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qxp 10/13/08 12:59 PM Page 2

Formulas and Tables by Mario F. Triola

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ch. 3: Descriptive Statistics Ch. 7: Confidence Intervals (one population)

©x
x Mean p̂  E  p  p̂  E Proportion
n
pN qN
©f # x where E = z a>2
x Mean (frequency table) Bn
©f
©1x - x22 x - E 6 m 6 x + E Mean
s Standard deviation s
B n - 1 where E = z a>2 (s known)
1n
n 1©x 22 - 1©x22 Standard deviation s
s or E = t a>2 (s unknown)
n 1n - 12
(shortcut) 1n
B
1n - 12s 2 1n - 12s 2
n 3 ©1 f # x 224 - 3 ©1 f # x242 Standard deviation 6 s2 6 Variance
s
n 1n - 12
(frequency table) xR2 x L2
B
variance  s 2 Ch. 7: Sample Size Determination

3z a>242 . 0.25
Ch. 4: Probability
P 1A or B2 = P 1A2 + P 1B2 if A, B are mutually exclusive n = Proportion
E2
P 1A or B2 = P 1A2 + P 1B2 - P 1A and B2
3z a>242pN qN
if A, B are not mutually exclusive
P 1A and B2 = P 1A2 # P 1B2 if A, B are independent
n = Proportion ( p̂ and q̂ are known)
E2 2
P 1A and B2 = P 1A2 # P1B ƒ A2 if A, B are dependent z a>2s
B R
P 1A2 = 1 - P 1A2 Rule of complements
n = Mean
E
n!
1n - r2!
nPr = Permutations (no elements alike) Ch. 9: Confidence Intervals (two populations)
n!
n 1! n 2! . . . n k !
Permutations (n1 alike, Á ) 1pN 1 - pN 22 - E 6 1p 1 - p 22 6 1pN 1 - pN 22 + E
n!
1n - r2! r !
nCr = Combinations pN 1qN 1 pN 2qN 2
where E = z a>2 +
B n1 n2
Ch. 5: Probability Distributions
1x 1 - x 22 - E 6 1m1 - m22 6 1x 1 - x 22 + E (Indep.)
m = ©x # P 1x2 Mean (prob. dist.)
s 21 s 22 (df  smaller of
s = 2©3x 2 # P 1x24 - m2 Standard deviation (prob. dist.) where E = t a>2
Bn 1
+ n2 n1  1, n2  1) ‹
P 1x2 =
n! # p x # q n - x Binomial probability
1n - x2! x ! (s1 and s2 unknown and not assumed equal)
m = n #p Mean (binomial) sp2 sp2
E = t a>2 + 1df = n 1 + n 2 - 22 ‹
s2 = n # p # q Variance (binomial) Bn 1 n2

s = 2n # p # q Standard deviation (binomial) 1n 1 - 12s 21 + 1n 2 - 12s 22

sp2 =
x # -m Poisson distribution 1n 1 - 12 + 1n 2 - 12
P 1x2 =
m e
where e ⬇ 2.71828
x! (s1 and s2 unknown but assumed equal)

Ch. 6: Normal Distribution s 12 s22

E = z a>2
B n1
+
n2 ‹
x - x x - m
z = or Standard score (s1, s2 known)
s s
mx = m Central limit theorem d - E 6 md 6 d + E (Matched pairs)
s sd
sx =
Central limit theorem where E = t a>2 (df  n  1)
(Standard error) 1n
2n
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Formulas and Tables by Mario F. Triola

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ch. 8: Test Statistics (one population) Ch. 10: Linear Correlation/Regression

n©xy - 1©x21©y2
pN - p
z = Proportion—one population
Correlation r =
2n1©x 22 - 1©x22 2n1©y 22 - 1©y22
pq
Bn
a Azx zyB
x - m where z x = z score for x
Mean—one population
z = or r = z y = z score for y
s> 1n ( known)
n - 1
x - m Mean—one population n©xy - 1©x21©y2
t =
n 1©x 22 - 1©x22
( unknown) Slope: b1 =
s> 1n
1n - 12s 2
Standard deviation or variance— sy
x2 = one population or b1 = r s
s2 x

Ch. 9: Test Statistics (two populations)

1pN 1 - pN 22 - 1p 1 - p 22
y-Intercept:
z = Two proportions 1©y21©x 22 - 1©x21©xy2
pq pq
‹ n 1©x 22 - 1©x22
x1 + x2 b0 = y - b1x or b0 =
+ p =
B n1 n2 n1 + n2
1x 1 - x 22 - 1m1 - m22 yN = b 0 + b1x Estimated eq. of regression line
t = df  smaller of
s 21 s 22 n1  1, n2  1 explained variation
r2 =
‹

+
Bn 1 n2 total variation
Two means—independent; s1 and s2 unknown, and not ©1y - yN22 ©y 2 - b 0 ©y - b1 ©xy
assumed equal. se = or
B n - 2 B n - 2
1x 1 - x 22 - 1m1 - m22
t = (df  n1  n2  2) yN - E 6 y 6 yN + E Prediction interval
sp2 sp2 ‹
‹

