X Ray Uwu

X-RAYS
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
Y. ANJANA| PHYSICS | 12A-2

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
PAGE 1
PAGE 2
Index
Introduction
Wave length
Properties of X-ray
Why is X-ray
performed?
How is the procedure
performed?
Benefits
Risks
Balancing benefits and

risks
Bibliography
PAGE 3
INTRODUCTION
On 8 November, 1895, X-rays were discovered by a German
Physicist named Wilhelm Conrad Röentgen. X-ray is an
electromagnetic radiation with very short wavelength, and very
high energy. X rays have a frequency ranging from 30 petahertz to
30 exahertz. The wavelength of X-rays is shorter than the
Ultraviolet rays, and longer than Gamma rays. So, what is the
wavelength of X rays? X Rays have a wavelength ranging from
10-12 m (picometers) to 10-9 (nanometers).X-rays have many
applications and in this page, we will cover the top 5 uses of X
rays with other uses of X Rays in Physics and X-ray
characteristics.
X-Ray is also called the Roentgen radiation. It is an

electromagnetic radiation with the energy ranging from 124 eV to
124 keV. Where this energy can be written in the form of Joules.
However, a wave with this much energy can easily pass from
transparent to opaque objects. X-rays were discovered accidentally
by German scientist Roentgen in 1895. In 1901, Roentgen was
awarded for his great work in this regard. X-rays are highly
penetrating electromagnetic radiation and have proved to be a very
powerful tool to study the crystal structure, in material research, in
the radiography of metals and in the field of medical sciences.
Roentgen discovered that when X-rays are passed through arms

and hands or any other body part, they create crystal clear and
PAGE 4
detailed images of the inner bones. Whenever a doctor performs an
X-ray of a patient, an x-ray sensitive film is put on one side of his
body and then the x-rays are shot through him. While the skin is
transparent, the bones are dense and absorb more x-rays (because
of the nature of X-rays to cross the opaque object). This is why the
impression of bones is left on the x-ray film while the skin remains
invisible in the x-ray.
What is the Wavelength of X

Rays?
X-rays possess very short wavelengths that vary between 0.03 and
3 nanometers or between 0.02 Å and 100 Å; however, some x-rays
are small like a single atom of an element.
PAGE 5
Properties of X-Rays
PAGE 6
C o n tin u o u s s p e c tr u m a p p e a r s b e c a u s e o f th e
r e t a r d a t io n o f e l e c t r o n s .
T h e y c a n c r o s s th e m a te r ia ls w ith m o r e o r
unchanged.
T h e s e r a y s d o n o t g e t a ff e c t e d b y t h e
e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c fi e l d .
T h e y a r e n o t e a s ily r e fr a c te d .
I n t e n s it y o f X - r a y s r e l y o n t h e n u m b e r o f
e le c tr o n s h ittin g t h e ta r g e t
T h e y c a n c a u s e p h o to e le c tr ic e m is s io n s .
T h e y m a k e a l i n e a r p a t h in a f r e e s p a c e b u t t h e y d o n o t
c a r r y a n e l e c t r i c c h a r g e w it h t h e m .
Why is an X-ray performed?
PAGE 7
Your doctor may order an X-ray to:
examine an area where you’re

experiencing pain or discomfort
monitor the progression of a diagnosed
disease, such as osteoporosis
check how well a prescribed treatment

is working
PAGE 8
How is the procedure performed?
An X-ray technologist or radiologist can perform an X-ray in a
hospital’s radiology department, a dentist’s office, or a clinic that
specializes in diagnostic procedures.
Once you’re fully prepared, your X-ray technician or radiologist

will tell you how to position your body to create clear images.
They may ask you to lie, sit, or stand in several positions during
the test. They may take images while you stand in front of a
specialized plate that contains X-ray film or sensors. In some
cases, they may also ask you to lie or sit on a specialized plate and
move a large camera connected to a steel arm over your body to
capture X-ray images.
It’s important to stay still while the images are being taken. This
will provide the clearest images possible.
The test is finished as soon as your radiologist is satisfied with the

