Ethics by Atul Garg

FFP GS4 Solutions

Section A
Q1. a) ‘Business must harness the power of ethics which is assuming a new level of
importance and power in today’s world.’ Discuss? Which company in your opinion is following
a good model of Corporate Governance in India? (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: Ethics were earlier seen as an obstacle in the path of earning profits, but today their
importance has been accepted for sustainable business. Good Corporate Governance practices have
now become central to the overall strategy of private sector companies and are vital to their success.
Ethics have powered business to:

i. Gain competitive advantage

ii. Develop corporate reputation and legitimacy
iii. Seek win-win outcomes through synergistic value creation
iv. Patient long-term capital
v. Develop good relations with the government
vi. Strong inter-organizational relations leading to low attrition rate
For example, CSR initiatives can contribute to strengthening a firm’s brand loyalty, and its consumer
patronage. CSR initiatives also have a positive impact on attracting investment (like Infosys and Tata
Group).
Many institutional investors avoid companies or industries that violate their organizational mission,
values, or principle. They also seek companies with good records on employee relations,
environmental stewardship, community involvement, and corporate governance.
Corporate Social Responsibility may be a tool of legitimization. For example, firms that have negative
social performance in the areas of environmental issues and product safety use charitable
contributions as a means for building their legitimacy. Most importantly, it helps corporate leaders to
achieve higher ends of human life.

Company with Good Corporate Governance practices: Tata group have over the period shown
concern for society and have followed sustainable business practices. The company has worked for
the growth of all stakeholders like employees, shareholders, customers, management and society at
large. For example, TCS provide mentors and global exposure to its employees. It’s always aim for
earning only reasonable profits.

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A case study of on Tata Power’s restoration efforts in Lonavala
Lonavala, is part of the global ‘biodiversity hotspot’, the Western Ghats. Tourism and developmental
projects have negatively impacted surrounding forest landscapes. The Valvan Dam, built by Tata
Power to supply power to Mumbai, inundated portions of forests in and around Lonavala.

Conservation effort
 Afforestation Drive
 Skill development and absorption of local people into the company, reducing primary activity
and stress on resource.
 Special efforts to protect the endangered Golden Mahseer fish.
 Awareness campaigns among villagers.

Changes
 Native vegetation cover increased significantly and with it the diversity of fauna.
 Wildlife habitats were restored gradually and corridors were created to assist their movement.
 Recovery of soil fertility and ground water level contributed towards increasing agricultural
productivity.
 The increased productivity of the forest complemented the income of people.
The perception of the villagers towards the restoration programme has gradually evolved and Tata
brand enjoy lots of credibility now.

Q1. b) “Pity the land that needs a hero.” Do you agree with this statement? Discuss with the help
of examples? (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: The statement criticizes a society in which people seek the solution of all their problems in
their leaders rather than themself rising to the occasion.

One must be guided by his own virtues and must have the wisdom to contribute to his well-being as
well as social welfare. If everyone takes the responsibility and perform, then no leader would be
required to guide and control them.

One of the most egalitarian and developed societies like Norway and Sweden have never produced
many leaders. People there have internal locus of control and act as per their own conscience. They
give social interest priority over their personal interest.

On the other side, we have countries like India, where people completely rely on external control.
Such tendencies often lead to centralization of authority and discretionary power to few people.

In his last speech to the constituent assembly in November 1949, Ambedkar said, “Bhakti or hero-
worship is a sure road to degradation and to eventual dictatorship. Rise of Hitler can be associated
with such unconditional surrender of rights and power to a one person.

Importance

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However, it is also true that we have many national heroes, who have sacrificed their lives for the sake
of society. Heroes do good to the society, they nurture us, motivate us, they validate our world view
and solve our problems.

 Our soldiers on borders, who show exemplary courage during war are our heroes.
 During this COVID lockdown, the health workers and the policeman were our heroes.

The global problems of today like terrorism, narcotics, climate change need certain level of leadership
and people who set examples for others. Problems like poverty, inequality and unemployment in
India need a hero to counter them.

So, I do not agree completely with the statement. We do need heroes in our society for progress and
prosperity, but we should avoid hero worship and idolization, as there is very thin line demarcating
the two. In long term, we need to develop a hero in every citizen of a society.

Q2. a) When it comes to regulation of ethics in Government organizations, both Code of Ethics
and Code of Conduct have their own limitations. Discuss? How in your opinion, a public
services code can be designed in India? (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: To ensure probity in governance, civil services must adhere to the ethical codes which guide
them to perform their duties with honesty and integrity. However, no code is perfect and is marred
with different problems.

Problems with Code of Ethics:

a) They are very general, abstract and difficult to enforce.

b) They are subjective and are open to multiple interpretations. Like integrity and justice can have
different meanings in different contexts.
c) Do not provide quick solutions in emergency situations.
d) Neglect socio-cultural and political context. Like same code for both UK and India.
e) They are highly descriptive in nature.

Problems with Code of Conduct:

1. They are often restrictive rather than affirmative obligations.

2. They are highly prescriptive in nature.
3. They generally are designed to address only minimal forms of ethical behaviour.
4. They are very complex with many sub clauses and exceptions.
5. Use of legal language makes them difficult to understand.
6. Different codes at different levels are required.
7. Regular updating is required. Like provisions related to conduct of officers on social media were
added recently.

What can be done?

In my opinion a comprehensive Civil Service Code can be conceptualized at three levels:

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1. At the apex level, there should be a clear and concise statement of the values and ethical standards
that a civil servant should imbibe.
2. At the second level, the broad principles which should govern the behaviour of a civil servant may
be outlined. This would constitute the Code of Ethics. The Code of Ethics should include: integrity,
impartiality, commitment to public service, open accountability, devotion to duty and exemplary
behavior.
3. At the third level, there should be a specific Code of Conduct stipulating in a precise and
unambiguous manner, a list of acceptable and unacceptable behaviour and actions.
The Code should be enforceable through strict punishment and should be given a statutory backing.
Thus, importance should be given to both code of conduct and code of ethics by integrating them, by
neutralizing their limitations and uniting their strengths.