Bn 1
+
n2 1n 1 - 12s 21 + 1n 2 - 12s 22 1 n1x 0 - x22
sp2 =
n1©x 22 - 1©x22
where E = t a>2se 1 + +
n1 + n2 - 2 B n
Two means—independent; s1 and s2 unknown, but
assumed equal. Ch. 12: One-Way Analysis of Variance
1x 1 - x 22 - 1m1 - m22 Two means—independent; Procedure for testing H0: m1 = m2 = m3 = Á
z = 1, 2 known.
s 12 s22 1. Use software or calculator to obtain results.
+ n
B n1 2 2. Identify the P-value.
3. Form conclusion:
d - md Two means—matched pairs
If P-value  a, reject the null hypothesis
sd > 1n
t = (df  n  1)
of equal means.
If P-value a, fail to reject the null hypothesis
s 21 Standard deviation or variance—
F = of equal means.
s 22 two populations (where s 21  s 22)
Ch. 12: Two-Way Analysis of Variance
Ch. 11: Goodness-of-Fit and Contingency Tables
1O - E22 Goodness-of-fit Procedure:
x2 = g (df  k  1) 1. Use software or a calculator to obtain results.
E
2. Test H0: There is no interaction between the row factor and
1O - E22 Contingency table column factor.
x2 = g [df  (r  1)(c  1)]
E 3. Stop if H0 from Step 2 is rejected.
1row total21column total2 If H0 from Step 2 is not rejected (so there does not appear to
1grand total2
where E = be an interaction effect), proceed with these two tests:
Test for effects from the row factor.
1 ƒ b - c ƒ - 12 2
McNemar’s test for matched Test for effects from the column factor.
x2 = pairs (df  1)
b + c
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Formulas and Tables by Mario F. Triola

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ch. 13: Nonparametric Tests

TABLE A-6 Critical Values of the
1x + 0.52 - 1n>22 Pearson Correlation
z = Sign test for n 25 Coefficient r
1n>2
T - n 1n + 12>4 Wilcoxon signed ranks n a = .05 a = .01
n 1n + 1212n + 12 (matched pairs and n 30)
z =
4 .950 .990
B 24
5 .878 .959
n 11n 1 + n 2 + 12 6 .811 .917
R- Wilcoxon rank-sum
R - mR 2 (two independent 7 .754 .875
n 1n 21n 1 + n 2 + 12
z = =
sR samples) 8 .707 .834
B 12 9 .666 .798
10 .632 .765
R 21 R 22 R 2k
a b - 31N + 12
12
H = + + ... + 11 .602 .735
N1N + 12 n 1 n2 nk 12 .576 .708
Kruskal-Wallis (chi-square df  k  1) 13 .553 .684
6©d 2 14 .532 .661
rs = 1 - Rank correlation 15 .514 .641
n1n 2 - 12
16 .497 .623
acritical value for n 7 30: b
; z 17 .482 .606
1n - 1 18 .468 .590
19 .456 .575
G - a
2n 1n 2
+ 1b 20 .444 .561
G - mG n1 + n2 Runs test
12n 1n 2212n 1n 2 - n 1 - n 22 for n 20
z = = 25 .396 .505
sG
30 .361 .463
B 1n 1 + n 2221n 1 + n 2 - 12 35 .335 .430
40 .312 .402
Ch. 14: Control Charts 45 .294 .378
50 .279 .361
R chart: Plot sample ranges 60 .254 .330
70 .236 .305
UCL: D4R
80 .220 .286
Centerline: R 90 .207 .269
LCL: D3R 100 .196 .256

x chart: Plot sample means

NOTE: To test H0: r = 0 against H1: r Z 0,
UCL: xx + A2R reject H0 if the absolute value of r is
greater than the critical value in the table.
Centerline: xx
LCL: xx - A2R Control Chart Constants
Subgroup Size
p chart: Plot sample proportions n A2 D3 D4
pq
UCL: p + 3 B n 2 1.880 0.000 3.267
3 1.023 0.000 2.574
Centerline: p 4 0.729 0.000 2.282
5 0.577 0.000 2.114
pq
LCL: p - 3 6 0.483 0.000 2.004
Bn 7 0.419 0.076 1.924
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General considerations
• Context of the data
FINDING P-VALUES
• Source of the data
• Sampling method
• Measures of center
• Measures of variation
• Nature of distribution
• Outliers
• Changes over time
• Conclusions
• Practical implications

HYPOTHESIS TEST: WORDING

OF FINAL CONCLUSION

Inferences about M: choosing between t and normal distributions

t distribution: s not known and normally distributed population
or s not known and n 30
Normal distribution: s known and normally distributed population
or s known and n 30
Nonparametric method or bootstrapping: Population not normally distributed and n  30
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NEGATIVE z Scores z 0

TABLE A-2 Standard Normal (z) Distribution: Cumulative Area from the LEFT

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09

- 3.50
and
lower .0001
- 3.4 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002
- 3.3 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0003
- 3.2 .0007 .0007 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0005 .0005 .0005
- 3.1 .0010 .0009 .0009 .0009 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007
- 3.0 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012 .0012 .0011 .0011 .0011 .0010 .0010
- 2.9 .0019 .0018 .0018 .0017 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0015 .0014 .0014
- 2.8 .0026 .0025 .0024 .0023 .0023 .0022 .0021 .0021 .0020 .0019
- 2.7 .0035 .0034 .0033 .0032 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026
- 2.6 .0047 .0045 .0044 .0043 .0041 .0040 .0039 .0038 .0037 .0036
- 2.5 .0062 .0060 .0059 .0057 .0055 .0054 .0052 .0051 * .0049 .0048
- 2.4 .0082 .0080 .0078 .0075 .0073 .0071 .0069 .0068 .0066 .0064
- 2.3 .0107 .0104 .0102 .0099 .0096 .0094 .0091 .0089 .0087 .0084
- 2.2 .0139 .0136 .0132 .0129 .0125 .0122 .0119 .0116 .0113 .0110
- 2.1 .0179 .0174 .0170 .0166 .0162 .0158 .0154 .0150 .0146 .0143
- 2.0 .0228 .0222 .0217 .0212 .0207 .0202 .0197 .0192 .0188 .0183
- 1.9 .0287 .0281 .0274 .0268 .0262 .0256 .0250 .0244 .0239 .0233
- 1.8 .0359 .0351 .0344 .0336 .0329 .0322 .0314 .0307 .0301 .0294
- 1.7 .0446 .0436 .0427 .0418 .0409 .0401 .0392 .0384 .0375 .0367
- 1.6 .0548 .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 * .0495 .0485 .0475 .0465 .0455
- 1.5 .0668 .0655 .0643 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0571 .0559
- 1.4 .0808 .0793 .0778 .0764 .0749 .0735 .0721 .0708 .0694 .0681
- 1.3 .0968 .0951 .0934 .0918 .0901 .0885 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823
- 1.2 .1151 .1131 .1112 .1093 .1075 .1056 .1038 .1020 .1003 .0985
- 1.1 .1357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .1271 .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170
- 1.0 .1587 .1562 .1539 .1515 .1492 .1469 .1446 .1423 .1401 .1379
- 0.9 .1841 .1814 .1788 .1762 .1736 .1711 .1685 .1660 .1635 .1611
- 0.8 .2119 .2090 .2061 .2033 .2005 .1977 .1949 .1922 .1894 .1867
- 0.7 .2420 .2389 .2358 .2327 .2296 .2266 .2236 .2206 .2177 .2148
- 0.6 .2743 .2709 .2676 .2643 .2611 .2578 .2546 .2514 .2483 .2451
- 0.5 .3085 .3050 .3015 .2981 .2946 .2912 .2877 .2843 .2810 .2776
- 0.4 .3446 .3409 .3372 .3336 .3300 .3264 .3228 .3192 .3156 .3121
- 0.3 .3821 .3783 .3745 .3707 .3669 .3632 .3594 .3557 .3520 .3483
- 0.2 .4207 .4168 .4129 .4090 .4052 .4013 .3974 .3936 .3897 .3859
- 0.1 .4602 .4562 .4522 .4483 .4443 .4404 .4364 .4325 .4286 .4247
- 0.0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4880 .4840 .4801 .4761 .4721 .4681 .4641

