Using stocking density to help control dust and mud.

Griffins thoughts and notes:

Approx. Moist. To Balance

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC NOTES:

5.0 5.0 15.0 20.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 10.0 15.0 5.0 5.0

9.0 9.0 9.0 4.0 5.0 9.0 14.0 17.0 9.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

0.75 0.75 2.25 3 1.5 0.75 0.75 0 1.5 2.25 0.75 0.75

-3.6 -3.6 -3.6 -1.6 -2 -3.6 -5.6 -6.8 -3.6 -2 -2 -2

-2.85 -2.85 -1.35 1.4 -0.5 -2.85 -4.85 -6.8 -2.1 0.25 -1.25 -1.25

Space (sq.ft.) per 1000 lb Needed to Balance Moisture 105 105 222 Can't Balance-Must Drain/Remove 600 105 62 44 143 Can't Balance-Must Drain/Remove 240 240 DUST Control Techniques: DECREASE PEN SPACE PER ANIMAL TO CONTROL DUST.

MUD Control Techniques:

USE: Slope, pack, mounds, and frequent removal of "sponge" (SPONGE is the loose dried manure on the top of the pen that soaks up moisture and softens the pen surface ... ) would be the management practices to help balance environmental conditions to INCREASE PEN SPACE TO HELP CONTROL MUD. the needs of the feedlot cattle. Griffin's Thoughts In a Nut Shell:
Dust is relatively easy (tighten up the cattle)... mud is tough (lots of months that cattle cant be loosen up/spread out the cattle enough to allow evaporation to get much done. IF you target your management activities on mud control back in the summer when it is dry you will fair much better the following spring when it is wet. Tightly pack the pen soil (depends on the soil structure ... but generally a composite soil [organic matter + either silicates or colloids ... either turn in samples to the soils lab or wet the soil and play with it ... (the ribbon test as is taught soils judging] packed to > 80 to 100 lbs density is good. You can drill the surface (4.5 x 0.5 core samples and get a dry weight) to estimate the density ... 16 g ~= 80 lbs and 18 g ~= 100 lbs/sq ft. Caution: Sand (silicates) will be approach or exceed 100 lbs density, yet pours, while clay (colloids) will only approach 55 lbs density, yet be rock hard until it gets wet when mixed with fresh manure both silicates and colloids are very poor feedlot surface becoming organic mud.

Therefore pound density alone cannot be used to evaluate the ability of a silicate soil to stand up under feeder cattle in the environmental moisture is high. Similarly, pound density alone cannot be used to evaluate the ability of a colloid soil to stand up under feeder cattle in the environmental moisture is high. The wet colloid particles slide past each other which is why wet clay soils become soft and sticky. High silicate and/or high colloid soils should have enough seasoned (store in an undisturbed pile for approximately one year) manure added to the top six to eight inches of the pen surface to replace 50% of the volume. In a 100 x 250 pen, that would equal about 700 yards of seasoned manure. Adding seasoned manure provides two things feedlot surface soil needs: oil (from bacterial cell will lipids) and binding to hold soil particles, either silicates or colloids, together. NOTE: Seasoned manure is the preferred material for building mounds.

soft and sticky. High silicate and/or high colloid soils should have enough seasoned (store in an undisturbed pile for approximately one year) manure added to the top six to eight inches of the pen surface to replace 50% of the volume. In a 100 x 250 pen, that would equal about 700 yards of seasoned manure. Adding seasoned manure provides two things feedlot surface soil needs: oil (from bacterial cell will lipids) and binding to hold soil particles, either silicates or colloids, together. NOTE: Seasoned manure is the preferred material for building mounds.

However nothing (soil) will stand up if it does not have a chance to dry ... therefore 1. SLOPE: Having approximately 3 to 5 % pen slope from front to back, 2. TALL MOUNDS: Mounds that come all the way to the bunk (waterer if a center pen) ... (I love it when cattle need oxygen when they get to the top), fence lines that are approximately one to two feet above the center valley between the mound and fence ... 3. REMOVE SPONGE: A fast scrape monthly to pile in the pen the "sponge" (loose manure) ... (IT DOES NOT NEED TO BE REMOVED can be re-spread in the pen after the seasons high moistures period.)

