DETERMINING THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Ims air around us has of 1.21kg

of
ie dusty air around us
a mass

of is 1 21
tf

JVacuum

Air around the tube pursesthe topsurface

ofthe mercury on the bedees causing the T

mercury in to be
the tube pushed upto

760 mm

a
height of 7681mm

We want to find outthe fume ofty

on the
now
ofair

surface of the mercury

Punic I MI frImeg

Mer
13 x1Xo 76 m3x 9.832

P 13.6 8

I m

XIE
Éyfft

P 1.013 Pascal

na

13.6 1034

ofmercury
Density Pressure
P 1.013 105Am or Pascals

Thisfamine

of1.013 105Pa is called latus

or I atmosphere

Density of air is 1.2119m3at Latin

4.2m
g 10,2

latus 1.013 105

35.28ms
Volume
ofthe room V tbh
a 3.5m x 4.2m x 2.4m

Mars air in the room 1 21 35.28 my

of in the room
PV 3 42.69 kg

Weight of air ing

42.69 10 426.9 N

b Force Pomare x Arce

1.013 105 Tmz x 0.04 at 0.04052 105

45 N

F Ax Pmma
21

M Thefforienonthe table is equal

y to the upward force as air

pursue acts wi all

directions

1 i i i i t t s

PRESSURE AT A GIVEN DEPTH IN A LIQUID

Xp

the

surface as shown then

equation

becomes

p
pot ego

where is the at a

p pursue
depth of

h below the
Since

the nettforce on thesample is zero surface of the liquid and

g Po is the pursue of the

F p A Fa Paa mg LAX Y 82 f 8 720 surface of the liquid which

substitute

in we
geto is the atmosphericpressure

Paa p A Affy ya g Cf is the denty ofthe liquid

pi p egly ya
Fyi yz is called h then

Pz p t fgh

ht

th

9.8

17min 99843 g ng

p pot pgh Cand L

Dp p p egh Pgl

L 9300 0.95m

Agt 998 9.8

reposed tether
147.3mm Y Ism
n

up same
the
better

p pot foieghtfpo istheatmosphere

pressure

P2 po t fwatughz p pot egh

Equating and

as
p pz

yo t
gh
fore Hot lockghz

fore freighz hater bet 998 143.5 914 64m

gu 3

i Density

of oil 914.6
KE

PASCAL's PRINCIPLE

A change in the pressure

applied to an enclosed

is transmitted undiminished to
liquid
My

incompressible
portion of the and to the walls

every
the container liquid of

LetBpbethechange in prune at the narrow end

of
the

arrangement due to pushing the piston downwards

at

the narrow end

Let

Fi bethe force applied at the manor end
bethe area section the end
of

Ai ans
of newer

Ao bethe ace cross section

of the wider end

of

p
g

ng
Pascal's principle
Dp will be transmitted to the
By

end

the arrangement and will
large
the piston at

of push

thelarger end upwards

IF

At end whereFo is the force with

output of which the piston at the

This

arrangement is called
output end is pushedupwards
From and

a
hydraulic forcemultiplier Ap Tai Faq

hydrauliclever

i Fo FiAE

As Ao Ai 7 Fi
to

V
As
the volume that is out the small cylinder is equal to the
of

volume of hard
that enters the
pushed

of liquid largecylinder

V Aidi Aod

do

did
do Cdi

As Ai Lao

can also bewritten as

Afi dat

in

Substituting

we
get

Fo Fi
G

ie Fo d Fidi ie the work done

by Fiatthe end Workdone
input F
by

at the output end

APPLICATION OF HYDRAULIC LEVER

A hydraulic lift for raisingthe car up

A hydrant for changing

car
