
    compounds that may be toxic to cultured cells
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

     SPECIMEN COLLECTION
    Throat, Nasopharyngeal Swab, or Aspirate
    swabs are considerably more convenient.
    Throat swabs: for the recovery of enteroviruses,
    adenoviruses, and HSV
    Nasopharyngeal swab or aspirate specimens:
    preferred for the detection of RSV and influenza
    and parainfluenza viruses.
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

     SPECIMEN COLLECTION
    Bronchial and Bronchoalveolar Washes
    Washings and lavage fluid collected
    during bronchoscopy
    For viruses that infect the lower
    respiratory tract, especially influenza
    viruses and adenoviruses.
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

     SPECIMEN COLLECTION
    Rectal Swabs and Stool Specimens
    used to detect rotavirus, enteric adenoviruses
    (serotypes 40 and 41), and enteroviruses.
    Stool sample is preferred.
    Rectal swabs: acceptable for detecting
    enteroviruses in patients suspected of having an
    enteroviral disease
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

     SPECIMEN COLLECTION
     Urine
    CMV; mumps, rubella, and measles viruses;
    polyomaviruses; and adenoviruses
    clean-catch first-morning urine (first-void urine)
    Virus recovery:
    Centrifugation or filtration
    Neutralize the pH with a 7.5% solution of a sodium
    bicarbonate
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

     SPECIMEN COLLECTION
    Skin and Mucous Membrane Lesions
    Enteroviruses, HSV, VZV, and in rare cases CMV
    or pox viruses
    Specimens from cutaneous vesicles
    :Tzanck smear
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

     SPECIMEN COLLECTION
    Sterile Body Fluids Other Than Blood
    enteroviruses, HSV, VZV, influenza
    viruses, or CMV
     collected aseptically by the physician
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
     SPECIMEN COLLECTION
     Blood
    CMV; however, HSV, VZV, enteroviruses, and adenovirus
    5-10mL of anticoagulated blood:
    Heparinized, citrated, or
    ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA): is
    acceptable for CMV detection.
    Citrated blood: should be used when other viruses
    are being considered.
    EDTA should be used for samples collected for
    nucleic acid testing,
    Serum: for serologic tests and nucleic acid assays.
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

     SPECIMEN COLLECTION
    Bone Marrow
    sterile tube with anticoagulant
    Collected by aspiration
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

     SPECIMEN COLLECTION
    Tissue
    CMV, influenza virus, adenovirus, sin nombre
    virus, HSV
    Collected during surgical procedures.
    Fresh tissue is preferred for nucleic acid assays,
    but formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues
    may be used after removal of the paraffin
    (deparaffinization) and extraction.
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

     SPECIMEN COLLECTION
    Genital Specimens
    HSV and human papillomavirus (HPV)
    Genital swabs should be used
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

     SPECIMEN COLLECTION
    Serum for Antibody Testing
    Acute specimens: collected as soon as possible
    after the appearance of symptoms.
    Convalescent specimen: collected a minimum
    of 2 to 3 weeks after the acute specimen.
    3 to 5 mL of serum
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

     SPECIMEN TRANSPORT AND STORAGE


    Viral transport medium:
    saline, or trypticase soy broth
    consist of a buffered isotonic solution with a protein,
    such as albumin, gelatin, or serum, to protect less
    stable viruses.
    Samples that can be collected with viral transport
    media are respiratory, swab, and tissue samples.
    LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

     SPECIMEN TRANSPORT AND STORAGE


    stored at 4° C.
    Specimens should not be frozen unless a
    significant delay (>4 days) in processing is
    anticipated (held at –70° C.)
    Specimens should never be stored at −20° C
    Methods in Diagnostic Virology

     Direct detection of the virus in clinical specimens


     Nucleic acid–based detection
     Isolation of viruses in cell cultures – gold standard
     Serologic assays to detect antibodies to virus

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