Q2. b) "Justice is the interest of the strong." Do you agree with this statement? What in your
opinion justice is? Explain with the help of examples. (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: The above idea is of Thrasymachus, which in simple words means ‘might is right’. This is a
radical idea which seems to fit perfectly at ground level where the strongest mostly end up in getting
what they desire. This is how justice actually expresses itself in societies. For example:

 Laws are made by the ruling party in its own interest. Like introduction of electoral bonds which
usually benefits the ruling party.
 Slavery was considered just by the whites as they were in a stronger position.
 Practice of Sati was considered just in a patriarchal society like India.
 In Myanmar, Rohingyas have no rights when they conflict with the strong and in such conflicts, the
strong do not care about murder, ethnic cleansing or genocide, to establish their right over the
weak.
 American attack on Iraq or recent conflict with Iran, all shows that justice is often defined by the
strong.
However, in my opinion this idea has become obsolete now as we today are living in a democratic
world where everyone is considered equal and has equal rights. Time and again, the parliament and
the Constitution of India has tried to safeguard the rights of the weak. Exceptions are there but I
believe that justice is the remedy for curing any evil against the weak. In fact the idea is developed
only to protect the weak from strong.

What is justice?

For me, justice means giving each person what he or she deserves or giving each person his or her
due. Like:

 A person standing first in line deserves to get the ticket of a football match first.
 Backward and economically weaker sections of society needs reservation to compete at equal
level. Equals should be treated equally and unequals unequally
 During Corona Pandemic lockdown in India, poor people deserved to go back to their homes. But
not allowing them was an injustice, which led to their suffering and death.
However, this is also true that who deserves what can be different for different people. Like one can
say that affirmative action in jobs is an injustice to the deserving candidates. Thus, Justice is a relative
concept and different people can hold different views about it.

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Q3. a) “A conflict of interest is something which is quite obvious for a public servant. Its
presence is not an issue but how it is resolved can be of great significance to ensure probity in
governance.” Do you agree with this statement? What standards and procedures can be
followed to resolve such situations? (150 words, 10 marks)
Answer: Because of the multiple roles played by public servants in their daily lives, they inherently
possess many different interests and loyalties. Conflict of interest (CoI) arises when their official
duties, public interest, and their own personal interest are taking priority over one another. These
conflicts are bound to occur. They are a part of life and are unavoidable. For example:
 When, a judge gives a ruling in a case which involves his son as one of the parties. It involves
actual as well as perceived conflict of interest. (happened with former CJI S.H. Kapadia in Vodafone
case)
 When as a District Collector, you have to decide over circle rates of an area which also includes
one of your ancestral properties.
 When your official duty calls for obeying your political boss but public interest requires going
against his will.
 A private sector CEO of a company will have a potential CoI if he makes a lateral entry into
Corporate Affairs Ministry.
Any such conflict can lead to feeling of injustice among citizens, as happened in case of Chanda
Kochhar while giving loan to Videocon as the CEO of ICICI Bank. Thus, civil servants not only have to
remove the actual conflict of interest but also any kind of misperception created by the conflict of
interest.
The primary goal of managing conflicts of interest should be to ensure that decisions are made – and
are seen to be made – on proper grounds with transparency, for legitimate reasons, and without bias.
Thus, following procedure and principles can be followed in this regard:
(i) Keeping Public interest above private interest: - A public servant should always work in
public interest. In situations involving conflict of interest, he should take a principled stand.
(ii) Register: where details of the conflict of interest are declared and registered. (In low-risk
situations this single strategy may be sufficient). Voluntary disclosures can be made in this
regard.
(iii) Restrict: where restrictions are placed on the officer’s involvement in the matter.
(iv) Recruit: where a disinterested third party is used to oversee part or all of the process that
deals with the matter.
(v) Recuse/remove from the situation/case: often done by judges to resolve conflict of interest.
(vi) File noting: - Public servants should always mention the reason for taking particular decision
in the files. This ensures greater degree of transparency and accountability.
(vii) Identifying “risk-areas”: - It will help in providing clear-cut guidelines to the public servants,
in order to tackle conflict of interest in those situations.
(viii) Developing Organizational culture: - It will help in addressing such situations in a better
manner. It will also help in motivating public servants to disclose the potential conflict of
interest.
For example, a principal of a college may restrict or completely remove himself from the enrolment
process of students as his son has applied for the seat. In long term, rules must be made and codified
(in code of conduct) to avoid even a potential conflict that may arise in future.

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Q3. b) Idealism inspires, realism works. Do you agree with this statement? Explain with the help
of examples? (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer – The debate between idealism and realism has been going on since long time and different
philosophers present different views.

An idealist believes in setting high goals in life. They try to be perfect themselves as well as expect
everyone else to be perfect. They also feel that the system is perfect and they will encounter
absolutely no problem in whatever they do. They do not consider the shortcomings which may be
encountered in the way. They also base their thoughts and activities on idealistic assumptions, which
may not be realized in real. So, being idealist may inspire us to aim higher, but it may lead to
unrealized goals.

 Gandhi ji was an idealist who never compromised on his principles of truth and non-violence.
 Raja Harishchandra even sold himself, his wife and son to honor his ideals.
 Sikh gurus gave their life for their ideals.
On the other hand, realist believes in the actual conditions prevalent in our society. They keep the
shortcomings in mind, which help them in better planning. A realist deals with the practical and
feasible aspects of policies and plans which can be implemented. They have problem solving approach
to the challenges.

 Neta ji Subhash Bose met Hitler to defeat the British.

 Sardar Patel used both carrot and stick policy for the integration of the princely states.
 AFSPA is used to achieve goals of the state despite of it being against constitutional morality.
However, too much realism can lead to fall of ideals and degradation of character. It is said that when
realism becomes your ideal, you lose all your ideals. A person will become amenable to external
forces if too much of realism is used.

Thus, what is required is a middle path between the two. As per Shanti parva, moral perfection cannot
be the goal of a king. He must use the middle path. We can’t be perfectly ideal in a world which itself is
not ideal.

 Yudhishtra, who was an idealist throughout his life became a realist and lied to Dronacharya for
the greater good of the society.
 Supreme court has also taken middle path to balance constitutional ideals and necessities of
governance in real world.
Idealism is great when it is an aspiration and an attitude, but one has to take care that it does not lead
to illusions or unrealistic expectations. But it is very important to emerge from one’s ideals from time
to time, to take a reality check and feel the ground beneath one’s feet!