jack used

tyres

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

A KADAI FLOATING IN WATER

Force

AFb Buoyant

d Mars an

so

a Fora body to float Fb Fg

Eg The case
in water
of the empty Kadai floating I ÉÉgÉÉÉdeto gravity

For a bodyto sink Fnett ie Fy

b

Fg 7 Fb Fg Fg o
F
Eg A coin placed in water sinks g

g g q

If FyA Fg the body moves upwards

empty plastic bottle released under
A BOTTLE FLOATING IN WATER

Eg

water moves upwards to

ded
air of'b d

air air heliatthff

air
on

8D baboon

Mfg Lotof

wtofbaloon

Fg air

F Fg

Fg Eb
balloon comes down balloon

sinks goesup

route

I 2 3

21.1
II

a
É

see I

m mass
of fluiddisplaced bythe body

a 1 2 3 ie the buoyant force on thepenguin is the same in all the

and the weight

cases because Fg of thepenguin does not change

ing

b ie the volume
27173 of liquid displaced increases when the

density of the liquid decreases Only then will the weight ofthe liquid

displaced by the penguin be constant

stts
when

the body

that

I Fg

Ight

a 800 x LXWXH soo xLxwx6xio 9.8 Newtons

Fg Mpg frig g x

Fb mfg If Yg kooxkxwxhjg 12ooxlxwxhxg.FI m

Now and

quoting
2

12ooxyxfxhxf.se soo Xxx x 6 10

9.81

33 64 152 4 15
W 152

m or 4cm

The block is immersed ato depth of 4am in the liquid

b Fg f LxwxH g Dfb

Fb

f ex WXH g

Feet
Fg Fg

ma Fa Fg

11 1 a ft XH g f XH g
Fg

a g f lb 9.8 1200 800

7 soo

a 4.9

52

EQUATION OF CONTINUITY FLUID IS FLOWING

IN

let Dube the volume that

offluid

enters the tube in a time at at
I
the wider end and also leaves

the tube in the same time

UTis therelicts

of
intural at from the memoir end
thefluid at the th

wider end
yr Areex An A Cdt

Iz is thevelocityof

at
thefluid at the
Venting Aid
nanow end

ALL at

Young

Now DVenting DVleaving

Aid At AZULA

otherwords Ave is a constant atoll

sections
gait
This equation

thetube called the

of is

annuity

tic

BERNOULLI'S EQUATION FOR A FLOWING FLUID

From Work Ke Theorem When

Dk Kf Ki

where Ki is the kinetic at the inlet end

energy

and Kf is the kinetic energy at the outlet end

Let Am be the mars volume AV

ofthe liquid
I
of
I

Ak If ki m
I m
rt I

Iffis thedensity the

of then Dm
liquid 0 far
y

Substitute

in we
get

Ak ear I I
ear if

Attinet

Wnt AK PAV E O

is the work done on the

Walt

Mars

handsample of
Don and volume DV This work done arises
due

to the following forces

i Gravitational force

2 Presume at and
inputend end
output

Work

done bythe gravitational force can be

Work Potential
calculated

using the EnergyTheorem
w

Warranty Ui Us Vi
Y
p night
w
Ui Y
At fine test

Wg nghi

wg

nghi might
Am

Wg

gy Amsgy

Wg PgArcy Yu

We next need to find out the worknet done at the bill end

and the at the outlet end Work done by pursue p inlet end
pun an
and work donepe at outlet end
bypursuepet
by pure

s t ve

Work Force x displacement

is
he
ve

F X Dn where Du is distance throughwhich the

the liquid moves
An

PA Dn

PCA

PLAV

Wp Av
p DV
pear

Wp pipa

Now

in
the workdone
Kinetic energy the
work done
bygravity
ie
by
AK Wg t
puffIfeswords the change

