Mr.

Jorma Vitkala
GPD Chairman
Jorma.vitkala@gpd.fi
+358 40 553 2042
Tempering process

∆t

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2
Annealed vs. tempered glass

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Physical principles of tempering
Glass is amorphous material, no fixed melting or freezing point
Thermal expansion is not linear

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Physical principles of tempering

Thermal contraction in transition range during

cooling depends on cooling power

volume

fast cooling

surface

mid plate slow cooling

temperature 5
Source: www.gii.fi © Jorma Vitkala GPD
Tempering stresses development

Quenching / Cooling Process Control

T1

∆t ~ 130 °C

T2
∆t

T1

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Physical principles of tempering

Glass is heated up to 600…640 °C

While heated to the transition range (~600 °C)
• molecular structure starts to loosen
• viscosity changes quickly
• volume grows → density decreases

Fast cooling
• surface cools quickly and solidifies surface

• center cools slower, continues to contract, harder mid plate

surface resists the contraction of center

• result is: surface in compression,
center in tension compression
thickness

tension
glass

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Physical principles of tempering

In quenching, glass is cooled down from 630°C to about 500°C

so that temperature difference between glass surface and
mid-layer is about 120°C.
700
MIDPLATE QUENCHING COOLING
600

500
Temperature (C)

SURFACE

400

300

200 TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

100

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (s)
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Tempering pressure

6 mm: 1000…1600 Pa
3 mm: 23 000 Pa

∆t
6 mm

∆t 3 mm

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 Glass Tempering Process –
Stress During Cooling
700 60

 / MPa
T / °C

600 40

20
500 0s 0s
0
400 0.5 s 0.5 s
-20 3s
3s
300
5s -40 5s
200
10 s -60 10 s
100 TG -80 TG

0 -100
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
z / mm z / mm

Temperature distribution Stress distribution

t = 3 mm , T0 = 630°C, h = 700 W/m2K
(Aronen A., 2014)

Source: Antti Aronen TUT

10
 60

 / MPa
40

20
0s
0
0.5 s
-20 3s
-40 5s
-60 10 s

-80 TG

-100
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
z / mm

Temperature and stress distributions during cooling.

Glass thickness is 3 mm, T0 is 650 °C and h is 600 W/m2K.
(Aronen A., Modelling of Deformations and Stresses in
Glass Tempering, Dissertation, 2012)

Source: Antti Aronen TUT

11
Tempering stresses development

Quenching / Cooling Process Control

T1

∆t ~ 130 °C

T2
∆t

T1

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Calculation of Strains and Stresses
T   T 
c pg (T )   k (T )   S (T , x)
Iteration of t x  x 
T, k, cp, S i  k , j  k 1

Fb i ,  j , T T4  Fb i ,  j , T T 4   1   m  

 
S (T , x)    1   m e  a i L cos m 
i 1, j  2

 e  a i x1 cos m  e a i x2 cos m  e  a i  L  x1  cos m  e  a i  L  x2  cos m 

Iteration of
Tf, 
H  1 x 1  x   i T fi t  t   tT t  t  n
 t   exp    T fi t   T f t    C i T fi t 
 R  Tref T t  T f t    i  t t 
   i 1

Calculation  th t    l   g T f t   T f t  t    g T t   T t  t 
of , G, K, th t n   t   n   t  
 t     t 'dt ' G t   G  G0  G  w1i exp   K  t   K  K 0  K  w2i exp  
0
i1   1i  i 1   2i 

Iteration of
t
 ij  K ( t    t´)

d  kk t '  3 th t '
dt´ 
 h 2
0, , z 0 dt´   z, t dz  N
 ij t     ij  kk t '  h 2

t
d 
  ij t '    h 2
3
2  G ( t    t´)   dt´   z, t zdz  M

18.3.2016
Calculation
dt´ h 2
of  0

 x   y   0  z Plane z  0
stress 14
Source: Antti Aronen TUT
Heating and cooling times

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15
Radiation heating: First generation

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Combination radiation/forced convection – 2nd generation

• Air jets inside furnace to control equal heat transfer on both sides of glass
• Necessity with low-e coatings
• Helpful with all glasses
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Heat transfer in tempering furnace

Radiation

Convection

Glass Thermal conduction and internal radiation

Contact
heat transfer Convection

Roller Radiation

Heating glass in tempering furnace

 Radiation

Low-E glass heating

Convection
Low-E
Glass Thermal conduction and internal radiation

Contact
Balanced heating from both sides heat transfer Convection
can be achieved with convection