NOTE: For values of z below - 3.49, use 0.0001 for the area.
*Use these common values that result from interpolation:
z score Area
- 1.645 0.0500
- 2.575 0.0050
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0 z
POSITIVE z Scores
TABLE A-2 (continued ) Cumulative Area from the LEFT

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09

0.0 .5000 .5040 .5080 .5120 .5160 .5199 .5239 .5279 .5319 .5359
0.1 .5398 .5438 .5478 .5517 .5557 .5596 .5636 .5675 .5714 .5753
0.2 .5793 .5832 .5871 .5910 .5948 .5987 .6026 .6064 .6103 .6141
0.3 .6179 .6217 .6255 .6293 .6331 .6368 .6406 .6443 .6480 .6517
0.4 .6554 .6591 .6628 .6664 .6700 .6736 .6772 .6808 .6844 .6879
0.5 .6915 .6950 .6985 .7019 .7054 .7088 .7123 .7157 .7190 .7224
0.6 .7257 .7291 .7324 .7357 .7389 .7422 .7454 .7486 .7517 .7549
0.7 .7580 .7611 .7642 .7673 .7704 .7734 .7764 .7794 .7823 .7852
0.8 .7881 .7910 .7939 .7967 .7995 .8023 .8051 .8078 .8106 .8133
0.9 .8159 .8186 .8212 .8238 .8264 .8289 .8315 .8340 .8365 .8389
1.0 .8413 .8438 .8461 .8485 .8508 .8531 .8554 .8577 .8599 .8621
1.1 .8643 .8665 .8686 .8708 .8729 .8749 .8770 .8790 .8810 .8830
1.2 .8849 .8869 .8888 .8907 .8925 .8944 .8962 .8980 .8997 .9015
1.3 .9032 .9049 .9066 .9082 .9099 .9115 .9131 .9147 .9162 .9177
1.4 .9192 .9207 .9222 .9236 .9251 .9265 .9279 .9292 .9306 .9319
1.5 .9332 .9345 .9357 .9370 .9382 .9394 .9406 .9418 .9429 .9441
1.6 .9452 .9463 .9474 .9484 .9495 * .9505 .9515 .9525 .9535 .9545
1.7 .9554 .9564 .9573 .9582 .9591 .9599 .9608 .9616 .9625 .9633
1.8 .9641 .9649 .9656 .9664 .9671 .9678 .9686 .9693 .9699 .9706
1.9 .9713 .9719 .9726 .9732 .9738 .9744 .9750 .9756 .9761 .9767
2.0 .9772 .9778 .9783 .9788 .9793 .9798 .9803 .9808 .9812 .9817
2.1 .9821 .9826 .9830 .9834 .9838 .9842 .9846 .9850 .9854 .9857
2.2 .9861 .9864 .9868 .9871 .9875 .9878 .9881 .9884 .9887 .9890
2.3 .9893 .9896 .9898 .9901 .9904 .9906 .9909 .9911 .9913 .9916
2.4 .9918 .9920 .9922 .9925 .9927 .9929 .9931 .9932 .9934 .9936
2.5 .9938 .9940 .9941 .9943 .9945 .9946 .9948 .9949 * .9951 .9952
2.6 .9953 .9955 .9956 .9957 .9959 .9960 .9961 .9962 .9963 .9964
2.7 .9965 .9966 .9967 .9968 .9969 .9970 .9971 .9972 .9973 .9974
2.8 .9974 .9975 .9976 .9977 .9977 .9978 .9979 .9979 .9980 .9981
2.9 .9981 .9982 .9982 .9983 .9984 .9984 .9985 .9985 .9986 .9986
3.0 .9987 .9987 .9987 .9988 .9988 .9989 .9989 .9989 .9990 .9990
3.1 .9990 .9991 .9991 .9991 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9992 .9993 .9993
3.2 .9993 .9993 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9994 .9995 .9995 .9995
3.3 .9995 .9995 .9995 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9997
3.4 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9997 .9998
3.50 .9999
and up
NOTE: For values of z above 3.49, use 0.9999 for the area. Common Critical Values
*Use these common values that result from interpolation: Confidence Critical
z score Area Level Value
1.645 0.9500 0.90 1.645
2.575 0.9950 0.95 1.96
0.99 2.575
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TABLE A-3 t Distribution: Critical t Values