Q4. Write a short note on the following: (75 Words each, 2x5=10 Marks)

a) Mission Karmayogi of Indian government

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Answer: Mission Karmayogi envisages to prepare Indian civil servants for the future by making them
more creative, constructive, imaginative, innovative, proactive, professional, progressive, energetic,
enabling, transparent and technology-enabled.

How it will work?

 The capacity building programme will be delivered through an Integrated Government Online
Training or iGOT-Karmayogi digital platform, with content drawn from global best practices rooted
in Indian national ethos.
 Officers will be evaluated on the basis of the courses they take throughout their career to enhance
their skill.
 An online database will be maintained on what courses they have completed, how did they fare,
what areas does their expertise lie in, etc.
 In case of any future vacancy or if an appointing authority is considering an officer, they can simply
see what kind of training the officer has been getting.
However, the difficulty lies, not in the new ideas, but in escaping from the old ones. There is a tendency
in the Bureaucracy to resist the change which challenges their status quo. Thus, a behavioral change in
the bureaucracy is required.

b) Charaka Shapath

The Maharshi Charak Shapath is a part of a Sanskrit text on Ayurveda called ‘Charaka Samhita’. It is
essentially a set of instructions by a teacher to prospective students. The students must
unconditionally agree to these conditions in order to receive medical education. The oath has many
instructions like:

1. Charak through this oath asks physicians to strive to serve the sick. He asks them not to betray
their patients, even at the cost of their own lives.
2. The physician should direct his mind and intellect to treat the needy and not disclose what
happens in the house of the sick man to the others outside
The Charak Shapath is not as egalitarian as the Hippocratic Oath which asks doctors to treat their
patients regardless of their gender or political position. A part of the Charak oath asks the physicians
to lead the life of a celibate, grow their hair and beard, pray for the welfare of cows and Brahmins and
eat no meat. It also states that doctors should not treat those who are opposed to the king and society
or despised by them.
Thus, what is required is an updated version which is inspired from the Charaka Shapath but is also in
line with the constitutional morality.

Q5. a) What are the ethical issues involved in the usage and impact of OTT Platforms on
common citizens? How can such platforms be regulated without curbing the freedom of speech
and expression of people? (150 words, 10 marks)

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Answer: An over-the-top (OTT) platform is a website or an app providing a media service offered
directly to viewers via the Internet. Such platforms are relatively free from the regulations and
censorship norms, and thus poses many ethical dilemmas.

1. As of now, out of five different media- Print, Radio, TV, Films, OTT, first four are regulated and the
OTT alone is beyond proper regulation.
2. As there is no censoring authority, the content can potentially harm religious sentiment, public
morality, etc.
3. They expose children to violence, nudity, vulgar content and abusive language, which can have
huge impact on their personality.
4. The article 19 which gives a fundamental right to freedom of expression comes with reasonable
restrictions of decency and public morality, public order, defamation, incitement to offences, etc.
5. Glorification of criminals like those in Sacred Games and Mirzapur can lead to setting of wrong
role models for the youth.
6. They also spread and consolidate existing stereotypes and prejudices in a society like
commodification of women, alcoholism, smoking etc.
7. Unlimited access can disturb the work life balance and can also affect the health of children.
8. The OTT platforms recommend content for age-appropriate viewing. But there is no fixed
framework for that. They put minimum age limit 13+, 16+ but there is no proper understanding of
how this classification is done.

Though, it is also true that OTT platforms are a new age phenomenon guided by expanded notions of
freedom of expression and artistic freedom. They have surely helped to bring issues that cannot be
brought to traditional screens like LGBTQ rights, etc.

How they can be regulated?

It is very difficult to regulate the OTT content as done for traditional mediums. The Internet is beyond
any regulation. Previous attempts have been made to regulate pornographic sites but it has not been
much successful. Thus, what is required is a multi-pronged strategy.

 OTT platforms must develop a code of conduct and SOPs to segregate the content suitable for
different age groups. In case of failure of OTT platforms in coming up with a comprehensive self-
regulatory mechanism with due diligence government must bring in required regulations.
 A comprehensive national law is required. There must be a clear definition of responsibility, as
well as legal deterrence. Also, penalty should be charged along with imprisonment term in relation
to the breach of any regulation.
 Parental locks must be available, so that parents can block certain content to reach their children.
 Schools and colleges must create awareness about the impact of such platforms through debates
and seminars.
 Use of artificial intelligence like software can be developed to automatically identify objectionable
data and stop it from reaching vulnerable groups.
 The Indian government has recently decided to have a three-tier mechanism for regulation of OTT
platforms. These include - Information, Self-regulation, and Oversight.

According to KPMG report, India is set to have more than 500 million subscribers to OTTs by 2023.
The regulation of OTT platforms is a necessary evil in the wake of unbridled content creation on these
platforms and in a futuristic sense as these platforms are set to grow exponentially.

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Q5. b) “It is better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both.” Discuss this quote of
Machiavelli in the context of civil services in India? (150 words, 10 marks)
Answer: Value of love is essential in administration. It establishes connection between citizens and
administration, make democracy more participative and motivate civil servants for public service.
Also, if authority is feared, then compliance for rules increases. However, Niccolò Machiavelli suggests
if both cannot be achieved then fear is better than love. It can be understood as follows:
 The present ongoing Jallikattu agitation created law and order problem despite CM’s assurance of
bringing a law on Jallikattu. Administration was not liked by people in this case but if fear existed,
then public order could have been maintained.
 In 2018, then finance minister said that in terms of taxation, India is largely a non-compliance
society. There may be apathy for administrative affairs in public but fear can at least ensure tax
compliance.
 It is seen that Supreme Court judgments is violated by businessmen and private authorities. Mr.
Vijay Malaya is absconding. BCCI has been reluctant in adopting Lodha panel report. Ideally love
and respect for court judgments should make one follow it. But when propensity to follow is less,
only fear can effectively implement such judgments of courts.
Administration and civil service have to perform complex set of tasks. Patriotism, national
consciousness, celebration of democracy which are expressions of love may not always be present in
all context. So, the only tool to ensure rule of law in such cases is fear of repercussion of violation of
law.
Thus, as per Machiavelli, a strong ruler, therefore, will not make himself unarmed and trust in the
good nature and love of his subjects, but will take action to ensure that they also fear betraying him.
The strongest ruler is one who can do both, the next best is one who can be feared; the weakest is one
who depends on love alone.