Nebraska % Precip NE-West=15" WEvap% NE-East=25" E Evap%

JAN 5 9 9

FEB 5 9 7

MAR 15 9 6

APR 20 4 4

MAY 10 5 5

JUN 5 9 9

JUL 5 14 16

HAND CALCULATIONS: (Moisture Deficit = -40") Aid in dust control in Western NE with a yearly moisture deficit = 15" annual precip - 40" evaporation = -25" January moisture deficit = 5% annual precip (15"x5%=.75) .75 - 9%x40" evaporation = .75" - 3.6" = approximately = -3 " 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month +3/-3 =, 1x100 = 100 sq ft to balance moisture load. February moisture deficit = 5% annual precip (15"x5%=.75) .75 - 9%x40" evaporation = .75" - 3.6" = approximately = -3 " 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/3 = 1, 1x100 = 100 sq ft to balance moisture load. March moisture deficit = 15% annual precip (15"x15%=2.25) 2.25 - 9%x40" evaporation = 2.25" - 3.6" = APPROXIMATELY = -1" 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month +3/-1 = 3 , 3X100 = 300 sq ft to balance moisture load. April moisture deficit =20% annual precip (15"x20%=3") 3" - 4%x40" evaporation = 3" - 1.6" = APPROXIMATELY +1" 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month NET POSITIVE NUMBER = POSITIVE MOISTURE LOAD THAT CAN'T BE BALANCED. May moisture deficit = 10% annual precip (15x10%=1.5") 1.5" - (5%x40" evaporation) = 1.5" - 2" = ROUNDS TO APPROXIMATELY 1" 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month NET POSITIVE NUMBER = POSITIVE MOISTURE LOAD THAT CAN'T BE BALANCED. June moisture deficit = 5% annual precip (15"x5%=.75) .75 - 9%x40" evaporation = .75" - 3.6" = approximately = -3 " 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/3 = 1, 1x100 = 100 sq ft to balance moisture load. July moisture deficit = 5% annual precip (15"x5%=.75) .75 - 14%x40" evaporation = .75" - 5.6" = approximately = -5 " 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/5 = .6, .6x100 = 60 sq ft to balance moisture load. August moisture deficit = 0% annual precip - 17%x40" evaporation 0 precip - 6.8"evap = approximately 7" 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/7=.42, rounds to .5x100=50 sq ft to balance moisture load

HAND CALCULATIONS: (Moisture Defic

Aid in mud control in Eastern NE with a yea

= 25" annual precip - 40" evaporation = -15

January moisture deficit = 5% annual preci 1.25 - 9%x40" evaporation = 1.25" - 3.6" = 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month

3/2 = 1.5, 1.5x100 = 150 sq ft to balance m

February moisture deficit = 5% annual prec 1.25 - 7%x40" evaporation = 1.25" - 2.8" = 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month

3/2 = 1.5, 1.5x100 = 150 sq ft to balance m

March moisture deficit = 15% annual precip 3.75 - 6%x40" evaporation = 3.75" - 2.4" = 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month

NET POSITIVE NUMBER = POSITIVE MO

April moisture deficit =20% annual precip ( 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month

5" - 4%x40" evaporation = 5" - 1.6" = APPR

NET POSITIVE NUMBER = POSITIVE MO

May moisture deficit = 10% annual precip ( 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month

2.5" - (5%x40" evaporation) = 2.5" - 2" = RO

NET POSITIVE NUMBER = POSITIVE MO

June moisture deficit = 5% annual precip (2 1.25 - 9%x40" evaporation = 1.25" - 3.6" = 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month

3/2 = 1.5, 1.5x100 = 150 sq ft to balance m

July moisture deficit = 5% annual precip (2 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month

1.25 - 16%x40" evaporation = 1.25" - 6.4" =

3/5 = .6, .6x100 = 60 sq ft to balance moist

August moisture deficit = 0% annual precip 0 precip - 8"evap = approximately -8" 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month

3/8 =.38, rounds to .5x100=50 sq ft to bala

September moisture deficit = 10% annual precip (15"x10%= 1.5") 1.5" - 9%x40" evaporation = 1.5" - 3.6" = approximately = -2 " 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/2 = 1.5, 1.5x100 = 150 sq ft to balance moisture load. October moisture deficit = 15% annual precip (15x15%= 2.25") 2.25" - (5%x40" evaporation) = 2.25" - 2" = ROUNDS TO APPROXIMATELY 0" 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/0= ERROR, closest to 3/1 therefore 3x100= 300 sq ft to balance moisture load November moisture deficit = 5% annual precip (15x5%=.75") .75" - (5%x40" evaporation) = .75" - 2" = ROUNDS TO APPROXIMATELY -1" 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/1= 3, 3x100= 300 sq ft to balance moisture load December moisture deficit = 5% annual precip (15x5%=.75") .75" - (5%x40" evaporation) = .75" - 2" = ROUNDS TO APPROXIMATELY -1" 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/1= 3, 3x100= 300 sq ft to balance moisture load Months less than 10% = Jan, Feb, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Nov, Dec 100 + 100 + (net+) + 100 + 60 + 50 + 150 + 300 + 300 = 1160/8 = 145 sq ft Months more than 10% = Mar, Apr, Oct 200 + (NET +) + 300 = 500/2 = 250+ sq feet Therefore a good average would be approximately 150 to 300 sq feet in Western NE.

