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CH 12

Forces can cause an object to move, change speed or direction. Friction is a force that acts against movement between two surfaces in contact. It can be reduced by lubrication or smoother surfaces. Air resistance is the force of air pushing against a moving object, and can be reduced through streamlined shapes. Forces are measured in newtons using a spring balance or newton meter.

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66 views5 pages

CH 12

Forces can cause an object to move, change speed or direction. Friction is a force that acts against movement between two surfaces in contact. It can be reduced by lubrication or smoother surfaces. Air resistance is the force of air pushing against a moving object, and can be reduced through streamlined shapes. Forces are measured in newtons using a spring balance or newton meter.

Uploaded by

Hend Hamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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force : is a push, pull or twist that acts on an object.

Accelerate : object speeds up


Lubrication : The most common way of reducing friction by placing a liquid
between the two moving surfaces.
Air resistance :The force of air against a moving object
streamlined shapes : Smooth, wedge-shaped objects move easily through air.
( kindly check the definition of the review questions at the last page )

What is the effect of force ?


A force can cause an object to move or stop it from moving.
Forces can also cause an object to change its speed, direction of movement, or
shape.
What is the effect of force in each picture ?

What is the unit of force and the instrument to use it ?


Forces are measured in units called newtons (N), using an instrument called a
spring balance or newton meter.

What are forces acting on something lying on the


ground? Why isn’t it moving ? when would it move ?
Gravitational force pull it downword
Ground’s reaction pushes it up

It Isn't moving because the forces are balanced


It only move when unbalanced force acts on them

What is the meaning of friction ? when does it happen ? what is it called ?


what is its direction ?
Friction is a force that acts against (resists) movement
it is called a restrictive force
Friction happens when one surface comes into
contact with another surface. For example, when you
try to push a heavy object across the floor, there is
friction between the object and the floor. object
forwards,
Friction is a resistive force that acts in the opposite
direction to the direction of movement.

Which factors affects the friction force ?


1- The size of the friction force depends on the roughness of the surfaces that
come into contact.
2- The amount of each surface that comes into contact

Compare between the amount of friction


in each condition :
Smooth surfaces have less friction than
rough surfaces.

Less surface area of contact have less friction

What is the importance of wheels ?


Wheels reduce the amount of surface that comes into contact with the
ground,so it reduces the friction and allow the car to move more easily across
the surface.

How can we Reduce friction ?


1- Using lubricants ( oils )
2- Using smaller contact areas
3- Using smoother surfaces

What is the importance of lubricants ?


They make movement easier or faster, it reduces friction between the surfaces.
They also help reduce heat (caused by friction) and reduces wear and tear on
the surfaces.
What do the tyres have treads ?
To make it rough and increase the friction so they help to grip the ground

How can we Increase friction ?


1- Using rough surfaces
2- Using larger surface areas
Why is friction sometimes useful ?
Friction can be useful. Because Without friction between the ground and our
feet, we could not push forward and walk. Without friction between car wheels
and the road, the wheels would spin and the car wouldn't move forward.
Increasing friction allows us to start moving, prevent slipping or skidding,
control the direction and speed in which we are moving, and stop moving

why:
1 drivers should slow down on wet roads
Because wet roads are smooth so they provide less fricition which make it
harder to control the cars
2 racing car tyres are smooth, but they are often wider than ordinary tyres
It’s smooth to reduce friction and make it faster while wider to control the car
and reduce the pressure
3 water runs down the slide at a water park all the time
To reduce the friction so make people slides easier
4 ice skaters can move quickly and smoothly over ice.
Because the have a thin and smooth surface which reduce friction

mention resistive forces


1- Friction
2- Air resistance
3- Water resistance
What happens if you drop a sheet of paper and a crumpled-up ball of
paper to the ground at the same time? .
The flat piece of paper falls more slowly because it has greater air resistance.
The crumpled ball of paper moves more quickly because it has a much smaller
surface pushing against the air.

Which factors affects air resistance ?


The size of the air resistance depends on the size and shape of the object.
Smooth, wedge-shaped objects move easily through air. These shapes are called
streamlined shapes.

1 How can you make the car move faster?


A- Reduce friction by using smoother surfaces like smoother wheels
B- Reduce air resistance by designing it with a streamlined shapes

2 How can you make the car move more slowly?


A- Increase friction by using rough tyres
B- Increase air resistance by using wider designs

3 What does this tell you about the design of modem cars?
They are designed with a streamlined shapes to be faster by reducing air
resistance

Give examples for uses of air resistance :


1- A flying lizard can't actually fly - large skin flaps increase its resistance so that
it can glide on air
2- Sky divers use air resistance to land safely when they jump F aircraft.

Describe the change in air resistance during jumping from air craft :
1- When the skydiver dips forward, head-first, there is
less air resistance and she moves very quickly.
2- If she spreads out her arms and legs, she increases
air resistance and slows down.
3- Finally opens her parachute. The large area of the
parachute reduces air resistance so she slows down
and lands safely.
Sharks move easily and quickly through water. Can you explain why?
Because they have streamlined shapes so they have less water resistance
Why does water have more resistance than air ?
Because it’s denser than the air

Choosing the correct words word from the brackets to make each sentence
true.
1- Air resistance is the force of (gravity-friction ) experienced by an object
moving
2- There is (more- less) resistance in water than in air.
3- Air resistance makes it( easier/harder) for cars to go fast.
4- An open parachute will (increase- decrease) air resistance.
5- Resistance in water is sometimes called (upthrust/drag).
6- Resistance can be (reduced - increased) by using a streamlined shape.

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