Area in One Tail
0.005 0.01 0.025 0.05 0.10

Degrees of Area in Two Tails

Freedom 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.20

1 63.657 31.821 12.706 6.314 3.078

2 9.925 6.965 4.303 2.920 1.886
3 5.841 4.541 3.182 2.353 1.638
4 4.604 3.747 2.776 2.132 1.533
5 4.032 3.365 2.571 2.015 1.476
6 3.707 3.143 2.447 1.943 1.440
7 3.499 2.998 2.365 1.895 1.415
8 3.355 2.896 2.306 1.860 1.397
9 3.250 2.821 2.262 1.833 1.383
10 3.169 2.764 2.228 1.812 1.372
11 3.106 2.718 2.201 1.796 1.363
12 3.055 2.681 2.179 1.782 1.356
13 3.012 2.650 2.160 1.771 1.350
14 2.977 2.624 2.145 1.761 1.345
15 2.947 2.602 2.131 1.753 1.341
16 2.921 2.583 2.120 1.746 1.337
17 2.898 2.567 2.110 1.740 1.333
18 2.878 2.552 2.101 1.734 1.330
19 2.861 2.539 2.093 1.729 1.328
20 2.845 2.528 2.086 1.725 1.325
21 2.831 2.518 2.080 1.721 1.323
22 2.819 2.508 2.074 1.717 1.321
23 2.807 2.500 2.069 1.714 1.319
24 2.797 2.492 2.064 1.711 1.318
25 2.787 2.485 2.060 1.708 1.316
26 2.779 2.479 2.056 1.706 1.315
27 2.771 2.473 2.052 1.703 1.314
28 2.763 2.467 2.048 1.701 1.313
29 2.756 2.462 2.045 1.699 1.311
30 2.750 2.457 2.042 1.697 1.310
31 2.744 2.453 2.040 1.696 1.309
32 2.738 2.449 2.037 1.694 1.309
33 2.733 2.445 2.035 1.692 1.308
34 2.728 2.441 2.032 1.691 1.307
35 2.724 2.438 2.030 1.690 1.306
36 2.719 2.434 2.028 1.688 1.306
37 2.715 2.431 2.026 1.687 1.305
38 2.712 2.429 2.024 1.686 1.304
39 2.708 2.426 2.023 1.685 1.304
40 2.704 2.423 2.021 1.684 1.303
45 2.690 2.412 2.014 1.679 1.301
50 2.678 2.403 2.009 1.676 1.299
60 2.660 2.390 2.000 1.671 1.296
70 2.648 2.381 1.994 1.667 1.294
80 2.639 2.374 1.990 1.664 1.292
90 2.632 2.368 1.987 1.662 1.291
100 2.626 2.364 1.984 1.660 1.290
200 2.601 2.345 1.972 1.653 1.286
300 2.592 2.339 1.968 1.650 1.284
400 2.588 2.336 1.966 1.649 1.284
500 2.586 2.334 1.965 1.648 1.283
1000 2.581 2.330 1.962 1.646 1.282
2000 2.578 2.328 1.961 1.646 1.282
Large 2.576 2.326 1.960 1.645 1.282
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Formulas and Tables by Mario F. Triola

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

TABLE A-4 Chi-Square (x2) Distribution

Area to the Right of the Critical Value

Degrees
of
Freedom 0.995 0.99 0.975 0.95 0.90 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005

1 — — 0.001 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879

2 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.071 12.833 15.086 16.750
6 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548
7 0.989 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278
8 1.344 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955
9 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589
10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188
11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757
12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.299
13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819
14 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 7.790 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319
15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801
16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267
17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718
18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 10.865 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156
19 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582
20 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 12.443 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997
21 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 13.240 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401
22 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 14.042 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796
23 9.260 10.196 11.689 13.091 14.848 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181
24 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 15.659 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.559
25 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 16.473 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928
26 11.160 12.198 13.844 15.379 17.292 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290
27 11.808 12.879 14.573 16.151 18.114 36.741 40.113 43.194 46.963 49.645
28 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 18.939 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993
29 13.121 14.257 16.047 17.708 19.768 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.336
30 13.787 14.954 16.791 18.493 20.599 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672
40 20.707 22.164 24.433 26.509 29.051 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766
50 27.991 29.707 32.357 34.764 37.689 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490
60 35.534 37.485 40.482 43.188 46.459 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952
70 43.275 45.442 48.758 51.739 55.329 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215
80 51.172 53.540 57.153 60.391 64.278 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321
90 59.196 61.754 65.647 69.126 73.291 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299
100 67.328 70.065 74.222 77.929 82.358 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.169
From Donald B. Owen, Handbook of Statistical Tables, © 1962 Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA. Reprinted
with permission of the publisher.
Degrees of Freedom
n - 1 for confidence intervals or hypothesis tests with a standard deviation or variance
k - 1 for goodness-of-fit with k categories
(r - 1)(c - 1) for contingency tables with r rows and c columns
k - 1 for Kruskal-Wallis test with k samples
F-distribution Table A-5 P1

