DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIT –I: MICROWAVE TUBES & HELIX TWT’S

S.NO QUESTION MARKS CO PO Blooms

Taxonomy Level
1 a. What are the limitations of conventional vacuum tubes at 2 1 1 2
microwave frequencies
b. State the characteristics and applications of the two-cavity 3 1 1 1
klystron amplifier
c. Explain in detail bunching process in a two cavity 10 1 1 2
klystron amplifier.
2 a. Explain velocity modulation process in two-cavity 2 1 1 2
klystron
b. Discuss current modulation process in two-cavity klystron 3 1 1 2
c. Draw the neat diagram of two cavity klystron amplifier 10 1 3 4
and apple-gate diagram and derive expression for drift
space length in two cavity klystron amplifier.
a. What is the need for slow wave structure? 2 1 1 2
3 b. How oscillations can be avoided in travelling wave tube? 3 1 1 2
c. Draw different slow wave structures and with the help of 10 1 3 2
neat diagram explain about Helix Travelling wave Tube
4 a. Define transit time effect. 2 1 1 1
b. Why multi-cavity klystrons are preferred? What are their 3 1 1 2
disadvantages?
c. Compare & contrast TWT & Klystron amplifier. 5 1 1 4
d. Explain clearly about the limitations of conventional 5 1 1 2
tubes at microwave frequencies.
5 a. Distinguish between O – type tubes and M – type tubes. 2 1 1 4
b. What are the applications of Reflex klystron? 3 1 1 1
c. With help of neat diagram explain the construction and working
10 of 1 3 2
reflex klystron.

S.NO QUESTION MARKS CO PO Blooms

Taxonomy Level
6 a. Discuss inter-electrode capacitance effect. 2 1 1 2
b. Draw the Applegate diagram for a Reflex klystron 3 1 3 2
operating in 1 ¾ mode.
c. A two cavity klystron amplifier has the following 5 1 2 3
parameters V0=1200V, I0=25mA, Ro=30kohms, f=10GHz,
d=1mm, L=4cm, Rsh=30ohms. Calculate (i) The i/p
voltage (ii) The voltage gain in decibles (iii) Efficiency
d. The bunching grids of klystron amplifier are 2mm apart. 10 1 2 3
The beam voltage is 2kv and drift space is 2.8cm long.
What must be the value of the RF voltage at bunching grid.
Assume the operating frequency is 2.8GHz.
7 Why slow wave structures are important and explain helix TWT. 10 1 1 2
8 Give the analysis of reflex klystron with help of applegate diagram. 10 1 1 4
9 Discuss about the high frequency limitations of conventional tubes. 10 1 1 2
10 Explain in detail bunching process in a two cavity klystron amplifier. 10 1 1 2
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIT – II: M-TYPE TUBES & MICROWAVE SOLID STATE DEVICES

S.NO QUESTION MARK CO PO Blooms
S Taxonomy Level
1 a. Define mode jumping in magnetron 2 2 1 2
b. Give the performance characteristics of magnetron 3 2 1 2
c. Explain 8 cavity magnetron. 2 3 2
2 a. How pi-mode is separated in Magnetron? 2 2 1 2
b. What is strapping in magnetron? How is the same effect obtained 3 2 1 2
without strapping?
c. How is bunching achieved in a cavity magnetron? Explain. 5 2 1 2
d. What is Hartree condition in Magnetron? Discuss. 5 2 1 2
a. Explain Transit time mode in Gunn diode. 2 2 1 2
3 b. How LSA mode of Gunn diode is used to produce oscillations? 3 2 1 2
c. Draw the characteristics of Gunn diode and explain how negative 10 2 4 3
region is obtained in it?
4 a. What is Hull cut off condition? 2 2 1 2
b. Give the classification of solid state microwave devices. 3 2 1 1
c. Explain Gunn Effect using two-valley theory? Also explain several 10 2 1 2
modes of operation and applications of Gunn diodes.
5 a. List the devices under Avalanche transit-time. 2 2 1 1
b. List different types of magnetrons. 3 2 1 1
c. A normal circular magnetron has the following parameters: Inner 7 2 2 3
radius 0.15 m, outer radius 0.45 m, Magnetic flux density 1.2 milli
weber/. (i) Determine Hull cut-off voltage (ii) Determine the Hull cut-
off magnetic flux density if the beam voltage is 6000 V. (iii)
Determine cyclotron frequency in GHz.
d. Give the performance characteristics of magnetron. 3 2 1 2
6 a. Give the applications of Magnetron. 2 2 1 1
b. Discuss strapping in magnetron 3 2 1 2
c. Derive the equation for Hull cut off voltage 10 2 1 3
7 Explain how Gunn diode is used in waveguide oscillator. 10 2 1 2
8 Derive cutoff magnetic flux density and also Derive the voltage under this 10 2 2 3
condition for linear magnetron.
9 Discuss about 8 cavity magnetron. 10 2 1 2
10 Explain RWH theory? Also explain several modes of operation and applications of 10 2 1 2
Gunn diodes.
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIT – III: WAVEGUIDE COMPONENTS