September moisture deficit = 10% annual p 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month

2.5" - 9%x40" evaporation = 2.5" - 3.6" = ap

3/1 = 1, 1x100 = 100 sq ft to balance moist

October moisture deficit = 15% annual prec 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month

3.75" - (5%x40" evaporation) = 3.75" - 2" =

NET POSITIVE NUMBER = POSITIVE MO

November moisture deficit = 5% annual pre 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month

1.25" - (5%x40" evaporation) = 1.25" - 2" =

3/1= 3, 3x100= 300 sq ft to balance moistu

December moisture deficit = 5% annual pre 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month

1.25" - (5%x40" evaporation) = 1.25" - 2" =

3/1= 3, 3x100= 300 sq ft to balance moistu

MUD CONTROL NEEDED (Mar, Apr, May, NUMBER = POSITIVE MOISTURE LOAD

USE: Slope, pack, mounds, and fr the loose dried manure on the top softens the pen surface ... ) would balance environmental conditions

DECREASE PEN SPACE PER ANIMAL TO CONTROL DUST. INCREASE TO HELP CONTROL MUD.

AUG 0 17 20

SEP 10 9 9

OCT 15 5 5

NOV 5 5 5

DEC 5 5 5

HAND CALCULATIONS: (Moisture Deficit = -20") Aid in mud control in Eastern NE with a yearly moisture deficit = 25" annual precip - 40" evaporation = -15" January moisture deficit = 5% annual precip (25"x5%=1.25) 1.25 - 9%x40" evaporation = 1.25" - 3.6" = approximately = -2 " 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/2 = 1.5, 1.5x100 = 150 sq ft to balance moisture load. February moisture deficit = 5% annual precip (25"x5%=1.25) 1.25 - 7%x40" evaporation = 1.25" - 2.8" = approximately = -2 " 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/2 = 1.5, 1.5x100 = 150 sq ft to balance moisture load. March moisture deficit = 15% annual precip (25"x15%=3.75) 3.75 - 6%x40" evaporation = 3.75" - 2.4" = APPROXIMATELY = +1" 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month NET POSITIVE NUMBER = POSITIVE MOISTURE LOAD THAT CAN'T BE BALANCED. April moisture deficit =20% annual precip (25"x20%=5") 5" - 4%x40" evaporation = 5" - 1.6" = APPROXIMATELY = +3" 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month NET POSITIVE NUMBER = POSITIVE MOISTURE LOAD THAT CAN'T BE BALANCED. May moisture deficit = 10% annual precip (25x10%=2.5") 2.5" - (5%x40" evaporation) = 2.5" - 2" = ROUNDS TO APPROXIMATELY +1" 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month NET POSITIVE NUMBER = POSITIVE MOISTURE LOAD THAT CAN'T BE BALANCED. June moisture deficit = 5% annual precip (25"x5%=1.25) 1.25 - 9%x40" evaporation = 1.25" - 3.6" = approximately = -2 " 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/2 = 1.5, 1.5x100 = 150 sq ft to balance moisture load. July moisture deficit = 5% annual precip (25"x5%=1.25) 1.25 - 16%x40" evaporation = 1.25" - 6.4" = approximately = -5 " 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/5 = .6, .6x100 = 60 sq ft to balance moisture load. August moisture deficit = 0% annual precip - 20%x40" evaporation 0 precip - 8"evap = approximately -8" 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/8 =.38, rounds to .5x100=50 sq ft to balance moisture load

September moisture deficit = 10% annual precip (25"x10%= 2.5") 2.5" - 9%x40" evaporation = 2.5" - 3.6" = approximately = -1 " 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/1 = 1, 1x100 = 100 sq ft to balance moisture load. October moisture deficit = 15% annual precip (25x15%= 3.75") 3.75" - (5%x40" evaporation) = 3.75" - 2" = APPROXIMATELY +2" 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month NET POSITIVE NUMBER = POSITIVE MOISTURE LOAD THAT CAN'T BE BALANCED. November moisture deficit = 5% annual precip (25x5%=1.25") 1.25" - (5%x40" evaporation) = 1.25" - 2" = ROUNDS TO APPROXIMATELY -1" 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/1= 3, 3x100= 300 sq ft to balance moisture load December moisture deficit = 5% annual precip (25x5%=1.25") 1.25" - (5%x40" evaporation) = 1.25" - 2" = ROUNDS TO APPROXIMATELY 1" 1,000 lb yearling = 3"/100sq ft per month 3/1= 3, 3x100= 300 sq ft to balance moisture load

MUD CONTROL NEEDED (Mar, Apr, May, Oct) WHEN NET POSITIVE NUMBER = POSITIVE MOISTURE LOAD THAT CAN'T BE BALANCED.

USE: Slope, pack, mounds, and frequent removal of "sponge" (SPONGE is the loose dried manure on the top of the pen that soaks up moisture and softens the pen surface ... ) would be the management practices to help balance environmental conditions to the needs of the feedlot cattle.