Numerator Degrees of Freedom large

0.01 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 #######
1 4052.185 4999.340 5403.534 5624.257 5763.955 5858.950 5928.334 5980.954 6022.397 6055.925 6106.682 6156.974 6208.662 6234.273 6260.350 6286.427 6312.970 6339.513 6365.590
2 98.502 99.000 99.164 99.251 99.302 99.331 99.357 99.375 99.390 99.397 99.419 99.433 99.448 99.455 99.466 99.477 99.484 99.491 99.499
3 34.116 30.816 29.457 28.710 28.237 27.911 27.671 27.489 27.345 27.228 27.052 26.872 26.690 26.597 26.504 26.411 26.316 26.221 26.125
4 21.1976 17.9998 16.6942 15.9771 15.5219 15.2068 14.9757 14.7988 14.6592 14.5460 14.3737 14.1981 14.0194 13.9289 13.8375 13.7452 13.6522 13.5583 13.4633
5 16.2581 13.2741 12.0599 11.3919 10.9671 10.6722 10.4556 10.2893 10.1577 10.0511 9.8883 9.7223 9.5527 9.4665 9.3794 9.2912 9.2020 9.1118 9.0204
6 13.7452 10.9249 9.7796 9.1484 8.7459 8.4660 8.2600 8.1017 7.9760 7.8742 7.7183 7.5590 7.3958 7.3128 7.2286 7.1432 7.0568 6.9690 6.8800
7 12.2463 9.5465 8.4513 7.8467 7.4604 7.1914 6.9929 6.8401 6.7188 6.6201 6.4691 6.3144 6.1555 6.0743 5.9920 5.9084 5.8236 5.7373 5.6496
8 11.2586 8.6491 7.5910 7.0061 6.6318 6.3707 6.1776 6.0288 5.9106 5.8143 5.6667 5.5152 5.3591 5.2793 5.1981 5.1156 5.0316 4.9461 4.8588
9 10.5615 8.0215 6.9920 6.4221 6.0569 5.8018 5.6128 5.4671 5.3511 5.2565 5.1115 4.9621 4.8080 4.7290 4.6486 4.5667 4.4831 4.3977 4.3106
10 10.0442 7.5595 6.5523 5.9944 5.6364 5.3858 5.2001 5.0567 4.9424 4.8491 4.7058 4.5582 4.4054 4.3269 4.2469 4.1653 4.0819 3.9965 3.9090
11 9.6461 7.2057 6.2167 5.6683 5.3160 5.0692 4.8860 4.7445 4.6315 4.5393 4.3974 4.2509 4.0990 4.0209 3.9411 3.8596 3.7761 3.6904 3.6025
12 9.3303 6.9266 5.9525 5.4119 5.0644 4.8205 4.6395 4.4994 4.3875 4.2961 4.1553 4.0096 3.8584 3.7805 3.7008 3.6192 3.5355 3.4494 3.3608
Denominator Degrees of Freedom