of liquid Wp

au

park o
pg Arcy ga pi pi

tea Levi egg fgyz pi p

Ift't egg p zprit egg p t

ie
t fret fgy t pconstant Bernoulli's equation


1 a

75cm L

x 160 V 450

Sin 60

I 271 86.6 cm

atmosphere

tame

to

h Com a

f 1000 leg
fat lo m

g 1052 V
heh the the swimmer be p

pm are on and the

p

premn at the surface the water be Po

of

p pot fgh
1 105 1000 X IO X 10

1 atm
105 Parcels

P 1 105 1 105 2

2 atmospheres

h tr

p h tooo x co x h o

pg

pa E ME Effy

and
que ti get
we

I
Iit

too xxx h
8

4
800 54me

0.15m

1000 7,54

Atmosphere forsure on both sides

thetube cancel each other h 15cg

of

when a body floats Fb Fg

Fb mg 6kg x 1042
Go N

cot liquiddisplaced thebody

Buoyant force of by

Mg Mei
quiddisplaced 8

8 zrxlexg

when

the zoo
g
mass is removed the

amount water displacedby thecube

reduces of
food

i Weight the

of 200g mess is equal

to the reduction in the weight of

water displaced

goog 152 x tooo x

0.2 lx lx 2

Xy g
t

l
Y2cm É 100T

a b et to'm

ie l 15 m O lm to an

103
volume l 100013

of
cube

St L

reeds 8 N d

Buoyant force 2N O water

Also Buoyant force is the weight of the Fb 2N

liquid displacedby the body

Wt
ofwater displaced Volume
ofthebody
water x Fg ion

of
x density
g

Vx tooo x 10 7

Equating and

VX1000 10 2 N
54 up
Toy m3

V 2

Density ofthe solid Morgue

104

2 4
0.5
50004

fsolid 5000kg

when the man stands on the boat

the boat sinks by com

The odd fond force

due to the buoyantthe boat

sinking of
is to the weight

equal
men
of the

man

displaced

weighs ofliquid the

Weight of men

legging

ion mxg

y
Arce 3mX2m

a b
my 6xioxiog
M G X IO

kg

Fromequation ie at

be constant of continuity Q Are

any
section
of thetube At will

Is I's

Q fig

As 9 Al
CTE t 3.14 0 f u

I
v 5.308

6 3.14 0.12 y

Equation Continuity Are constant

of

By

A K

Azl

A
1410.0272 in

Az V2 45

Air Aziz

10.025 x 1
Efd x 4
18

d
COLI 4107 4
415

d A 182 0.01 me or I can

d 1cm

Fortheaircraft to fly

Velocity
of air abovethewing

upward force due to weightoftheaircraft velocityof air belowthe wing

pressure difference

Dp Mr

Cop is thedifference

en pressure

3.3 105 9.8 6.5 103

Ap Mg 500
Nz

6.5 18 Pascals

By equationofcontinuity the volume flow

tap

rate

section
through must be the same as
that

through sectors ie
9

401 A t

Applying

v2 W
Ésbetween I tiger
n
a

Y't agh
gs gs

Squaring

equation 0 we get

Af I A2v2

in the above
subttituty

we
get
to
Aff if't 2g
AZ h

AgY AT 2gh t A
Afo A d A
O
2gh

AT AT 2gh AZ

ÉÉÉÉ

a 045 0.35 184

an
i.zcixzs.bz 34
1
3 ftp g3
14 o.zsby

10
Q 34.32 go.gg
gsFiof

Ask

0 p Pa p pa 41588 Applying Bernoulli's equation we get

Rr AG Ask

14 ftp.etzfritfgyatp
9
IT and it

A p pa tea tea

yes a tiny ti p Y Y t.ec I RI

P2 As Az the above can be written as

Yr

Y v

pi p
Effi 4
274

Ri
2Ajft

AFC to k
CGI

Rv A

p
1.20 153

Rv 34497

153 I

Rv 2.24

F to

The at the topofthe tank and at the hole is

the
prune

atmospheric pun re fo

m
t to to

Byequation of continuityflowrate Rv A Vi Act

Asthe the hole createdby the bullet is much

smaller
area
of
than the top open mface we have Az A

i from Oz o

ep

Now substituting and in

Astone is droppedfrom a heightof

we
get t above the bullet opening what
h is thevelocity ofthestone when it
reaches