Q6. Given below are quotations of moral thinkers/philosophers. For each of these, bring out
what it means to you in the present context.
a) "For the senses wander, and when one lets the mind follow them, it carries wisdom away
like a windblown ship on the waters.” (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: Human mind is the fastest travelling machine in the world. Due to its speed, it is also
vulnerable to drift from the set path and digress towards unwanted thought and action. It can destroy
our focus and make us ineffective.
 If we let our mind wander to thought of our failure and not focus on opportunities and prospects
ahead then negative emotion will overwhelm us and destroy our motivation to work hard.
 Thoughts are food for the action. Mind can wander out thought towards greed, lust, vengeance
etc. The more we allow our thought to wander the more we move towards such action. We must
develop emotional intelligence to control and channelize our thought in right direction.
 In the present time especially when distraction is all around us in the form of movies, internet,
advertisements, video games, smart phone etc. it has become more important to consciously
learn to deal with wandering senses.

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  As per Bhagwat Gita, if the intellect loses its grip over its mind, the mind runs wherever it
wants and allows the five sense organs (the five horses) to go wherever they want to and
indulge. This then brings a destruction to man’s personality.
Gandhi ji said “Your thoughts become your words, your words become your actions, Your actions
become your habits, Your habits become your values, Your values become your destiny.” It is important
to control our thoughts through practices like Yoga, meditation, prayers, making timetable and setting
short term and long-term goals.
b) “Where scriptural laws conflict with what is righteous and just, there justice shall be the valid
criterion, the written text loses its relevance.” Kautilya (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: This quote gives an answer to the question that whether laws are made for humans or
humans are made for laws. Laws are just a tool to achieve a just society, but when laws themselves
are leading to injustice, then it is time to change them.

Laws are made to maintain social order and enforce Dharma in a society. They bring ethics into
action. However, there are certain limitations with laws like:

 Difficulty in implementing laws without any exclusion error. Like not providing food grains to a
poor family as they don’t have an Aadhar card to show.
 Laws can stop people from doing wrong but cannot motivate them to do good.
 We cannot make laws for every situation which may arise in future.
 Society keeps on changing. A law which is ethical now can become unethical in future. Like triple
talaq law or IPC Section 377 on LGBT relations.
 Laws are made by political regimes and leaders who themselves can be biased.

In this context, many times laws go against the very objective they are made for. In such situations,
justice shall be the valid criterion to make decisions rather than the laws. Like Supreme Court has
directed hospitals to admit patients and treat then even if they are not able to fulfill all the
procedures. Gandhi ji had always been a law-abiding citizen, but when it was about British salt law, he
broke it in public and also asked others to do the same. Thomas Jefferson has rightly said that: -
“When injustice becomes law, resistance becomes duty.”

In context of civil services, laws are very important. They are the law protectors and not law breakers.
So, in situations, where a law conflicts with what is right, they must follow the procedure. They shall
try to bring changes in the law by referring it to the political executive, rather than just outrightly
breaking it.

Thus, a comprehensive set of administrative ethics should not only include law but also a code of
professional ethics and regard for conscience.

c) "Relativity applies to physics, not ethics" - Albert Einstein (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: The statement highlights the basic debate of ethical universalism versus ethical relativism in
moral philosophy. This statement supports the presence of certain universal ethics which can be
applied across all situations and places.
With the advancement of civilization and with growing connectivity, there have been certain
standards which are valued everywhere like honesty, trust, justice and fraternity. United Nation’s
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charter and universal declaration on human rights 1948 also indicates the advancement of ethical
universalism.
Certain acts like stealing or killing someone are inherently wrong irrespective of the reason because
of which they have been done. In fact, if the society does not follow these universal values, then it’s the
problem of society rather than the standards themselves. For example, genocide will always remain
unethical even if Hitler believed that it was right to kill Jews.
However, claims of ethical relativism also seems to be true that ethics are subtle and keep on
changing in degree and meaning with change in time, place or person. Like suicide is considered
unethical in Indian society but it may not be the same for certain communities of Japan. Eating beef is
wrong in some societies but in others, it is quite normal.
As a conclusion, it might be argued that the conception of ethics cannot be held in a water-tight
compartment. The acceptance of an ethic might be universally valid, but its nature in a particular
society varies according to the times and needs of the society.
The main purpose of ethics is to guide human beings towards happiness. Thus, the nature of ethics
adapts with time to ensure this aim of the human society.

d) “When injustice becomes law, resistance becomes duty.” ― Thomas Jefferson (150 words,
10 marks)

Answer: If laws are enacted which violate, as Thomas Jefferson saw it, a higher sense of justice, then
it is not only right to resist that law, but it is the moral obligation of citizens to resist that law. Human
law should accord with natural law, and where it doesn’t, it is unjust.
As per American Declaration of Independence also, whenever any Form of Government becomes
destructive and fails to protect the natural rights, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it,
and to institute new Government.
Laws are the foundation of stability in society, but unjust laws are the recipe for tyranny. Thus, swift
action is necessary against them. Like:
 Gandhiji has said, “An unjust law itself is specie of violence”. Gandhiji fought to overthrow the
British Empire due to their unjust laws (Non-cooperation movement against Rowlatt Act of 1919).
 St. Augustine said, ’Unjust law is no law at all’.
 Martin Luther King fought against unjust laws which were the manifestation of racial
discrimination in USA.
 Dadabhai Naoroji, G. K. Gokhale, M.G. Ranade resisted the British financial Plunder from India.
 There was huge protest in India against section 66A of the IT act which violated freedom of
speech. People also protested against proposal to distort ‘net neutrality’.
 There has also been movement against Section 377 which criminalizes homosexuality, infringing
on the fundamental rights of autonomy, intimacy, and identity of LGBT community.
Thus, resistance by citizens have yielded in removal of unjust laws and harmonizing laws with ethics.
The essence of democracy will only be realized when people will start participating in governance by
raising their voice against injustice. But the resistance shall be shown as per Gandhian principles of
civil disobedience.
ETHICS BY ATUL GARG 11
 Section B
Q7. Mr. Rajesh Mittal is working on the post of Secretary to the Ministry of Environment at the
central level. His office has received a request from three state governments regarding culling
of animals. The state governments have requested for declaring Nilgai in Bihar, monkey in
Himachal Pradesh and wild boar in Uttarakhand as vermin under the Wildlife Protection Act.
This would mean their killing will not be regulated anymore.