13 9.0738 6.7009 5.7394 5.2053 4.8616 4.6203 4.4410 4.3021 4.1911 4.1003 3.9603 3.8154 3.6646 3.5868 3.5070 3.4253 3.3413 3.2547 3.1654
14 8.8617 6.5149 5.5639 5.0354 4.6950 4.4558 4.2779 4.1400 4.0297 3.9394 3.8002 3.6557 3.5052 3.4274 3.3476 3.2657 3.1813 3.0942 3.0040
15 8.6832 6.3588 5.4170 4.8932 4.5556 4.3183 4.1416 4.0044 3.8948 3.8049 3.6662 3.5222 3.3719 3.2940 3.2141 3.1319 3.0471 2.9594 2.8684
16 8.5309 6.2263 5.2922 4.7726 4.4374 4.2016 4.0259 3.8896 3.7804 3.6909 3.5527 3.4090 3.2587 3.1808 3.1007 3.0182 2.9330 2.8447 2.7528
17 8.3998 6.1121 5.1850 4.6689 4.3360 4.1015 3.9267 3.7909 3.6823 3.5931 3.4552 3.3117 3.1615 3.0835 3.0032 2.9204 2.8348 2.7458 2.6530
18 8.2855 6.0129 5.0919 4.5790 4.2479 4.0146 3.8406 3.7054 3.5971 3.5081 3.3706 3.2273 3.0771 2.9990 2.9185 2.8354 2.7493 2.6597 2.5660
19 8.1850 5.9259 5.0103 4.5002 4.1708 3.9386 3.7653 3.6305 3.5225 3.4338 3.2965 3.1533 3.0031 2.9249 2.8442 2.7608 2.6742 2.5839 2.4893
20 8.0960 5.8490 4.9382 4.4307 4.1027 3.8714 3.6987 3.5644 3.4567 3.3682 3.2311 3.0880 2.9377 2.8594 2.7785 2.6947 2.6077 2.5168 2.4212
21 8.0166 5.7804 4.8740 4.3688 4.0421 3.8117 3.6396 3.5056 3.3982 3.3098 3.1729 3.0300 2.8795 2.8010 2.7200 2.6359 2.5484 2.4568 2.3603
22 7.9453 5.7190 4.8166 4.3134 3.9880 3.7583 3.5866 3.4530 3.3458 3.2576 3.1209 2.9779 2.8274 2.7488 2.6675 2.5831 2.4951 2.4029 2.3055
23 7.8811 5.6637 4.7648 4.2635 3.9392 3.7102 3.5390 3.4057 3.2986 3.2106 3.0740 2.9311 2.7805 2.7017 2.6202 2.5355 2.4471 2.3542 2.2559
24 7.8229 5.6136 4.7181 4.2185 3.8951 3.6667 3.4959 3.3629 3.2560 3.1681 3.0316 2.8887 2.7380 2.6591 2.5773 2.4923 2.4035 2.3099 2.2107
25 7.7698 5.5680 4.6755 4.1774 3.8550 3.6272 3.4568 3.3239 3.2172 3.1294 2.9931 2.8502 2.6993 2.6203 2.5383 2.4530 2.3637 2.2696 2.1694
26 7.7213 5.5263 4.6365 4.1400 3.8183 3.5911 3.4210 3.2884 3.1818 3.0941 2.9578 2.8150 2.6640 2.5848 2.5026 2.4170 2.3273 2.2325 2.1315
27 7.6767 5.4881 4.6009 4.1056 3.7847 3.5580 3.3882 3.2558 3.1494 3.0618 2.9256 2.7827 2.6316 2.5522 2.4699 2.3840 2.2938 2.1985 2.0965
28 7.6357 5.4529 4.5681 4.0740 3.7539 3.5276 3.3581 3.2259 3.1195 3.0320 2.8959 2.7530 2.6018 2.5223 2.4397 2.3535 2.2629 2.1670 2.0642
29 7.5977 5.4205 4.5378 4.0449 3.7254 3.4995 3.3303 3.1982 3.0920 3.0045 2.8685 2.7256 2.5742 2.4946 2.4118 2.3253 2.2344 2.1379 2.0342
30 7.5624 5.3903 4.5097 4.0179 3.6990 3.4735 3.3045 3.1726 3.0665 2.9791 2.8431 2.7002 2.5487 2.4689 2.3860 2.2992 2.2079 2.1108 2.0062
40 7.3142 5.1785 4.3126 3.8283 3.5138 3.2910 3.1238 2.9930 2.8876 2.8005 2.6648 2.5216 2.3689 2.2880 2.2034 2.1142 2.0194 1.9172 1.8047
60 7.0771 4.9774 4.1259 3.6491 3.3389 3.1187 2.9530 2.8233 2.7185 2.6318 2.4961 2.3523 2.1978 2.1154 2.0285 1.9360 1.8363 1.7263 1.6006
120 6.8509 4.7865 3.9491 3.4795 3.1735 2.9559 2.7918 2.6629 2.5586 2.4721 2.3363 2.1915 2.0346 1.9500 1.8600 1.7628 1.6557 1.5330 1.3805
large ##### 6.6349 4.6052 3.7816 3.3192 3.0172 2.8020 2.6393 2.5113 2.4073 2.3209 2.1847 2.0385 1.8783 1.7908 1.6964 1.5923 1.4730 1.3246 1.0010
F-distribution Table A-5 P2
Numerator Degrees of Freedom large
0.05 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 #######
1 161.446 199.499 215.707 224.583 230.160 233.988 236.767 238.884 240.543 241.882 243.905 245.949 248.016 249.052 250.096 251.144 252.196 253.254 254.317
2 18.513 19.000 19.164 19.247 19.296 19.329 19.353 19.371 19.385 19.396 19.412 19.429 19.446 19.454 19.463 19.471 19.479 19.487 19.496
3 10.128 9.552 9.277 9.117 9.013 8.941 8.887 8.845 8.812 8.785 8.745 8.703 8.660 8.638 8.617 8.594 8.572 8.549 8.526
4 7.7086 6.9443 6.5914 6.3882 6.2561 6.1631 6.0942 6.0410 5.9988 5.9644 5.9117 5.8578 5.8025 5.7744 5.7459 5.7170 5.6878 5.6581 5.6281
5 6.6079 5.7861 5.4094 5.1922 5.0503 4.9503 4.8759 4.8183 4.7725 4.7351 4.6777 4.6188 4.5581 4.5272 4.4957 4.4638 4.4314 4.3985 4.3650
6 5.9874 5.1432 4.7571 4.5337 4.3874 4.2839 4.2067 4.1468 4.0990 4.0600 3.9999 3.9381 3.8742 3.8414 3.8082 3.7743 3.7398 3.7047 3.6689
7 5.5915 4.7374 4.3468 4.1203 3.9715 3.8660 3.7871 3.7257 3.6767 3.6365 3.5747 3.5107 3.4445 3.4105 3.3758 3.3404 3.3043 3.2674 3.2298
8 5.3176 4.4590 4.0662 3.8379 3.6875 3.5806 3.5005 3.4381 3.3881 3.3472 3.2839 3.2184 3.1503 3.1152 3.0794 3.0428 3.0053 2.9669 2.9276
9 5.1174 4.2565 3.8625 3.6331 3.4817 3.3738 3.2927 3.2296 3.1789 3.1373 3.0729 3.0061 2.9365 2.9005 2.8637 2.8259 2.7872 2.7475 2.7067
10 4.9646 4.1028 3.7083 3.4780 3.3258 3.2172 3.1355 3.0717 3.0204 2.9782 2.9130 2.8450 2.7740 2.7373 2.6996 2.6609 2.6211 2.5801 2.5379
11 4.8443 3.9823 3.5874 3.3567 3.2039 3.0946 3.0123 2.9480 2.8962 2.8536 2.7876 2.7186 2.6464 2.6090 2.5705 2.5309 2.4901 2.4480 2.4045
12 4.7472 3.8853 3.4903 3.2592 3.1059 2.9961 2.9134 2.8486 2.7964 2.7534 2.6866 2.6169 2.5436 2.5055 2.4663 2.4259 2.3842 2.3410 2.2962
Denominator Degrees of Freedom