S.NO QUESTION Marks c po Blooms
o Taxonomy Level
1 a. Define microwave junction 2 3 1 1
b. Distinguish between E-plane Tee and H-plane Tee. 3 3 1 4
c. Explain the working of a directional coupler with a neat diagram and 10 3 3 2
derive the expression for the coupling and directivity of a directional
coupler.
2 a. Define the quality factor of a resonator. 2 3 1 1
b. List few applications of a cavity resonator. 3 3 1 4
c. What are the different types of Attenuators? Explain them with neat 5 3 1 2
diagrams.
d. Draw the structure diagram of E-plane Tee and explain its 5 3 4 2
characteristics.
a. Write the scattering matrix for Isolator 2 3 1 2
3 b. What are ferrites and give their properties? 3 3 1 2
c. Explain the principle of Faraday rotation. 5 3 1 2
d. Discuss the working of ferrite isolator with neat diagram. 5 3 1 2
4 a. Draw a neat diagram of Bethe –hole coupler. 2 3 1 2
b. Distinguish between an isolator and a gyrator 3 3 1 4
c. What is the principle of Faraday rotation? Explain the working of 10 3 2 2
gyrator.
5 a. Draw a neat sketch explain the applications of the magic tee as mixer 2 3 1 2
b. Define coupling factor and directivity 3 3 1 1
c. With a neat sketch explain the working of directional coupler and 10 3 3 3
Derive the S - matrix for 4 port directional coupler when the coupling
factor is 3dB.
6 a. What is Q Factor? 2 3 1 1
b. How to use tuning screws and posts in microwaves? 3 3 1 2
c. What is Faraday rotation? Explain the working of a ferrite circulator 10 3 2 2
with neat sketches. How can it be used as an isolator?

7 Explain the principle of operation of an isolator. What is the significance of using 10 3 1 2

isolator in microwave circuits?
8 Explain the working of Rotary Vane type phase shifter with neat diagram 10 3 1 4
9 Write short notes on: 10 3 1 1
(a)Wave guide Irises
(b)Rat? Race hybrid
(c)Dielectric phase shifters
10 Derive the expression for the coupling and directivity of a two hole directional coupler. 10 3 2 3
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIT –IV: SCATTERING MATRIX & MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS

S.NO QUESTION MARKS CO PO Blooms
Taxonomy Level
1 a. Distinguish between E-plane Tee and H-Plane Tee. 2 4 1 4
b. Define the S-parameters and its properties. 3 4 1 2
c. Draw the structure of Magic tee and write its characteristics and 10 4 4 3
also derive its S-matrix.
2 a. What is bolometer. 2 4 1 1
b. Why the S-parameters are used in microwaves? 3 4 1 2
c. Draw the structure of E-plane tee and write its characteristics and 10 4 4 3
also derive its S-matrix.
a. Explain the significance of scattering matrix. 2 4 1 2
3 b. Why isolator is used in microwave bench set up? 3 4 1 2
c. Draw the structure of H-plane tee and write its characteristics and 10 4 4 3
also derive its S-matrix.
4 a. How attenuation can be measured? 2 4 1 2
b. What is the need for an isolator in MW measurements and where 3 4 1 2
it is placed?
c. Explain the procedure for measuring attenuation using Power 5 4 1 4
ratio method with neat diagram.
d. Define VSWR. Describe the method for measuring low VSWR’s. 5 4 1 4
(VSWR<10)
5 a. Under what conditions double minimum method of VSWR is 2 4 1 3
preferred?
b. Define 3 4 1 1
i)Voltage standing wave ratio ii)Reflection coefficient
c. Describe the blocks of microwave bench and their features 5 4 1 2
d. Explain the procedure for measuring VSWR>10. 5 4 1 2
6 a. Draw the microwave setup using slotted line to measure VSWR. 2 4 1 3
b. State the various methods for measuring attenuation? 3 4 1 1
c. What are the various methods of power measurement? Discuss 5 4 1 2
about Bolometer method
d. Draw the block diagram setup to measure attenuation. Write the 5 4 1 3
steps involved in measuring attenuation using RF substitution
method.
7 Calculate the VSWR of a transmission system operating at 15 GHz.TE10 10 4 2 3
modes is through the waveguide of dimensions 4.0 and 2.1 cm respectively.
The distance between two successive minima is 1.5 mm.
8 The reflection coefficient of a given microwave component is 0.5. Find its 10 4 2 3
VSWR.
9 The input power given to an attenuator is 1000 W. The output power 10 4 2 3
produced by the attenuator is 1W. Calculate the value of the attenuator.
10 Explain the procedure to find Quality Factor. 10 4 1 2
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIT-V OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Q. Description of Question Marks CO PO BTL

No.

1. a) List different optical spectral bands 2M 5 1 1

b) What is V-number in connection with optical fiber? What is 3M 5 2 1

its significance
c) Briefly explain historical development of optical fiber 5M 5 3 2
communication
d) Draw the block diagram of a optical fiber communication system 5M 5 1 3
and explain about each block.

2. a) Define numerical aperture 2M 5 1 2

b) Compare single mode and multimode fibers. 3M 5 4 1

c) List out the advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber 5M 5 1 12

communications

d) The speed of light in vaccum and in the core of silicon fiber is 5M 5 1 2

3x104 m/s and 2x108m/s respectively. When the fiber is placed in
air the critical angle the core cladding interface is 75 0 calculate
the,

(i) Numerical Aperture of the fiber

(ii) Multipath time dispersion per unit length.
3. a) Classify optical fibers based on the refractive index profile. 2M 5 2 2

b) Explain the effective refractive index. 3M 5 1 1

c) Explain about graded index fibers with diagrams 5M 5 2 2

d) Write in detail about glass fibers 5M 5 2 3

4. a) Mention the application of optical fibers. 2M 5 1 1

b) Explain with necessary diagrams the different types of fiber 3M 5 1 2

structures.
c) What is the concept of total internal reflection? Explain with 5M 5 3 4
a suitable optical cable setup.
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

d) Explain about cylindrical fibers with neat diagrams. 5M 5 1 4

5. a) Define snell’s law in optics. 2M 5 1 2

b) The core of an optical fiber is made of glass of refractive 3M 5 5 1

index 1.55 and in clad with another glass of refractive inbdex
1,48. Determine,
(i) Numerical aperture
(ii) Acceptance angle
(iii) Crictical angle.
c) Explain about “chalgenide glass fibers”. 5M 5 1 1

d) Write short notes on plastic optical fibers. 5M 5 2 1

6. a) List the basic requirements and considerations in fiber 2M 5 1 1

fabrication.
b) Calculate the numerical aperture of a step index fiber having 3M 5 4 1
n1=1.48 and n2=1.46.what is the maximum entrance angel
ⱺ0 for this fiber of the outer medium is the air with n=1.
c) List the requirements that must be satisfied by materials used 5M 5 1 6
to manufacture optical fibers.
d) Using ray theory transmission approach, explain the 5M 5 1 3
following,
(i) Critical angle
(ii) Numerical aperture
(iii) Acceptance angle

7. a) What are optical fiber connectors and mentioned their 2M 5 1 2

requirements.
b) Explain the core and cladding losses in optical fiber. 3M 5 2 6

c) What is attenuation? Explain. 5M 5 1 1

d) The average optical power launched in to 25km length of fiber 5M 5 1 2

is 100µw and the average output power is 25µw. Calculate,
(i) The signal attenuation in dB through the fiber. It is
assured that there are no connections or splices.
(ii) Signal attenuation per km of the fiber.
(iii) Over all signal attenuation for the 27km optical link
using the same fiber with 3 splices, each having an
attenuation of 0.9dB.
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