These animals exist in large numbers and regularly stray onto farms growing crops like wheat
and pulses, thus harming the standing crops. Economic loss is sometimes huge for poor formers.
Even though such permissions have been given in the past, Rajesh is finding it difficult to allow
killing of animals.
Analyze the ethical issues involved in this case. Also explain what course of action Mr. Rajesh
should suggest to the state governments in this regard? (250 words, 20 marks)

Answer: Mr. Rajesh is facing a dilemma between what ethicists call biocentrism vs. humanocentrism.
The dilemma is in balancing the economic interest of farmers, their physical labour involved in crop
production, psychological trauma due to crop loss, food security of the region, controlling price rise
food crops on one side and upholding right to life of animals, refraining from engineering natural
balance of ecology and practicing environmental ethics.

Values and issues involved in the case:

1. Safeguarding the interest of poor farmers.

2. Food security for masses.
3. Biodiversity of the country.
4. Illegal trade of vermin declared animals.
5. Harmonizing human existence with nature or eco-centrism.
6. Virtue of Empathy and compassion towards animals
7. Image and credibility of Environment ministry among animal loving citizens.

 Biocentric ethics states that nature does not exist simply to be used or consumed by humans, but
that humans are simply one species amongst many. Biocentrists believe that all species have
inherent value, and that humans are not "superior" to other species in a moral or ethical sense.
 Humanocentrism in contrast belief that human beings are most significant species on the planet
and have a moral status or value higher than that of all other organisms.
 Indian constitution calls for Prevention of cruelty and upholding right to life for animals under
article 21 of Indian constitution. Fundamental duty and directive principle of state policy also call
for safeguarding animals.
 Gandhi ji said that “The greatness of a nation can be judged by the way its animals are treated”.
This is the feeling shared by Mr. Rajesh. As an administrator it is his duty to safeguard and
promote the interest of farmers. But humanism, constitutionalism and morality are not allowing
his conscience to allow killing of animals.

ETHICS BY ATUL GARG 12

Some argue that culling is necessary when biodiversity is threatened. However, one can argue that the
human population boom is the biggest drain on the planet’s resources. So, if we don’t consider culling
humans, we do not have the right to cull other species. Wildlife is forced out of forests to raid
cropland because forests are being encroached upon by people. The so-called controlled culling
frequently leads to free-for-all shooting sprees, and permitting a cull actually creates a conducive
atmosphere for the poaching mafia to move in.

Course of action:

States must try innovative ways to keep animals away. Some of them are as follows:

i. Bio-fencing – Bio fencing like bee fencing has already been successful in keeping animals away
from farmland in African countries like Kenya. They are cheap and honey collected also adds to
farm income. Planting Chilly pepper plant around farmland also keeps animals away.
ii. Community participation - to prevent incident of crop munching by animals. Farmers can take
turn to guard and alert the village against the imminent animal’s herd attack and animals can be
chased away before any damage is done to crops.
iii. Training animals - Employing trained langur to prevent arrival of rhesus monkey as was done in
Delhi last year. A similar effort has been done in Kerala where elephants are trained to chase away
wild animals.
Other administrative measure can also be taken:

1. Birth control vaccine – to control population animals.

2. Noise makers.
3. Wildlife Corridors - for peaceful passage of animals from one habitat to another.
4. Relocation - If possible, relocation of animals to the less populated forest area.
5. Adequate food supply – can be made available to animals in the original habitat, from farm waste,
so that they don’t have to attack crops in the farm land.
States must be encouraged to solve the problem using above measures which are sustainable, eco-
friendly and will provide more lasting solution. Only if adequate efforts have been made by the states
and problem still persists, considering the request to declare an animal vermin should be taken up.

Q8. Monika is a District Collector (DC) of a coastal region in Southern India. An NGO has
approached her regarding a complaint of high-rise residential building construction near a
famous lake lying under her area of jurisdiction. When she enquired into the case, she found
that high-rise apartments have been constructed eight years back but they are in violation of
coastal regulation zone (CRZ) norms. The owners had bought the highly expensive apartments
after obtaining all permissions and licenses from the administration at that time. Thus, it may
appear wrong to punish them for the possible mistakes committed by builders and others, but
not taking action may also set a wrong precedent.

Any action or inaction on part of district administration can have serious repercussions on the
ecosystem, especially in wake of the back-to-back floods that have ravaged the whole state

ETHICS BY ATUL GARG 13

over the last two years, triggering landslides leading to massive loss of life and property.
Evaluate different options available with Monika and explain what shall be her action plan?
(250 words, 20 marks)

Answer: The spate of illegal structures and buildings in the vulnerable coastal areas and wetlands has
emerged as a major issue which threatens our ecological balance. The case has multiple contradictory
dimensions like legal, environmental and humanitarian, which has largely happened because of
corrupt administration and our apathy towards environmental concerns.

Following factors must be taken into regard while evaluating Stakeholders involved:
different options:  Apartment buyers
 Real estate developers
a) Lack of active administration in environmental  Municipal authority
governance.  People at large
b) Financial and emotional loss to buyers in real estate  Monika
sector.  Marine plant and animal
c) Loss to life and property of poor due to aggravated species
disaster caused by violation of environmental norms.
d) Courage and fortitude of Monica to deal with real estate developers and empathy and
compassions towards the buyers.
e) Short term arrangement versus long term sustainable development
Options available with Monika

1. Don’t act on the illegal constructions which have already taken place but make sure no new cases
like this come again.

This will not put financial and emotional burden on buyers. They cannot be punished for the wrong
done by others. Also, the administration must take the responsibility of its failure to act on time.

However, such inaction will create no deterrence and more such illegal constructions will take place.
It will be unjust for the poor who usually suffer because of environmental degradation. Long term
harm in form of floods is already taking place.

2. Demolish the structure and restore the greenery around the lake

This will ensure environmental justice. A strong deterrence will be in place and will be in line with
Gandhi’s Talisman. Right to clean environment and dignified life will be restored for all the species.

However, loss suffered by the people may make administration unpopular leading to loss of social
capital. One must also be aware about the possible environmental impact of bringing the buildings
down, including contamination of the lake due to the debris.