images gathered.
Benefits
The discovery of X-rays and the invention of CT represented major
advances in medicine. X-ray imaging exams are recognized as a
valuable medical tool for a wide variety of examinations and
procedures.
PAGE 9
They are used to:
 noninvasively and painlessly help to diagnose disease and

monitor therapy;
 support medical and surgical treatment planning;
 guide medical personnel as they insert catheters, stents, or other

devices inside the body, treat tumors, or remove blood clots or
other blockages.
Risks
As in many aspects of medicine, there are risks associated with the
use of X-ray imaging, which uses ionizing radiation to generate
images of the body. Ionizing radiation is a form of radiation that
has enough energy to potentially cause damage to DNA. Risks
from exposure to ionizing radiation include:
PAGE 10
 a small increase in the possibility that a person exposed to X-
rays will develop cancer later in life.
 tissue effects such as cataracts, skin reddening, and hair loss,
which occur at relatively high levels of radiation exposure
and are rare for many types of imaging exams. For example,
the typical use of a CT scanner or conventional radiography
equipment should not result in tissue effects, but the dose to
the skin from some long, complex interventional fluoroscopy
procedures might, in some circumstances, be high enough to
result in such effects.
 Another risk of X-ray imaging is possible reactions
associated with an intravenously injected contrast agent, or
“dye”, that is sometimes used to improve visualization.
 The risk of developing cancer from medical imaging

radiation exposure is generally very small, and it depends on:
 radiation dose - The lifetime risk of cancer increases the

larger the dose and the more X-ray exams a patient
undergoes.
 patient’s age - The lifetime risk of cancer is larger for a

patient who receives X-rays at a younger age than for
one who receives them at an older age.
PAGE 11
 patient’s sex - Women are at a somewhat higher
lifetime risk than men for developing radiation-
associated cancer after receiving the same exposures at
the same ages.
 body region - Some organs are more radiosensitive than

others.
Balancing benefits and risks

While the benefit of a clinically appropriate X-ray imaging
exam generally far outweighs the risk, efforts should be made
to minimize this risk by reducing unnecessary exposure to
ionizing radiation. To help reduce risk to the patient, all
exams using ionizing radiation should be performed only
when necessary to answer a medical question, treat a disease,
or guide a procedure. If there is a medical need for a
particular imaging procedure and other exams using no or
less radiation are less appropriate, then the benefits exceed
the risks, and radiation risk considerations should not
influence the physician’s decision to perform the study or the
patient's decision to have the procedure. However, the "As
Low as Reasonably Achievable" (ALARA) principle should
always be followed when choosing equipment settings to
minimize radiation exposure to the patient.
Patient factors are important to consider in this balance of

benefits and risks. For example:
PAGE 12
Because younger patients are more sensitive to radiation,
special care should be taken in reducing radiation
exposure to pediatric patients for all types of X-ray
imaging exams
Special care should also be taken in imaging pregnant

patients due to possible effects of radiation exposure to
the developing fetus.
The benefit of possible disease detection should be
carefully balanced against the risks of an imaging
screening study on healthy, asymptomatic patients
PAGE 13
Bibliography
 https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/medical-
imaging/medical-x-ray-imaging#risks
 https://www.healthline.com/health/x-ray#risks
 https://www.shutterstock.com/search/x-ray
 https://www.vedantu.com/physics/x-ray
PAGE 14

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X-RAYS

Y. ANJANA| PHYSICS | 12A-2

Balancing benefits and

X-Ray is also called the Roentgen radiation. It is an

Roentgen discovered that when X-rays are passed through arms

What is the Wavelength of X

Why is an X-ray performed?

examine an area where you’re

check how well a prescribed treatment

Once you’re fully prepared, your X-ray technician or radiologist

The test is finished as soon as your radiologist is satisfied with the

 noninvasively and painlessly help to diagnose disease and

 support medical and surgical treatment planning;

 guide medical personnel as they insert catheters, stents, or other

 The risk of developing cancer from medical imaging

 radiation dose - The lifetime risk of cancer increases the

 patient’s age - The lifetime risk of cancer is larger for a

 body region - Some organs are more radiosensitive than

Balancing benefits and risks

Patient factors are important to consider in this balance of

Special care should also be taken in imaging pregnant

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