Yo t z poi t
ko yo t o t pg the bullet opening
v2 W t 2g Y Yz

IF pga V2

o
at g Co W

0,2 2gh 2

velocity ofwater
24

Q Agh coming out thetank

of V I
fgh

Asthestone is moving downward

This velocity is also called the

velocity of efflux
v
gu

slowdown

COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY

Consider
two layers P and Q in the at

distances n and dm liquid

the bottom

from
a
fried

surface The
layers Pard are
with velocities o and It dunspectively

moving

Now

gradient
velocity In which is the

rateof change velocity with distance

of

Scientists

experimentally observed that the force

between is
of

viscosity layers

a
proportional to Ana A

b proportional to velocitygradient f n
n

From above F x Addy

Introducing a constant
of proportionality called the coefficient of viscosity wehave

F Edge
As

F is in the opposite direction as that

of the velocity we write

E where F is the viscous force

nadya 2 is the coefficient

ofviscosity

did is the velocitygradient

Viscous

Force F YA date

Edt

long
2

substituting

all the data in

the above we get

I
I 1kg ut Egg x 0.4ft

n
of x 10

1kg ng

da O yo F ION 0 07

Hooky

go I bottomplate is
fixed
410 1 Poise

do Velocity
ofo toplayer Velocity of thelowermost
y 4 am s

do I
ng ing layer Unit

ofvisconty

die distance between thetopmost layer and From

the bottom most

layer xs

du 0.4cm 0.4 10 2 m
2 12 II Poise

Area 54 me y Pa S

Gox152 400
Unit is Poise

ofviscosity

F O I N

A O I m2

da filmthickness 0.3mm 0.3 153 m

die 0.085
if

O IN

2 Ea atte 84 851

2 3.5 153 Pa s

2 3.5 153 Poise

F o.oixio
my
o.IN

Stoke's LAW It helps us to find out the viscous force acting on a

small spherical body moving through a

fluid

According to Stoke's law the viscous force acting on a small spherical

body of radius n moving with a constant velocity t through a fluid of

is

Visconti n given by

F Get hit Newtons experimentallydeduced

EERO

IÉo

Not aerodynamic Aerodynamicshape

is cons force or
dragforce is more viscous force is less

or drag force is less

Assume that clouds are formed at a height of 5000 as above the earth
what is the velocity with which a raindrop would to the
fall