Roller Radiation

Heating glass in tempering furnace

T em pe ra ture (C )
0 50 1 00 1 50 20 0 25 0 3 00
To p
1
Thickness

B o tto m
Tim e -step is 5 se con ds
C le ar g la s s 4 m m L o w -e g la ss 4m m
N o fo rc e d co n v ec tio n 22
Source: www.gii.fi © Mikko Rantala Glaston Finland
Balanced heating from both sides can be achieved with
convection
Radiation

Convection
Low-E
Glass Thermal conduction and internal radiation

Contact
heat transfer Convection

Roller Radiation

Heating glass in tempering furnace

T e m p e ra tu re (C )
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Top
1
Thickness

With forced
convection
B o tto m
T im e - s te p is 5 s e c o n d s
C le a r g la s s 4 m m L o w -e g la s s 4 m m
F o r c e d c o n v e c tio nSource: www.gii.fi © Mikko Rantala Glaston Finland 23
to p : 6 5 W /m 2 C , 1 0 0 W /m 2 C
b o tto m : 5 0 W /m 2 C
Latest convection technology

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26
Thermal image
One end colder

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Thermal image
Longitudinal gaps cause hot spots in other glasses

direction of travel
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Heat treatment of glass in tempering

top surface

∆t
bottom surface

∆t

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Heat transfer in tempering process

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30
Glass tempering cooling

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 Discharging flow
Cooling air jets

Heat flux between air and glass

plate depends on:
• Cooling pressure
• Nozzle diameter, shape
• Nozzle to plate distance
• Nozzle to nozzle spacing
• Air removal

Forced convection on glass surface

Source: www.gii.fi © Mikko Rantala Glaston Finland
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Cooling glass in tempering
Convection
Radiation
30 - 60C

Temperature
Glass Thermal conduction
distributions

Radiation
Convection
roller 30 – 60C roller
20C
Roller
20C

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Fragmentation test

• EN 12150-1
• Fragment sizes are proportional
to in-glass tenstion
• Fragment is conted 50 x 50 mm²
area

18.3.2016
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35
Roller wave optical disturbion

18.3.2016
Source: www.gii.fi © Jorma Vitkala GPD
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Straight glass flatness

• prEN 12150-1
• Over roll bow
• Roller wave
• Edge lift

18.3.2016
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EDGE KINK – FRAME EFFECT

• Reason:
• Edges overheat  the
coating starts to bend the
glass
• How to fix it:
1) By using individual heater
profile or convection profile
(less heat for the edges or
less convection for the
edges) it is possible to
reduce the length wise edge
kink. Leading and tailing
edges can be controlled by
shortening heating time.
2) Shorter heating time
3) Lower temperature
44
BURNED COATING

• Reason
• Overheating
• Too high temperature at the
beginning of heating cycle

• How to fix it
• Decrease the temperature
and/or heating time
• Heater profile (less heat at
the edges of the glass)
• Convection profile to
prevent burning on edges

45
FLATNESS

• Bi-stable glass
• This means that glass can be
bended either way by just
pressing it
• Reason behind this is that
center of glass has heated
slower than edges and thus
the glass has different stress
levels between center and
edge
• In specially edge deleted thin
low-e production it is very
crusial that tempering line is
able to control the heat
between center and edges
accurately and that this
power can be adjusted.
46
 WHITE HAZE – LENSE EFFECT

• Lens mark in the middle is caused by

same effect as “white haze”
• The glass is not heated up
evenly from top and bottom
• When bottom side is heating
faster than top, the glass bends
upwards in furnace and this
creates a lens mark to coating
• Too low convection
• Low-e coating is designed to
reflect radiation and for this
reason top convection system is
needed
• If the top convection system in
not accurate or powerful enough
glass will always have lens mark
in the middle
47
FLATNESS

• Overall flatness
• To gain the best overall
flatness top and bottom
surface needs to have same
stress level
• In low-e production this is
more challenging as the
coated side reflects also the
cooling effect
• Independent nozzle control
helps to get best overall
flatness in low-e production

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Glass optical issues

Roller wave + edge kink

Glaston Genuine Care

GPD Navi 2014 Dubai
50
Quality monitoring systems

SCANNER GLASTON QUALITY MANAGEMENT REPORT

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Anisotropy

tempered glass
the stress distribution
of the differences
accentuated lighting
polarization

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Anisotropy, iridescence, birefringence

Glass image as seen by using polarising filters

Glass stopped at early stage of quenching

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NiS-inclusion

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Large glass needs special handling equipment -
Tvitec Spain

Summary of GPD – 2015, J.Vitkala

Source: www.gpd.fi ©Tvitec
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 Thank you

Jorma.vitkala@gpd.fi
+358 40 5532042

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