3. Demolish the apartments but the buyers must be paid through fines imposed on the builders.
Government can also share some burden by giving an alternate piece of land to the buyers. Officers
who granted the license and permission must also be tried under Prevention of corruption act. This
will ensure environmental as well as social justice.

ETHICS BY ATUL GARG 14

Monica must choose the third option because –

a) Sustainable development is one of the biggest challenges of present time.

b) Strict environmental norms are required to mitigate the impact of disasters.
c) Culprits must be punished for complete justice.
d) Citizens must be protected from greed and deceptive sell by real estate builders.
Man-made interventions have taken a toll on the fast-shrinking marine ecosystems and now its time
for a zero-tolerance policy towards such activities. A strong precedence can be set my Monika in this
regard.

Q9. More than 100 countries who have been part of the United Nations Environment Assembly,
including India, have signed a resolution to draw up an agreement which will in the future
make it legally binding for the signatories to address the full life of plastics from production to
disposal, to end plastic pollution.
Accordingly, Prime Minister of India has announced that India would eliminate single-use
plastics by 2022. The items on which the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has
announced a ban are earbuds, balloon sticks, candy and ice-cream sticks, cutlery items
including plates, cups, glasses, forks, spoons, knives, trays; sweet boxes, invitation cards,
cigarette packs, PVC banners and polystyrene for decoration. The issue aroused is that since
half the plastic now produced is meant to be used only once, India has to figure out what
plastic it wants to use and ban — and how it will recycle all that trash.
Delhi is ranked highest among the cities with maximum use of plastic (single use plastic). The
major challenge in Delhi is that there is no viable alternative as of now for single-use plastic
items. The alternative to single-use plastic items, especially single-use plastic bags and bottles,
which are used to sell packaged products/ drinks, needs to be affordable for the consumers.
Apart from the challenge that is faced by the consumers, other issue arises is with the people
whose livelihood survives on the supply chain of plastic; this goes from the factory
manufacturing plastic to the ragpickers. Their livelihood will be snatched by this ban.
You are the Municipal commissioner of Delhi and you are asked to prepare a report and
submit it to the ministry. In this regard, analyse the situation from different perspectives, and
also suggest a way forward that can help in successfully implementing the ban made on single
plastic. (250 words, 20 marks)
Answer: Plastic is the biggest threat to humanity, as its impact
remains for centuries on the future generation. Not only it is polluting Stake holders:
our oceans and waterways and killing marine life – it’s in all of us and
we can’t escape consuming plastics. It is in all its forms is choking our 1. People working in
planet and we must find ways to reduce and eventually eliminate plastic industry.
single-use plastic products. 2. Consumers using
plastic.
Ethical issues involved in this case are: 3. The government.
4. World at large
 Ecology versus Economy
5. The whole ecological
 Short term benefits versus Long-term harms
system.
 Justice to the next generation
ETHICS BY ATUL GARG 15
 Sustainable development and inclusive growth
 Right to healthy life versus Right to livelihood of those involved in plastic related occupations.
Analysis from different perspectives
1. Municipal commissioner: It is my duty as well as responsibility to implement the policies made
at the higher level. I must also take a comprehensive approach while deciding on the strategy as
this decision will have huge repercussions on all segments of the population.
2. Global level: India has always been a role model for the world when it comes to pollution control
measures. Because of our huge population, we can’t just pass the responsibility on the developed
nation.
3. Government: Under article 51 of our constitution, government has the obligation to follow
international commitments. In short-term, plastic ban will create problems for many, but not
banning plastic can have huge repercussions in the future.
4. Plastic industries: Those who are presently involved in this business, cannot be left without an
alternative means to earn their livelihood, and that too in an abrupt manner. Empathy and
compassion must be shown. Thus, certain timeline must be drawn in this regard.
5. Ecological perspective: Indian society has always believed in the concept of mother nature. In
the end, it is not the ecology that will perish, but it is the human race that will perish.
6. Common citizens: Plastic is so cheap and convenient that it has replaced all other materials from
the packaging industry but it takes hundreds of years to disintegrate. People have also developed
the habit of using plastic indiscriminately. Awareness level is also low among the population.
Humanity was thriving even when the plastic was not invented. Now is the high time to reduce the
usage of plastic only to those areas where it is irreplaceable.

Way forward to implement the ban

 Sustainable Alternatives: Economically affordable and ecologically viable alternatives which will
not burden the resources needed and their prices will also come down with time and increase in
demand.
 Need to promote alternatives like cotton, khadi bags and biodegradable plastics. Like use of Oxo-
biodegradable plastics, that are manufactured to be broken down by ultra-violet radiation and
heat, more quickly than regular plastics.
 More R&D (Research & Development) and finances for it, are needed to look for sustainably viable
options. For example, Plastic-eating bacteria, discovered in Japan, has been cultivated and
modified to digest polyester plastics (food packaging and plastic bottles).
 Circular Economy for Plastic Management: Circular economy can reduce material use, redesigns
materials to be less resource intensive, and recaptures “waste” as a resource to manufacture new
materials and products.
 Behavioural Change: Citizens have to bring behavioural change and contribute by not littering and
helping in waste segregation and waste management.
 Extended Producer Responsibility: At the policy level, the concept of Extended Producer
Responsibility (EPR), already mentioned under the 2016 Rules, has to be promoted.
 Awareness must be created at community level through plays and curriculum changes at school
and college level.

ETHICS BY ATUL GARG 16

 A mobile app for Single Use Plastics (SUP) Grievance Redressal can be launched to empower
citizens to check sale/usage/manufacturing of SUP in their area and tackle the plastic menace.
 Social proof can be given through states like Sikkim who have successfully banned plastic.
 Government offices can take the initiative by becoming plastic free zones.

Plastic pollution free world is not a choice but a commitment to life – a commitment to the next
generation.