ground
from the clouds at a
height of 500 m

g cong
V2 W t 2as 316.22

V2 02 2 10 5000
I

v2 400,000

v Tooooo 316

The velocity seems to be very very high In reality the air around the

raindrop offers a viscous drag force on the raindrop causing it to

greatly slow down Finally the raindrops reach the earth at a

very less velocity

The maximum constant velocity acquired body

by a
while falling through a viscous mediums is called
FD

FB at spying the terminal velocity

density e Fg mg TP e g

F Weightoftheliquiddisplaced by the body

the

deityof Volume
ofthe body x densityofliquid x g

fluid is's IET B 6

g

Fg mg F G Thro

Forcedue to

Fg grant whenthebodyreaches its terminal velocity the forces acting

FB Buoyant force on the body are

in equilibrium ie

Fp Viscousdragforce F t F Fg o

Terminalvelocity Substituting 0,20 and ni we

get

my IT Prg bituro Ppg

Into Is ÉÉ Og

MCP o this is the expression

time s
U 2g n
g
terminal velocity
for

Graph of velocity itstime

U MCP o g

2g n

Deuntyofwater 1000kgm3

o.gxt É

a v
4842 g e 1kg r goof

2 0 15 r X 153m o 4 153 m

specific gravity Density ofthesubstance

Denn ly
of water

0.9
If y
ie 6 0.9 10004 900

I
2g 0.4 5037 l 900 9.8 o 002 the tells us that the

0.15 as ve
sign

bubble rises up

b b All data the same as theabove except that

fifty
are

the density
of the mediums is 1000kg and the
0.4 1537 1 1000 9.8

0
Ig 1 153
Viscocity
ofthe mediums
is I
Xiong

0 0.348 the ve
sign tells us that the bubble rises up

SKYDIVING

Terminalvelocity

time S

Graph of velocity itstime

OPENING
THE PARACHUTE SLOWS

DOWN THE SKY DIVER

STREAMLINE AND TURBULENT FLOW 10.26

so streamlinedflow
streamline p

hw
high

A streamline be defined as the path the

may
to which at
tangent

any pointgives the direction

of flow of liquid at that point

The is that
critical velocity
of a
fluid
limiting value

its velocity
of is of flow upto

which the flow streamlined

and above

which the flow becomes turbulent

REYNOLDS NUMBER Re

This is a dimensionless no unit number whose value decides the nature of

It is

flow of liquid through a

pipe given by

Re PO D AO

f Denny of the liquid

Velocity of the liquid average

D Diameter of the pipe

y coefficient of viscosity ofthe liquid

Looking at for a
given D and fkn we find that Re x o ie
if

the velocity increases the Reynolds Number increases

The importance Reynolds Number

of
Re lies between o and 2000 the liquid flow is streamlined or laminar

If Re

If 3000 the liquid flow

is turbulent
Re is between 2000 and 3000 then the flow ofthe liquid is unstable

Ifie the

flow can
changefrom laminar to turbulent and vice versa

What should be the average velocity water in a tube of radius 0.005m

so that the
of
turbulent The viscosity of water is 0.001 Pas

flow is just

Re
fat

Vang
4,1 92
3581 0.35

DYNAMIC LIFT

air
Not v decreases
pincreases
ball is pushed
downwards
M

Nett V increases
an pdereeses

Dynamic lift is the force that acts on a body such as an aeroplane

spinning ball by virtue its motion through a

wing or a
of fluid

SURFACE TENSION

HOW IS SURFACE TENSION DETERMINED EXPERIMENTALLY

theglassplate touches

just
the water when this

happens the glassplate

will be pulled a bit into

the water

i step 2 Add on the

right

platjust separates from

the water

Surface tennis Forge

r
if

Unit of surfaceTenn in Nai

The extra the molecules the

SURFACE ENERGY
energy possessed by of

surface film of unit area compared to the molecules

in the interior the is called surface energy
liquid

of
energy is equal to the work done in

This surface

increasing the area ofthe surface film by unit area

Surface Energy
IncredditArea

Unit
ofsurface energy I

RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN SURFACE ENERGY AND SURFACE TENSION

A A Consider in which the wire AB

µ
D a frame ABCD

is movable frame in soap solutions

Dip thewhich

l F A film is formed pulls the wire AB

in ward due tosurface tension

This force F 6 2 l

C B B al is taken because the soapfilm has

an two surfaces

Soapfilm got

Now AB is moved to the right throughdistance se

to the position A B

Work done Force x distance

Workdone x2 b X K

Innere in unfree area Zen

Work done

Bydefinition Surface Energy Increase in area

Infra Energy
GET r

the surfaceEnergy

Therefore we find that

to the tension
is

numerically equal surface

Nns

Surface

Energy fnwedhdf a.ee

and surfaceEnergy is numerally
to Surface Tenn on

equal

Combining and

Surface Tenn on Wale done

Increase in Surface area

Workdone Surface Tennis x Increase wi surface area

6 455 Giri x 2 surfaces

6 SICK ri

30 85 3 152 2 502

30 x set X 154 9 4

30 X ST X 154 5 3768 154 J outes

Work done
Surface Tenn in

Area

x
Surface
2

mfaces

G x GIF x 2

0.03 X 4 5 0.052 x 2

1.88 153 J

change in

energy

Surface Tennis x change

in area

volume of name of
27 drops
radius se of of
radius
i drop

Iz
FR
is

27 X IX

cube roots on both males I drop 27drops

Taking

Surface

area
of large drop radius
of is 4T IF Is

Surface area the 27 smell drops is 45 X X 3 ID

of ofradi Ig 27
8 34g

Increase in surface area 3TDL TD 2T D2

in Tenn on x change

change energy Surge in area

6 ZED

change in 2556
energy

PRESSURE DIFFERENCE ACROSS A CURVED LIQUID SURFACE

Thispressuredifference is also

called

excess pressure air

of a

j liquid
molecule equal

ofliquid
a b liquid c

Resultantforce on themolecule Resultantforce on themolecule Resultantforce on the