13 4.6672 3.8056 3.4105 3.1791 3.0254 2.9153 2.8321 2.7669 2.7144 2.6710 2.6037 2.5331 2.4589 2.4202 2.3803 2.3392 2.2966 2.2524 2.2064
14 4.6001 3.7389 3.3439 3.1122 2.9582 2.8477 2.7642 2.6987 2.6458 2.6022 2.5342 2.4630 2.3879 2.3487 2.3082 2.2663 2.2229 2.1778 2.1307
15 4.5431 3.6823 3.2874 3.0556 2.9013 2.7905 2.7066 2.6408 2.5876 2.5437 2.4753 2.4034 2.3275 2.2878 2.2468 2.2043 2.1601 2.1141 2.0658
16 4.4940 3.6337 3.2389 3.0069 2.8524 2.7413 2.6572 2.5911 2.5377 2.4935 2.4247 2.3522 2.2756 2.2354 2.1938 2.1507 2.1058 2.0589 2.0096
17 4.4513 3.5915 3.1968 2.9647 2.8100 2.6987 2.6143 2.5480 2.4943 2.4499 2.3807 2.3077 2.2304 2.1898 2.1477 2.1040 2.0584 2.0107 1.9604
18 4.4139 3.5546 3.1599 2.9277 2.7729 2.6613 2.5767 2.5102 2.4563 2.4117 2.3421 2.2686 2.1906 2.1497 2.1071 2.0629 2.0166 1.9681 1.9168
19 4.3808 3.5219 3.1274 2.8951 2.7401 2.6283 2.5435 2.4768 2.4227 2.3779 2.3080 2.2341 2.1555 2.1141 2.0712 2.0264 1.9795 1.9302 1.8780
20 4.3513 3.4928 3.0984 2.8661 2.7109 2.5990 2.5140 2.4471 2.3928 2.3479 2.2776 2.2033 2.1242 2.0825 2.0391 1.9938 1.9464 1.8963 1.8432
21 4.3248 3.4668 3.0725 2.8401 2.6848 2.5727 2.4876 2.4205 2.3661 2.3210 2.2504 2.1757 2.0960 2.0540 2.0102 1.9645 1.9165 1.8657 1.8117
22 4.3009 3.4434 3.0491 2.8167 2.6613 2.5491 2.4638 2.3965 2.3419 2.2967 2.2258 2.1508 2.0707 2.0283 1.9842 1.9380 1.8894 1.8380 1.7831
23 4.2793 3.4221 3.0280 2.7955 2.6400 2.5277 2.4422 2.3748 2.3201 2.2747 2.2036 2.1282 2.0476 2.0050 1.9605 1.9139 1.8648 1.8128 1.7570
24 4.2597 3.4028 3.0088 2.7763 2.6207 2.5082 2.4226 2.3551 2.3002 2.2547 2.1834 2.1077 2.0267 1.9838 1.9390 1.8920 1.8424 1.7896 1.7330
25 4.2417 3.3852 2.9912 2.7587 2.6030 2.4904 2.4047 2.3371 2.2821 2.2365 2.1649 2.0889 2.0075 1.9643 1.9192 1.8718 1.8217 1.7684 1.7110
26 4.2252 3.3690 2.9752 2.7426 2.5868 2.4741 2.3883 2.3205 2.2655 2.2197 2.1479 2.0716 1.9898 1.9464 1.9010 1.8533 1.8027 1.7488 1.6906
27 4.2100 3.3541 2.9603 2.7278 2.5719 2.4591 2.3732 2.3053 2.2501 2.2043 2.1323 2.0558 1.9736 1.9299 1.8842 1.8361 1.7851 1.7307 1.6717
28 4.1960 3.3404 2.9467 2.7141 2.5581 2.4453 2.3593 2.2913 2.2360 2.1900 2.1179 2.0411 1.9586 1.9147 1.8687 1.8203 1.7689 1.7138 1.6541
29 4.1830 3.3277 2.9340 2.7014 2.5454 2.4324 2.3463 2.2782 2.2229 2.1768 2.1045 2.0275 1.9446 1.9005 1.8543 1.8055 1.7537 1.6981 1.6376
30 4.1709 3.3158 2.9223 2.6896 2.5336 2.4205 2.3343 2.2662 2.2107 2.1646 2.0921 2.0148 1.9317 1.8874 1.8409 1.7918 1.7396 1.6835 1.6223
40 4.0847 3.2317 2.8387 2.6060 2.4495 2.3359 2.2490 2.1802 2.1240 2.0773 2.0035 1.9245 1.8389 1.7929 1.7444 1.6928 1.6373 1.5766 1.5089
60 4.0012 3.1504 2.7581 2.5252 2.3683 2.2541 2.1665 2.0970 2.0401 1.9926 1.9174 1.8364 1.7480 1.7001 1.6491 1.5943 1.5343 1.4673 1.3893
120 3.9201 3.0718 2.6802 2.4472 2.2899 2.1750 2.0868 2.0164 1.9588 1.9105 1.8337 1.7505 1.6587 1.6084 1.5543 1.4952 1.4290 1.3519 1.2539
large ##### 3.8414 2.9957 2.6049 2.3719 2.2141 2.0986 2.0096 1.9384 1.8799 1.8307 1.7522 1.6664 1.5705 1.5173 1.4591 1.3940 1.3180 1.2214 1.0007
F-distribution Table A-5 P3
Numerator Degrees of Freedom large
0.025 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 #######
1 647.793 799.482 864.151 899.599 921.835 937.114 948.203 956.643 963.279 968.634 976.725 984.874 993.081 997.272 1001.405 1005.596 1009.787 1014.036 1018.256
2 38.506 39.000 39.166 39.248 39.298 39.331 39.356 39.373 39.387 39.398 39.415 39.431 39.448 39.457 39.465 39.473 39.481 39.489 39.498
3 17.443 16.044 15.439 15.101 14.885 14.735 14.624 14.540 14.473 14.419 14.337 14.253 14.167 14.124 14.081 14.036 13.992 13.947 13.902
4 12.2179 10.6490 9.9792 9.6045 9.3645 9.1973 9.0741 8.9796 8.9046 8.8439 8.7512 8.6566 8.5599 8.5108 8.4613 8.4111 8.3604 8.3091 8.2573
5 10.0069 8.4336 7.7636 7.3879 7.1464 6.9777 6.8530 6.7572 6.6810 6.6192 6.5245 6.4277 6.3285 6.2780 6.2269 6.1751 6.1225 6.0693 6.0153
6 8.8131 7.2599 6.5988 6.2271 5.9875 5.8197 5.6955 5.5996 5.5234 5.4613 5.3662 5.2686 5.1684 5.1172 5.0652 5.0125 4.9589 4.9045 4.8491
7 8.0727 6.5415 5.8898 5.5226 5.2852 5.1186 4.9949 4.8993 4.8232 4.7611 4.6658 4.5678 4.4668 4.4150 4.3624 4.3089 4.2544 4.1989 4.1424
8 7.5709 6.0595 5.4160 5.0526 4.8173 4.6517 4.5285 4.4333 4.3572 4.2951 4.1997 4.1012 3.9994 3.9472 3.8940 3.8398 3.7844 3.7279 3.6702
9 7.2093 5.7147 5.0781 4.7181 4.4844 4.3197 4.1970 4.1020 4.0260 3.9639 3.8682 3.7693 3.6669 3.6142 3.5604 3.5055 3.4493 3.3918 3.3328
10 6.9367 5.4564 4.8256 4.4683 4.2361 4.0721 3.9498 3.8549 3.7790 3.7168 3.6210 3.5217 3.4185 3.3654 3.3110 3.2554 3.1984 3.1399 3.0798
11 6.7241 5.2559 4.6300 4.2751 4.0440 3.8806 3.7586 3.6638 3.5879 3.5257 3.4296 3.3299 3.2261 3.1725 3.1176 3.0613 3.0035 2.9441 2.8828
12 6.5538 5.0959 4.4742 4.1212 3.8911 3.7283 3.6065 3.5118 3.4358 3.3735 3.2773 3.1772 3.0728 3.0187 2.9633 2.9063 2.8478 2.7874 2.7249
Denominator Degrees of Freedom