Q10. You are the Chief Secretary of a state in the Northern region of India. Agriculture is the
major aspect of the economy of this state, but the government in your state is witnessing
multiple highly charged protests from the farmer’s community in the last two months. Few
incidents of these protests are going violent and stone pelting has also been there. They often
lead to obstruction of major road highways, toll plazas and railway tracks. Destruction of
public property has also been witnessed.
These protests are largely over some new agriculture sector reforms which have been initiated
by the government. These reforms will lead to more involvement of the private sector in
agriculture sectors. But farmers believe that this will lead to their exploitation by big
corporations.
The Chief Minister is in strong favor of these reforms and wants them to be implemented. He
has given strict orders to the administration to curb any kind of violence or undemocratic
practices used by farmers to resist the reforms. He also believes that these agitations are
politically motivated.
In this context, a video of a Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM) has gone viral in which he was
allegedly ordering police to use violence against protesting farmers and “smash their heads” to
keep them from breaching cordons. Subsequently, a lathi charge was conducted over
protesting farmers who were trying to block a state highway. The CM was going to pass
through this highway to attend a public function. While many farmers were reportedly injured
in the lathi-charge, police have also accused the protesters of using violence. More than 20
cases have also been registered by police against the farmers for violence and stopping civil
servants from doing their duty.
After the video went viral, a social media storm ensued. Public sentiment is in favor of farmers
and civil society is calling for action against the SDM. Opposition party is also demanding the
suspension of the SDM. But any such action can have repercussions on administration. The CM
has asked for your advice. Explain:
a) What are the ethical issues involved in this case?
b) Whether action shall be taken against the SDM or not?
c) What can the government do to resolve such situations in the long term?
Answer: Trust and credibility are the essence of good relationships, whether it is between husband
and wife or between government and farmers. In politics, they play major role in enhancing the
legitimacy of the government.

ETHICS BY ATUL GARG 17

a) Ethical issues involved in the case Stakeholders
1. Right to protest in a democracy versus duty of SDM to maintain  Me as Chief Secretary
law and order.  CM and ruling party
2. Dissent versus rebellion: farmers can use legitimate means but  Opposition parties
they have no right to block roads and railways and destroy  Farmers
public property.  SDM and his team
3. Freedom of expressions for farmers versus right to dignified life  Police team
for other citizens. J. S. Mill Harm principle can be applied in this  Injured people
regard. Rights can be curtailed if actions of an individual are  Private sector
affecting others.  Society at large
4. Taking the right policy decisions versus adhering to the demands of the farmers.
5. Perceived conflict of interests amongst the various stakeholders
6. Duty to maintain peace and harmony in state
7. Prudence and temperance of the concerned officer
8. Role of media in giving correct information vs media as judiciary
9. Emotional intelligence of the SDM
10. Trust and credibility of the government.
b) Action against SDM

SHOULD BE TAKEN SHOULD NOT BE TAKEN

 He handled the situation in a very immature  The chief minister had ordered for curbing of
manner. any protest by the farmers.
 His intention was to use force on farmers  The security of the CM could not be
right from the starting. compromised due to the protests.
 His actions brought down the trust and  Any action will bring down the morale of
credibility among people and government. administration.
 His actions brought bad name to the
government.
 His choice of words was not correct.

c) Steps to be taken for resolving the issue

 A fact-finding team must be constituted to understand the circumstances under which action was
taken by the SDM. In between, he must be transferred to some other place as people have lost faith
in him.
 Strict action must be taken on violators and destroyers of public property. The Supreme Court has
also said that protesters cannot block public transport system.
 Specific area should be allotted for peaceful and democratic protest so that there is no damage to
life and property.
 Active participation of farmers in governance through institutions like Gram Sabhas and ward
committees. Civil society institutions like NGOs and pressure groups can further facilitate this
engagement.

ETHICS BY ATUL GARG 18

 Greater Transparency: like UK Government is releasing public data to help people understand
how government works. Canada has brought people closer to government through tools like
internet consultations, Town hall meetings, digital voting etc.
 Regular Press conferences must be held by leaders and ministers to explain new policies of the
government and take doubts of people on public platforms.
 Policy makers must develop the values of empathy, compassion, tolerance and humility. They
should always be ready to learn from people.
 Decentralization of decision-making power in long-term shall be done so that decisions are made
by those who bear the repercussions of these decisions.
Though it is true that sometimes government has to take tough decisions which may not go well
among the masses, even if these decisions are for the long-term progress of society.

Agriculture is a key aspect for the economy of the state. Thereby it becomes important for the
government to understand the aspirations of the farmers and keep them at the forefront of the policy
formulation process.

Q11. Vivek has been recently appointed as the administrator of an island chain in India. The
island mostly constitutes a tribal population with its distinct culture and practices. Many
islands belonging to other nations, which are close to this island chain have been developed as
tourist spots and now the central government also wants to utilize the natural beauty of this
group of islands. The island needs infrastructure development and basic law and order
management to attract the tourists, as crime rate is high in some places. The government also
wants to implement the beef eating ban which has already been enforced in many other states
of India. For this, some sweeping reforms are required which the government wants Vivek to
implement. Some of these reforms are:
 Creation of a Development Authority which will have the power to remove or relocate
islanders from their property, for town planning or any developmental activity.
 The Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act, under which a person can be detained without
any public disclosure for a period of up to one year.
 Anti-cow slaughtering rules which effectively prohibits slaughtering cows, by mandating a
license for killing animals.
The announcement has been made about these new rules but protests have erupted on the
island. The islanders believe that these new rules are an interference in their culture where
beef eating is quite common. Also, the land reforms are an attempt for a corporate land grab
and tourism can destroy the natural beauty of the island. Anti-social laws will be used to brand
people as criminals and punish those who democratically protest. The islanders want to
maintain their isolation and any attempt on part of government to change things can lead to
hostility and violence.
The central government has asked for Vivek’s opinion. In this context, explain whether it is ok
on part of the government to interfere in food habits of people or not? Also, what strategy can
be employed to bring development to the island, without disturbing its sanctity? (250 words,
20 marks)
Answer: Being appointed as the administrator of an island chain, it is the duty of Vivek to maintain
the law and order in the region and fulfil his constitutional and ethical duties towards the
environment, culture and people alike.
ETHICS BY ATUL GARG 19
Ethical Issues Involved
 Economic development versus Environmental conservation
 Rights of the Tribal population versus cultural development
 Means versus Ends
 Integration of tribals with the mainstream

Stakeholders Involved
 Vivek (Administrator of the island chain)
 The Central Government
 People residing on the island
 Tourists and Visitors
 Criminals
 Flaura and Fauna