of liquid at thesurface ofliquid on the surface at

molecule

liquid at
ofdirected

i point A is dieted downward point A is

directedintothe
liquid upwards ie directed

A baloon as a case into the air

As Fpresses intothe

air liquid
thefursare in the liquid oh

willbe greater than the the pressure on the air side

pressure outsidetheliquid will be greaterthen the

R Pa pressure on theliquidside

air Pins

Pe Pr is calledtheexcess Pr 7 P

Pu Pu is called the

µ y excess fressure

EXCESS PRESSURE INSIDE A LIQUID DROP

air
let p be the excess inside the drop

pursue

compared to the outside

p let 6 be the surface tension the liquid

of
let dr be the increase in radius the drop

Rdr of

liquid

dr is very small

Initial surface area thedrop

ofthe 4522

Final surface area

of drop 41T Rtdr 41T R t 2 Rdr Cdr

AsdR is very small 4Idr willalso 4T R SITRdr 4 Tdr

be small andhence neglected I GTR t SITRdr

very

Inchon in surface area 4Th TSI RdR 4522 SIR dR

Work done in
enlargingthedrop
Increase
winfece area x Surfeatemin FTRdÉ

Also Workdone Force xdistance pressure x Are x distance

dR bubble

P x GTR x

Equating and we have

fair

pxakxdt.sk ryeB se g

ExcessPrepare to there is
2k applicable as

only

one surface in contact with the air

EXCESS PRESSURE INSIDE A SOAP BUBBLE

water this situation we have two liquid

soap soap water surfaces in contact with

T.IMThere in 2x AT Rdr

mfen area

sage Workdone in Increase in surfacearea

air air enlarging

the drop x surfaceTennis

i i

AlsoWork Force x distance

pununxAxdistan

Now equating and

we
get

Px YEAR KIRK r

Excesspressure

p tf

absolute

pursue
Absolute
pun

Atmospheric

Gaugeprimure
R

0.1mm 0.1 X is m

6 7.2 152 N m 1

1.013 105

Atmospheric prunepath

2 7.2 502 184

R T 0.1 10 3

103

14.4 102 1.44 Nz or Pe

air

Absolutepressure inside thebubble Atmosphericpressure Excessprenn

my 1.013 105 1.44 103

105

1.027

R R2 2 3

ie

Et

Find out a
p ipa b W we

a
D

p and

4k Pa Ez
YI

Pip Rpt I or
p p 3 2

b Workdone Area ofthemafia in contact with air x Surface Tennis

Z x ATR x o

W1 = 8¼R12¾:::::and:::::W2 = 8¼R22¾

µ ¶2 µ ¶2

W1 8¼R12¾ R12 R1 2 4

= = = = =

W2 8¼R22¾ R22 R2 3 9

W1 : W2 = 4 : 9

CAPILLARITY

thencohesive thenadhesive

Thetopsurface the

of
called the

liquid is
meniscus

Water

a Mercury

Angle ofcontactacute Angleofcontests

Water wets theglass Mercurydoes not wet

the
Meniscus isglass

Meniscus is concave

convex

DERIVATION FOR RISE OF

LIQUID IN A CAPILLARY TUBE

i let Pa bethe premiere at point A abovethe

i let us consider a below the

liquid
min is as

point B
just liquid
min is cus

catfishes T
Iii let R bethe radius the concave
of

Pb Pa R mini sure and let it be the

22 n
radius the capillary tube

g of
in let O be the
angle contact

h water g
of

water

Excess
pmure for an air bubble in water is Now subttuty in

where 6 is thesurfacetension
we
get
p 221 Pa Pa
I 26ft
If

and R is the radius the

air bubble
of

P
p 25,10

i Pa ie Pa
P

2,1 2k Now equate and we have

Also cos a ie R

Ir Io

Due to excess the rises in the

Age 268s
fomurep ligand 2660

capillary tube to a height hi Therefore at h

equilibrium
we have rpg
where p is the the

p Age daintyof

liquid