Engineering Hydrology Chapter 5 Discussion: Eng. Abdullah Hijazi Eng. Alaa Hassan

Engineering Hydrology
Chapter 5 Discussion
Eng. Abdullah Hijazi

Eng. Alaa Hassan
2015 - 2016
Introduction
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Runoff Parts
Runoff normally applies to flow over a surface
Overland flow: is the surface runoff from tracts of land before it reaches
a defined channel .
Stream flow is used to describe the drainage after it reaches a defined
channel
Stream Flow Components:

- Direct precipitation: on the channel (typically incorporated into total basin
area)
- Overland flow: when soil moisture storage and depression storage are
filled excess rainfall generates overland flow.
- Interflow: all rainfall that infiltrates does not reach saturated zone (ground
water). Under certain conditions infiltrated moisture can travel through
shallow soil horizons. Usually only significant for highly permeable soils.
- Base flow : contribution to stream flow from groundwater
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Hydrograph
Hydrograph: is a plot of the discharge against time is represented.
- Direct Runoff: all moisture that reaches the stream channel without first entering
zone of saturation (overland flow + interflow)
- Streamflow = direct runoff + baseflow

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A. Flow-Duration curve
Is a plot of discharge against the percentage of time the flow was equaled or
exceeded (Discharge-Frequency curve)
- The flow duration curve represents the cumulative frequency distribution

- The percentage probability of time that flow magnitude in average year is
equal or greater
:
( ) Q .1
class interval m .2
. P .3
Q .4
. P
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Solution :
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Flow at 75% = 14 m3
/s
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B. Flow mass curve

- The flow-mass curve is a plot of cumulative discharge
against time plotted in sequential order
- The flow-mass curve is an integral curve (summation

curve) of the hydrograph
- Unit is volume million m3 or m3/s day, cm over a

catchment area
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C. Calculation of storage volume
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- Assume there is a reservoir on a stream where

FM curve is shown in Fig 5.11 and it is full at
the beginning of a dry period, i.e. when the
inflow rate is less than the withdrawal
(demand)S rate,
of VD (S)
the storage
maximum of
VS the reservoir
VD = demand volume (withdrawal)

VS = supply volume (Inflow)
The storage S is the maximum cumulative
deficiency in any dry season.
If there are two dry periods, the minimum
storage volume required is the largest of S1
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Demand line
Supply line
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Refer to Figure 5.11

CD is drawn tangential to the first part of curve
Qd slope of CD is a constant rate of withdrawal
from the reservoir
The lowest capacity is reached at E where EF is
tangential at E
S1: the water volume needed as storage to
meet the maximum demand (reservoir is full)
S2: is for CD
Then the minimum reservoir storage required is
the largest storage S2>S1
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1
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The following table gives the mean monthly flows

in a river
a) Draw the annual hydrograph
b) Draw the flow-mass Curve
c) Calculate the minimum storage required to
maintain a demand rate of 24 m3/s
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Solution
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A. hydrograph
Annual Hydrograph
90
80
70
60
50
Discharge (m3/s)
40
30
20
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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B. Flow Mass curve
1000 Flow Mass Curve
900
800
Accumulated Flow Volume "V" in Mm3
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
C. minimum storage required to maintain a demand 2015/2016
rate of 24 m3/s
1000 Flow Mass Curve and storage calcuations
900
800
700
Accumulated Flow Volume "V" in Mm3
600
500 S = 315-230 =
400
85 M m3
300
200
100
0
0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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D. Variable Demand mass curve
In practice the demand rate varies with time to meet various

end uses (such as irrigation, power and water supply needs,
etc.)
A mass curve of demand is prepared and superposed on the
flow-mass curve.
In the analysis of problems related to reservoirs it is
necessary to account for evaporation, leakage, and other
losses from the reservoir.
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Final 2011
The following table gives the monthly inflows into a reservoir.

1) What is the minimum required storage volume to maintain a constant demand of 23 m3/s?
(Average month = 30.4 days)
Using the storage volume calculated in part (1), will the reservoir be completely full again ) 2
after the drought period? If yes, in what months of the year we will start wasting water over
?spillways
What is the minimum reservoir volume required to ensure that no water is wasted over ) 3
? spillways
?In what day of the year we will start wasting water over spillways ) 4
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Monthly
inflow 50 40 30 25 20 30 65 150 150 90 55 52
(Mm3)
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:Solution
Month Inflow Demand Departure excess

excess Inflow
Demand
Mm3 Mm3
Jan 50.00 61.46 11.46- 11.46-
Feb 40.00 61.46 21.46- 32.92-
Mar 30.00 61.46 31.46- 64.38-
Apr 25.00 61.46 36.46- 100.85-
May 20.00 61.46 41.46- 142.31-
Jun 30.00 61.46 31.46- 173.77-
Jul 65.00 61.46 3.54 3.54
Aug 150.00 61.46 88.54 92.08
Sep 150.00 61.46 88.54 180.62
Oct 90.00 61.46 28.54 209.15
Nov 55.00 61.46 6.46- 6.46-
Dec 52.00 61.46 9.46- 15.92-
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1) the minimum required storage volume =

173.77+15.92 = 189.69 Mm3
2) reservoir be completely full again in October
3) minimum reservoir volume required to ensure that

no water is wasted over spillways = 209.15 Mm3
4) We need 189.69-180.62 = 9.08 Mm3

Inflow in one day in Oct. = 28.54/30.4 = 0.94 Mm3/day
No. of days required = 9.08/0.94 = 9.67 days
We will start wasting water over spillways in 10th
2015/2016
2015/2016

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Engineering Hydrology

Eng. Abdullah Hijazi

Stream Flow Components:

- Streamflow = direct runoff + baseflow

- The flow duration curve represents the cumulative frequency distribution

B. Flow mass curve

- The flow-mass curve is an integral curve (summation

- Unit is volume million m3 or m3/s day, cm over a

- Assume there is a reservoir on a stream where

VD = demand volume (withdrawal)

Refer to Figure 5.11

The following table gives the mean monthly flows

B. Flow Mass curve

1000 Flow Mass Curve

D. Variable Demand mass curve

In practice the demand rate varies with time to meet various

The following table gives the monthly inflows into a reservoir.

Month Inflow Demand Departure excess

1) the minimum required storage volume =

2) reservoir be completely full again in October

3) minimum reservoir volume required to ensure that

4) We need 189.69-180.62 = 9.08 Mm3

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