8. a) Define dispersion and classify it different types. 2M 5 1 1

b) Determine the pulse spreading in ns/km due to material 3M 5 1 3

dispersion, if LED is operating about 850nm and has a spectral
width of 48 nm.
c) Explain in detail about intramodal dispersion in optical fibers. 5M 5 1 2

d) Write notes on “scattering losses in fiber” 5M 5 5 3

9. a) Define signal distortion in optical fibers. 2M 5 1 1

b) How various losses be minimized in fiber optic 3M 5 1 1

communications ?
c) Explain about information capacity determination 5M 5 2 3

d) Explain the pulse broadening mechanism in G.I fibers? 5M 5 1 1

10. a) Define absorption loss, scattering loss and bending loss. 2M 5 1 8

b) Write short notes on Polarization mode dispersion. 3M 5 2 3

c) List the difference between intramodal and intermodal dispersion. 5M 5 1 1

d) Explain about lensed connector. 5M 5 2 1

11. a) Define macroscropic and microscopic bends in optical 2M 5 1 3

communication systems.
b) Write short notes on Intermodal dispersion. 3M 5 1 1

c) What are the principal requirements of a good 5M 5 3 6

connector design?
d) Explain about connector return losses. 5M 5 2 2

12. a) What is attenuation of a signal 2M 5 2 6

b) A K2O-SiO2 glass core optical fiber has an attenuation 3M 5 5 2

resulting from Rayleigh scattering of 0.46 dB km-1 at a
wavelength of 1µm. The glass has an estimated fictive
temperature of 758K, isothermal compressibility of 8.4 x 10-11
m-2N-1. And a photo elastic coefficient of 0.245. Determine the
refractive index of glass core.
c) Distinguish between macro bending and micro bending losses 5M 5 4 4
in brief.
d) Explain about losses in end separation,connecting different 5M 5 2 6
fibers when joining two fibers.
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

13. a) Write expression for power coupled into a step and graded index 2M 5 1 2
fibers from an LED source.
b) Write the expression for internal quantum efficiency of an 2M 5 1 3
LED.
c) Draw the schematic of edge emitting double hetro junction 5M 5 1 5
LED and explain its working in detail.
d) Discuss about reliability of LED and ILD. 5M 5 2 1

14. a) Define LED and LASER.Write short notes on LASER diode 2M 5 1 1

modes.
b) State the principle of LASER. Explain semiconductor 3M 5 1 2
injection LASER.
c) What is LASER diode ? Compare its performance with that of 5M 5 2 2
LED.
d) Obtain an expression for the resonant mode frequencies in a 5M 5 2 5
laser diode.

15. a) Compare PIN and APD. 2 5 4 1

M

b) List out the materials used for photodiode to make them 3 5 1 3

utilized in fiber optic links. M

c) What are the physical principles of photo diode? Explain. 5 5 3 1

M

d) With neat diagram explain the operating of optical receiver. 5 5 2 8

M

16. a) Compare and contrast the properties of a PIN diode and an 2 5 4 1

APD.
M

b) Write the expression for electric field in the case of PIN 2 5 1 1

photodiode. M

c) The design of an optical receiver is much more complicated 3 5 5 6

than that of an optical transmitter. why? M

d) Discuss briefly about various sources of noise in PIN diode based 5 5 1 1

fiber optic receiver. M
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

17. a) Give the expression for system rise time (tsys) and bandwidth 2 5 2 3
(Bsys) of a optical analog link. M

b) Explain the following with reference to eye pattern, 3 5 1 2

(a) Noise margin M
(b) Timing jitter
(c) Rise time.
c) Discuss in detail about power budget analysis. 5 5 1 3
M

d) Describe how rise time budget analysis of a fiber optic link is 5 5 1 2

done. M

18. a) 2 5 1 2
What are the advantages, features of WDM.
M

b) 3 5 1 1
Describe briefly various multiplexing techniques
M
suitable in fiber optic links.
c) 5 5 1 2
Explain the need for WDM in fiber optic
M
communication. Write short note on Wavelength
division multiplexing(WDM)
d) Describe a procedure to determine the maximum 5 5 2 3
allowed NRZ or RZ data rate on a given fiber optic M
link.