13 6.4143 4.9653 4.3472 3.9959 3.7667 3.6043 3.4827 3.3880 3.3120 3.2497 3.1532 3.0527 2.9477 2.8932 2.8373 2.7797 2.7204 2.6590 2.5955
14 6.2979 4.8567 4.2417 3.8919 3.6634 3.5014 3.3799 3.2853 3.2093 3.1469 3.0502 2.9493 2.8437 2.7888 2.7324 2.6742 2.6142 2.5519 2.4872
15 6.1995 4.7650 4.1528 3.8043 3.5764 3.4147 3.2934 3.1987 3.1227 3.0602 2.9633 2.8621 2.7559 2.7006 2.6437 2.5850 2.5242 2.4611 2.3954
16 6.1151 4.6867 4.0768 3.7294 3.5021 3.3406 3.2194 3.1248 3.0488 2.9862 2.8891 2.7875 2.6808 2.6252 2.5678 2.5085 2.4471 2.3831 2.3163
17 6.0420 4.6189 4.0112 3.6648 3.4379 3.2767 3.1556 3.0610 2.9849 2.9222 2.8249 2.7230 2.6158 2.5598 2.5020 2.4422 2.3801 2.3153 2.2474
18 5.9781 4.5597 3.9539 3.6083 3.3820 3.2209 3.0999 3.0053 2.9291 2.8664 2.7689 2.6667 2.5590 2.5027 2.4445 2.3842 2.3214 2.2558 2.1869
19 5.9216 4.5075 3.9034 3.5587 3.3327 3.1718 3.0509 2.9563 2.8801 2.8172 2.7196 2.6171 2.5089 2.4523 2.3937 2.3329 2.2696 2.2032 2.1333
20 5.8715 4.4612 3.8587 3.5147 3.2891 3.1283 3.0074 2.9128 2.8365 2.7737 2.6758 2.5731 2.4645 2.4076 2.3486 2.2873 2.2234 2.1562 2.0853
21 5.8266 4.4199 3.8188 3.4754 3.2501 3.0895 2.9686 2.8740 2.7977 2.7348 2.6368 2.5338 2.4247 2.3675 2.3082 2.2465 2.1819 2.1141 2.0422
22 5.7863 4.3828 3.7829 3.4401 3.2151 3.0546 2.9338 2.8392 2.7628 2.6998 2.6017 2.4984 2.3890 2.3315 2.2718 2.2097 2.1446 2.0760 2.0032
23 5.7498 4.3492 3.7505 3.4083 3.1835 3.0232 2.9023 2.8077 2.7313 2.6682 2.5699 2.4665 2.3566 2.2989 2.2389 2.1763 2.1107 2.0415 1.9677
24 5.7166 4.3187 3.7211 3.3794 3.1548 2.9946 2.8738 2.7791 2.7027 2.6396 2.5411 2.4374 2.3273 2.2693 2.2090 2.1460 2.0799 2.0099 1.9353
25 5.6864 4.2909 3.6943 3.3530 3.1287 2.9685 2.8478 2.7531 2.6766 2.6135 2.5149 2.4110 2.3005 2.2422 2.1816 2.1183 2.0516 1.9811 1.9055
26 5.6586 4.2655 3.6697 3.3289 3.1048 2.9447 2.8240 2.7293 2.6528 2.5896 2.4909 2.3867 2.2759 2.2174 2.1565 2.0928 2.0257 1.9545 1.8781
27 5.6331 4.2421 3.6472 3.3067 3.0828 2.9228 2.8021 2.7074 2.6309 2.5676 2.4688 2.3644 2.2533 2.1946 2.1334 2.0693 2.0018 1.9299 1.8527
28 5.6096 4.2205 3.6264 3.2863 3.0626 2.9027 2.7820 2.6872 2.6106 2.5473 2.4484 2.3438 2.2324 2.1735 2.1121 2.0477 1.9797 1.9072 1.8291
29 5.5878 4.2006 3.6072 3.2674 3.0438 2.8840 2.7633 2.6686 2.5919 2.5286 2.4295 2.3248 2.2131 2.1540 2.0923 2.0276 1.9591 1.8861 1.8072
30 5.5675 4.1821 3.5893 3.2499 3.0265 2.8667 2.7460 2.6513 2.5746 2.5112 2.4120 2.3072 2.1952 2.1359 2.0739 2.0089 1.9400 1.8664 1.7867
40 5.4239 4.0510 3.4633 3.1261 2.9037 2.7444 2.6238 2.5289 2.4519 2.3882 2.2882 2.1819 2.0677 2.0069 1.9429 1.8752 1.8028 1.7242 1.6371
60 5.2856 3.9253 3.3425 3.0077 2.7863 2.6274 2.5068 2.4117 2.3344 2.2702 2.1692 2.0613 1.9445 1.8817 1.8152 1.7440 1.6668 1.5810 1.4821
120 5.1523 3.8046 3.2269 2.8943 2.6740 2.5154 2.3948 2.2994 2.2217 2.1570 2.0548 1.9450 1.8249 1.7597 1.6899 1.6141 1.5299 1.4327 1.3104
large ##### 5.0239 3.6889 3.1161 2.7858 2.5665 2.4082 2.2875 2.1918 2.1136 2.0483 1.9447 1.8326 1.7085 1.6402 1.5660 1.4835 1.3883 1.2684 1.0009