Following factors must be taken into consideration by Vivek before putting forth his opinion:
a) Geographical and social isolation of the people residing on the island
b) Financial and emotional loss due to the introduction of land reforms
c) Short term reforms versus long term environmental and societal damage
d) Courage and fortitude of Vivek to deal with the government and empathy and compassion
towards the islanders
e) Tourism versus peace with the locals

Government Interference in food habits of people

Most of the island constitutes tribal population who have their own distinct cultural practices. The
implementation of the beef eating ban by the government interferes with the culture of the tribal
population.
Our morality cannot be judged from what is there in our plates. What we want to eat is an aesthetic
question which shall be kept out from the purview of ethics. Unless a practice is too barbaric to stand
the test of civilization, it may not be necessary to impose food habits of majority on the tribals.
Constitutional morality talks about beef ban but it also talks about preserving the rights of tribals.
Eating habits also depends on the geography and physiology of people.
For a Hindu majoritarian state like India, cow is the symbol god and it’s also important for an agrarian
economy. Thus, changing food habits shall be a slow process and focus should be on internal changes
through persuasion. Prohibition will not work in this regard. But one thing shall be ensured that
slaughtering doesn’t take place for other reasons.
Strategies to bring development to the island
a) Specific areas of the island can be allocated for spread of tourism. These areas won’t disturb
the peace of the inhabitants.
b) A small but effective police force should be kept in the region to curtail crime. Also, law
enforcement must be made more stringent. For this, local shall be hired in the police.

ETHICS BY ATUL GARG 20

 c) Introduction of any reform by the government should be introduced only after healthy
discussion with the inhabitants of the island. This will reduce the hostility towards the
government and islanders will abide by the reforms happily.
d) The development authority should include people from the island population as its important
members.
e) Reservation on usage of land and resources should be given to the people of the region
f) Protest should be curbed by understanding the beliefs of the islanders rather than the
enforcement of anti-social law. Peaceful, democratic protest shall be allowed.

Tribal cultures are seen as inferior and outsiders have great desire to “civilize” them. This develops
negative emotion of hate and anger among tribals towards outsiders. Loads of stereotypes and
prejudice against them had led to discriminatory practices.

PM Jawaharlal Lal Nehru said that tribal areas have to develop, and has to develop in their own ways.
Cultural, social and economic development of tribal areas must happen as per their own genius.

Q12. You are heading a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU), which provides telecom and internet
services to people across India. The PSU which was once a Navratna company is today incurring
huge losses. The situation has led government to think about its sell-off or even complete
disclosure. The losses are largely due to following reasons:
a) Stiff competition from the private sector.
b) Excessive workforce which eats up the revenue.
c) Traditional bureaucratic mindset among employees.
What institutional and behavioral measures you can take or suggest to the government to
address the above three issues and save the PSU from closure. Also discuss the qualities of a
public servant which will be required to manage this situation. (250 words, 20 marks)

Answer: Telecom and Internet services have become basic amenities for people today. Their demand
is rising day by day and under such scenario, closure of a PSU providing these services is very
unfortunate. It shows lack of probity in the system and also provide an opportunity for me to become a
source of change and revival.
For any hope of revival, a multi-pronged strategy would be required at both structural and behavioral
level to resolve the problems given in the case.

a) Stiff competition from the private sector.

 Try to reach those areas which are still untouched by other players. Being a PSU, this advantage
to reach hinterland would always be there.
 Hold on the services where competition is intense like mobile services and push aggressively on
those services where other operators have not committed too much resources so far and which
are likely to be future services; for example, Fiber to the Home (FTTH) services.
 Complaint to Competition Commission of India if unethical cut-throat policies are adopted by
private sector players.
 Lateral entry: Experts from private sector can be hired to reduce the cost of services and to
induce efficiency and effectiveness in providing services.
 Introducing tools like Sevottam Model, as proposed by 2nd ARC for public Service Delivery.
 Some government funding through sale of assets, sovereign bonds etc. along with disinvestment
of certain percentage to raise money for new services at lower rates.
ETHICS BY ATUL GARG 21
b) Excessive workforce which eats up the revenue.

 Compulsory retirement as per rules for inefficient employees who have become a burden on the
organization.
 Voluntary retirement scheme (VRS) for other employees who have crossed the age of 50 and want
to retire voluntarily.
 Build capacity through massive technical and management training of those executives and staff
who have the potential capacity to deliver for improving the operational efficiency of PSU. Mission
Karmyogi would be helpful in this regard.
 Cutting down salaries of the top brass or linking the pay scale with the performance of employees.
 The central idea should be to keep the workforce lean and thin and outsource most of the activities.
It is not necessary to carry out all activities of planning, execution, maintenance, customer services
etc. inhouse.

c) Traditional bureaucratic mindset among employees.

 The personality and intent of the head of the organization start impacting the performance of an
organization from day one. Thus, Transformational Leadership would be required in this regard.
 Work culture reforms must be initiated. Steps like biometric system for attendance, multiple
channels of communication, balancing autonomy with accountability must be taken.
 Employ strategies to inculcate modern democratic values among employees like dedication,
transparency, integrity and service orientation.
 Adopting new models for better quality of service delivery like TQM which involves making the
organization ethical, and trustworthy.
 Longer tenures for officers and Board of Directors, so that they can have attachment with the
organization.
 Hybrid structures must be evolved rather than linear hierarchies.

Qualities required to ensure revival of PSU

1. Emotional Intelligence: To respond appropriately to handle pessimism of people and

motivating my employees to use their emotions to do constructive work. It also helps people to
accept the process of change and is an important characteristic of a leader.
2. Dedication: It leads to passion and perseverance which are both required in such tight
situations. It also helps in doing Nishkama Karma, which free you from all worries of past and
future.
3. Courage: There can be no failure to a man who has not lost his courage. A brave soul can mend
even a disaster.
4. Efficiency and Effectiveness: together they can lead to excellence in service delivery.
5. Empathy, compassion and tolerance: such qualities are especially required in organizations
delivering services to the people at cutting edge level.
Ultimately, it is about leadership which helps in keeping your employees focused on the goal and
motivated to do their best to achieve it, especially when the stakes are high and the consequences
really matter.

ETHICS BY ATUL GARG 22

PSUs were once described as the ‘Temples of Modern India’. If managed properly, they have the
potential to emerge as partners of progress in India's economic march.

ALL THE BEST

ETHICS BY ATUL GARG 23